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(since+childhood)

  • 41 do

    I.
    do n Mus = doh.
    II.
    1 (perform task, be busy) faire [washing up, ironing etc] ; lots/nothing to do beaucoup/rien à faire ; it all had to be done again il a fallu tout refaire ; what are you doing? qu'est-ce que tu fais? ; are you doing anything tonight? tu fais quelque chose ce soir? ; she's been doing too much lately elle en fait trop ces derniers temps ; she does nothing but moan elle ne fait que se plaindre ; what can I do for you? que puis-je faire pour vous? ; will you do something for me? peux-tu me rendre un service? ;
    2 ( make smart) to do sb's hair coiffer qn ; to do one's teeth se laver les dents ; to do the living room in pink peindre le salon en rose ;
    3 ( finish) faire [military service, period of time] ; finir [job] ; I've already done three months j'ai déjà fait trois mois ; the job's almost done le travail est presque fini ; to have done ○ doing sth avoir fini de faire qch ; have you done ○ complaining? tu as fini de te plaindre? ; tell him now and have done with it dis-lui maintenant, ce sera fait ; it's as good as done c'est comme si c'était fait ; that's done it ( task successfully completed) ça y est ; ( expressing dismay) il ne manquait plus que ça ;
    4 ( complete through study) [student] faire [subject, book, author, degree, homework] ;
    5 ( write) faire [translation, critique, biography] ;
    6 ( effect change) faire ; to do sb good/harm faire du bien/mal à qn ; what have you done to the kitchen? qu'est-ce que vous avez fait à la cuisine? ; has she done something to her hair? est-ce qu'elle a fait quelque chose à ses cheveux? ; I haven't done anything with your pen! je n'ai pas touché à ton stylo! ; what are we to do with you! qu'allons-nous faire de toi! ; that hat/dress etc does a lot for her ce chapeau/cette robe etc lui va bien ;
    7 ( cause harm) to do something to one's foot/arm se faire mal au pied/bras ; I won't do anything to you je ne te ferai rien ; I'll do ○ you! ça va être ta fête! ;
    8 ○ ( deal with) the hairdresser says she can do you now la coiffeuse dit qu'elle peut vous prendre maintenant ; they don't do theatre tickets ils ne vendent pas de places de théâtre ; to do breakfasts servir des petits déjeuners ;
    9 ( cook) faire [sausages, spaghetti etc] ; I'll do you an omelette je te ferai une omelette ; well done [meat] bien cuit ;
    10 ( prepare) préparer [vegetables] ;
    11 ( produce) monter [play] ; faire [film, programme] (on sur) ;
    12 ( imitate) imiter [celebrity, voice, mannerism] ;
    13 ( travel at) faire ; to do 60 faire du 60 à l'heure ;
    14 ( cover distance of) faire ; we've done 30 km since lunch nous avons fait 30 km depuis le déjeuner ;
    15 ○ ( see as tourist) faire [Venice, the Louvre etc] ;
    16 ○ ( satisfy needs of) will this do you? ça vous ira? ;
    17 ○ ( cheat) we've been done on s'est fait avoir ; to do sb out of escroquer qn de [money] ; he did me out of the job il m'a pris la place ;
    18 ○ ( sterilize) to be done [person, animal] être stérilisé ;
    19 ○ ( rob) to do a bank faire un casse ○ dans une banque ;
    20 ○ (arrest, convict) to get done for se faire prendre pour [illegal parking etc] ; to do sb for speeding prendre qn pour excès de vitesse.
    B vi (3e pers sg prés does ; prét did ; pp done)
    1 ( behave) faire ; do as you're told ( here and now) fais ce que je te dis ; ( when with others) fais ce qu'on te dit ;
    2 ( serve purpose) faire l'affaire ; that box/those trousers will do cette boîte/ce pantalon fera l'affaire ;
    3 ( be acceptable) this really won't do! ( as reprimand) ça ne peut pas continuer comme ça! ;
    4 ( be sufficient) suffire ; will five dollars do? cinq dollars, ça suffira? ; that'll do! ( as reprimand) ça suffit! ;
    5 ( finish) finir ; have you done? tu as fini? ;
    6 ( get on) ( in competitive situation) [person] s'en sortir ; [business] marcher ; ( in health) [person] aller ; how will they do in the elections? comment est-ce qu'ils s'en sortiront aux élections? ; he's doing as well as can be expected ( of patient) il va aussi bien que possible ; my lettuces are doing well mes laitues poussent bien ;
    7 GB ○ †( clean) faire le ménage ; the woman who does for us la dame qui fait le ménage pour nous ;
    8 ○ GB ( be active) you'll be up and doing again in no time tu seras sur pied très vite.
    1 (with questions, negatives) did he like his present? est-ce qu'il a aimé son cadeau? ; own up, did you or didn't you take my pen? avoue, est-ce que c'est toi qui as pris mon stylo ou pas? ; didn't he look wonderful! est-ce qu'il n'était pas merveilleux! ;
    2 ( for emphasis) he did do it really! il l'a vraiment fait! ; so you do want to go after all! alors tu veux vraiment y aller finalement! ; I do wish you'd let me help you j'aimerais tant que tu me laisses t'aider ;
    3 ( referring back to another verb) he said he'd tell her and he did il a dit qu'il le lui dirait et il l'a fait ; he says he'll come along but he never does il dit toujours qu'il viendra mais il ne le fait jamais ; you draw better than I do tu dessines mieux que moi ; you either did or you didn't de deux choses l'une soit tu l'as fait, soit tu ne l'as pas fait ;
    4 (in requests, imperatives) do sit down asseyez-vous, je vous en prie ; ‘may I take a leaflet?’-‘do’ ‘puis-je prendre un dépliant?’-‘je vous en prie’ ; do shut up! tais-toi veux-tu! ; don't you tell me what to do! surtout ne me dis pas ce que j'ai à faire! ;
    5 ( in tag questions and responses) he lives in France, doesn't he? il habite en France, n'est-ce pas? ; ‘who wrote it?’-‘I did’ ‘qui l'a écrit?’-‘moi’ ; ‘shall I tell him?’-‘no don't’ ‘est-ce que je le lui dis?’-‘non surtout pas’ ; ‘he knows the President’-‘does he?’ ‘il connaît le Président’-‘vraiment?’ ; so do they/you eux/vous aussi ; neither does he/she etc lui/elle etc non plus ;
    6 ( with inversion) only rarely does he write letters il est très rare qu'il écrive des lettres ; little did he suspect/think that il était loin de se douter/de penser que.
    D ○ n GB fête f ; his leaving do son pot ○ de départ.
    do as you would be done by ne faites pas ce que vous ne voudriez pas qu'on vous fasse ; how do you do enchanté ; it doesn't do to be ce n'est pas une bonne chose d'être ; it's a poor do ○ if c'est vraiment grave si ; it was all I could do not to… je me suis retenu pour ne pas… ; nothing doing! ( no way) pas question! ; there's nothing doing here ici il ne se passe rien ; well done! bravo! ; what are you doing with yourself these days? qu'est-ce que tu deviens? ; what are you going to do for…? comment est-ce que tu vas te débrouiller pour…? [money, shelter etc] ; what's done is done ce qui est fait est fait ; what's this doing here? qu'est-ce que ça fait ici? ; all the dos and don'ts tout ce qu'il faut/fallait faire et ne pas faire.
    ▶ do away with [sth] se débarrasser de [procedure, custom, rule, feature] ; supprimer [bus service etc] ; démolir [building] ;
    ▶ do away with [sb] ○ ( kill) se débarrasser de [person].
    ■ do down ○ GB:
    ▶ do [sb] down dire du mal de [person] ; don't do yourself down ne te sous-estime pas.
    ■ do for ○:
    ▶ do for [sb/sth] ( kill) [illness] achever [person] ; fig mettre fin à [ambition, project] ; I'm done for fig je suis foutu ○.
    ■ do in ○:
    ▶ do [sb] in
    1 ( kill) tuer ;
    2 ( exhaust) épuiser ; I feel done in je suis crevé ○.
    ■ do out ○:
    ▶ do [sth] out, do out [sth] faire or nettoyer à fond [spare room, garage].
    ■ do over:
    ▶ do [sth] over US ( redo) refaire [job, work] ;
    ▶ do [sb] over ○ passer [qn] à tabac ○.
    ■ do up:
    ▶ do up [dress, coat] se fermer ;
    ▶ do [sth] up, do up [sth]
    1 ( fasten) refaire [laces] ; fermer [zip] ; do up your buttons boutonne-toi ;
    2 ( wrap) faire [parcel] ; to do one's hair up into a bun se remonter les cheveux en chignon ;
    3 ( renovate) restaurer [house, furniture] ;
    ▶ do oneself up se faire beau/belle ; I was all done up je m'étais fait tout beau.
    ■ do with:
    ▶ do with [sth/sb]
    1 ( involve) it has something/nothing to do with ça a quelque chose à voir/n'a rien à voir avec ; what's that got to do with it? qu'est-ce que cela a à voir là-dedans? ; what's it (got) to do with you? en quoi est-ce que ça te regarde? ; it's got everything to do with it c'est là qu'est tout le problème ; his shyness is to do with his childhood sa timidité est liée à son enfance ; ( talk to) he won't have anything to do with me any more il ne veut plus rien avoir à faire avec moi ; ( concern) it has nothing to do with you cela ne vous concerne pas ;
    2 ( tolerate) supporter ; I can't do with loud music/all these changes je ne supporte pas la musique trop forte/tous ces changements ;
    3 ( need) I could do with a drink/with a holiday j'aurais bien besoin d'un verre/de partir en vacances ;
    4 ( finish) it's all over and done with c'est bien fini ; have you done with my pen/the photocopier? tu n'as plus besoin de mon stylo/la photocopieuse? ; I've done with all that fig j'en ai fini avec tout ça.
    ▶ do without [sb/sth] se passer de [person, advice etc] ; I can do without your sympathy je me passe de ta pitié ; I can't do without the car je ne peux pas me passer de la voiture ; you'll have to do without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!

    Big English-French dictionary > do

  • 42 Moulton, Alexander

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1920 Stratford-on-Avon
    [br]
    English inventor of vehicle suspension systems and the Moulton bicycle.
    [br]
    He spent his childhood at The Hall in Bradfordon-Avon. He was educated at Marlborough College, and in 1937 was apprenticed to the Sentinel Steam Wagon Company of Shrewsbury. About that same time he went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos. It was then wartime, and he did research on aero-engines at the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he became Personal Assistant to Sir Roy Fedden. He left Bristol's in 1945 to join his family firm, Spencer \& Moulton, of which he eventually became Technical Director and built up the Research Department. In 1948 he invented his first suspension unit, the "Flexitor", in which an inner shaft and an outer shell were separated by an annular rubber body which was bonded to both.
    In 1848 his great-grandfather had founded the family firm in an old woollen mill, to manufacture vulcanized rubber products under Charles Goodyear's patent. The firm remained a family business with Spencer's, consultants in railway engineering, until 1956 when it was sold to the Avon Rubber Company. He then formed Moulton Developments to continue his work on vehicle suspensions in the stables attached to The Hall. Sponsored by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and the Dunlop Rubber Company, he invented a rubber cone spring in 1951 which was later used in the BMC Mini (see Issigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine): by 1994 over 4 million Minis had been fitted with these springs, made by Dunlop. In 1954 he patented the Hydrolastic suspension system, in which all four wheels were independently sprung with combined rubber springs and damper assembly, the weight being supported by fluid under pressure, and the wheels on each side being interconnected, front to rear. In 1962 he formed Moulton Bicycles Ltd, having designed an improved bicycle system for adult use. The conventional bicycle frame was replaced by a flat-sided oval steel tube F-frame on a novel rubber front and rear suspension, with the wheel size reduced to 41 cm (16 in.) with high-pressure tyres. Raleigh Industries Ltd having refused his offer to produce the Moulton Bicycle under licence, he set up his own factory on his estate, producing 25,000 bicycles between 1963 and 1966. In 1967 he sold out to Raleigh and set up as Bicycle Consultants Ltd while continuing the suspension development of Moulton Developments Ltd. In the 1970s the combined firms employed some forty staff, nearly 50 per cent of whom were graduates.
    He won the Queen's Award for Industry in 1967 for technical innovation in Hydrolastic car suspension and the Moulton Bicycle. Since that time he has continued his innovative work on suspensions and the bicycle. In 1983 he introduced the AM bicycle series of very sophisticated space-frame design with suspension and 43 cm (17 in.) wheels; this machine holds the world speed record fully formed at 82 km/h (51 mph). The current Rover 100 and MGF use his Hydragas interconnected suspension. By 1994 over 7 million cars had been fitted with Moulton suspensions. He has won many design awards and prizes, and has been awarded three honorary doctorates of engineering. He is active in engineering and design education.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Queen's Award for Industry 1967; CBE; RDI. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.
    Further Reading
    P.R.Whitfield, 1975, Creativity in Industry, London: Penguin Books.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Moulton, Alexander

  • 43 Peter the Great (Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov)

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 10 June 1672 (30 May 1672 Old Style) Moscow, Russia
    d. 8 February 1725 (28 January 1725 Old Style) St Petersburg, Russia
    [br]
    Russian Tsar (1682–1725), Emperor of all the Russias (1722–5), founder of the Russian Navy, shipbuilder and scientist; as a shipbuilder he was known by the pseudonym Petr Mikhailov.
    [br]
    Peter the Great was a man with a single-minded approach to problems and with passionate and lifelong interests in matters scientific, military and above all maritime. The unusual and dominating rule of his vast lands brought about the age of Russian enlightenment, and ensured that his country became one of the most powerful states in Europe.
    Peter's interest in ships and shipbuilding started in his childhood; c. 1687 he had an old English-built day sailing boat repaired and launched, and on it he learned the rudiments of sailing and navigation. This craft (still preserved in St Petersburg) became known as the "Grandfather of the Russian Navy". In the years 1688 to 1693 he established a shipyard on Lake Plestsheev and then began his lifelong study of shipbuilding by visiting and giving encouragement to the industry at Archangelsk on the White Sea and Voronezh in the Sea of Azov. In October 1696, Peter took Azov from the Turks, and the Russian Fleet ever since has regarded that date as their birthday. Setting an example to the young aristocracy, Peter travelled to Western Europe to widen his experience and contacts and also to learn the trade of shipbuilding. He worked in the shipyards of Amsterdam and then at the Naval Base of Deptford on the Thames.
    The war with Sweden concentrated his attention on the Baltic and, to establish a base for trading and for the Navy, the City of St Petersburg was constructed on marshland. The Admiralty was built in the city and many new shipyards in the surrounding countryside, one being the Olonez yard which in 1703 built the frigate Standart, the first for the Baltic Fleet, which Peter himself commanded on its first voyage. The military defence of St Petersburg was effected by the construction of Kronstadt, seawards of the city.
    Throughout his life Peter was involved in ship design and it is estimated that one thousand ships were built during his reign. He introduced the building of standard ship types and also, centuries ahead of its time, the concept of prefabrication, unit assembly and the building of part hulls in different places. Officially he was the designer of the ninety-gun ship Lesnoe of 1718, and this may have influenced him in instituting Rules for Shipbuilders and for Seamen. In 1716 he commanded the joint fleets of the four naval powers: Denmark, Britain, Holland and Russia.
    He established the Marine Academy, organized and encouraged exploration and scientific research, and on his edict the St Petersburg Academy of Science was opened. He was not averse to the recruitment of foreigners to key posts in the nation's service. Peter the Great was a remarkable man, with the unusual quality of being a theorist and an innovator, in addition to the endowments of practicality and common sense.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Robert K.Massie, 1981, Peter the Great: His Life and Work, London: Gollancz.
    Henri Troyat, 1979, Pierre le Grand; pub. in English 1988 as Peter the Great, London: Hamish Hamilton (a good all-round biography).
    AK / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Peter the Great (Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov)

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