vigor

vălĕo, ui, itum, 2, v. n. [kindr. with Sanscr. bala, vis, robur, balishtas, fortissimus; cf. debilis], to be strong.

Lit., of physical strength, vigor, or health.

In gen., to be strong, stout, or vigorous, to have strength (cf.: polleo, vigeo).

Absol.: verum illi valent, qui vi luctantur cum leonibus, Pomp. ap. Non. 112, 4 (Com. Rel. v. 176 Rib.):

puer ille (Hercules recens natus) ut magnus est et multum valet!

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 51: plus potest, qui plus valet: Vir erat;

plus valebat,

id. Truc. 4, 3, 38 sq.:

sanus homo, qui bene valet,

Cels. 1, 1 init.:

si magis valet,

id. 3, 18:

si satis valet (= si satis validae vires sunt, just before),

id. 4, 7 init.:

prout nervi valent,

id. 8, 16.—Of plants:

vitem novellam resecari tum erit tempus ubi valebit,

Cato, R. R. 33, 3 sq. —

To be strong in or for something, to have the power or strength, be in condition to do something, etc.

Of personal subjects, etc.

With ad and acc.:

alios videmus velocitate ad cursum, alios viribus ad luctandum valere,

Cic. Off. 1, 30, 107.—

With inf.:

manibus pedibusque morbo distortissimis, ut neque calceum perpeti nec libellos evolvere valeret,

Suet. Galb. 21:

mustela cum mures veloces non valeret assequi,

Phaedr. 4, 1, 10:

valet ima summis Mutare deus,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 12; cf. II. B. 2. h. infra; cf.:

illud mirari mitte, quod non valet e lapide hoc alias impellere res,

Lucr. 6, 1057:

versate diu quid ferre recusent, Quid valeant umeri (sc. ferre),

Hor. A. P. 40:

nec valuere manus infixum educere telum,

Ov. M. 13, 393; 12, 101; Col. 6, 25 fin. —

Of remedies or medicines, to be efficacious, be good for any thing; with ad and acc.:

fimum potum ad dysentericos valet,

Plin. 28, 8, 27, § 105.—With contra:

cimices valent contra serpentium morsus,

Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—With eodem:

id quoque collyrium eodem valet,

Cels. 6, 6, 21.—With pro:

ruta per se pro antidoto valet,

Plin. 20, 13, 51, § 132.—With abl.:

dictamnus valet potu et illitu et suffitu,

Plin. 26, 15, 90, § 153.— With inf.:

sandaracha valet purgare, sistere, excalfacere, perrodere,

Plin. 34, 18, 55, § 177.—

Of sounds: cum C ac similiter G non valuerunt, in T ac D molliuntur, i. e. were not pronounced strongly, Quint. 1, 11, 5.—

Esp., in respect of the natural condition of the body, to be well in health, to be in a sound or healthy condition, to be healthy, hale, hearty.

In gen.

Absol.:

equidem valeo recte et salvus sum,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 36:

perpetuon' valuisti?

id. Ep. 1, 1, 15; 1, 1, 18:

valen'? Valuistin? valeo et valui rectius,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12 sq.: facile omnes, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus, Ter. And. 2, 1, 9:

dicit vilicus servos non valuisse,

Cato, R. R. 2, 3 sq.; 5, 6:

boves ut recte valeant,

id. ib. 103:

optime valere et gravissime aegrotare,

Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 43; 4, 25, 69:

cura est, ut valeat,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 2, 4:

ego valeo recte et rem gero,

id. Pers. 2, 3, 34:

te recte valere operamque dare, ut cottidie melius,

Cic. Fam. 11, 24, 1: deterius quam soleo, Luccei. ib. 5, 14, 1:

commode,

Plin. Ep. 3, 20, 11: Ni. Benene usque valuit? Chr. Pancratice atque athletice, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 14:

minus valere... melius valere,

Cic. Att. 4, 14, 1:

nam matri oculi si valerent, mecum venisset simul,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 8.—

With abl.:

si corpore valuisset,

Cic. Brut. 20, 77:

nec melius valeo quam corpore, mente,

Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 33; cf. Sall. J. 11, 5:

pedibus,

Nep. Phoc. 4, 1:

stomacho,

Juv. 6, 100.—

With ab and abl.:

ab oculis,

Gell. 13, 30, 10:

a morbo,

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 26; and facetiously: Me. Ain tu te valere? Eu. Pol ego haud a pecunia perbene, as to money, not very well, id. Aul. 2, 2, 9.—

Esp., at the commencement of letters (very freq.), si vales, bene est, and abbreviated S. V. B. E.;

and, more fully, with the addition ego or equidem valeo (abbrev. E. V. or E. Q. V.),

Cic. Fam. 13, 6; 14, 11; 14, 16; 14, 17; 14, 21; 14, 22; 14, 23; 14, 24; 15, 1; 15, 2; Metell. ib. 5, 1; Vatin. ib. 5, 9; Luccei. ib. 5, 14 al.; cf.:

mos antiquis fuit usque ad meam servatus aetatem, primis epistulae verbis adicere: Si vales bene est,

Sen. Ep. 15, 1; so too: S. V. G. V. (si vales, gaudeo, valeo) et Tullia nostra recte V. Terentia minus belle habuit: sed certum scio jam convaluisse eam, Dolab. ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 9, 1.—

Rarely impers. pass.:

quid agitur, Sagaristio? ut valetur?

Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 8.—

Vale or valeas, in leave-taking, farewell, adieu (cf.: salve, ave).

In gen.: Di. Valeas. Ph. Vale, Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 79: Ar. Vale. Ph. Quo properas? Ar. Bene vale, id. As. 3, 3, 16; id. Mil. 4, 8, 51:

bene vale, Alcumena,

id. Am. 1, 3, 1:

vale atque salve,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 86; id. Curc. 4, 2, 36: vale atque salve. Th. Male vale, male sit tibi, id. ib. 4, 4, 32; v. salvus: Ly. Ad portum propero. De. Bene ambulato. Ly. Bene valeto. De. Bene sit tibi, id. Merc. 2, 2, 55:

bene valete et vivite,

id. Mil. 4, 8, 30:

ite intro cito: valete,

id. As. 3, 3, 155:

abeo: valete, judices justissimi,

id. Capt. prol. 67:

vos valete et plaudite,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 64:

in hoc biduom vale,

id. ib. 1, 2, 110:

vive valeque,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 110.—Before a vowel, scanned vale:

et longum, Formose vale, vale, inquit Iolla,

Verg. E. 3, 79; Ov. M. 3, 501.—

At the conclusion of letters:

Vale,

Cic. Fam. 6, 22, 3; 6, 21, 3; 4, 8, 2; Luccei. ib. 5, 14, 3:

cura ut valeas,

Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; 7, 20, 3; rarely bene vale, Mat. ib. 11, 28, 8; Cur. ib. 7, 29, 2; cf.:

tu me diligis et valebis,

Cic. ib. 9, 22, 5; 15, 18, 2: fac valeas meque mutuo diligas, Planc. ib. 10, 7, 2; Mat. ib. 11, 28, 8.—

Also in bidding farewell to the dead:

salve aeternum mihi, maxime Palla, Aeternumque vale,

Verg. A. 11, 97; Stat. S. 3, 3, 208; cf. Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. l. l.;

v. salvus: in perpetuom, frater, ave atque vale,

Cat. 101, 10:

terque, Vale, dixit,

Ov. F. 3, 563:

supremumque vale... dixit,

id. M. 10, 62.—

As an expression of dismission, refusal, or scorn, be off, begone:

valeas, tibi habeas res tuas, reddas meas,

Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 46:

immo habeat, valeat, vivat cum illa,

Ter. And. 5, 3, 18:

valeas, habeas illam quae placet,

id. Ad. 4, 4, 14:

si talis est deus, ut nulla hominum caritate teneatur, valeat,

good-by to him, let me have nothing to do with him, Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 124:

valeat res ludicra, si me Palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 180: valeant, Qui inter nos discidium volunt, away with those, etc., Ter. And. 4, 2, 13:

quare ista valeant: me res familiaris movet,

Cic. Att. 16, 15, 5: castra peto, valeatque Venus, valeantque puellae, farewell to Venus, etc., Tib. 2, 6, 9:

valete curae,

Petr. 79; cf. Cat. 8, 12; 11, 17; Ov. Am. 1, 6, 71 sqq.—

With valere jubere or dicere (sometimes as one word, vălĕdīco, ere, 3, v. n.), to bid one good-by, farewell, adieu:

illum salutavi: post etiam jussi valere,

Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2:

vix illud potui dicere triste vale,

Ov. H. 13, 14:

saepe vale dicto rursus sum multa locutus,

id. Tr. 1, 3, 57:

tibi valedicere non licet gratis,

Sen. Ep. 17, 11; Sulp. Sev. Dial. 1, 3, 1: obstinatissime [p. 1954] retinuit, ut liberti servique bis die frequentes adessent ac mane salvere, vesperi valere sibi singuli dicerent, Suet. Galb. 4 fin.; id. Aug. 53; id. Tib. 72.—So (late Lat.):

vale facere (or valefacere),

August. Ep. 65; App. M. 4, p. 150, 24.

Transf., to have power, force, or influence; to be powerful, effective, valid; to avail, prevail, be strong, effective, etc.

In gen.:

fiet enim quodcunque volent, qui valebunt: valebunt autem semper arma,

will always have the power, Cic. Fam. 9, 17, 1:

fuit enim populi potestas: de civitate ne tam diu quidem valuit quam diu illa Sullani temporis arma valuerunt,

id. Dom. 30, 79:

dicitur C. Flaminius ad populum valuisse dicendo,

id. Brut. 14, 57:

tribunus plebis tulit... ut lex Aelia et Fufia ne valeret,

id. Red. in Sen. 5, 11:

in more majorum, qui tum ut lex valebat,

id. Leg. 2, 10, 23:

valuit auctoritas,

id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53:

verba si valent,

id. Caecin. 21, 61:

(ejus) valet opinio tarditatis,

is established, id. de Or. 1, 27, 125:

si conjuratio valuisset,

id. ib. 17, 7:

cujus ratio non valuit,

Nep. Milt. 3, 7:

jus tamen gentium valuit,

Liv. 2, 4, 7:

praetor... ratus repentinum valiturum terrorem, succedit, etc.,

id. 44, 31, 6:

et vestrae valuere preces,

Ov. M. 13, 89; id. P. 3, 3, 92; id. Ib. 241.—

Esp.

With respect to the source, character, or mode of exercise of the strength ascribed to the subject.

With abl.:

non metuo mihi... Dum quidem hoc valebit pectus perfidia meum,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 50:

reliqui duo sic exaequantur, ut Domitius valeat amicis, Memmius commendetur militibus,

Cic. Att. 4, 16, 6 (17, 2):

multa sanxit quae omnia magistratuum auctoritate et Halaesinorum summa voluntate valuerunt,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 49, § 122:

ita istam libertatem largior populo, ut auctoritate et valeant et utantur boni,

id. Leg. 3, 17, 38:

quae (voluntas militum) cum per se valet multitudine,

id. Mur. 18, 38:

parum valent (Graeci) verbo,

i. e. have no precise word, id. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

qui aut gratia aut misericordia valerent,

Caes. B. C. 2, 44:

dicendo,

Nep. Ages. 1, 2:

qui pedum cursu valet,

Verg. A. 5, 67; Quint. 9, 2, 78:

Battiades... Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet,

Ov. Am. 1, 15, 14:

plerique plus ingenio quam arte valuerunt,

Quint. 1, 8, 8:

rogando,

Ov. M. 2, 183:

subtilitate vincimur, valeamus pondere,

Quint. 12, 11, 8.—

With in and abl.:

Sp. Thorius satis valuit in populari genere dicendi,

Cic. Brut. 36, 136:

quid facilius est quam probari in uno servulo nomen familiae non valere,

id. Caecin. 19, 55:

in his maxime valet similitudo,

Quint. 6, 3, 57:

mire in causis valet praesumptio,

id. 9, 2, 16:

(digitus) in exprobrando et indicando valet,

id. 11, 3, 94.—

With some definite end expressed, upon or towards which influence or power is exercised or directed, to be strong enough for, adequate to, or capable of any thing, to be able to do, to have force or efficacy, to be effectual, to avail, to be applicable.

With in and acc.:

hoc evenit, ut in volgus insipientium opinio valeat honestatis,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 63:

quaecumque est hominis definitio, una in omnes valet,

id. Leg. 1, 10, 29; cf. id. Div. 2, 56, 116:

cum illud verbum unde in utramque rem valeat,

id. Caecin. 31, 89:

num etiam in deos inmortales inauspicatam legem valuisse? Liv 7, 6, 11: utrumque hoc genus semel injectum in L. annos valet et frugum et pabuli ubertate,

Plin. 17, 7, 4, § 44:

etiamsi in utramque partem valent arma facundiae,

Quint. 2, 16, 10:

hoc etiam in praeteritum valet,

id. 9, 2, 20; cf.:

cum... idque in omnis partis valeret,

Cic. Fam. 4, 10, 2.—

With eo: oratio me cohortabatur, ut, etc.... quod eo, credo, valebat, ut caerimonias religionesque defenderem, the force or point of which was, etc., Cic. N. D. 3, 2, 5:

id responsum quo valeat, cum intellegeret nemo,

Nep. Them. 2, 6; cf. II. B. 3. i, infra.—

With ad and acc. of thing:

tu non solum ad neglegendas leges... verum etiam ad evertendas valuisti,

Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 18: astrorum affectio valeat, si vis, ad quasdam res;

ad omnis certe non valebit,

id. Fat. 4, 8:

illud perficiam ut invidia mihi valeat ad gloriam,

id. Cat. 3, 12, 29:

vitae adjuncta esse dicebant, quae ad virtutis usum valerent,

id. Ac. 1, 5, 21:

ista quaestura ad eam rem valet, ut, etc.,

id. Div. in Caecil. 19, 62: neque, quod Samnites... amici vobis facti sunt, ad id valere arbitror, ne nos in amicitiam accipiamur, Liv. 7, 30, 4:

eadem fictio valet et ad qualitates,

Quint. 5, 10, 99; cf. II. B. 3. infra.—

With apud or ad and acc. of person influenced, etc.

With apud:

ibit ad illud ilico, Quo maxume apud te se valere sentiat,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 79:

non quin eam (commendationem) valituram apud te arbitrarer,

Cic. Fam. 13, 16, 3:

apud te veritas valebit,

id. Quint. 1, 5:

sed haec eadem nunc censes apud eos ipsos valere, a quibus... conscripta sunt?

id. Tusc. 2, 4, 11:

magnis meritis apud regem... valebat,

Nep. Con. 3, 1:

jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat,

Sall. C. 9, 1:

apud magnam partem senatus et magnitudine rerum gestarum valebat et gratia,

Liv. 31, 48, 1:

apud nos valeant ea, quae apud judices valere volumus,

Quint. 6, 2, 28.—

With ad:

dicitur enim C. Flaminius... ad populum valuisse dicendo,

Cic. Brut. 14, 57:

clementiae fama... ad ferociores jam populos valuit,

Liv. 21, 6, 4:

metus ad omnis valuit, ne deditionem recusarent,

id. 38, 28, 6.—

With contra and acc.:

hoc nonne videtur contra te valere?

Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 86:

quae valeant contra falsam criminationem,

id. de Or. 2, 79, 321:

ne quid esset... quod contra caput suum aut existimationem valere posset,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 71, § 173: ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

cum pro falsis contra veritatem (rhetorice) valet,

Quint. 2, 16, 2; cf. f. infra.—

With pro and abl.:

multa in adversos effudit verba penates Pro deplorato non valitura viro,

Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 46:

epitheton valet pro nomine,

Quint. 8, 6, 29; cf. I. A. 2, b. supra.—

With dat. gerund. (post-class. and rare):

nam et augendae rei et minuendae valet (particula),

Gell. 5, 12, 10.—

With inf. (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose;

not in Cic. or Caes.): nam si certam finem esse viderent Aerumnarum homines, aliqua ratione valerent Religionibus... obsistere,

Lucr. 1, 108:

hanc ob rem vitam retinere valemus,

id. 3, 257:

nec continere suos ab direptione castrorum valuit,

Liv. 38, 23, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.:

quam (urbem) neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi,

Hor. Epod. 16, 3:

cetera... adeo sunt multa, loquacem Delassare valent Fabium,

id. S. 1, 1, 13; id. C. 4, 7, 27:

nec valuit locos coeptos avertere cursus,

Tib. 4, 1, 55:

qui relicti erant... ne conspectum quidem hostis sustinere valuerunt,

Curt. 3, 4, 5:

neque ex eo infamiam discutere valuit,

Suet. Caes. 79.—With things as subj.:

ergo fungar vice cotis, acutum Reddere quae ferrum valet,

Hor. A. P. 305; cf. I. A. 2. b, supra.—Esp.,

With adverbial qualifications expressing the degree of power or influence exerted, etc.; very freq. with accs- multum, plus, plurimum, parum, minus, minimum, nihil, tantum, quantum, quid, id, idem, quiddam, quidquam, quidquid, etc.

Edepol, Cupido, cum tu tam pusillu's, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. 421, 25 (Com. Rel. v. 55 Rib.):

plus potest qui plus valet,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 38:

neque ita inperita (sum), ut quid amor valeat nesciam,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 42.—So absol.: nam opulenti cum locuntur pariter atque ignobiles, Eadem dicta eademque oratio aequa non aeque valet, Enn. ap. Gell. 11, 4, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 230 Vahl.):

ignari quid gravitas... quid denique virtus valeret,

Cic. Sest. 28, 60:

illa obnuntiatio nihil valuit, aut, si valuit, id valuit, ut, etc.,

id. Div. 1, 16, 30: omnia veniebant Antonio in mentem;

eaque suo quaeque loco, ubi plurimum proficere et valere possent... collocabantur,

id. Brut. 37, 139:

cur minus Venena Medaeae valent?

Hor. Epod. 5. 62.—

With abl.:

quod tibi lubet fac, quoniam pugnis plus vales,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 240; cf.

v. 234: quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent copiis,

Caes. B. G. 2, 17:

qui plus opibus, armis, potentia valent, perfecisse mihi videntur... ut etiam auctoritate jam plus valerent,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 10:

quasi vero ego... in isto genere omnino quidquam aut curatione aut potestate valuissem,

id. Dom. 6, 14:

Ti. Coruncanium longe plurimum ingenio valuisse,

id. Brut. 14, 55:

quantum gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valerent,

Caes. B. G. 7, 63:

Caesar multum equitatu valebat,

id. B. C. 1, 61:

cum tantum equitatu valeamus,

id. ib. 3, 86:

equitatu plurimum valere,

id. B. G. 3, 20; Nep. Alcib. 8, 2.—

With in and abl.:

nihil putas valere in judiciis conjecturam, nihil suspitionem, nihil ante actae vitae existimationem, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 62, § 146:

hic multum in Fabia (tribu) valet, ille Velina,

Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 52. —

With ad and acc.:

multum valuisse ad patris honorem pietas filii videbitur,

Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 12:

ex quo intellegitur, plus terrarum situs, quam lunae tractus, ad nascendum valere,

id. Div. 2, 46, 97:

valet igitur multum ad vincendum probari mores eorum, qui agent causas,

id. de Or. 2, 43, 182:

ad subeundem periculum et ad vitandum multum fortuna valuit,

Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

genus ad probandam speciem minimum valet,

Quint. 5, 10, 56.—

With apud and acc. of pers., to have influence, be influential, have weight with, influence:

apud quem (Caesarem) quicquid valebo vel auctoritate, vel gratia, valebo tibi,

Cic. Fam. 6, 6, 13:

utrum apud eos pudor atque officium, an timor plus valeret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

tantum apud homines barbaros valuit, esse repertos aliquos principes belli inferendi,

id. ib. 5, 54:

potestis constituere, hanc auctoritatem quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse existimetis,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 16, 46:

non modo praemiis, quae apud me minimum valent, sed ne periculis quidem conpulsus ullis,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 11:

facinus esse indignum, plus impudicissimae mulieris apud te de Cleomenis salute quam de sua vita lacrimas matris valere,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 112:

apud quem ut multum gratia valeret, effecit,

Nep. Con. 2, 1.—

With contra: cur desperemus veritatem contra fallacem facundiam valituram? prevail, Lact. Opif. Dei, 20, 5; cf. Mat. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8, II. B. 2, e. supra.—

With pro:

pro periculo magis quam contra salutem valere,

Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; cf.:

quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 51.—

With inter:

plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute, et auctoritate, et hominum numero valere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 4.—

With adv. of pur pose:

hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad de pugnandum omnes cogerentur,

Nep. Them. 4, 4:

non tamen hoc eo valet, ut fugien dae sint magnae scholae,

Quint. 1, 2, 16:

nescis quo valeat nummus, quem praebeat usum?

Hor. S. 1, 1, 73; cf. II. B. 2. b. supra. —

Idiomatic uses.

Of money value, to be of the value of, be worth: denarii, quod denos aeris valebant;

quinarii, quod quinos,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 173 Mull.:

dum pro argenteis decem aureus unus valeret,

Liv. 38, 11, 8:

ita ut scrupulum valeret sestertiis vicenis,

Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 47:

si haec praedia valeant nunc decem,

Dig. 24, 1, 7, § 4:

quasi minimo valeret hereditas,

ib. 19, 1, 13:

quanti omnibus valet (servus),

ib. 9, 2, 33; 5, 3, 25, § 1.—

Of the signification of words, sentences, etc.; like the Gr. dunasthai, to mean, signify, import:

quaerimus verbum Latinum par Graeco et quod idem valeat,

Cic. Fin. 2, 4, 13: non usquam id quidem dicit omnino;

sed quae dicit, idem valent,

id. Tusc. 5, 10, 24:

quamquam vocabula prope idem valere videantur,

id. Top. 8, 34:

hoc verbum quid valeat, non vident,

id. Off. 3, 9, 39: cui nomen Becco fuerat;

id valet gallinacei rostrum,

Suet. Vit. 18:

pransus quoque atque potus diversum valent quam indicant,

Quint. 1, 4, 29 et saep.:

et intellego et sentio et video saepe idem valent quod scio,

id. 10, 1, 13:

duo quae idem significant ac tantumdem valent,

id. 1, 5, 4.—Hence, vălens, entis, P. a., strong, stout, vigorous, powerful (class.).

Lit.

In gen.: nil moro discipulos mihi esse plenos sanguinis;

valens adflictet me,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 1, 44:

virgatores,

id. As. 3, 2, 19:

robusti et valentes et audaces satellites,

Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 84:

cum homo imbecillus a valentissima bestia laniatur,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 3:

valentissimi lictores,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 54, § 142:

homines,

id. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Suet. Aug. 35:

hic membris et mole valens,

Verg. A. 5, 431:

membris valens,

Ov. M. 9, 108:

corpore esse vegeto et valenti,

Gell. 3, 1, 11:

nervi musculique,

Cels. 8, 20:

trunci,

Verg. G. 2, 426: scire oportet, omnia legumina generis valentissimi esse: valentissimum voco, in quo plurimum alimenti est... Ex leguminibus valentior faba quam pisum, etc., strongest, i. e. most nutritire, Cels. 2, 18:

tunicae,

stout, thick, Ov. A. A. 3, 109: providendum ne infirmiores (apes) a valentioribus [p. 1955] opprimantur, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 35.—

In partic.

Well in health, healthy, hale, hearty:

valeo et venio ad minus valentem,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 24:

medicus plane confirmat, propediem te valentem fore,

Cic. Fam. 16, 9, 2:

puer, hora undecima cum valens in publico visus esset, ante noctem mortuus est,

id. Clu. 9, 27; cf.

valens (opp. imbecillus),

id. Fam. 16, 5, 2:

(sensus) si sani sunt et valentes,

id. Ac. 2, 7, 19:

si valens corpus est neque magno opere vexatum,

Cels. 7, 26, 5:

sive aegra, sive valens,

Prop. 2, 21 (3, 14), 20.— Subst.:

qui enim aegris subveniretur, quae esset oblectatio valentium, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Off. 2, 4, 15;

so opp. aeger,

id. de Or. 2, 44, 186.—

Of medicines, strong, powerful, active:

valens est adversus cancerem intestinorum minii gleba,

Cels. 4, 15 fin.:

medicamenta,

id. 1, 3 med.:

silvestri (papaveri capita) ad omnes effectus valentiora,

Plin. 20, 18, 76, § 202; cf. id. 22, 22, 43, § 87.—

Trop., strong, powerful, mighty:

mallem tantas ei (Caesari) vires non dedisset (res publica) quam nunc tam valenti resisteret,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 4:

fuit quondam ita firma haec civitas et valens,

id. Har. Resp. 28, 60:

cum valentiore pugnare,

id. Fam. 5, 21, 2:

valens dialecticus,

id. Fat. 6, 12:

ut fieri nihil possit valentius,

id. Brut. 16, 64:

Philippus jam tum valens multa moliebatur,

Nep. Timoth. 3, 1:

opibus jam valentes,

id. Eum. 10, 3:

argumenta valentiora,

Quint. 5, 13, 12:

quid pars adversa habeat valentissimum,

id. 5, 13, 52:

nec fraus valentior quam consilium meum,

Cic. Univ. 11:

ad letum causae satis valentes,

Ov. M. 5, 174; so,

causae,

id. Tr. 1, 8, 29:

causa valentior,

id. P. 1, 10, 35:

deus morbo omni valentior,

Stat. S. 1, 4, 111:

oppida valentissima,

Nep. Ham. 2, 4.—Hence, adv.: vălenter, strongly, stoutly, powerfully, violently (perh. not ante-Aug.).

Lit.:

resistere,

Col. 1, 5, 9; 3, 2, 15:

nimis valenter ibi retenta materia,

Cels. 5, 26, 21:

praeceps spirare valentius Eurus (coepit),

Ov. M. 11, 481.—

Trop., of speech, forcibly, energetically:

non diu dicebat sed valenter,

Sen. Contr. 3, 22 med.:

si verba numeres, breviter et abscise: si sensum aestimes, copiose et valenter,

Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 6.

vĕgĕo, ēre, v. a. and n. [Sanscr. ugras, strong; Gr. hugiês, healthful; cf. vigeo, vigor; augeo, vigil].

Act., to move, excite, quicken, arouse (ante-class.): aequora salsa veges ingentibu' ventis, Enn. ap. Non. 183, 3 (Com. v. 2, p. 153 Vahl.): cum magno strepitu Volcanum ventu' vegebat, id. ap. Fest. s. v. metonymia, p. 153 Müll. (Ann. v. 477 Vahl.): animos Venus veget voluptatibus, Pompon. ap. Non. 183, 2.—

Neutr., to be lively, active: viget, veget utpote plurimum, Varr. ap. Non. 183, 6.

vī̆bro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [cf. Sanscr. vip, to tremble].

Act., to set in tremulous motion, to move rapidly to and fro, to brandish, shake, agitate (class.; syn.: quatio, ventilo).

Lit.:

hastas ante pugnam,

Cic. de Or. 2, 80, 325:

hastam,

id. Off. 2, 8, 29:

flamina vestes,

to cause to flutter, Ov. M. 1, 528:

faces,

Claud. Epith. 97:

multifidas linguas (draco),

Val. Fl. 1, 61:

tremor vibrat ossa,

makes tremble, Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 152:

viscera vibrantur (equitando),

are shaken about, Tac. A. 12, 51:

impositus scuto more gentis et sustinentium umeris vibratus, dux eligitur,

id. H. 4, 15:

digitis vibratis jactare sententias,

Quint. 11, 3, 120:

thyrsum manu,

Sen. Oedip. 420:

serpens squalidum crista caput vibrans,

id. Herc. Oet. 1254.— Poet.:

vibrata flammis aequora,

i. e. glimmering, sparkling, Val. Fl. 8, 306:

crines vibrati,

i. e. curled, frizzled, Verg. A. 12, 100; Plin. 2, 78, 80, § 189.—

Mid.: sic mea vibrari pallentia membra videres,

Ov. H. 11, 77.—

Transf., to throw with a vibratory motion, to launch, hurl:

sicas et spargere venena,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 23:

conferti et quasi cohaerentes tela vibrare non poterant,

Curt. 3, 11, 4:

tremulum excusso jaculum lacerto,

Ov. H. 4, 43:

per auras spicula,

id. M. 8, 374:

fulmina (Juppiter),

id. ib. 2, 308; cf.:

vibratus ab aethere fulgor,

Verg. A. 8, 524:

jaculum ex arborum ramis vibrari,

Plin. 8, 23, 35, § 85. —

Trop.

Of language, to fling, hurl, launch:

truces vibrare iambos,

Cat. 36, 5; cf. 2. vibratus, II.—

To threaten:

tela undique mortem vibrantia,

Amm. 31, 13, 2. —

Neutr., to be in tremulous motion, etc.

Lit.

In gen., to shake, quiver, vibrate, tremble:

linguā vibrante (serpentis),

Lucr. 3, 657; Ov. M. 3, 34:

terrae motus non simplici modo quatitur, sed tremit vibratque,

Plin. 2, 80, 82, § 194.—

Of the voice or sounds, to tremble:

(haec vox) sonat adhuc et vibrat in auribus meis,

Sen. Prov. 3, 3; cf.:

sonus lusciniae vibrans,

Plin. 10, 29, 43, § 82:

querelā adhuc vibrante,

Val. Max. 5, 3, 2:

ejusmodi fabulae vibrabant,

Petr. 47.—

To glimmer, glitter, gleam, scintillate, etc.:

mare, quā a sole collucet, albescit et vibrat,

Cic. Ac. 2, 33, 105: signa, Flor. 3, 11:

in tremulo vibrant incendia ponto,

Sil. 2, 664; Val. Fl. 2, 583; 2, 342; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 2.—Of bright weapons:

juvenes Tela tenent dextrā lato vibrantia ferro,

Ov. M. 8, 342:

gladius,

Verg. A. 9, 769; cf.:

clipeum Vibranti medium cuspis transverberat ictu,

id. ib. 10, 484.—

Trop., of language:

cujus (Demosthenis) non tam vibrarent fulmina illa, nisi numeris contorta ferrentur,

would not have been hurled with such vigor, Cic. Or. 70, 234; cf.:

oratio incitata et vibrans,

id. Brut. 95, 326:

sententiae,

Quint. 10, 1, 60; 11, 3, 120. —Hence, vĭbrātus, a, um, P. a., impetuous, forcible:

iambus flammis fulminis vibratior,

Aus. Ep. 21, 5.

vĭgōro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [vigor].

Act., to animate, invigorate:

disciplinam,

Tert. Pud. 2:

juvenis vigoratus,

stout, lusty, vigorous, App. M. 9, p. 227.—

Neutr., to become strong, gain strength:

vinum animae vigorantis ex vite Christi,

Tert. Res. Carn. 26 med.

vĭrĭdĭtas, ātis, f. [viridis], green color, greenness, verdure, viridity.

Lit.:

herbescens viriditas,

Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

pratorum,

id. ib. 16, 57:

maris,

Plin. 37, 5, 20, § 76.—

Transf., freshness, briskness, vigor:

senectus aufert eam viriditatem, in quā etiam nunc erat Scipio,

Cic. Lael. 3, 11:

vigere et habere quandam viriditatem,

id. Tusc. 3, 31, 75:

laurea illa amittit longo intervallo viriditatem,

id. Prov. Cons. 12, 29.

vĭrīlis, e, adj. [vir], of or belonging to a man, manly, virile (cf.: mas, masculus).

Lit.

In respect of sex, male, masculine.

In gen.: virile et muliebre secus, Sall. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 9:

virile secus, i. e. puer,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 19:

vestimentum,

id. Men. 4, 2, 97:

genus,

Lucr. 5, 1356:

semen,

id. 4, 1209:

stirps fratris,

Liv. 1, 3, 11:

vox,

Ov. M. 4, 382:

vultus,

id. ib. 3, 189:

coetus,

of men, id. ib. 3, 403; cf. balnea, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 3:

flamma,

the love of a man, Ov. A. A. 1, 282.—

In partic.

In mal. part.:

pars,

Lucr. 6, 1209; cf. Col. 7, 11, 2.—As subst.: vĭrī-lia, ĭum, n., = membrum virile, Petr. 108; Plin. 20, 16, 61, § 169; 20, 22, 89, § 243.— Comp.:

qui viriliores videbantur,

Lampr. Heliog. 8 fin. —

In gram., of the masculine gender, masculine:

nomen,

Varr. L. L. 10, §§ 21 and 30 Müll.; Gell. 1, 7, 15; 11, 1, 4 al.—

In respect of strength, vigor, etc., manly, full-grown, arrived at the years of manhood:

conversis studiis aetas animusque virilis Quaerit opes, etc.,

Hor. A. P. 166:

ne forte seniles Mandentur juveni partes pueroque viriles,

the parts of fullgrown men, id. ib. 177:

pars magna domus tuae morietur cum ad virilem aetatem venerit,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 2, 33:

toga,

assumed by Roman youth in their sixteenth year, Cic. Lael. 1, 1; id. Sest. 69, 144; Liv. 26, 19, 5; 42, 34, 4 al.—Opp. to female garments:

sumpsisti virilem togam quam statim muliebrem stolam reddidisti,

Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 44.—

Transf., in jurid. lang., of or belonging to a person, that falls to a person or to each one in the division of inheritances: ut ex bonis ejus, qui, etc., virilis pars patrono debeatur, a proportionate part, an equal share with others, Gai Inst. 3, 42:

tota bona pro virilibus partibus ad liberos defuncti pertinere,

id. ib.:

virilis,

id. ib. 3, 70; Dig. 30, 1, 54, § 3; so,

virilis portio,

ib. 37, 5, 8 pr.; 31, 1, 70, § 2; Paul. Sent. 3, 2, 3.—

Transf., in gen.

Virilis pars or portio, share, part, lot of a person:

est aliqua mea pars virilis, quod ejus civitatis sum, quam ille claram reddidit,

my part, my duty, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37, § 81:

plus quam pars virilis postulat,

id. ib. 2, 3, 3, §

7: cum illius gloriae pars virilis apud omnes milites sit, etc.,

Liv. 6, 11, 5:

quem agrum miles pro parte virili manu cepisset, eum senex quoque vindicaret,

id. 3, 71, 7:

haec qui pro virili parte defendunt, optimates sunt,

i. e. to the utmost of their ability, as far as in them lies, Cic. Sest. 66, 138; so,

pro virili parte,

id. Phil. 13, 4, 8:

pro parte virili,

Liv. 10, 8, 4; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 23:

pro virili portione,

Tac. Agr. 45; id. H. 3, 20.—

In other connections ( poet.):

actoris partis chorus officiumque virile Defendat,

Hor. A. P. 193 Orell. ad loc. —

Trop., of quality, worthy of a man, manly, manful, firm, vigorous, bold, spirited, etc.:

veretur quicquam aut facere aut loqui, quod parum virile videatur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 47:

laterum inflexio fortis ac virilis,

id. de Or. 3, 59, 220:

inclinatio laterum,

Quint. 1, 11, 18:

acta illa res est animo virili, consilio puerili,

Cic. Att. 14, 21, 3; so,

ingenium,

Sall. C. 20, 11:

vis ingenii (with solida),

Quint. 2, 5, 23:

audacia,

Just. 2, 12, 24:

oratio (with fortis),

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231; so,

compositio,

Quint. 2, 5, 9:

sermo,

id. 9, 4, 3:

ratio atque sententia,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 10, 22:

neque enim oratorius iste, immo hercle ne virilis quidem cultus est,

Tac. Or. 26.—As subst.: vĭrīlia, ĭum, n., manly deeds, Sall. H. 3, 61, 15 Dietsch.— Sup.: ALMIAE SABINAE MATRI VIRILISSIMAE, etc., Inscr. Grud. p. 148, n. 5.— Adv.: vĭrīlĭter, manfully, firmly, courageously (acc. to II.), Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 65; id. Off. 1, 27, 94; Auct. Her. 4, 11, 16; Ov. F. 1, 479.— Comp.,, Sen. Contr. 5, 33 fin.; id. Brev. Vit. 6, 5.

vĭrīlis, e, adj. [vir], of or belonging to a man, manly, virile (cf.: mas, masculus).

Lit.

In respect of sex, male, masculine.

In gen.: virile et muliebre secus, Sall. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 2, 9:

virile secus, i. e. puer,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 19:

vestimentum,

id. Men. 4, 2, 97:

genus,

Lucr. 5, 1356:

semen,

id. 4, 1209:

stirps fratris,

Liv. 1, 3, 11:

vox,

Ov. M. 4, 382:

vultus,

id. ib. 3, 189:

coetus,

of men, id. ib. 3, 403; cf. balnea, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 3:

flamma,

the love of a man, Ov. A. A. 1, 282.—

In partic.

In mal. part.:

pars,

Lucr. 6, 1209; cf. Col. 7, 11, 2.—As subst.: vĭrī-lia, ĭum, n., = membrum virile, Petr. 108; Plin. 20, 16, 61, § 169; 20, 22, 89, § 243.— Comp.:

qui viriliores videbantur,

Lampr. Heliog. 8 fin. —

In gram., of the masculine gender, masculine:

nomen,

Varr. L. L. 10, §§ 21 and 30 Müll.; Gell. 1, 7, 15; 11, 1, 4 al.—

In respect of strength, vigor, etc., manly, full-grown, arrived at the years of manhood:

conversis studiis aetas animusque virilis Quaerit opes, etc.,

Hor. A. P. 166:

ne forte seniles Mandentur juveni partes pueroque viriles,

the parts of fullgrown men, id. ib. 177:

pars magna domus tuae morietur cum ad virilem aetatem venerit,

Vulg. 1 Reg. 2, 33:

toga,

assumed by Roman youth in their sixteenth year, Cic. Lael. 1, 1; id. Sest. 69, 144; Liv. 26, 19, 5; 42, 34, 4 al.—Opp. to female garments:

sumpsisti virilem togam quam statim muliebrem stolam reddidisti,

Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 44.—

Transf., in jurid. lang., of or belonging to a person, that falls to a person or to each one in the division of inheritances: ut ex bonis ejus, qui, etc., virilis pars patrono debeatur, a proportionate part, an equal share with others, Gai Inst. 3, 42:

tota bona pro virilibus partibus ad liberos defuncti pertinere,

id. ib.:

virilis,

id. ib. 3, 70; Dig. 30, 1, 54, § 3; so,

virilis portio,

ib. 37, 5, 8 pr.; 31, 1, 70, § 2; Paul. Sent. 3, 2, 3.—

Transf., in gen.

Virilis pars or portio, share, part, lot of a person:

est aliqua mea pars virilis, quod ejus civitatis sum, quam ille claram reddidit,

my part, my duty, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37, § 81:

plus quam pars virilis postulat,

id. ib. 2, 3, 3, §

7: cum illius gloriae pars virilis apud omnes milites sit, etc.,

Liv. 6, 11, 5:

quem agrum miles pro parte virili manu cepisset, eum senex quoque vindicaret,

id. 3, 71, 7:

haec qui pro virili parte defendunt, optimates sunt,

i. e. to the utmost of their ability, as far as in them lies, Cic. Sest. 66, 138; so,

pro virili parte,

id. Phil. 13, 4, 8:

pro parte virili,

Liv. 10, 8, 4; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 23:

pro virili portione,

Tac. Agr. 45; id. H. 3, 20.—

In other connections ( poet.):

actoris partis chorus officiumque virile Defendat,

Hor. A. P. 193 Orell. ad loc. —

Trop., of quality, worthy of a man, manly, manful, firm, vigorous, bold, spirited, etc.:

veretur quicquam aut facere aut loqui, quod parum virile videatur,

Cic. Fin. 2, 14, 47:

laterum inflexio fortis ac virilis,

id. de Or. 3, 59, 220:

inclinatio laterum,

Quint. 1, 11, 18:

acta illa res est animo virili, consilio puerili,

Cic. Att. 14, 21, 3; so,

ingenium,

Sall. C. 20, 11:

vis ingenii (with solida),

Quint. 2, 5, 23:

audacia,

Just. 2, 12, 24:

oratio (with fortis),

Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231; so,

compositio,

Quint. 2, 5, 9:

sermo,

id. 9, 4, 3:

ratio atque sententia,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 10, 22:

neque enim oratorius iste, immo hercle ne virilis quidem cultus est,

Tac. Or. 26.—As subst.: vĭrīlia, ĭum, n., manly deeds, Sall. H. 3, 61, 15 Dietsch.— Sup.: ALMIAE SABINAE MATRI VIRILISSIMAE, etc., Inscr. Grud. p. 148, n. 5.— Adv.: vĭrīlĭter, manfully, firmly, courageously (acc. to II.), Cic. Tusc. 2, 27, 65; id. Off. 1, 27, 94; Auct. Her. 4, 11, 16; Ov. F. 1, 479.— Comp.,, Sen. Contr. 5, 33 fin.; id. Brev. Vit. 6, 5.

vĭrīlĭtas, ātis, f. [virilis], manhood (perh. not ante-Aug.).

Lit.

The age of manhood, Plin. 33, 12, 54, § 155.—

Abstr., manhood, virility:

Gaiam C. Caesarem, quasi incertae virilitatis, dicere,

Tac. A. 6, 5:

adempta,

id. ib. 6, 31.—

Concr., the organs of generation, Quint. 5, 12, 17; Plin. 7, 4, 3, § 36; cf. Dig. 48, 8, 4 fin.; Mart. 9, 7, 5 al.—Of animals, Col. 6, 26, 3; Plin. 23, 1, 23, § 44.—

Trop., manliness, manly vigor:

sanctitas certe. et, ut sic dicam, virilitas ab his (veteribus Latinis) petenda, etc.,

Quint. 1, 8, 9; Val. Max. 2, 4, 2.

virtūs, ūtis ( gen. plur. virtutium, App. Mag. 73; Paul. Nol. Carm. 10, 34; dat. and abl. VIRTVTEI, Inscr. Corp. Lat. 1, 30 and 34), f. [vir], manliness, manhood, i. e. the sum of all the corporeal or mental excellences of man, strength, vigor; bravery, courage; aptness, capacity; worth, excellence, virtue, etc.:

virtus clara aeternaque habetur,

Sall. C. 1, 4:

ni virtus fidesque vostra spectata mihi forent,

id. ib. 20, 2; id. J. 74, 1.

In gen.

Lit.:

ita fiet, ut animi virtus corporis virtuti anteponatur,

Cic. Fin. 5, 13, 38:

his virtutibus ornatus, modestiā, temperantiā, justitiā,

id. Off. 1, 15, 46; cf.:

virtutes continentiae, gravitatis, justitiae, fidei,

id. Mur. 10, 23:

virtus atque integritas,

id. Font. 13, 29:

oratoris vis divina virtusque,

id. de Or. 2, 27, 120.—

Transf., of animals, and of inanimate or abstract things, goodness, worth, value, power, strength, etc.:

nam nec arboris, nec equi virtus (in quo abutimur nomine) in opinione sita est, sed in naturā,

Cic. Leg. 1, 16, 45:

praedium-solo bono, suā virtute valeat,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

merci pretium statui, pro virtute ut veneat,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 131:

navium,

Liv. 37, 24, 1:

ferri,

Just. 11, 13, 11:

herbarum,

Ov. M. 14, 357:

oratoriae virtutes,

Cic. Brut. 17, 65:

oratio habet virtutes tres,

Quint. 1, 5, 1:

dicendi (opp. vitium),

id. 8, praef. §

17: facundiae,

id. 12, 3, 9.—

In partic.

In the phrase deūm virtute, usu. with dicam, by the aid or merit of the gods, i. e. the gods be thanked (anteclass), Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 65:

virtute deūm et majorum nostrūm,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 44; id. Capt. 2, 2, 71 dub.; cf. id. Mil. 3, 1, 85 and 90;

so virtute eorum (i. e. majorum),

id. Trin. 3, 2, 17.—

Moral perfection, virtuousness, virtue.

Lit.:

est autem virtus nihil aliud quam in se perfecta et ad summum perducta natura,

Cic. Leg. 1, 8, 25:

virtus est animi habitus naturae modo rationi consentaneus,

id. Inv. 2, 53, 159:

cum omnes rectae animi affectiones virtutes appellentur... Appellata est ex viro virtus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 2, 18, 43; id. Inv. 2, 53, 159:

nec vero habere virtutem satis est quasi artem aliquam, nisi utare... virtus in usu sui tota posita est,

id. Rep. 1, 2, 2:

est in eo virtus et probitas et summum officium summaque observantia,

id. Fam. 13, 28, a, 2.—

Transf., Virtue, personified as a deity, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 61; 2, 31, 79; id. Leg. 2, 8, 19; 2, 11, 28; id. Phil. 14, 13, 34; Plaut. Am. prol. 42; Liv. 27, 25, 7; 29, 11, 13; Juv. 1, 115 al.—

Military talents, courage, valor, bravery, gallantry, fortitude (syn. fortitudo), etc.:

Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cottidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf. id. ib. 1, 2;

1, 13: militum,

Sall. J. 52, 6; 62, 1:

Claudi virtute Neronis Armenius cecidit,

Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 26:

Scipiadae,

id. S. 2, 1, 72; cf. id. Epod. 9, 26; 16, 5; id. C. 2, 7, 11.—

Obstinacy:

iniqua,

Stat. Th. 11, 1.

vīvācĭtas, ātis, f. [vivax].

Natural vigor, vital force, tenaciousness or length of life, vivaciousness (post-Aug.):

tam angustis terminis tantae multitudinis vivacitas continetur,

Plin. Ep. 3, 7, 13; Col. 11, 3, 41; Plin. 8, 24, 41, § 101; Quint. 6, praef. 3; Val. Max. 8, 13, ext. 4; Tert. Anim. 25.— Plur., App. de Mundo, 58, 15.—

Liveliness, vivacity:

ingenii,

Arn. 5, 179; cf. id. 2, 45:

cordis,

id. 5, 157.