(de)+nocte

prĕmo, essi, essum, 3, v. a. [etym. dub.; cf. prelum], to press (class.).

Lit.:

pede pedem alicui premere,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 30:

et trepidae matres pressere ad pectora natos,

Verg. A. 7, 518:

veluti qui sentibus anguem Pressit humi nitens,

id. ib. 2, 379:

novercae Monstra manu premens,

id. ib. 8, 288:

pressit et inductis membra paterna rotis,

i. e. drove her chariot over her father's body, Ov. Ib. 366:

trabes Hymettiae Premunt columnas,

press, rest heavily upon them, Hor. C. 2, 18, 3:

premere terga genu alicujus,

Ov. Am. 3, 2, 24:

ubera plena,

i. e. to milk, id. F. 4, 769:

vestigia alicujus,

to tread in, to follow one's footsteps, Tac. A. 2, 14:

nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,

Juv. 1, 43:

dente frena,

to bite, to champ, Ov. M. 10, 704:

ore aliquid,

to chew, eat, id. ib. 5, 538; cf.:

aliquid morsu,

Lucr. 3, 663:

presso molari,

with compressed teeth, Juv. 5, 160:

pressum lac,

i. e. cheese, Verg. E. 1, 82.—In mal. part.:

Hister Peucen premerat Antro,

forced, Val. Fl. 8, 256:

uxorem,

Suet. Calig. 25.—Of animals:

feminas premunt galli,

Mart. 3, 57, 17.—

Transf.

Poet., to bear down upon, to touch:

premere litora,

Ov. M. 14, 416:

litus,

to keep close to the shore, Hor. C. 2, 10, 3:

aëra,

i. e. to fly, Luc. 7, 835.—

Poet., to hold fast, hold, firmly grasp:

premere frena manu,

Ov. M. 8, 37:

ferrum,

to grasp, Sil. 5, 670:

capulum,

id. 2, 615.—

Poet., to press a place with one's body, i. e. to sit, stand, lie, fall, or seat one's self on any thing:

toros,

Ov. H. 12, 30:

sedilia,

id. M. 5, 317:

hoc quod premis habeto,

id. ib. 5, 135:

et pictam positā pharetram cervice premebat,

id. ib. 2, 421:

humum,

to lie on the ground, id. Am. 3, 5, 16; cf. id. F. 4, 844:

frondes tuo premis ore caducas,

id. M. 9, 650; Sen. Hippol. 510.—

To cover, to conceal by covering (mostly poet.):

aliquid terrā,

to conceal, bury in the earth, Hor. Epod. 1, 33:

nonumque prematur in annum,

kept back, suppressed, id. A. P. 388:

omne lucrum tenebris alta premebat humus,

Ov. Am. 3, 8, 36:

ossa male pressa,

i. e. buried, id. Tr. 5, 3, 39; Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191; hence, to crown, to cover or adorn with any thing:

ut premerer sacrā lauro,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 18:

molli Fronde crinem,

Verg. A. 4, 147:

canitiem galeā,

id. ib. 9, 612:

mitrā capillos,

Ov. F. 4, 517; cf. Verg. A. 5, 556.—

To make, form, or shape any thing by pressing ( poet.):

quod surgente die mulsere horisque diurnis, Nocte premunt,

they make into cheese, Verg. G. 3, 400:

os fingit premendo,

id. A. 6, 80:

caseos,

id. E. 1, 35:

mollem terram,

Vulg. Sap. 15, 7; Calp. Ecl. 5, 34.—

To press hard upon, bear down upon, to crowd, pursue closely:

hostes de loco superiore,

Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

Pompeiani nostros premere et instare coeperunt,

id. B. C. 3, 46:

hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus,

Verg. A. 1, 467:

Pergamenae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius,

Nep. Hann. 11, 5:

hinc Rutulus premit, et murum circumsonat armis,

Verg. A. 8, 473:

obsidione urbem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 32.—Of the pursuit or chase of animals:

ad retia cervum,

Verg. G. 3, 413:

spumantis apri cursum clamore,

id. A. 1, 324:

bestias venatione,

Isid. 10, 282.—

To press down, burden, load, freight:

nescia quem premeret,

on whose back she sat, Ov. M. 2, 869:

tergum equi,

id. ib. 8, 34;

14, 343: et natat exuviis Graecia pressa suis,

Prop. 4, 1, 114 (5, 1, 116):

pressae carinae,

Verg. G. 1, 303:

pressus membra mero,

Prop. 2, 12 (3, 7), 42:

magno et gravi onere armorum pressi,

Caes. B. G. 4, 24:

auro phaleras,

to adorn, Stat. Th. 8, 567.—

To press into, force in, press upon:

(caprum) dentes in vite prementem,

Ov. F. 1, 355:

presso sub vomere,

Verg. G. 2, 356; cf.:

presso aratro,

Tib. 4, 1, 161:

alte ensem in corpore,

Stat. Th. 11, 542:

et nitidas presso pollice finge comas,

Prop. 3, 8 (4, 9), 14:

et cubito remanete presso,

leaning upon, Hor. C. 1, 27, 8. —

To make with any thing ( poet.):

aeternā notā,

Ov. F. 6, 610:

littera articulo pressa tremente,

id. H. 10, 140:

multā via pressa rotā,

id. ib. 18, 134.—

To press down, let down, cause to sink down, to lower:

nec preme, nec summum molire per aethera currum,

Ov. M. 2, 135:

humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem, Et premit,

id. Tr. 3, 11, 67:

mundus ut ad Scythiam Rhiphaeasque arduus arces Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in Austros,

sinks down, Verg. G. 1, 240; Sen. Herc. Fur. 155. —

In partic.

To set, plant:

virgulta per agros,

Verg. G. 2, 346; 26.—

To make or form by pressing down, to make any thing deep, to dig:

vestigio leviter presso,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53; cf.

(trop.): vestigia non pressa leviter, sed fixa,

id. Sest. 5, 13:

sulcum premere,

to draw a furrow, Verg. A. 10, 296:

fossam transversam, inter montes pressit (al. percussit),

Front. Strat. 1, 5:

fossa pressa,

Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 4:

cavernae in altitudinem pressae,

Curt. 5, 1, 28.—

To strike to the ground, to strike down:

tres famulos,

Verg. A. 9, 329:

paucos,

Tac. H. 4, 2.—

To press closely, compress, press together, close:

oculos,

Verg. A. 9, 487:

alicui fauces,

Ov. M. 12, 509:

laqueo collum,

to strangle, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 37:

angebar ceu guttura forcipe pressus,

Ov. M. 9, 78:

presso gutture,

compressed, Verg. G. 1, 410; cf.:

siquidem unius praecordia pressit ille (boletus) senis,

i. e. stopped his breath, Juv. 6, 621:

quibus illa premetur Per somnum digitis,

choked, id. 14, 221:

amplexu presso,

united, in close embrace, Sen. Oedip. 192:

oscula jungere pressa,

to exchange kisses, Ov. H. 2, 94; so,

pressa basia,

Mart. 6, 34, 1:

presso gradu incedere,

in close ranks, foot to foot, Liv. 28, 14:

pede presso,

id. 8, 8.—

In partic.

To shorten, tighten, draw in:

pressis habenis,

Verg. A. 11, 600 (cf.:

laxas dure habenas,

id. ib. 1, 63).—

To keep short, prune:

Calenā falce vitem,

Hor. C. 1, 31, 9:

luxuriem falce,

Ov. M. 14, 628:

falce premes umbras (i. e. arbores umbrantes),

Verg. G. 1, 157; 4, 131:

molle salictum,

Calp. Ecl. 5, 110.—

To check, arrest, stop:

premere sanguinem,

Tac. A. 15, 64:

vestigia pressit,

Verg. A. 6, 197:

attoniti pressere gradum,

Val. Fl. 2, 424 ' dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore, was silent, Verg. A. 6, 155.—

To press out, bring out by pressure:

tenerā sucos pressere medullā,

Luc. 4, 318; cf.: (equus) collectumque fremens volvit sub naribus ignem, Verg. ap. Sen. Ep. 95, 68, and id. G. 3, 85 Rib.—

To frequent: feci ut cotidie praesentem me viderent, habitavi in [p. 1441] oculis, pressi forum, Cic. Planc. 27, 66.—

Trop.

To press, press upon, oppress, overwhelm, weigh down; to urge, drive, importune, pursue, to press close or hard, etc. (class.):

ego istum pro suis factis pessumis pessum premam,

Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 49 Lorenz ad loc.:

quae necessitas eum tanta premebat, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97:

ea, quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant,

id. Fam. 9, 1, 2:

aerumnae, quae me premunt,

Sall. J. 14, 22:

pressus gravitate soporis,

bound by heavy, deep sleep, Ov. M. 15, 21:

cum aut aere alieno, aut magnitudine tributorum, aut injuriā potentium premuntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 13:

invidia et odio populi premi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 228:

premi periculis,

id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

cum a me premeretur,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 53, § 139; cf.:

aliquem verbo,

id. Tusc. 1, 7, 13:

criminibus veris premere aliquem,

Ov. M. 14, 401:

cum a plerisque ad exeundum premeretur, exire noluit,

was pressed, urged, importuned, Nep. Ages. 6, 1:

a Pompeii procuratoribus sescentis premi coeptus est,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3: numina nulla premunt;

mortali urgemur ab hoste,

Verg. A. 10, 375:

premere reum voce, vultu,

Tac. A. 3, 67:

crimen,

to pursue obstinately, Quint. 7, 2, 12:

confessionem,

to force a confession from one, id. 7, 1, 29:

argumentum etiam atque etiam,

to pursue steadily, Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

ancipiti mentem formidine pressus,

Verg. A. 3, 47:

maerore pressa,

Sen. Oct. 103:

veritate pressus negare non potuit,

overcome, overpowered, Lact. 4, 13.—

Transf.

To repress, hide, conceal (mostly poet.):

dum nocte premuntur,

Verg. A. 6, 827:

curam sub corde,

id. ib. 4, 332:

odium,

Plin. Pan. 62:

iram,

Tac. A. 6, 50:

pavorem et consternationem mentis vultu,

id. ib. 13, 16:

interius omne secretum,

Sen. Ep. 3, 4:

dolorem silentio,

Val. Max. 3, 3, 1 ext.; cf. silentia, Sil. 12, 646:

aliquid ore,

Verg. A. 7, 103:

jam te premet nox,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 16.—

To lower, diminish, undervalue, disparage, depreciate:

premendorum superiorum arte sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12:

arma Latini,

Verg. A. 11, 402:

opuscula ( = deprimere atque elevare),

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 36:

famam alicujus,

Tac. A. 15, 49:

premere ac despicere,

Quint. 11, 1, 16:

premere tumentia, humilia extollere,

id. ib. 10, 4, 1.—

To surpass, exceed:

facta premant annos,

Ov. M. 7, 449:

ne prisca vetustas Laude pudicitiae saecula nostra premat,

id. P. 3, 1, 116:

quantum Latonia Nymphas Virgo premit,

Stat. S. 1, 2, 115.—

To rule ( poet.):

dicione premere populos,

Verg. A. 7, 737:

imperio,

id. ib. 1, 54:

Mycenas Servitio premet,

id. ib. 1, 285.—

To suppress, pull down, humble, degrade:

quae (vocabula) nunc situs premit,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 118:

nec premendo alium me extulisse velim,

Liv. 22, 59, 10; cf. id. 39, 41, 1:

premebat reum crimen,

id. 3, 13, 1.—

To compress, abridge, condense:

haec enim, quae dilatantur a nobis, Zeno sic premebat,

Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20.—

To check, arrest, repress, restrain:

cursum ingenii tui, Brute, premit haec importuna clades civitatis,

Cic. Brut. 97, 332:

sub imo Corde gemitum,

Verg. A. 10, 464:

vocem,

to be silent, id. ib. 9, 324:

sermones vulgi,

to restrain, Tac. A. 3, 6.—

To store up, lay up in the mind, muse upon:

(vocem) ab ore Eripuit pater ac stupefactus numine pressit,

Verg. A. 7, 119.—Hence, pressus, a, um, P. a.

Moderate, slow, suppressed, kept down.

Lit.:

presso pede eos retro cedentes principes recipiebant,

Liv. 8, 8, 9:

presso gradu,

id. 28, 14, 14; cf.:

pressoque legit vestigia gressu,

Ov. M. 3, 17.—

Trop.

Of the voice or manner, subdued:

haec cum pressis et flebilibus modis, qui totis theatris maestitiam inferant,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 106.—

Of color, lowered, depressed; hence, dark, gloomy:

color pressus,

Pall. 4, 13, 4:

color viridi pressior,

Plin. 35, 6, 13, § 32:

spadices pressi,

Serv. Verg. G. 3, 82.—

Esp., of an orator or of speech.

Compressed, concise, plain, without ornament (class.):

fiunt pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, etc.,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

cum Attici pressi et integri, contra Asiani inflati et inanes haberentur,

id. 12, 10, 18.—Of style:

pressa et tenuia, et quae minimum ab usu cotidiano recedant,

Quint. 10, 1, 102:

pressus et demissus stilus,

Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 5; Quint. 4, 2, 117.— Comp.: in concionibus pressior, et circumscriptior, et adductior, more moderate, keeping more within bounds, Plin. Ep. 1, 16, 4.—

Close, exact, accurate:

Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus, ut,

Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56: quis te fuit umquam in partiundis rebus pressior? more exact, more accurate, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 364, 24:

sicuti taxare pressius crebriusque est, quam tangere,

Gell. 2, 6, 5:

quod (periculum) observandum pressiore cautelā censeo,

stricter, greater, App. M. 5, p. 160, 36:

cogitationes pressiores,

id. ib. 5, p. 163, 32.—So of sounds, precise, intelligible:

(lingua) vocem profusam fingit atque sonos vocis distinctos et pressos facit,

Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149.—Hence, adv.: pressē, with pressure, violently (class.): artius pressiusque conflictata, Atei. Capito ap. Gell. 10, 6, 2.—

Closely, tightly.

Lit.:

vites pressius putare,

Pall. 12, 9:

pressius colla radere,

Veg. Vet. 1, 56.—

Trop.

Of pronunciation, shortly, neatly, trimly:

loqui non aspere, non vaste, non rustice, sed presse, et aequabiliter, et leniter,

Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; id. Off. 1, 37, 133.—

Of the mode of expression, etc., concisely, not diffusely:

definire presse et anguste,

Cic. Or. 33, 117:

abundanter dicere, an presse,

Quint. 8, 3, 40:

pressius et astrictius scripsi,

Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 10.—

Without ornament, simply:

unum (genus oratorum) attenuate presseque, alterum sublate ampleque dicentium,

Cic. Brut. 55, 202:

aliquid describere modo pressius, modo elatius,

Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 3.—

Closely, exactly, correctly, accurately:

mihi placet agi subtilius, et pressius,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24:

definiunt pressius,

id. Tusc. 4, 7, 14:

anquisitius, et exactius pressiusque disserere,

Gell. 1, 3, 21.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

sērus, a, um, adj. [cf. series; Sanscr. sărat, thread; that which is long drawn out], late (freq. and class.; cf.: tardus, lentus): nescis quid vesper serus vehat (the title of a work by Varro), Varr. ap. Gell. 1, 22, 4; 13, 11, 1:

sero a vespere,

Ov. M. 4, 415:

serā nocte,

Liv. 1, 57, 9; Col. 1 praef.; Prop. 1, 3, 10; Val. Fl. 7, 400:

crepuscula,

Ov. M. 1, 219:

lux,

id. ib. 15, 651:

dies,

Tac. H. 3, 82 (cf. infra, B.):

hiems,

Liv. 32, 28, 6:

anni,

i. e. ripe years, age, Ov. M. 6, 29; 9, 434; id. F. 5, 63; cf.

aetas,

id. A. A. 1, 65; Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 4:

gratulatio,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1:

portenta deūm Tarda et sera nimis, id. poët. Div. 2, 30, 64: nepotes,

Ov. M. 6, 138:

posteritas,

id. P. 1, 4, 24: sera eruditio, quam Graeci opsimathian appellant, Gell. 11, 7, 3; cf. poet., of persons, with gen.: o seri studiorum! ye late-learned, opsimatheis (i. e. backward, ignorant), Hor. S. 1, 10, 21 (v. infra, b. a): ulmus, late - or slowly-growing (acc. to others, old), Verg. G. 4, 144; so,

ficus,

late in bearing, Col. 5, 10, 10; cf. serotinus, and v. the foll. under sup.—Comp. (rare; not in Cic. or Cæs.; cf. adv. infra fin.):

serior mors (opp. maturior),

Cels. 2, 6 med.:

senectus,

Mart. 5, 6, 3:

spe omnium serius bellum,

Liv. 2, 3, 1:

serior putatio,

Col. 4, 23, 1; 2, 10, 15.— Poet., for posterior:

serior aetas,

Ov. Tr. 5, 9, 7; Tib. 1, 4, 33:

hora,

Ov. H. 19, 14.— Sup.:

successores quam serissimi,

Vell. 2, 131, 2:

serissima omnium (pirorum) Amerina, etc.,

ripening the latest, Plin. 15, 15, 16, § 55; cf. supra.—

Poet.

For the adv. sero, of one who does any thing late:

serus in caelum redeas,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 45:

serus Graecis admovit acumina chartis,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 161:

jusserit ad se Maecenas serum sub lumina prima venire Convivam,

late in the day, id. S. 2, 7, 33:

nec nisi serus abi,

Ov. A. A. 2, 224:

poena tamen tacitis sera venit pedibus,

Tib. 1, 10, 3:

(me) Arguit incepto serum accessisse labori,

Ov. M. 13, 297.—So with things as subjects:

sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper,

Verg. G. 1, 251:

imposita est sero tandem manus ultima bello,

Ov. M. 13, 403:

seros pedes assumere,

id. ib. 15, 384:

Cantaber serā domitus catenā,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 22:

serum ut veniamus ad amnem Phasidos,

Val. Fl. 4, 708.—With gen.:

o seri studiorum!

Hor. S. 1, 10, 21 (v. supra); so,

belli serus,

Sil. 3, 255.—With inf.:

cur serus versare boves et plaustra Bootes?

Prop. 3, 5 (4, 4), 35.—

For adverb. use of sera and serum, v. adv. infra.—

Substt. ‡

sēra, ae, f. (sc. hora), a late hour, the evening hour, hespera, sera, vespra, crepusculum, Gloss. Vet.—

sērum, i, n., late time, late hour (of the day or night; first in Liv.;

esp. in the historians): serum erat diei,

Liv. 7, 8, 4:

quia serum diei fuerit,

id. 26, 3, 1:

jamque sero diei subducit ex acie legionem,

Tac. A. 2, 21 fin.:

extrahebatur in quam maxime serum diei certamen,

Liv. 10, 28, 2 Drak. N. cr.:

in serum noctis convivium productum,

id. 33, 48; cf.: ad serum [p. 1682] usque diem, Tac. H. 3, 82.— Absol., in Sueton., of a late hour of the day:

in serum dimicatione protractā,

Suet. Aug. 17; id. Ner. 22:

in serum usque patente cubiculo,

id. Oth. 11.—

Pregn., too late (class.):

ut magis exoptatae Kalendae Januariae quam serae esse videantur,

Cic. Phil. 5, 1:

neque rectae voluntati serum est tempus ullum, etc.,

Quint. 12, 1, 31:

tempus cavendi,

Sen. Thyest. 487: bellum, Sall. Fragm. ap. Philarg. Verg. G. 4, 144:

Antiates serum auxilium post proelium venerant,

Liv. 3, 5 fin.; 31, 24:

auxilia,

Val. Fl. 3, 562:

improbum consilium serum, ut debuit, fuit: et jam profectus Virginius erat, etc.,

Liv. 3, 46 fin.:

redit Alcidae jam sera cupido,

Val. Fl. 4, 247:

seras conditiones pacis tentare,

Suet. Aug. 17:

cum tandem ex somno surrexissent, in quod serum erat, aliquot horas remis in naves collocandis absumpserunt,

which was too late, Liv. 33, 48, 8:

hoc serum est,

Mart. 8, 44, 1; and with a subj.-clause:

dum deliberamus, quando incipiendum sit, incipere jam serum est,

Quint. 12, 6, 3; so,

serum est, advocare iis rebus affectum, etc.,

id. 4, 2, 115.—

Poet. for the adverb (cf. supra, I. b. a):

tum decuit metuisse tuis: nunc sera querelis Haud justis assurgis,

too late, Verg. A. 10, 94:

ad possessa venis praeceptaque gaudia serus,

Ov. H. 17, 107:

Herculeas jam serus opes spretique vocabis Arma viri,

Val. Fl. 3, 713:

serā ope vincere fata Nititur,

Ov. M. 2, 617:

auxilia ciere,

Val. Fl. 3, 562.—Hence, adv., in three forms.

sēră, late ( poet. and very rare):

sera comans Narcissus,

late in flowering, Verg. G. 4, 122.—

sērum, late at night ( poet. and very rare):

quae nocte sedens serum canit,

Verg. A. 12, 864.—

sērō̆.

(Acc. to I.) Late.

Late, at a late hour of the day or night (rare but class.):

eo die Lentulus venit sero,

Cic. Att. 7, 21, 1 (cf. infra, B.):

domum sero redire,

id. Fam. 7, 22.—

Late, at a late period of time, in gen. (freq. and class.):

res rustica sic est: si unam rem sero feceris omnia opera sero facies,

Cato, R. R. 5, 7; Cic. Brut. 10, 39; Quint. 6, 3, 103:

doctores artis sero repertos,

id. 2, 17, 7; 2, 5, 3.— Comp.:

modo surgis Eoo Temperius caelo, modo serius incidis undis,

Ov. M. 4, 198; Liv. 31, 11, 10:

serius, quam ratio postulat,

Quint. 2, 1, 1:

scripsi ad Pompeium serius quam oportuit,

Cic. Fam. 14, 10; 15, 1, 4; id. Sest. 31, 67; Liv. 37, 45, 18; 42, 28, 1:

itaque serius aliquanto notatus et cognitus (numerus),

Cic. Or. 56, 186:

serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto Pulvere,

Ov. M. 4, 105:

ipse salutabo decimā vel serius horā,

Mart. 1, 109, 9: omnium Versatur urna serius ocius Sors exitura, later or earlier (or, as we say, inverting the order, sooner or later), Hor. C. 2, 3, 26; so,

serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam,

Ov. M. 10, 33:

serius ei triumphandi causa fuit, ne, etc.,

Liv. 39, 6, 4; 38, 27, 4:

in acutis morbis serius aeger alendus est,

Cels. 3, 2.— Sup.:

ut quam serissime ejus profectio cognosceretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 75 (Scaliger ex conj.); so,

legi pira Tarentina,

Plin. 15, 17, 18, § 61 (al. serissima).—

(Acc to II.) Too late (freq. and class.):

abi stultus, sero post tempus venis,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 90:

idem, quando illaec occasio periit, post sero cupit,

id. Aul. 2, 2, 71; id. Am. 2, 2, 34; id. Men. 5, 6, 31; id. Pers. 5, 1, 16 (Opp. temperi); id. Trin. 2, 4, 14; 2, 4, 167; 4, 2, 147; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 103; id. Ad. 2, 4, 8. (Scipio) factus est consul bis:

primum ante tempus: iterum sibi suo tempore, rei publicae paene sero,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 9:

sero resistimus ei, quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

id. Att. 7, 5, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 63, § 164 et saep.:

ne nimis sero ad extrema veniamus,

far too late, id. Phil. 2, 19, 47; Liv. 21, 3, 5.—Hence, in a double sense, alluding to the signif. A. a.:

cum interrogaret (accusator), quo tempore Clodius occisus esset? respondit (Milo), Sero,

Quint. 6, 3, 49.—Prov.: sero sapiunt Phryges, are wise too late, are troubled with after-wit; v. sapio.— Comp., in the same sense:

possumus audire aliquid, an serius venimus?

Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 20:

ad quae (mysteria) biduo serius veneram,

id. de Or. 3, 20, 75:

doleo me in vitam paulo serius tamquam in viam ingressum,

id. Brut. 96, 330: erit verendum mihi, ne non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat, id. Cat. 1, 2, 5:

serius a terrā provectae naves,

Caes. B. C. 3, 8; Suet. Tib. 52.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.

sŭpĕrus, a, um (ante-class. collat. form of the nom. sing. sŭpĕr in two passages:

super inferque vicinus,

Cato, R. R. 149, 1:

totus super ignis,

Lucr. 1, 649; gen. plur. in signif. I. B. 1. infra, superum, Verg. A. 1, 4; Ov. M. 1, 251 et saep.), adj. [super].

Adj.

In gen., that is above, upper, higher: inferus an superus tibi fert deus funera, Liv. And. ap. Prisc. p. 606 P.:

at ita me di deaeque superi atque inferi et medioxumi,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 36:

omnes di deaeque superi, inferi,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 6:

ad superos deos potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

limen superum inferumque salve,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 1, 1:

portae Phrygiae limen,

id. Bacch. 4, 9, 31; 4, 9, 63; Novat. ap. Non. p. 336, 13 (Com. Rel. v. 49 Rib.):

carmine di superi placantur, carmine manes,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 138:

di,

id. C. 1, 1, 30; 4, 7, 18:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

ut omnia supera, infera, prima, ultima, media videremus,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 26, 64:

spectatores superarum rerum atque caelestium,

id. N. D. 2, 56, 140:

omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes,

Verg. A. 6, 788:

supera ad convexa,

to heaven, id. ib. 6, 241 (Rib. super); 6, 750; 10, 251: cum superum lumen nox intempesta teneret, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 14 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):

lumen,

Lucr. 6, 856: templum superi Jovis, i. e. of the Capitoline Jupiter (opp. Juppiter inferus, i. e. Pluto), Cat. 55, 5; Sen. Herc. Fur. 48:

domus deorum,

Ov. M. 4, 735: mare superum, the upper, i. e. the Adriatic and Ionian Sea (opp. mare inferum, the lower or Etruscan Sea), Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; id. Att. 9, 3, 1; Liv. 41, 1, 3; Mel. 2, 4, 1; Plin. 3, 5, 10, § 44; Suet. Caes. 34; 44;

so without mare (colloq.): iter ad superum,

Cic. Att. 9, 5, 1.—Adverb.:

de supero, quom huc accesserit,

from above, Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 18; so,

ex supero,

Lucr. 2, 227; 2, 241; 2, 248. —

In partic., upper, i. e. of the upper regions or upper world (opp. the lower regions):

supera de parte,

i. e. of the earth, Lucr. 6, 855:

superas evadere ad auras,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

superum ad lumen ire,

id. ib. 6, 680:

aurae,

Ov. M. 5, 641:

orae,

Verg. A. 2, 91:

limen,

id. ib. 6, 680.—

Sŭpĕri, orum, m.

They who are above (opp. inferi, those in the dungeon), Plaut. Aul. 2, 7, 6:

multum fleti ad superos,

i. e. those living on earth, Verg. A. 6, 481:

(Pompeius) Quam apud superos habuerat magnitudinem, illibatam detulisset ad Inferos,

the inhabitants of the upper world, Vell. 2, 48, 2; cf.:

ut oblitos superum paterere dolores,

Val. Fl. 1, 792: si nunc redire posset ad superos pater, Poet. ap. Charis. 5, p. 252:

epistula ad superos scripta,

i. e. to the survivors, Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248.—

(Sc. di.) The gods above, the celestial deities:

quae Superi Manesque dabant,

Verg. A. 10, 34:

aspiciunt Superi mortalia,

Ov. M. 13, 70:

o Superi!

id. ib. 1, 196; 14, 729;

pro Superi,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 59:

terris jactatus et alto Vi Superum,

Verg. A. 1, 4:

illa propago Contemptrix Superum,

Ov. M. 1, 161:

exemplo Superorum,

id. Tr. 4, 4, 19; so,

Superorum,

id. P. 1, 1, 43:

postquam res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem Immeritam visum Superis,

Verg. A. 3, 2:

scilicet is Superis labor est,

id. ib. 4, 379; Hor. C. 1, 6, 16:

superis deorum Gratus et imis,

id. ib. 1, 10, 19:

flectere Superos,

Verg. A. 7, 312:

te per Superos... oro,

id. ib. 2, 141 et saep.—

sŭpĕra, orum, n.

The heavenly bodies:

Hicetas caelum, solem, lunam, stellas, supera denique omnia stare censet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; cf.:

cogitantes supera atque caelestia, haec nostra contemnimus,

id. ib. 2, 41, 127: di, quibus est potestas motus superum atque inferum, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 25, 38 (Trag. Rel. v. 163 Vahl.).—

Higher places (sc. loca):

supera semper petunt,

tend upwards, Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 42:

(Alecto) Cocyti petit sedem, supera ardua relinquens,

the upper world, Verg. A. 7, 562.

Comp.: sŭpĕrĭor, ius.

Lit., of place, higher, upper:

inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis castris compleverant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 46:

dejectus qui potest esse quisquam, nisi in inferiorem locum de superiore motus?

Cic. Caecin. 18, 50:

in superiore qui habito cenaculo,

Plaut. Am. 3, 1, 3:

tota domus superior vacat,

the upper part of, Cic. Att. 12, 10:

superior accumbere,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 42:

de loco superiore dicere,

i. e. from the tribunal, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 42, § 102:

agere,

i. e. from the rostra, id. ib. 2, 1, 5, § 14;

and in gen. of the position of the speaker: multos et ex superiore et ex aequo loco sermones habitos,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 2:

sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo sive ex superiore loquitur,

id. de Or. 3, 6, 23: ex loco superiore in ipsis fluminis ripis praeliabantur, from a height or eminence, Caes. B. G. 2, 23; so,

ex loco superiore,

id. ib. 3, 4:

loca,

id. ib. 1, 10, 4;

3, 3, 2: ex superioribus locis in planitiem descendere,

id. B. C. 3, 98:

qui in superiore acie constiterant,

id. B. G. 1, 24:

ex superiore et ex inferiore scriptura docendum,

i. e. what goes before and after, the context, Cic. Inv. 2, 40, 117; cf.:

posteriori superius non jungitur,

id. Ac. 2, 14, 44.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, former, past, previous, preceding:

superiores solis defectiones,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16, 25:

quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris,

id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

refecto ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant,

Caes. B. G. 7, 58:

superioribus aestivis,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 46:

superioribus temporibus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 1:

tempus (opp. posterius),

id. Dom. 37, 99:

tempora (opp. inferiora),

Suet. Claud. 41:

annus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 18, § 47:

anno superiore,

id. Har. Resp. 8, 15:

superioris anni acta,

Suet. Caes. 23:

in superiore vita,

Cic. Sen. 8, 26: milites superioribus proeliis exercitati, [p. 1811] Caes. B. G. 2, 20:

testimonium conveniens superiori facto,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 53:

superius facinus novo scelere vincere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 44, § 116:

superioris more crudelitatis uti,

Nep. Thras. 3, 1:

superius genus,

mentioned previously, Plin. 13, 25, 48, § 146:

nuptiae,

former marriage, Cic. Clu. 6, 15:

vir,

first husband, id. Caecin. 6, 17.—

Esp., of age, time of life, etc., older, elder, senior, more advanced, former:

omnis juventus omnesque superioris aetatis,

Caes. B. C. 2, 5:

aetate superiores,

Varr. R. R. 2, 10, 1:

superior Africanus,

the Elder, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 10, § 25; id. Off. 1, 33, 121:

Dionysius,

id. ib. 2, 7, 25; Nep. Dion, 1, 1; cf.:

quid est aetas hominis, nisi memoria rerum veterum cum superiorum aetate contexitur,

Cic. Or. 34, 120.—

Of strength or success in battle or any contest, victorious, conquering, stronger, superior:

Caesar quod hostes equitatu superiores esse intellegebat,

Caes. B. G. 7, 65:

numero superiores,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 12:

hoc ipso fiunt superiores, quod nullum acceperant detrimentum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

se quo impudentius egerit, hoc superiorem discessurum,

Cic. Caecin. 1, 2:

semper discessit superior,

Nep. Hann. 1, 2:

si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint,

Caes. B. G. 5, 15:

multo superiores bello esse,

Nep. Alcib. 4, 7:

superiorem Appium in causa fecit,

Liv. 5, 7, 1.—

Of quality, condition, number, etc., higher, more distinguished, greater, superior.

With abl. respect.:

pecuniis superiores,

Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 59:

loco, fortuna, fama superiores,

id. Lael. 25, 94:

habes neminem honoris gradu superiorem,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

ordine,

id. ib. 13, 5, 2:

facilitate et humanitate superior,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

si superior ceteris rebus esses,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 61.—

Absol.:

ut ii, qui superiores sunt, submittere se debent in amicitia, sic quodam modo inferiores extollere,

Cic. Lael. 20, 72; cf. id. ib. 20, 71:

ut quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. Off. 1, 26, 90:

invident homines maxime paribus aut inferioribus... sed etiam superioribus invidetur,

id. de Or. 2, 52, 209:

premendoque superiorem sese extollebat,

Liv. 22, 12, 12:

cui omnem honorem, ut superiori habuit,

Vell. 2, 101, 1.

Sup., in three forms, ‡ superrimus, supremus, and summus.

‡ sŭperrĭmus, assumed as orig. form of supremus by Varr. L. L. 7, § 51 Mull.; Charis. p. 130 P.—

sū̆prēmus, a, um, highest, loftiest, topmost.

Lit. (only poet.; cf.

summus, C. 1.): montesque supremos Silvifragis vexat flabris,

the highest points, the tops, summits, Lucr. 1, 274; so,

montes,

Verg. G. 4, 460; Hor. Epod. 17, 68:

rupes,

Sen. Oedip. 95:

arx,

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 167; cf.:

supremae Tethyos unda,

Mart. Spect. 3, 6.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, extreme, final, = ultimus (class.).

In gen.: SOL OCCASVS SVPREMA TEMPESTAS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 10.—Hence, as subst.: suprēma, ae, f. (sc. tempestas), the last part of the day, the hour of sunset: suprema summum diei; hoc tempus duodecim Tabulae dicunt occasum esse solis;

sed postea lex praetoria id quoque tempus jubet esse supremum, quo praeco in comitio supremam pronuntiavit populo,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 5 Mull.; cf. Censor. de Die Nat. 24; Plin. 7, 60, 60, § 212:

quae (urbs), quia postrema coaedificata est, Neapolis nominatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

supremo te sole domi manebo,

at sunset, Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 3:

jubare exorto jam nocte suprema, Col. poet. 10, 294: in te suprema salus,

last hope, Verg. A. 12, 653: supremam bellis imposuisse manum, the last or finishing hand, Ov. R. Am. 114. — suprēmum, adverb., for the last time:

quae mihi tunc primum, tunc est conspecta supremum,

Ov. M. 12, 526.—

In partic., with regard to the close of life, last, closing, dying:

supremo vitae die,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; id. Sen. 21, 78; id. Mur. 36, 75:

dies,

id. Phil. 1, 14, 34; Hor. C. 1, 13, 20; id. Ep. 1, 4, 13:

hora,

Tib. 1, 1, 59:

tempus,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 98; Cat. 64, 151:

incestum pontifices supremo supplicio sanciunto,

i. e. the penalty of death, Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

mors,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173:

finis,

id. ib. 2, 1, 12:

iter,

id. C. 2, 17, 11:

lumen,

Verg. A. 6, 735: sociamque tori vocat ore supremo, with his dying mouth, dying breath, Ov. M. 8, 521; so,

ore,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 87:

haec digressu dicta supremo Fundebat,

Verg. A. 8, 583:

Nero in suprema ira duos calices crystallinos fregit,

in his last agony, Plin. 37, 2, 10, § 29;

supremis suis annis,

in his last years, id. 23, 1, 27, § 58:

suprema ejus cura,

id. 7, 45, 46, § 150:

spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate,

Cic. Mil. 32, 86: honor, the last honors, i. e. funeral rites or ceremonies, Verg. A. 11, 61:

funera,

Ov. M. 3, 137:

oscula,

id. ib. 6, 278:

tori,

i. e. biers, id. F. 6, 668:

ignis,

id. Am. 1, 15, 41:

ignes,

id. M. 2, 620; 13, 583:

officia,

Tac. A. 5, 2; Petr. 112, 1: judicia hominum, a last will or testament, Quint. 6, 3, 92; Plin. Ep. 7, 20, 7; 7, 31, 5; so,

tabulae,

Mart. 5, 33, 1; 5, 41, 1:

tituli,

i. e. an epitaph, id. ib. 9, 19, 3.—So of cities, etc.:

Troiae sorte suprema,

Verg. A. 5, 190:

dies regnis,

Ov. F. 2, 852. — suprēmum and suprēmō, adverb.:

animam sepulcro Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus,

for the last time, for a last farewell, Verg. A. 3, 68; Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 150; Tac. H. 4, 14; Ov. M. 12, 526:

anima exitura supremo,

Plin. 11, 53, 115, § 277.— Substt.

sŭprēmum, i, n., the last moment, end (very rare):

ventum ad supremum est,

Verg. A. 12, 803.—

suprēma, orum, n.

The last moments, the close of life, death:

ut me in supremis consolatus est!

Quint. 6, prooem. § 11; Tac. A. 6, 50; 12, 66; cf.:

statua Herculis sentiens suprema tunicae,

the last agonies caused by it, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93:

circa suprema Neronis,

the time of his death, id. 16, 44, 86, § 236; 7, 3, 3, § 33.—

The last honors paid to the dead, funeral rites or ceremonies, a funeral:

supremis divi Augusti,

Plin. 7, 3, 3, § 33; 16, 44, 86, § 236; Tac. A. 1, 61; 3, 49; 4, 44; id. H. 4, 59; 4, 45:

suprema ferre (sc. munera),

Verg. A. 6, 213; cf. id. ib. 11, 25 al.—

A last will, testament:

nihil primo senatus die agi passus, nisi de supremis Augusti,

Tac. A. 1, 8:

miles in supremis ordinandis ignarus uxorem esse praegnantem, etc.,

Dig. 29, 1, 36, § 2.—

The relics, remains of a burned corpse, the ashes, = reliquiae, Amm. 25, 9, 12; Sol. 1 med. —

Of degree or rank, the highest, greatest, most exalted, supreme:

multa, quae appellatur suprema, instituta in singulos duarum ovium, triginta boum... ultra quam (numerum) multam dicere in singulos jus non est, et propterea suprema appellatur, id est, summa et maxima,

Gell. 11, 1, 2 sq.:

macies,

Verg. A. 3, 590:

Juppiter supreme,

Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 55; id. Capt. 2, 3, 66; 5, 2, 23; id. Ps. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 42: Junonis supremus conjunx, Poet. ap. Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 115:

med antidhac Supremum habuisti com item consiliis tuis,

most intimate, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 15.—

summus, a, um [from sup-imus, sup-mus], uppermost, highest, topmost; the top of, highest part of (cf. Roby, Gram. 2, § 1295).

Lit. (class., while supremus is mostly poet.):

summum oportet olfactare vestimentum muliebre,

the top, outside of, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 56: Galli summa arcis adorti Moenia, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 169 Vahl.): Thyestes summis saxis fixus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 107 (Trag. v. 413 ib.): montibus summis, id. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, 71 Mull. (Epigr. v. 43 ib.):

summum jugum montis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 21:

summus mons,

the top of, id. ib. 1, 22:

feriunt summos fulmina montes,

the mountain tops, Hor. C. 2, 10, 11; cf.: in summo montis vertice, Poet. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 48:

locus castrorum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 23:

in summa sacra via,

on the highest part of, Cic. Planc. 7, 17; cf. id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

in summa columna conlocare,

id. Div. 1, 24, 48:

quam (urbem) ad summum theatrum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 53, § 119:

Janus summus ab imo,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 54:

ad aquam summam appropinquare,

Cic. Fin. 4, 23, 64: mento summam aquam attingens enectus siti, Poet. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 10:

in aqua summa natare,

the top, surface of, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 33:

apud summum puteum,

id. Mil. 4, 4, 16:

per summa volare aequora,

Verg. A. 5, 819:

summa cacumina linquunt,

id. ib. 6, 678:

mari summo,

id. ib. 1, 110:

prospexi Italiam summa ab unda,

id. ib. 6, 357:

summaque per galeam delibans oscula,

id. ib. 12, 434:

amphoras complures complet plumbo, summas operit auro,

Nep. Hann. 9, 3: summa procul villarum culmina fumant, Verg. E. 1, 83:

summam cutem novacula decerpito,

Col. 12, 56, 1.—Of position, place, at table:

summus ego (in triclinio) et prope me Viscus Thurinus et infra Varius, etc.,

I was highest, I reclined at the top, Hor. S. 2, 8, 20.—Hence, subst.: summus, i, m., he who sits in the highest place, at the head of the table:

standum est in lecto, si quid de summo petas,

Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 27: is sermo, qui more majorum a summo adhibetur in poculis, by the head of the table, i. e. by the president of the feast, Cic. Sen. 14, 46; so,

a summo dare (bibere),

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; Pers. 5, 1, 19.—

summum, i, n., the top, surface; the highest place, the head of the table, etc.:

ab ejus (frontis) summo, sicut palmae, rami quam late diffunduntur,

Caes. B. G. 6, 26:

qui demersi sunt in aqua... si non longe absunt a summo,

Cic. Fin. 3, 14, 48:

leviter a summo inflexum bacillum,

id. Div. 1, 17, 30:

igitur discubuere... in summo Antonius,

Sall. H. 3, 4 Dietsch:

puteos ac potius fontes habet: sunt enim in summo,

Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 25:

nuces mersit in vinum et sive in summum redierant, sive subsederant, etc.,

Petr. 137 fin.: oratori summa riguerunt, the extremities of his body, Sen. Ira, 2, 3, 3.—In mal. part.:

summa petere,

Mart. 11, 46, 6; Auct. Priap. 76.—

Transf., of the voice:

jubeo te salvere voce summa,

Plaut. As. 2, 2, 30; cf.:

citaret Io Bacche! modo summa Voce, modo, etc.,

at the top of his voice, Hor. S. 1, 3, 7:

vox (opp. ima),

Quint. 11, 3, 15:

summa voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261; cf.:

summo haec clamore,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 59. —Adverb.: summum, at the utmost or farthest:

exspectabam hodie, aut summum cras,

Cic. Att. 13, 21, 2:

bis, terve summum,

id. Fam. 2, 1, 1:

triduo aut summum quatriduo,

id. Mil. 9, 26; cf. Liv. 21, 35, and 31, 42 Drak.—

Trop.

Of time or order of succession, last, latest, final (rare but class.):

haec est praestituta summa argento dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; so,

venit summa dies,

Verg. A. 2, 324:

ad summam senectutem jactari, quam, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1: vixit ad summam senectutem, to extreme old age, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 401, 31:

cum esset summa senectute,

id. Phil. 8, 10, 31:

in fluvium primi cecidere, in corpora summi,

Luc. 2, 211:

summo carmine,

at the end, Hor. C. 3, 28, 13:

eadem in argumentis ratio est, ut potentissima prima et summa ponantur,

the first and the last, at the beginning and the end, Quint. 6, 4, 22; cf. neutr. absol.: Celsus putat, primo firmum aliquod (argumentum) esse ponendum, summo firmissimum, imbecilliora medio;

quia et initio movendus sit judex et summo impellendus,

at the last, at the close, id. 7, 1, 10.— Adverb.: summum, for the last time:

nunc ego te infelix summum teneoque tuorque,

Albin. 1, 137. —

Of rank, etc., highest, greatest, first, supreme, best, utmost, extreme; most distinguished, excellent, or noble; most important, weighty, or critical, etc. (so most freq. in prose and poetry): summa nituntur vi, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 168 Vahl.): bellum gerentes summum summa industria, id. ap. Non. p. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 ib.):

summi puerorum amores,

Cic. Lael. 10, 33:

spes civium,

id. ib. 3, 11:

fides, constantia justitiaque,

id. ib. 7, 25: in amore summo summaque inopia, Caec. ap. Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 72:

qui in virtute summum bonum ponunt,

id. ib. 6, 20:

non agam summo jure tecum,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4:

tres fratres summo loco nati,

id. Fam. 2, 18, 2:

qui summo magistratui praeerat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16:

concedunt in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51:

quae (vitia) summo opere vitare oportebit,

id. Inv. 1, 18, 26:

turpitudo,

id. Lael. 17, 61:

summum in cruciatum se venire,

Caes. B. G. 1, 31:

scelus,

Sall. C. 12, 5:

hiems,

the depth of winter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86; id. Fam. 13, 60, 2:

cum aestas summa esse coeperat,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 12, § 29; 2, 5, 31, § 80:

ut summi virtute et animo praeessent imbecillioribus,

id. Rep. 1, 34, 51:

summi ex Graecia sapientissimique homines,

id. ib. 1, 22, 36; cf.:

summi homines ac summis ingeniis praediti,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

optimi et summi viri diligentia,

id. Rep. 1, 35, 54: cum par habetur honos summis et infimis [p. 1812] id. ib. 1, 34, 53: He. Quo honore'st illic? Ph. Summo atque ab summis viris, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 29:

summus Juppiter,

id. Cist. 2, 1, 40:

ubi summus imperator non adest ad exercitum,

id. Am. 1, 2, 6:

miles summi inperatoris,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: deum qui non summum putet (amorem), Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68:

amicus summus,

the best friend, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 60; 1, 1, 1; id. And. 5, 6, 6; cf. absol.:

nam is nostro Simulo fuit summus,

id. Ad. 3, 2, 54; so id. Eun. 2, 2, 40.— Poet. in neutr. plur.:

summa ducum Atrides,

the chief, Ov. Am. 1, 9, 37; cf. Lucr. 1, 86:

summo rei publicae tempore,

at a most important period, most critical juncture, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 46:

in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,

id. Fl. 3, 6; cf.:

summa salus rei publicae,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: quod summa res publica in hujus periculo tentatur, the highest welfare of the State, the common welfare, the good of the State, the whole State or commonwealth, id. Rosc. Am. 51, 148; so,

res publica,

id. Planc. 27, 66; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28; id. Cat. 1, 6, 14; 3, 6, 13; id. Inv. 1, 16, 23; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 14, 2:

ad summam rem publicam,

Liv. 33, 45, 4 al.:

quo res summa loco, Panthu?

the general cause, Verg. A. 2, 322: mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise, fugis? in these enterprises of highest moment, etc., id. ib. 9, 199; esp.: summum jus, a right pushed to an extreme:

non agam summo jure tecum,

deal exactingly, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 4; cf.: exsistunt etiam saepe injuriae calumnia quadam et nimis callida juris interpretatione;

ex quo illud summum jus summa injuria factum est, jam tritum sermone proverbium,

id. Off. 1, 10, 33. — Hence, summē, adv., in the highest degree, most highly or greatly, extremely:

quod me sollicitare summe solet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72, 295:

cupere aliquid,

id. Quint. 21, 69; Caes. B. C. 3, 15:

contendere,

Cic. Quint. 24, 77: studere, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 2:

diffidere,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 2:

admirari,

Quint. 10, 1, 70:

summe jucundum,

Cic. Fam. 13, 18, 2:

officiosi,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:

summe disertus vir,

Quint. 12, 1, 23:

summe munitus locus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 31:

summe haec omnia mihi videntur esse laudanda,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 17, 57:

mei summe observantissimus,

Plin. Ep. 10, 26 (11), 1.