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81 frozen fro·zen
['frəʊzn]1. ppSee:2. adj -
82 industrial
adjective1) industriell; betrieblich [Ausbildung, Forschung]; Arbeits[unfall, -medizin, -psychologie]2) (intended for industry) Industrie[alkohol, -diamant usw.]* * *adjective (having, concerning etc industries or the making of goods: That area of the country is industrial rather than agricultural.) industriell* * *in·dus·trial[ɪnˈdʌstriəl]I. adj1. (of production of goods) industriell\industrial expansion industrielle Expansion2. (for use in manufacturing) Industrie-\industrial equipment/tools Industriewerkzeug[e] nt[pl]for \industrial use für die industrielle [o gewerbliche] Nutzung3. (having industry) Industrie-\industrial area/region Industriegebiet nt▪ \industrials pl Industriewerte pl* * *[In'dʌstrɪəl]1. adjindustriell, Industrie-industrial research — Arbeits- or Betriebsforschung f
2. n industrials3. pl (ST EX)Industrieaktien pl* * *industrial [ınˈdʌstrıəl]A adj (adv industrially)1. industriell, gewerblich, Industrie…, Fabrik…, Gewerbe…, Wirtschafts…:industrial anthropology Industrieanthropologie f (Teilgebiet der Anthropologie, das sich mit der Anpassung von Gebrauchsgegenständen an menschliche Körperformen und -maße beschäftigt);industrial arch(a)eology Industriearchäologie f (Teilbereich der Denkmalpflege, der sich mit technischen Denkmälern, z. B. Fabriken, Brücken, beschäftigt);industrial area Industriegebiet n;a) Werbegrafik f,b) pl SCHULE US Werkunterricht m;industrial artist Werbegrafiker(in);industrial bonds Industrieobligationen;industrial complex Industriekomplex m;industrial diamond Industriediamant m;industrial disease Berufskrankheit f;industrial espionage Industrie-, Werkspionage f;industrial fair Industriemesse f;industrial peace Arbeitsfriede m;industrial pollution Umweltverschmutzung f durch die Industrie;industrial psychology Industriepsychologie f (Teilgebiet der Psychologie, das sich mit den Institutionen, Organisationen und Verhaltensmustern in Industriegesellschaften befasst);industrial sociology Industriesoziologie f (Teilgebiet der Soziologie, das sich mit der Erforschung der sozialen Organisation betrieblicher Arbeitsbeziehungen und der Auswirkung der Industrialisierung auf die Gesamtgesellschaft befasst);industrial spy Industrie-, Werkspion(in);industrial town Industriestadt f;industrial waste Industrieabfälle pl2. industrialisiert, Industrie…:an industrial nation ein Industriestaat m;industrial society Industriegesellschaft f3. in der Industrie beschäftigt, Industrie…:industrial robot Industrieroboter m;4. Betriebs…:industrial accident Betriebsunfall m;industrial hygiene Gesundheitsschutz m am Arbeitsplatz;industrial management Betriebsführung f5. industriell erzeugt:industrial products Industrieprodukte, gewerbliche Erzeugnisse6. nur für industriellen Gebrauch bestimmt:industrial alcohol Industriealkohol m, denaturierter AlkoholB s1. Industrielle(r) m/f(m)2. pl WIRTSCH Industriepapiere pl, -werte plind. abk1. independence2. independent3. index4. indicated6. indigo7. indirect8. industrial9. industry* * *adjective1) industriell; betrieblich [Ausbildung, Forschung]; Arbeits[unfall, -medizin, -psychologie]2) (intended for industry) Industrie[alkohol, -diamant usw.]* * *adj.industriell adj. n.gewerblich adj. -
83 processed food
pro·cessed ˈfoodn1. (specifically treated) behandelte Lebensmittel2. (industrially processed) industriell verarbeitete Nahrungsmittel -
84 freeze
freeze [fri:z]a. [liquid] geler ; [food] se congelerb. ( = stop) se figer• freeze! pas un geste !b. [+ assets, credit, wages, prices] geler ; [+ bank account] bloquer3. nouna. ( = cold period) the big freeze of 1948 la vague de froid de 1948b. [of prices, credit] gel m4. compounds[lake, river] geler ; [windscreen] givrer* * *[friːz] 1.1) Meteorology gelées fpl2.1) congeler [food]; [cold weather] geler [liquid, pipes]2) Economics, Finance bloquer, geler3) Cinema arrêter4) ( anaesthetize) insensibiliser5) Computing figer3.1) ( become solid) [water, pipes] geler; [food] se congeler2) ( feel cold) geler3) ( become motionless) se figer ( with de)4) ( become haughty) devenir glacial4.impersonal verb Meteorology gelerPhrasal Verbs: -
85 processed food
pro·cessed 'food n1) ( specifically treated) behandelte Lebensmittel2) ( industrially processed) industriell verarbeitete Nahrungsmittel -
86 country
1) страна2) родина, отечество3) район, сельская местность -
87 country
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88 country
n1) страна2) родина, отечество3) местность, территория
- agrarian country
- agricultural country
- backward country
- blend country
- borrowing country
- Commonwealth country
- competitor country
- creditor country
- debitor country
- debt-distressed country
- debtor country
- debt-plagued country
- defaulter country
- deficit country
- developing country
- developed country
- embargoed country
- exhibiting country
- exporting country
- fast track country
- foreign country
- founding country
- high-income country
- highly indebted middle-income country
- home country
- host country
- importing country
- impoverished country
- industrial country
- industrialized country
- industrially advanced country
- lending country
- low-income country
- low tax country
- manufacturing country
- maritime country
- market-eligible country
- member country
- neighbouring countries
- nonmarket-economy country
- overseas countries
- participating country
- petroleum exporting countries
- poor country
- primary producing country
- processing country
- producer country
- producing country
- purchasing country
- raw material producing country
- recipient country
- supplying country
- third world country
- transit country
- country at risk
- country in transition
- country of birth
- country of destination
- country of dispatch
- country of exportation
- country of exports
- country of importation
- country of issue
- country of manufacture
- country of origin
- country of production
- country of residence
- country with market economy
- country with transitional economyEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > country
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89 process
1. n1) процесс2) способ; метод3) технологический процесс; режим
- accounting process
- acquisition process
- adjustment process
- automated process
- averaging process
- bargaining process
- basic process
- branching process
- budgeting process
- capital intensive manufacturing process
- circular process
- complex process
- continuous process
- continuous flow process
- controlled process
- cumulative process
- current production process
- cyclic process
- data-generating process
- decision process
- decision-making process
- deterministic process
- due process of law
- earning process
- economical process
- energy-saving technological process
- engineering process
- evening-up process
- evolutionary process
- fabrication process
- feasible process
- finishing process
- flow process
- growth process
- immigration process
- improved process
- industrial process
- industrialization process
- industrially applicable process
- inflationary process
- innovation process
- labour process
- labour-intensive process
- launching process
- licensed process
- low-waste process
- manufacturing process
- material production process
- material-saving technological process
- money accumulation process
- multistage process
- operating process
- paperwork process
- patented process
- pilot process
- price calculating process
- price calculation process
- privatization process
- production process
- productive process
- random process
- renewal process
- replenishment process
- reproduction process
- reproductive process
- screening process
- search process
- service process
- stationary process
- storage process
- technological process
- time-dependent process
- waste-free technological process
- process of circulation
- process of creating value
- process of development
- process of manufacture
- process of manufacturing
- process of production
- be in the process of
- develop a process
- evaluate a process
- implement a process
- license a process
- master a process
- operate a process
- patent a process
- practise a process
- work out a process2. v1) обрабатывать, перерабатывать2) оформлять (документы)3) юр. возбуждать делоEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > process
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90 unit
1) ( организационная) единица, подразделение2) блок; узел; комплект4) агрегат; установка; элемент ( конструкции); секция5) удельный, индивидуальный, единичный•- unit of force - unit of heat - unit of illumination - unit of measure - unit of performance - unit of product - unit of string - unit of structure - unit of volume - activated carbon unit - activated sludge unit - active residential solar heating unit - administrative unit - aerator-clarifier unit - air-conditioning unit - air-cooling unit - air-filtration unit - air-mixing unit - block unit - British thermal unit - building unit - caloric unit - chemical dosing unit - chlorine feeding unit - cladding unit - compressor unit - concrete box units - concrete masonry unit - concrete mix-spraying unit - concreting unit - control unit - cost unit - decoding unit - dimensioning and cutting-to-length unit - double-glass unit - dwelling unit - electric welding unit - feeding unit - filler spraying unit - filter unit - fire-control unit - floor unit - friction unit - gang-moulding unit - gas welding unit - glass unit - green unit - heat unit - heat and pumping unit - hollow unit - housing unit - housing residential unit - insulating glass unit - Jackson turbidity unit - load-applying unit - load-carrying unit - loading unit - lock unit - lubricating and filling unit - lubricating pump unit - masonry unit - memory unit - milling unit - mixing unit - mobile unit - moulding unit - multiservice unit - nephelometric turbidity unit - painting unit - paint spraying unit - pile driving unit - plastering unit - plumbing unit - power unit - power-supply unit - process unit - prototype unit - pumping unit - putty-spraying unit - reinforcing bar heating unit - remote control unit - residential unit - resistance unit - roof extract unit - rope-scraper unit - rustic unit - sample unit - sampling unit - self-contained air-conditioning unit - self-contained prestressed unit - sewage treatment unit - sodium-cation exchange unit - solids-contact unit - spare unit - structural unit - supply unit - terminal unit - test unit - thermal unit - thin-shell precast units - tie-laying unit - tracer unit - training unit - tuning unit - turbidity unit - urban unit - vacuum unit - vibratory table unit - vibropressing unit - wallpaper trimming unit - waste-disposal unit - welding unit* * *1. единица || единичный; удельный2. единичный вектор3. агрегат, установка4. сборочная единица; узел; блок; элемент ( конструкции); комплект; секция ( подводного тоннеля)- unit of area
- unit of length
- accommodation unit
- activated sludge unit
- aerated concrete floor unit
- aerator-clarifier unit
- air conditioning unit
- air cooling unit
- air curtain unit
- air handling unit
- air mixing unit
- air-operated grease unit
- air supply unit
- air-to-air heat recovery unit
- aluminum deck unit
- audible alarm unit
- basement dwelling unit
- boiler unit
- bridge unit
- British thermal unit
- building unit
- cladding unit
- compound units
- compressor unit
- concrete building unit
- concrete core unit
- concrete injection unit
- condensing unit
- cooling unit
- cooling and heating unit
- crawler power unit
- decentralized air heating unit
- disposal unit
- diversion unit
- door unit
- door and frame packaged unit
- drainage fixture unit
- drying unit
- dwelling unit
- factory precast unit
- fan unit
- fan-assisted warm air unit
- fan coil unit
- filter unit
- fixture unit
- floor building unit
- floor unit
- folding bed unit
- four-wheeled power unit
- free delivery-type air conditioning unit
- free delivery-type unit
- gas control unit
- girder-deck unit
- glass building unit
- glass unit
- heating unit
- heat reclaim unit
- high pressure terminal unit
- indirect fan-assisted warm air heating unit
- induction unit
- industrially produced modular unit
- insulating glass unit
- intensive cure unit
- interlocking concrete units
- inverted U-shaped concrete unit
- kitchen building block unit
- latch unit
- living unit
- low pressure induction unit
- masonry unit
- mass-produced structural units
- modular unit
- modular masonry unit
- molded concrete unit
- multicast gang unit
- multizone unit
- neighborhood unit
- nonconforming unit
- packaged unit
- parallel wire unit
- passenger car unit
- plumbing unit
- post-tension unit
- power unit
- precast unit
- precast prestressed concrete unit
- prefabricated unit
- prefab unit
- prefabricated bathroom unit
- pressurization unit
- pump unit
- refrigerating unit
- reheat unit
- reheat induction unit
- residential unit
- roof extract unit
- roof top unit
- room unit
- sealed condensing unit
- sealed double glazed unit
- secondary unit
- self-contained cooling unit
- single duct unit
- sink unit
- solid masonry unit
- solids-control unit
- stabilizing unit attached to loader
- standby unit
- steel plate unit
- straightening unit
- structural unit
- supply fixture unit
- terminal unit
- three-bedroomed dwelling unit
- three-bedroom dwelling unit
- tile trim units
- turbidity unit
- two-wheeled power unit
- unitized unit
- unitized bathroom and lavatory block unit
- unitized kitchen unit
- urban unit
- warm air heating unit
- waste-disposal unit
- water correction unit
- water meter unit
- WC-and-bathroom unit
- window unit
- window and frame packaged unit
- zone terminal unit -
91 get under way
1) тронуться в путь, отправиться, выехать; см. тж. under way...after a few hitches and hindrances the van with its human freight was got under way. (Th. Hardy, ‘Stories’, ‘A Few Crusted Characters’) —...после нескольких рывков и задержек дилижанс с пассажирами тронулся в путь.
2) начать проводить в жизнь, осуществлять; пускать в ходAll this time the country had been going to war. The huge military machine was getting under way, the storm of public feeling was rising. (U. Sinclair, ‘100%’, ch. 36) — Все это время страна усиленно готовилась к войне. Огромная военная машина пришла в движение, и общество бурлило.
After the political unification of the country, however, and under the influence of the great post-Civil War industrialization south of the border, in the United States, Canada got swiftly under way industrially. (W. Foster, ‘Outline Political History of the Americas’, book II, ch. 14) — Однако в результате политического объединения страны и под влиянием бурного роста промышленности в США после Гражданской войны Канада быстро пошла по пути индустриализации.
Actually, the offensive did not get under way until May 22... (R. Aldington, ‘The Duke’, ch. 16) — Фактически наступление началось 22 мая...
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92 developed
a развитойСинонимический ряд:1. big (adj.) adult; big; full-blown; full-fledged; full-grown; grown-up; mature; ripe2. grown (adj.) advanced; cultivated; grown; made; matured; perfected; raised; refined3. developed (verb) acquired; developed; elaborated; evolved; formed; unfolded4. got (verb) caught; contracted; got; sickened; took5. happened (verb) befell; befell/befallen; betided; broke/broken; came off/come off; came/come; chanced; come about; come off; did/done; fell out/fallen out; gave/given; happened; occurred; passed; rose/risen; transpired; went/gone6. increased (verb) accrued; build up; gained; grew; increased7. laboured (verb) amplified; dilated; enlarged; expanded; laboured8. matured (verb) aged; grew up/grown up; grew/grown; maturated; matured; mellowed; ripened9. produced (verb) generated; produced -
93 deep-freeze
Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > deep-freeze
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94 deep-frozen
Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > deep-frozen
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95 frozen
frozen ['frəʊzən]1 pp of freeze∎ frozen peas petits pois mpl surgelés;∎ the lake is frozen solid le lac est complètement gelé;∎ my hands are frozen j'ai les mains gelées ou glacées;∎ I'm frozen stiff je suis gelé jusqu'à la moelle (des os);∎ figurative frozen with terror mort de peurfrozen food compartment congélateur m;Medicine frozen shoulder épaule f ankylosée;frozen yoghurt yaourt m glacé -
96 Dony, Jean-Jacques Daniel
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 24 February 1759 Liège, Belgiumd. 6 November 1819 Liège, Belgium[br]Belgian inventor of the horizontal retort process of zinc manufacture.[br]Dony trained initially for the Church, and it is not known how he became interested in the production of zinc. Liège, however, was close to extensive deposits of the zinc ore calamine, and brass had been made since Roman times in the region between Liège and Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen). William Champion's technique of brass manufacture was known there and was considered to be too complicated and expensive for the routine manufacture of brass. Dony may have learned about earlier processes of manufacturing zinc on the European continent from his friend Professor Villette of Liège University, and about English methods from Henri Delloye, a friend of both Villette and Dony and who visited Birmingham and Bristol on their behalf to study zinc smelting processes and brass manufacture at first hand. By 21 March 1805 Dony had succeeded in extracting zinc from calamine and casting it in ingots. On the basis of this success he applied to the French Republican administration for assistance and in 1806 was assigned by Napoleon the sole mining rights to the calamine deposits of the Vieille Montagne, or Altenberg, near Moresnet, five miles (8 km) from Aachen. With these rights went the obligation of developing an industrially viable method of zinc refining. In 1807 he constructed a small factory at Isle and there, after much effort, he perfected his celebrated horizontal retort process, the "Liège Method". After July 1809 zinc was being produced in abundance, and in January 1810 Dony was granted an Imperial Patent giving him a monopoly of zinc manufacture for fifteen years. He erected a rolling mill at Saint-Léonard and attempted to persuade the Minister of Marine to use zinc sheets rather than copper for the protection of ships. Between 1809 and 1810 Dony reduced the price of zinc in Liège from 8.60 to 2.60 francs per kilo. However, after 1813 he began to encounter financial problems and in 1818 he surrendered his commercial interests to his partner Dominique Mosselman (d. 1837). The horizontal retort process soon rendered obsolete that of William Champion, and variants of the Liège Method were rapidly evolved in Germany, Britain and the USA.[br]Further ReadingA.Dony, 1941, A Propos de l'industrie belge du zinc au début du XIXe siècle, Brussels. L.Boscheron, "The zinc industry of the Liège District", Journal of the Institution ofMetals 36 (2):21–6.H.Delloye, 1810, Recherches sur la calamine, le zinc et les emplois, Liège: Dauvrain. 1836, Bibliographie Liégeoise.ASDBiographical history of technology > Dony, Jean-Jacques Daniel
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97 Haber, Fritz
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland[br]German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.[br]Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.[br]Bibliography1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.Further ReadingJ.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).LRD -
98 Thimmonier, Barthélémy
[br]b. 1793 Saint-Etienne, France d. 1857[br]French inventor of the first sewing machine.[br]The sewing machine is probably the most universal and the most important machine in clothing manufacture, being used both industrially and domestically. It was also the first domestic consumer durable and was the first mass-produced machine to appear in the home. The first practical sewing machine was built during 1828 and 1829 by Barthélémy Thimmonier, a working tailor of Saint-Etienne in France. He came from a modest family and had never received any training as a mechanic, so his invention is all the more remarkable. He took out a patent in 1830 in his own name and that of Ferrand, a tutor of the Saint-Etienne School of Mines who had helped him financially. It was a chain-stitch machine made largely of wood and operated by a foot pedal with a large flywheel. The needle moved up and down through the cloth, which was placed on a platform below it. A second, hooked needle under the platform made a loop in the thread, which was caught when the first needle descended again.In 1841, Thimmonier was appointed to a senior position in a large Paris clothing factory engaged in the production of French army uniforms. He soon had eighty machines in use, but a mob of hand-sewers broke in, smashed the machines and nearly killed Thimmonier. In 1845, he had developed his machine so that it could make 200 stitches per minute and formed a partnership with Jean-Marie Magnin to build them commercially. However, the abdication of Louis Philippe on 21 February 1848 ended his hopes, even though patents were taken out in the UK and the USA in that year. The English patent was in Magnin's name, and Thimmonier died impoverished in 1857. His machine was perfected by many later inventors.[br]Bibliography1830, with Ferrand, (chain-stitch machine).Further ReadingA.Matagran, 1931, "Barthélémy Thimmonier (1793–1857), inventeur de la machine à coudre", Bull. Soc. Enc. Industr. nat. 130 (biography in French).J.Meyssin, 1914, Histoire de la machine à coudre: portrait et biographie de l'inventeur B.Thimmonier, 5th edn, Lyons (biography in French).M.Daumas, (ed.), 1968, Histoire générale des techniques, Vol. III: L'Expansion du machinisme, Paris (includes a description of Thimmonier's machine, with a picture).N.Salmon, 1863, History of the Sewing Machine from the Year 1750 (tells the history of the sewing machine).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines. A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot (a more modern account).RLH -
99 organic farming
- применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
применение в сельскохозяйственной деятельности только органических удобрений
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
organic farming
Farming without the use of industrially made fertilizers or pesticides. (Source: ALL)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > organic farming
См. также в других словарях:
Industrially — In*dus tri*al*ly, adv. With reference to industry. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
industrially — Ⅰ. industrial UK US /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ adjective ► relating to industry: »Building ships has ranked for years as one of the more dangerous industrial jobs. »Industrial output fell in April. »an industrial company ► used in industry: »Orders for… … Financial and business terms
industrially — adv. Industrially is used with these adjectives: ↑advanced Industrially is used with these verbs: ↑produce … Collocations dictionary
industrially — industrial ► ADJECTIVE ▪ of, used in, or characterized by industry. DERIVATIVES industrially adverb … English terms dictionary
industrially — adverb by industrial means industrially produced • Derived from adjective: ↑industrial … Useful english dictionary
industrially — adverb see industrial I … New Collegiate Dictionary
industrially — See industrial. * * * … Universalium
industrially — adverb a) In an industrial manner. b) Concerning industry … Wiktionary
industrially — adv. by industrial means; in an industrial manner … English contemporary dictionary
industrially — in·dus·tri·al·ly … English syllables
industrially — See: industrial … English dictionary