-
101 wing
крыло; авиационное крыло, (авиа)крыло ( организационная единица) ; pl. разг. «крылья» ( нагрудный знак лётного состава) ; летать на самолёте; крыльевой60° wing — крыло с углом стреловидности 60° (по передней кромке)
75 per cent swept delta wing — треугольное крыло с углом стреловидности 75° по передней кромке
85 per cent flapped wing — крыло с закрылками на 85% размаха
cock up the wing — разг. задирать крыло вверх
give drop to a wing — уменьшать подъёмную силу крыла (на одной половине); опускать крыло
mid(-mounted, -set) wing — среднерасположенное крыло
one-sixth scale model wing — модель крыла в масштабе 1:6
shoulder(-height, -mounted) wing — высокорасположенное крыло
— aft wing— air wing— dry wing— fly wing— jet wing— top wing— wet wing— X wing -
102 двухпозиционный орган управления амортизатора и сцепки
Engineering: two-position cushion-hitch controlУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > двухпозиционный орган управления амортизатора и сцепки
-
103 следящая система
1. servo2. servomechanism3. servosystem4. follow-up systemусиленная эксплуатация, потогонная система — sweating system
5. follower arrangementпроведение ревизии; карточная система — audit arrangements
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > следящая система
-
104 action
действие; работа; срабатывание; воздействиеopen and shut action — релейное действие, действие типа «да — нет»
-
105 управление (упр.)
control (ctl)
-, аварийное — emergency control
-, автоматическое — automatic control
-, автономное — independent control
-, безбустерное — unassisted control, unpowered control
-, боковое (полетом в горизонтальной плоскости) — lateral control
-, бустерное — power(ed) control
-, бустерное (необратимое) (рис. 20) — power-operated control
при необратимом бустерном управлении поверхность управления отклоняется электрическим или гидравлическим приводом, без приложения физических усилий летчика. — in power-operated control the surface is moved electriсally or hydraulically with pilot's physical effort making no contribution.
-, бустерное (обратимое) (рис. 20) — power-boost control
при обратимом бустерном управлении поверхность управнения отклоняется электрическим или гидравлическим приводом и физическим усилием летчика. — in power-boost control, force needed to move surface is provided partly electrically or hydraulically and partly by pilot's physical effort.
- воздушным движением (увд) — air traffic control (atc)
управление возд. движением направлено на предупреждение возможных столкновений ла между собой и препятствиями в зоне аэродрома, обеспечения регулируемого движения ла в зонах увд. — a service provided for the purpose of: preventing collisions between aircraft, and on the maneuvering area between aircraft and obstructions, and expediting and maintaining an oderly flow of air traffic.
- выстрелом (катапультного кресла) — seat ejection control
- газом (двигателя) — throttle control
- газом двигателя, раздельное — separate throttle control (for each engine)
-, гидравлическое — hydraulic control
- двигателем — engine control
- двигателем (органы управления) — engine controls
- двигателем (система) — engine control system
-, двойное — dual control
-, директорное (с помощью системы директорного управления) — flight director control
-, дистанционное — remote control
any system of control performed from a distance.
-, дифференциальное — differential control
- зажатое (о ручке или штурвальной колонке управления самолетом) — fixed stick
- закрылками — flap control
- заходом на посадку — approach control
-, кнопочное — push-button control
- конусом воздухозаборника — air intake spike control
- (комитет) контроля программ техобслуживания (при фаа) — (faa) maintenance review board (mrb)
- креном, ручное — manual bank /aileron/ control
- курсовое — directional control
- 'механизацией компрессора — compressor control system
- на переходном режиме — control in transition
- необратимое — irreversible control
-, ножное — foot /pedal/ control
- 'носовым колесом — nosewheel steering (nose wheel steer)
- обратимое — reversible control
- общим шагом (несущего винта) — collective pitch control
управление о.ш. обеспечивоет одинаковое изменение шага всех лопастей несущ. винта независимо от их аэимутального положения. — collective pitch control provides equal alteration of blade pitch angle impossed on all blades independently of their azimuthal position.
-, освобождение (о ручке или колонке управления самолетом) — free stick
- от (посредством) автопилота — autopilot control
- относительно поперечной оси — longitudinal control
- относительно трех осей координат — three-axis control
- парашютом — parachute steering
-, педальное — pedal control
- передней опорой (шасси) — nosewheel steering (nosewheel steer, nlg steer)
- переключением шин (эл.) — tie bus control
- переставным стабилизатором, автоматическое (автоматом перестановки стабилизатора апс) — stabilizer /tailplane/ trimming (stab trim)
- поворотом колес (передней опоры шасси) — nosewheel steering (control)
колеса передней опоры управняются гидравлически для изменения направления движения ла на земле. — the nosewheel steering is hydraulically actuated to provide directional control of the nose wheel(s).
- поворотом колес передней стойки педалями руля направления — rudder pedal nosewheel steering
- пограничным слоем (упс) — boundary layer control (blc)
один из способов увеличения подъемной силы крыла, осуществляемый путем отсасывания или сдувания пограничного слоя. — the boundary layer is contrailed by using either a pressure to act as a leading edge slot, of a suction to remove a portion of the boundary layer. the general purpose of blc is to obtain greater control over lift and drag forces.
- пo директорным (командным) стрелкам (директорных приборов) — (flight) control by using display of command bars
- по крену — roll /bank/ control
- пo курсу — directional control
- полетом (ла) — flight control
- полетом (ла) по углу — aircraft attitude control
-, поперечное — lateral control
-, поперечное (автопилотом) — autopilot lateral (command) control
-, последовательное — sequential control
control by completion of a series of one or more events.
- пo тангажу — pitch control
- пo углу рыскания — yaw control
-, программное — programed /scheduled/ control
-, программное (пo времени) — time(d) control
-, продольное — longitudinal control
-, продольное автопилотом — autopilot vertical (command) со ntrol
управление по вертикальной скорости или тангажу. — this control provides either vertical speed command or pitch command.
-, путевое — directional control
-, путевое (вертолетом) — helicopter directional control
путевое управление вертелетом одновинтовой схемы осуществляется изменением шага лопастей хвостового винта, вертолетом соосной схемы - разностью крутящих моментов несущих винтов, вертолетом поперечной схемы - разностью наклонов векторов тяги несущих винтов. — directional control of tingle rotor helicopter is achieved by anti-torque rotor (tail rotor), of coaxial-rotor helicopter is accomplished by differential torque between two rotors, of side-by-side rotor helicopter is obtained by differential tilt of rotor thrusts.
-, путевое (на земле) — directional control
выдерживать направление движения при пробеге при помощи тормозов, руля направления, управлением носового колеса и обратной тягой. — maintain directional control with brakes, rudder, nosewheel steering and reverse thrust.
- расходом топлива — fuel management
- расходом (и перекачкой) топлива из баков — fuel management
- реверсированием шага (возд.) винта — propeller reverse-pitch control
- реверсом тяги — thrust reverser control
- рулем высоты — elevator control
- рулем направления — rudder control
-, ручное (ручн) — manual control (man)
- ручное (автономное) в обход "пересиливанием" автоматики — (manual) override control
- с (к-л. пульта, панели) — control from
entry of navigation data are controlled from the control display unit.
- самолетом (в полете) — airplane flight control
- самолета, электродистанционное (электропроводное) — fly-by-wire control
- забросами рулей — overeontrolling
-, сдвоенное — dual control
- силовой установкой — power plant control
- системой и контроль за ее работой (заголовок) — (system) controls and indicators
-, совмещенное — (autopilot) override control
автономное действие в обход автоматики. оперативное вмешательство летчика в управление ла, управляемого автопилотом.
-, совмещенное (от одного органа управления) — joint control
-, спаренное — dual control
- с помощью ручки (управления) — stick control
- тангажом — pitch control
- тангажом, ручное — manual pitch /elevator/ control
- топливной системой (расходом и перекачкой топлива) — fuel (system) control, fuel management
- тормозами — brake control
-, траекторное (с помощью системы траекторного или директорного управл.) — flight director control
-, тросовое (система) — cable control system
- триммером — trim tab control
-, тугое — stiff control
перекручивание тросов управления рулем высоты от рулевой машинки может вызвать тугое управление рв в полете. — the kinking of the elevator servo cables could cause stiff elevator control in flight.
-, электродистанционное (электропроводное) (ла) — fly-by-wire control (system)
-, федеральное авиационное (сша) — federal aviation agency (faa)
-, флетнерное — flettner control
управление аналогичное управлению посредством серворуля. — flettner controls do not materially differ from servo controls.
- форсажам (дв.) — power augmentation control
- циклическим шагом (несущего винта) — cyclic pitch control
синусоидальное изменение шага лопастей за один оборот несущего винта. — by cyclic pitch control the blade pitch angle is varied sinusoidally with blade azimuth position.
-, чувствительное — responsive control
- шагом (возд. винта) — (propeller) pitch control
- шасси — landing gear control
-, штурвальное (режим) — manna? (flight control)
при работе элеронов или руля направления в режиме штурвального управления, автопилот должен быть выключен. — the autopilot must not be operated while either or both the aileron and rudder is/are in manual.
- элевонами — eleven control
-, электрическое — electric control
-, электропроводное, электрическое (самолетом) — fly-by-wire control
- элеронами — aileron control
взятие у. на себя — assumption of control
органы у. — controls
органы у. (ла) — flight controls
органы у. двигателем — engine controls
передача у. (от одного члена экипажа к другому) — transfer of control (from one to another crew member)
переход на ручное у. — change-over to manual control
потеря у. — loss of control
брать у. на себя — take over /assume/ control
kbc имеет право в любое время взять управление ла на себя, поставив в известность об этом других членов экипажа. — the captain may take over (or assume) control of the airplane at any time by calling "i have control".
переходить на ручное (штурвальное) у. — change over to manual control
пилотировать с помощью автоматического у. — fly automatically, fly under ap control
пилотировать с помощью штурвального у. — fly manually
реагировать на у. — respond to controlРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > управление (упр.)
-
106 halten
n; -s, kein Pl.: zum Halten bringen stop, bring to a halt ( oder stop); Halten verboten! no stopping; da gab es kein Halten mehr there was no holding them etc. (back)* * *das Halten(Besitzen) keeping;(Festhalten) holding* * *hạl|ten ['haltn] pret hielt [hiːlt] ptp geha\#lten [gə'haltn]1. TRANSITIVES VERB1) = festhalten to holdjdm etw halten — to hold sth for sb
jdm den Mantel halten — to hold sb's coat (for him/her)
den Kopf/Bauch halten — to hold one's head/stomach
2)= in eine bestimmte Position bringen
etw gegen das Licht halten — to hold sth up to the light3)= tragen
die drei Pfeiler halten die Brücke — the three piers support the bridgemeinst du, der kleine Nagel hält das schwere Ölbild? — do you think this small nail will take the weight of the heavy oil painting?
nur zwei morsche Bretter hielten den Balkon noch — there were only two rotten boards holding the balcony up
zwei Schlaufen halten den Vorhang an der Seite — two loops hold back the curtain
4) = zurückhalten, aufhalten to hold; (SPORT) to savedie Wärme/Feuchtigkeit halten — to retain heat/moisture
das ist ein toller Torwart, der hält jeden Ball! — he's a great goalkeeper, he makes great saves!
ich konnte ihn/es gerade noch halten — I just managed to grab hold of him/it
haltet den Dieb! — stop thief!
sie ist nicht zu halten (fig) — there's no holding her back
den Schnabel or Mund halten (inf) — to keep one's mouth shut (inf)
eine Perserkatze/einen Hausfreund halten — to have a Persian cat/a live-in lover
wir können uns kein Auto halten —
(
sich dat) eine Zeitung/Zeitschrift halten — to get a paper/magazine7) = einhalten, erfüllen to keepman muss halten, was man verspricht — a promise is a promise
der Film hält nicht, was er/der Titel verspricht — the film doesn't live up to expectations/its title
8) = beibehalten, aufrechterhalten Niveau to keep up, to maintain; Tempo, Disziplin, Temperatur to maintain; Kurs to keep to, to holddie These lässt sich nicht länger halten or ist nicht länger zu halten — this hypothesis is no longer tenable
(mit jdm) Verbindung halten — to keep in touch( with sb)
viel Sport hält jung/schlank — doing a lot of sport keeps you young/slim
wenn es neblig ist, sollten Sie den Abstand immer so groß wie möglich halten — if it's foggy you should always stay as far as possible from the car in front
9) = behandeln to treatdie Gefangenen werden in diesen Gefängnissen wie Tiere gehalten — the prisoners are treated like animals in these prisons
10)= handhaben, verfahren mit
das kannst du (so) halten, wie du willst — that's entirely up to youwie halten Sie es mit Ihrer Steuererklärung? — how do you deal with your tax return?
er hält es nicht so sehr mit der Sauberkeit — he's not over-concerned about cleanliness
es mehr or lieber mit jdm/etw halten — to prefer sb/sth
11)= gestalten
ein in Brauntönen gehaltener Raum — a room done in different shades of browndas Kleid ist in dunklen Tönen gehalten — it is a dark-coloured (Brit) or dark-colored (US) dress
das Mobiliar ist in einem hellen Holz gehalten — the furniture is made of a light wood
12) = veranstalten, abhalten Fest, Pressekonferenz to give; Rede to make; Gottesdienst, Zwiesprache to hold; Wache to keepSelbstgespräche halten — to talk to oneself
Mittagsschlaf halten — to have an afternoon nap
13) = einschätzen, denkendiams; jdn/etw für etw halten to think sb/sth sthetw für angebracht/schön halten — to think or consider sth appropriate/beautiful
jdn für ehrlich halten — to think or consider sb honest
ich habe ihn ( irrtümlich) für seinen Bruder gehalten — I (mis)took him for his brother
ich halte es für Unsinn, alles noch einmal abzuschreiben — I think it's silly to copy everything out againdiams; etw von jdm/etw halten to think sth of sb/sth
nicht viel von jdm/etw halten — not to think much of sb/sth
nicht viel vom Beten/Sparen halten — not to be a great one for praying/saving (inf)
ich halte nichts davon, das zu tun — I'm not in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of (doing) thatdiams; etwas/viel auf etw (acc) halten to consider sth important/very important
der Chef hält viel auf Pünktlichkeit — the boss attaches a lot of importance to punctuality
14)See:→ gehalten2. INTRANSITIVES VERBkann der denn ( gut) halten? — is he a good goalkeeper?
2) = bestehen bleiben, haltbar sein to last; (Konserven) to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Frisur, COMM Preise) to hold; (Stoff) to be hard-wearingder Waffenstillstand hält nun schon drei Wochen — the truce has now held for three weeks
Rosen halten länger, wenn man ein Aspirin ins Wasser tut — roses last longer if you put an aspirin in the water
dieser Stoff hält lange — this material is hard-wearing
3) = stehen bleiben, anhalten to stophalten lassen (Mil) — to call a halt
halt mal, stop! (hum) — hang on (inf) or hold on a minute!
4) andere Redewendungendiams; auf etw (acc) halten (= zielen) to aim at sth; (= steuern) to head for sth; (= Wert legen auf) to attach importance to sthich musste an mich halten, um nicht in schallendes Gelächter auszubrechen — I had to control myself so as not to burst into fits of laughter
3. REFLEXIVES VERB1) diams; sich halten= sich festhalten to hold on (an +dat to)er konnte sich gerade noch an dem Griff halten, als der Zug mit einem scharfen Ruck anfuhr — he just managed to grab hold of the strap when the train suddenly jolted forward
sie konnte sich auf dem glatten Abhang nicht halten — she couldn't keep her footing on the slippery slope
er konnte sich auf dem wilden Mustang nur drei Sekunden halten — he could only stay on the wild mustang three seconds
2) = eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben to carry or hold oneselfsich an die Tatsachen/den Text halten — to keep or stick to the facts/text
3) = sich nicht verändern Lebensmittel, Blumen to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Geruch, Rauch) to linger; (Preise) to hold; (Brauch, Sitte) to continue4) = seine Position behaupten to hold on; (in Kampf) to hold outer hat sich im erbarmungslosen Wettbewerb prächtig gehalten — he held on amazingly in the cut-throat competition
das Geschäft kann sich in dieser Straße nicht halten — the shop can't continue to stay open in this streetdiams; sich gut halten (in Prüfung, Spiel etc) to do well
sie hat sich in der schweren Prüfung unerwartet gut gehalten — she did unexpectedly well in the difficult exam
5) = sich beherrschen to control oneself6)andere Wendungendiams; sich halten an (+acc)
ich halte mich lieber an den Wein — I'd rather keep or stick to wineer hält sich für einen Spezialisten/für besonders klug — he thinks he's a specialist/very clever
* * *1) (to (cause to) stop walking, marching, running etc: The driver halted the train; The train halted at the signals.) halt2) (to give: He delivered a long speech.) deliver3) ((of a car etc) to stop: We drew up outside their house.) draw up4) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) hold5) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) hold6) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) hold7) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) hold8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) hold9) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) keep10) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) keep11) (to stand up to use: This material doesn't wear very well.) wear12) (having the body in a state of tension and readiness to act: The animal was poised ready to leap.) poised13) (to suppose or think (that something is the case): Do you take me for an idiot?) take* * *hal·ten[ˈhaltn̩]1.<hielt, gehalten>▪ [jdm] jdn/etw \halten to hold sb/sth [for sb]du musst das Seil ganz fest \halten you must keep a tight grip on the ropehältst du bitte kurz meine Tasche? would you please hold my bag for a moment?jdn/etw im Arm \halten to hold sb/sth in one's armsjdm den Mantel \halten to hold sb's coat [for him/her]2.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn \halten to stop sbhaltet den Dieb! stop the thief!es hält dich niemand nobody's stopping youwenn sie etwas von Sahnetorte hört, ist sie nicht mehr zu \halten if she hears cream gateau mentioned there's no holding her!3.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn \halten to keep sbwarum bleibst du noch bei dieser Firma, was hält dich noch da? why do you stay with the firm, what's keeping you there?mich hält hier nichts [mehr] there's nothing to keep me here [any more]4.<hielt, gehalten>(in eine bestimmte Position bringen)▪ etw irgendwohin/irgendwie \halten to put sth somewhere/in a certain positioner hielt die Hand in die Höhe he put his hand updie Hand vor den Mund \halten to put one's hand in front of one's mouthetw gegen das Licht \halten to hold sth up to the lightdie Hand ins Wasser \halten to put one's hand into the water5.<hielt, gehalten>▪ etw \halten to hold sthnur wenige Pfeiler \halten die alte Brücke just a few pillars support the old bridgeihre Haare wurden von einer Schleife nach hinten ge\halten her hair was held back by a ribbondas Regal wird von zwei Haken ge\halten the shelf is held up by two hooks6.<hielt, gehalten>▪ etw \halten to hold sthich konnte die Tränen nicht \halten I couldn't hold back my tearsdas Ventil konnte den Überdruck nicht mehr \halten the valve could no longer contain the excess pressureer konnte das Wasser nicht mehr \halten he couldn't hold his waterWärme/Feuchtigkeit \halten to retain heat/moisture7.<hielt, gehalten>einen Ball \halten to stop a ballder Tormann konnte den Ball nicht \halten the goalkeeper couldn't stop the balleinen Elfmeter \halten to save a penalty8.<hielt, gehalten>sie hält sich einen Chauffeur she employs a chauffeur; (fig)er hält sich eine Geliebte he has a mistress9.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich ein Privatflugzeug, eine Segeljacht und ein Rennpferd he keeps a private aircraft, a yacht and a racehorseein Auto \halten to run a carwir können uns kein Auto \halten we can't afford a carHühner/einen Hund \halten to keep chickens/a dog10.<hielt, gehalten>eine Zeitung \halten to take a paper form11.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn irgendwie \halten to treat sb in a certain wayer hält seine Kinder sehr streng he is very strict with his children12.<hielt, gehalten>(beibehalten, aufrechterhalten)▪ etw \halten to keep sthdie Balance [o das Gleichgewicht] \halten to keep one's balanceFrieden \halten to keep the peacedie Geschwindigkeit \halten to keep up speedmit jdm Kontakt \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sbden Kurs \halten to stay on courseOrdnung \halten to keep ordereine Position nicht \halten können to not be able to hold a positioneinen Rekord \halten to hold a recordRuhe \halten to keep quietden Takt \halten to keep timedie Temperatur \halten to maintain the temperatureden Ton \halten to stay in tunezu jdm die Verbindung \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sbdiese Behauptung lässt sich nicht \halten this statement is not tenablehoffentlich kann ich den Weltrekord noch \halten hopefully I can still hold on to the world record13.<hielt, gehalten>MIL (erfolgreich verteidigen)▪ etw \halten to hold sthdie Verteidiger hielten ihre Stellungen weiterhin the defenders continued to hold their positionseine Festung \halten to hold a fortress14.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft \halten to keep a business going15.<hielt, gehalten>(in einem Zustand erhalten)▪ etw irgendwie \halten to keep sth in a certain conditiondie Fußböden hält sie immer peinlich sauber she always keeps the floors scrupulously cleanden Abstand gleich \halten to keep the distance the samejdn in Atem/in Bewegung/bei Laune \halten to keep sb in suspense/on the go/happyfür jdn das Essen warm \halten to keep sb's meal hotdie Getränke kalt \halten to keep the drinks chilledjdn jung/fit \halten to keep sb young/fit16.<hielt, gehalten>das Haus war innen und außen ganz in Weiß ge\halten the house was completely white inside and outdas Wohnzimmer ist in Blau ge\halten the living room is decorated in blueihr Schlafzimmer ist in ganz in Kirschbaum ge\halten her bedroom is furnished entirely in cherrywooddie Rede war sehr allgemein ge\halten the speech was very generaleinen Brief kurz \halten to keep a letter shortetw schlicht \halten to keep sth simple17.<hielt, gehalten>(abhalten)▪ etw \halten to give sther hielt eine kurze Rede he made a short speechDiät \halten to keep to a dieteinen Gottesdienst \halten to hold a serviceseinen Mittagsschlaf \halten to have an afternoon napeine Rede \halten to give [or make] a speechein Referat \halten to give [or present] a paperSelbstgespräche \halten to talk to oneselfeine Unterrichtsstunde \halten to give a lessonUnterricht \halten to teacheinen Vortrag \halten to give a talkseinen Winterschlaf \halten to hibernate18.<hielt, gehalten>(einhalten, erfüllen)▪ etw \halten to keep sthder Film hält nicht, was der Titel verspricht the film doesn't live up to its titleman muss \halten, was man verspricht a promise is a promisesein Wort/Versprechen \halten to keep one's word/a promise19.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn/etw für jdn/etw \halten to take sb/sth for [or to be] sb/sthich habe ihn für seinen Bruder ge\halten I mistook him for his brotherdas halte ich nicht für möglich I don't think that is possiblewofür \halten Sie mich? what do you take me for?jdn für ehrlich/reich \halten to think sb is [or consider sb to be] honest/rich20.<hielt, gehalten>(denken über)▪ etw von jdm/etw \halten to think sth of sb/sthich halte nichts davon, das zu tun I don't think much of doing thater hält nichts vom Beten/Sparen he's not a great one for praying/saving famich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht I think it best/possible/my dutynichts/viel/wenig von jdm/etw \halten to think nothing/a lot/not think much of sb/sth21.<hielt, gehalten>etwas/viel auf jdn \halten to think quite a bit/a lot of sbwenn man etwas auf sich hält... if you think you're somebody...; s.a. Stück22.1. (festhalten) to holdkannst du mal einen Moment \halten? can you hold that for a second?2.<hielt, gehalten>(haltbar sein) to keepwie lange hält der Fisch noch? how much longer will the fish keep?die Schuhe sollten noch bis nächstes Jahr \halten these shoes should last till next year3.<hielt, gehalten>(dauerhaft sein) to holdder das Seil hält nicht mehr länger the rope won't hold much longerdie Tapete hält nicht the wallpaper won't stay ondiese Freundschaft hält schon lange this friendship has been lasting longdie Tür wird jetzt \halten now the door will holddas Regal hält nicht an der Wand the shelf keeps falling off the wall4.<hielt, gehalten>(stehen bleiben, anhalten) to stop\halten Sie bitte an der Ecke! stop at the corner, pleaseetw zum H\halten bringen to bring sth to a stop [or standstill]ein \haltendes Fahrzeug a stationary vehicle5.<hielt, gehalten>SPORT to make a saveunser Tormann hat heute wieder großartig ge\halten our goalkeeper made some great saves todaykann Peters denn gut \halten? is Peters a good goalkeeper?6.<hielt, gehalten>du musst mehr nach rechts \halten you must aim more to the right7.<hielt, gehalten>(sich beherrschen)ich musste an mich \halten, um nicht zu lachen I had to force myself not to laugh8.<hielt, gehalten>(Wert legen auf)[sehr] auf Ordnung \halten to attach [a lot of] importance to tidiness9.<hielt, gehalten>(jdm beistehen)▪ zu jdm \halten to stand [or stick] by sbich werde immer zu dir \halten I will always stand by youich halte zu Manchester United, und du? I support Manchester United, what about you?10.<hielt, gehalten>Sport hält jung sport keeps you youngAlufolie hält frisch aluminium foil keeps things fresh11.<hielt, gehalten>halte mehr nach links keep more to the leftnach Norden \halten to head north12.▶ halt mal,... hang [or hold] on,...du solltest ein bisschen mehr auf dich \halten (auf das Aussehen achten) you should take more [a] pride in yourself; (selbstbewusst sein) you should be more self-confidentIII. REFLEXIVES VERB1.<hielt, gehalten>der Kletterer rutschte aus und konnte sich nicht mehr \halten the climber slipped and lost his grip2.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht verderben)im Kühlschrank hält sich Milch gut drei Tage milk keeps for a good three days in the fridge3.<hielt, gehalten>für seine 50 Jahre hat er sich gut ge\halten he has worn well for a 50-year-old4.<hielt, gehalten>halte dich tapfer be brave5.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht verschwinden)manchmal kann der Nebel sich bis in die späten Vormittagsstunden \halten sometimes the fog can last until the late morning6.<hielt, gehalten>ich halte mich an die alte Methode I'll stick to [or stay with] the old methodich halte mich lieber an Mineralwasser I prefer to stay with mineral water7.<hielt, gehalten>(irgendwo bleiben)8.<hielt, gehalten>(eine Richtung beibehalten)\halten Sie sich immer in Richtung Stadtmitte keep going towards the centreder Autofahrer hielt sich ganz rechts the driver kept to the right9.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich immer an die Vorschriften he always sticks to the rulesder Film hat sich nicht an die Romanvorlage gehalten the film didn't keep [or stick] to the book10.<hielt, gehalten>(sich behaupten)trotz der hauchdünnen Mehrheit hielt sich die Regierung noch über ein Jahr despite its wafer-thin majority the government lasted [or kept going for] over a year11.<hielt, gehalten>(bestehen)die Firma wird sich nicht \halten können the company won't keep going [for long]12.<hielt, gehalten>(eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben)es ist nicht leicht, sich im Gleichgewicht zu \halten it's not easy to keep one's balance13.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich für besonders klug/einen Fachmann he thinks he's very clever/a specialist14.<hielt, gehalten>ich konnte mich nicht \halten vor Lachen bei dem Anblick I couldn't help laughing at this sight15.▶ sich akk an jdn \halten (sich an jdn wenden) to refer to sb, to ask sb; (jds Nähe suchen) to stick with sb1.<hielt, gehalten>wir \halten es ähnlich we do things in a similar wayes mit einer Sache so/anders \halten to handle [or deal with] sth like this/differentlywie hältst du es in diesem Jahr mit Weihnachten? what are you doing about Christmas this year?wie hältst du's mit der Kirche? what's your attitude towards the church?das kannst du \halten wie du willst that's completely up to you2.<hielt, gehalten>(Neigung haben für)es [mehr [o lieber]] mit jdm/etw halten to prefer sb/sthsie hält es mehr mit ihrer Mutter she gets on better with her motherer hält es nicht so mit der Sauberkeit he's not a great one for cleanliness* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) (auch Milit.) holdjemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand
die Hand vor den Mund halten — put one's hand in front of one's mouth
etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light
2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up < speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note
Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace
4) (erfüllen) keepsein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise
5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest
ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty
viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something
Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach
seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap
8) (Halt geben) hold up, support < bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>9) (zurückhalten) keep11) (nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going
12) (behandeln) treat13) (vorziehen)es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something
14) (verfahren)es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently
15) (gestalten)2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (stehen bleiben) stop2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) lastder Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer
diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]
3) (Sport) save4) (beistehen)zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody
5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)6) (Seemannsspr.) headauf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something
an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself
8) (achten)3.1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]
sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing
sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect
5) (bleiben)sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle
sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right
sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody
7) (befolgen)sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something
9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)* * *halten; hält, hielt, gehaltenA. v/t1. (festhalten) hold;bei der Hand halten hold sb’s hand;in der Hand/im Arm halten hold in one’s hand/in one’s arms;jemandem den Mantel halten (damit er die Hände frei hat) hold sb’s coat; (ihm hineinhelfen) hold sb’s coat, help sb on with their coat;2. (stützen) hold (up), support;das Bild wird von zwei Nägeln gehalten the picture is held up by two nails;das Seil hat nicht viel zu halten (wird wenig belastet) there isn’t very much weight on the rope3. in einer Lage: hold;ans Licht halten hold to the light;die Hand ins/unters Wasser halten put one’s hand in the water/hold one’s hand under the tap (US auch faucet);sich (dat)beim Gähnen die Hand vor den Mund halten put one’s hand in front of one’s mouth when yawning;er hielt sich das Buch dicht vors Gesicht he was holding the book right in front of his face4. in einem Zustand: keep;frisch/warm halten keep fresh/warm;besetzt/verschlossen halten keep occupied/locked;in Gang halten keep sth going;in Ordnung halten keep in order;das Fass hält 20 Liter the barrel holds 20 litres (US -ers)6. (zurückhalten, behalten) keep, hold; (Festung, Stellung, Rekord, Titel) hold; (aufhalten) stop; SPORT (Schuss) hold, stop, save;das Haus hält die Wärme gut/schlecht the house retains the heat/lets the heat out;das Wasser nicht halten können be incontinent, not be able to hold one’s water ( oder control one’s bladder);den Ball in den eigenen Reihen halten hold onto the ball, keep possession (of the ball);seinen Vorsprung halten können retain one’s lead;er war nicht zu halten there was no stopping ( oder holding) him, you couldn’t hold him back;was hält mich hier noch? what is there to keep me here?;7. (Geschwindigkeit, Kurs, Niveau, Preise etc) hold, maintain; (Richtung) continue in, keep going in; MUS (Ton) lange: hold; (nicht abweichen) keep to;Ordnung halten keep order;Kontakt halten keep in contact (zu with);haltet jetzt bitte Ruhe/Frieden umg keep quiet now, please/no more arguing, please;diese Theorie lässt sich nicht halten this theory is untenable8. (Versprechen, sein Wort etc) keep;was ich verspreche, halte ich auch my word is my bond;das Buch hält (nicht), was es verspricht the book doesn’t live up to its promises9. (sie hält sich einen Chauffeur/Liebhaber she keeps a chauffeur/loverdie Kinder knapp/streng halten not give the children much money/be strict with the children11. (Sitzung, Versammlung etc) hold; (Hochzeit, Messe) auch celebrate; (Mahlzeit, Schläfchen etc) have, take; (Rede, Vortrag etc) give;Winterschlaf halten hibernate12.sie hält ihn für den Besitzer meist she thinks he’s the owner;ich halte es für richtig, dass er absagt I think he’s right to refuse, I think it’s right that he should refuse;tu, was du für richtig hältst do what you think is right;ich hielte es für gut, wenn wir gingen I think we should go, I think it would be a good idea if we went;für wie alt hältst du ihn? how old do ( oder would) you think he is?;wofür halten Sie mich/sich (eigentlich)? who do you think I am/you are?13.halten von think of;viel/wenig halten von think highly ( stärker: the world)/not think much of;was hältst du von …? what do you think of …?; auffordernd: how about …?;was hältst du davon? what do you think (of it)?;ich halte nicht viel davon I don’t think much of it; von Idee, Gemälde etc: auch I’m not keen on it;sie hält nichts vom Sparen she doesn’t believe in saving14. unpers:wie hältst du es mit …? what do you usually do about …?; (was denkst du über …?) what do you think of ( oder about) …?;so haben wir es immer gehalten we’ve always done it that way;das kannst du halten, wie du willst please (besonders US suit) yourself;ich halte es mit meinem Lehrer, der immer sagte … I go by what my teacher always used to say …; → gehaltenB. v/i1. (fest sein) Knoten, Schnur, Schraube etc: hold; Eis: be (frozen) solid enough to walk on; Brücke: stand the weight of sth/sb; (kleben bleiben) stickder Zug hält hier zehn Minuten the train stops here for ten minutes;hält der Bus am Schlossplatz? does the bus stop at the Schlossplatz?;4. SPORT, Torwart etc: save;sie hält gut she’s good in goal, she’s a good goalkeeper5. in Zustand:das hält gesund/jung! it keeps you healthy/young6. Richtung, mit Waffe: aim (nach for;7.an sich (akk)halten control o.s.;ich musste an mich halten, um nicht zu (+inf) it took great self-control not to (+inf), I could hardly stop ( oder keep) myself (from) (+ger)8.zu jemandem halten stand by sb; Partei nehmend: side with sbC. v/t & v/i1.(viel/wenig) halten auf (+akk) (achten auf) pay (a lot of/little) attention to; (Wert legen auf) set (great/little) store by;wir halten nicht sehr auf Formen we don’t stand on ceremony2.etwas/viel auf sich (akk)halten take pride/a lot of pride in o.s.; äußerlich: be particular/very particular about one’s appearance; gesundheitlich: look after/take great care of one’s health;jeder/kein Handwerker, der (etwas) auf sich hält any/no self-respecting craftsmanD. v/r1. Lebensmittel etc: keep; Schuhe etc: last; Wetter: hold; Preis, Kurs etc: hold; Geschäft, Mode, Restaurant etc: last;sich gut halten Lebensmittel etc: keep well;sie hat sich gut gehalten (ist wenig gealtert) she looks good for her age, she’s well preservedsich in Form halten keep in form; körperlich: auch keep fit;versteckt halten remain hidden ( oder in hiding)3. (standhalten) hold out;wacker halten hold one’s own (gegen against), do well;sich halten als maintain one’s position as;4.sich an das Gesetz halten comply with ( oder abide by) the law;der Film hält sich eng an die Vorlage the film keeps very close to the original; möchten Sie einen Sherry? - nein,ich halte mich lieber an alkoholfreie Getränke I’d rather stick to ( oder with) something non-alcoholic;heute werde ich mich mal an den Tee halten I’m going to stick to tea today5. Haltung, Lage, Richtung:sich links/rechts halten keep to the left/right;sich südlich halten keep on south, keep going in a southerly direction;aufrecht halten hold o.s. very straight ( oder erect);sich kaum noch auf den Beinen halten können hardly be able to stand;sich oft abseits halten often keep (o.s.) to o.s.;halt dich immer dicht hinter mir keep very close behind me6. (beherrschen):kaum mehr halten können not be able to contain o.s.;kaum mehr halten können vor Freude/Zorn etc be so happy/angry etc that one can no longer contain o.s.;sich (vor Lachen) nicht mehr halten können umg not be able to keep a straight face, not be able to stop o.s. ( oder keep from) laughing7.sie hält sich mal wieder für besonders schlau she thinks she’s been terribly clever again; → auch A 12, bereithalten* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) (auch Milit.) holdsich (Dat.) den Kopf/den Bauch halten — hold one's head/stomach
jemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand
etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light
2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up <speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note
Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace
4) (erfüllen) keepsein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise
5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest
ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty
viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something
Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach
seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap
8) (Halt geben) hold up, support <bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>9) (zurückhalten) keep11) (nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going
12) (behandeln) treat13) (vorziehen)es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something
14) (verfahren)es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently
15) (gestalten)2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (stehen bleiben) stop2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) lastder Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer
diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]
3) (Sport) save4) (beistehen)zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody
5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)6) (Seemannsspr.) headauf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something
an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself
8) (achten)3.1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]
sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing
sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect
5) (bleiben)sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle
6) (gehen, bleiben)sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right
sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody
7) (befolgen)sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something
9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)= to bear v.(§ p.,p.p.: bore, borne)to clamp v.to halt v.to hold v.(§ p.,p.p.: held)to keep v.(§ p.,p.p.: kept)to retain v.to uphold v.(§ p.,p.p.: upheld) -
107 en
prep.viven en la capital they live in the capitaltiene el dinero en el banco he keeps his money in the banken la mesa/el plato on the table/plateen casa/el trabajo at home/work2 into.el avión cayó en el mar the plane fell into the seaentraron en la habitación they came/went into the room3 in (time) (month, year).nació en 1953/marzo she was born in 1953/Marchen Nochebuena on Christmas Eveen Navidades at Christmasen aquella época at that time, in those daysen un par de días in a couple of days4 by (medio de transporte).ir en tren/coche/avión/barco to go by train/car/plane/boat5 in (modo).en voz baja in a low voicelo dijo en inglés she said it in Englishpagar en libras to pay in poundsla inflación aumentó en un 10 por ciento inflation increased by 10 percenttodo se lo gasta en ropa he spends everything on clothes6 in (price).las ganancias se calculan en millones profits are calculated in millionste lo dejo en 5.000 I'll let you have it for 5,0007 from (causa).lo detecté en su forma de hablar I could tell from the way he was speaking8 in, made of (materia).en seda in silk9 in terms of.lo supera en inteligencia she is more intelligent than he is10 on, over, upon.11 at, over at, in, over in.En ese momento ...at that moment.12 to.* * *en1 (lugar - gen) in, at2 (- en el interior) in, inside3 (lugar - sobre) on5 (dirección) into6 (transporte) by7 (tema, materia) at, in8 (modo, manera) in9 (porcentaje) by■ los valores aumentaron en un 6% securities increased by 6%10 en + gerund upon■ en llegando el maestro, los niños se levantan upon the teacher's arrival, the children stand up\de casa en casa from house to houseen cuanto as soon asen camino on the way* * *prep.1) in2) on3) at4) by5) inside6) into* * *PREP1) [indicando lugar]a) (=dentro de) inestá en el cajón/en el armario — it's in the drawer/in the wardrobe
b) (=encima de) onc) [con países, ciudades, calles]d) [con edificios]2) [indicando movimiento] into3) [indicando modo] in4) [indicando proporción] by5) [indicando tiempo]ayer en la mañana — LAm yesterday morning
en la mañana del accidente — LAm on the morning of the accident
6) [indicando tema, ocupación]Hugo en Segismundo — (Cine, Teat) Hugo as Segismundo, Hugo in the role of Segismundo
7) [con medios de transporte] by8) [con cantidades] at, forlo vendió en cinco dólares — he sold it at o for five dollars
estimaron las ganancias en unos trescientos mil euros — they estimated the profits to be around three hundred thousand euros
9) [con infinitivo]10) † [con gerundio]EN Como preposición de lugar, en se traduce normalmente por on, in o at. La elección de una de estas tres preposiciones depende a menudo de cómo percibe el hablante la relación espacial. He aquí unas líneas generales: ► Se traduce por on cuando en equivale a encima de o nos referimos a algo que se percibe como una superficie o una línea, por ejemplo una mesa, una carretera {etc}: "¿Has visto mi vestido?" - "Está en la tabla de planchar" "Have you seen my dress?" - "It's on the ironing-board" Estaban tumbados en la playa They were lying on the beach Está construyendo una casa en la colina He's building a house on the hill ... un pueblo en la costa oeste...... a village on the west coast... La gasolinera está en la carretera que va a Motril The petrol station is on the road to Motril Dibujó un león en la hoja de papel He drew a lion on the piece of paper Tiene un grano en la nariz He has a spot on his nose Lo vi en la tele I saw him on TV ► Se usa in cuando equivale a dentro de o cuando nos referimos a un espacio que se percibe como limitado (calle, montañas, etc): Tus gafas están en mi bolso Your glasses are in my bag Tienes una pestaña en el ojo You've got an eyelash in your eye Lo leí en un libro I read it in a book Se han comprado un chalet en la sierra They've bought a chalet in the mountains Viven en la calle de Serrano They live in the Calle de Serrano ► Lo traducimos por at para referirnos a un edificio cuando hablamos de la actividad que normalmente se realiza en él o cuando en indica un lugar concreto. También se traduce por at cuando en la dirección incluimos el número o el nombre de la casa: ¿Por qué no comemos en el restaurante de tu hermano? Why don't we have lunch at your brother's restaurant? Voy a pasar el día en el museo I'm going to spend the day at the museum Te espero en la parada del autobús I'll meet you at the bus-stop Vivimos en la calle Dale nº 12 We live at 12 Dale Street Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada* * *1) ( en expresiones de lugar)a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio)viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel — they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel
viven en la calle Goya — they live on o (BrE) in Goya Street
nos quedamos en casa — we stayed home (AmE), we stayed at home (BrE)
b) ( dentro de) inc) ( sobre) on2) (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in3)a) (indicando tema, especialidad, cualidad)b) (indicando proporción, precio)lo vendió en $30 — he sold it for $30
las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 — the losses were calculated at $50,000
4)a) (indicando estado, manera) inen buenas/malas condiciones — in good/bad condition
en llamas — in flames, on fire
b) ( en forma de)colóquense en círculo — get into o in a circle
c) ( en el papel de) asd) ( con medios de transporte) byir en taxi/barco — to go by taxi/by boat
fueron en bicicleta — they cycled, they went on their bikes
5)a) ( expresando el material)¿lo tienen en azul? — do you have it in blue?
en la mañana/tarde/noche — (esp AmL) in the morning/afternoon/at night
7)a) ( con construcciones verbales) inb) ( con complementos de persona) in* * *= in, onto, into, at, throughout.Ex. The first institute, 'The Catalog: Its Nature and Prospects,' was held in New York City on October 9 and 10, 1975.Ex. When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.Ex. The application of a classification scheme to a set of documents should result in the ordering or arranging of that set of documents into groups or classes according to their subject content.Ex. He also resolved to talk with Cleo Passantino, a young librarian who had been at the library for three years and with whom he had had little contact.Ex. Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.----* en absoluto = at all, in the slightest, whatsoever, not at all, in any shape or form.* en abstracto = abstractly.* en abundancia = in plenty, liberally, in abundance, exuberantly, in profusion, aplenty [a-plenty], prodigiously, plentifully.* en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].* en adelante = forward [forwards].* en agradecimiento por = appreciative of.* en alerta roja = on red alert.* en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.* en alguna parte = someplace.* en alguna parte de + Nombre = some way down + Nombre.* en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.* en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.* en algún momento = somewhere along the line, sometime, at sometime, at some point, at some point in time, at one time or another.* en algunos casos = in some cases.* en algunos grupos = in some quarters.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* en algunos sectores = in some quarters.* en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.* en algunos sentidos = in some respects.* en algunos sitios = in places.* en alquiler = rented.* en alta mar = on the open sea, offshore, on the high seas.* en alza = on the upswing.* en ambas direcciones = two-way.* en ambos casos = in either case, in either instance.* en ángulo = angled.* en ángulo recto = at right angles.* en antaño = in olden times, in olden days.* en antelación = anticipatory.* en anticipación = anticipatory.* en años anteriores = in prior years, in years past, in past years.* en apariencia = apparently, looking, seemingly, on the face of it, on the surface, ostensibly.* en apenas nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.* en apoyo a = in support of.* en apuros = hard-pressed, beleaguered, in deep trouble, in difficulties, if it comes to the crunch, when push comes to shove, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, in deep water, in hot water, in dire straits.* en aquel entonces = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time, in the course of events, during the course of events, back then, in those days.* en aquella época = at the time, at that time, in those days.* en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.* en aquellos casos = in those cases.* en aquellos casos en los que = in those cases where.* en aquellos tiempos = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, in those days.* en aquel momento = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time.* en aras a = in the name of.* en aras de = in the interest(s) of.* en armonía = harmoniously, in harmony.* en armonía con = in harmony with, in harness with, in keeping with, in tune with, in sync with.* en ascuas = on tenterhooks.* en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.* en aumento = burgeoning, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, heightening.* en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.* en Babia = absent-minded.* en balde = in vain, vainly, to no avail, of no avail.* en bandada = in full force.* en bandadas = in droves.* en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.* en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.* en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* en bisel = angled.* en blanco = blankly, blank.* en blanco y negro = b&w (black and white).* en bloque = en bloc.* en boga = in vogue, in fashion, voguish.* en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.* en breve = shortly, the long and (the) short of, soon [sooner -comp., soonest -sup.].* en broma = teasingly.* en buena compañía = in good company.* en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.* en buena forma = in good nick.* en buena parte = for the most part.* en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.* en buenas manos = in a safe place, in safekeeping.* en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.* en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.* en busca de quimeras = in pursuit of + windmills.* en búsqueda de = a quest for.* en cada fase = at each stage.* en caída = flowing.* en caja = boxed.* en caliente = in the heat of the moment, on the spur of the moment.* en cama = abed.* en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.* en camino = on the way.* en cantidad = bulk.* en + Cantidad + años = in + Cantidad + years' time.* en capilla = on tenterhooks, in suspense.* en carnavales = carnivalistically.* en carne y hueso = in the flesh.* en casa = in the home.* en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.* en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.* en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.* en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.* en caso de emergencia = in an emergency, in an emergency situation.* en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.* en CD-ROM = CD-ROM-based.* en chirona = behind bars.* en ciernes = developing, budding, in the making.* en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.* en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.* en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.* en cierto grado = something of.* en cierto modo = to some extent, after a fashion, to a certain extent, in a manner of speaking, so to speak, to some degree.* en cierto modo + Verbo = sort of + Verbo.* en ciertos casos = in certain cases.* en cierto sentido = in several respects, to some extent, in a sense, in some respects, to some degree.* en circuito cerrado = looped.* en círcuitos de segunda categoría = in the provinces.* en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.* en circumstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.* en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.* en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances.* en circusntancias normales = in the normal run of things.* en coche = drive.* en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.* en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.* en colaboración con, junto con, de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.* en color = coloured [colored, -USA], full-colour.* en columnas = columnar.* en colusión con = in collusion with, in complicity with, in connivance with.* en coma = comatose.* en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.* en comisión de servicios = seconded.* en comparación = by comparison.* en comparación con = against, as compared to, set against, in comparison with, in comparison to.* en compensación = compensatory.* en complicidad con = in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in complicity with, in collusion with, in connivance with.* en común con = in common with.* en conciencia = in good conscience.* en conclusión = in conclusion.* en concordancia con = in accordance with, in accord with.* en concreto = in particular, to be specific.* en condiciones = decent.* en condiciones de = in the position to.* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.* en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.* en conexión con = in respect of.* en confidencia = in confidence.* en conflicto (con) = in conflict (with).* en conformidad con = in conformity with, in keeping with.* en conjunción con = in conjunction with, in tandem with.* en conjunto = altogether, on balance, bulk, all in all, overall, overall.* en conmemoración de = in celebration of, commemorative.* en connivencia = colluding.* en connivencia con = in collusion with, in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in connivance with.* en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.* en consecuencia lógica = by implication.* en consideración = under consideration.* en consideración a = for the sake of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.* en consonacia con = in line with.* en consonancia con = in concert with, in keeping with, in step with, in tune with, in consonance with.* en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.* en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.* en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.* en construcción = under development, under construction.* en contacto = in communication.* en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.* en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.* en contenedor = containerised [containerized, -USA].* en continua expansión = expanding.* en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.* en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.* en contra = counterpoint, against.* en contra de la guerra = antiwar [anti-war].* en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.* en contra de la raza blanca = anti-white [antiwhite].* en contra de la raza negra = antiblack [anti-black].* en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.* en contra de las instituciones = anti-establishment.* en contra del gobierno = anti-government.* en contraposición a = as opposed to, in contrast (to/with), in contradistinction to.* en contraste con = in contrast (to/with).* en contravención de = in contravention of.* en contubernio (con) = in cahoots (with).* en cooperación = cooperative [co-operative].* en cooperación con = in cooperation with.* en cooperativa = cooperatively [co-operatively].* en costras = caked.* en crisis = depressed, crisis-ridden, on the rocks.* en cuadernillo = in booklet form.* en cualquier caso = for that matter, in any event, in any case, in either case.* en cualquier domingo = on any given Sunday.* en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.* en cualquier momento = anytime, at any one time, at any point, at any point in time, at any time, at any moment, at any given point, at any moment in time, at any given moment, momentarily, on any given Sunday.* en cualquier momento en el futuro = at some stage.* en cualquier orden = either way round.* en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.* en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.* en cualquier otro momento = some other time.* en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.* en cualquier parte = anywhere, everywhere.* en cualquier sitio = everywhere, anywhere.* en cualquier situación = in any given situation.* en + Cuantificador + aspectos = in + Cuantificador + respects.* en + Cuantificador + sentidos = in + Cuantificador + respects.* en cuanto a = as to, in extent of, in regard to, in terms of, in the way of, with regard(s) to, as for, as regards, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to, moving on to.* en cuanto a él = as for him.* en cuanto a ella = as for her.* en cuanto a ellos = as for them.* en cuanto a los hechos = factually.* en cuanto a mí = as for me.* en cuanto a nosotros = as for us.* en cuanto a ti = as for you.* en cuanto a usted = as for you.* en cuanto a vosotros = as for you.* en cuanto + nacer = at birth.* en cuanto que = in that.* en cuarto lugar = fourthly.* en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.* en cuclicllas = in a squatting position.* en cuclillas = squat, in a squat position, in a crouching position.* en cueros = in the buff, in the nod, stark naked.* en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, individual, at issue, of concern.* en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.* en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.* en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.* en cuestiones de = in matters of.* en cumplimiento con = in line with, in compliance with.* en cursiva = in italic type.* en curso = in process, underway [under way], in progress, ongoing [on-going], afoot, current, under preparation.* en curso de = in course of.* en cuyo caso = in which case.* en danza = on the run.* en decadencia = bankrupt.* en defensa propia = in self-defence.* en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.* en definitiva, bien mirado, bien considerado = all things considered.* en demanda = in-demand.* en demasía = excess, to excess, excessively.* en desacuerdo = disapproving, at odds.* en desacuerdo con = at odds with.* en desarmonía con = out of tune with, out of keeping with.* en desarrollo = evolving, under development.* en descomposición = decaying, putrefying.* en desesperación = despairing, in despair.* en desuso = obsolete, disused.* en detalle = at length.* en deterioro = deteriorating, crumbling, decaying, dilapidated, disintegrating.* en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.* en detrimento de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment, to the neglect of.* en diagonal = herringbone.* en días alternos = every other day.* en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.* en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.* en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.* en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.* en dificultades = stranded.* en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].* en dirección de la proa = abaft.* en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.* en dirección norte = northbound.* en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).* en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.* en disco = ondisc.* en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.* en + Distancia + a la redonda = within + Distancia.* en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.* en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.* en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.* en distintos formatos = multiform.* en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.* en diversas lenguas = multilingually.* en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.* en diverso grado = to varying extents, to varying degrees.* en diversos formatos = multiform.* en donde = where, wherein.* en dos años = over a two-year period.* en dos lenguas = bilingually.* en dos niveles = split-level.* en dos palabras = in a nutshell, in a nutshell.* en dos volúmenes = two-volume.* en duda = in doubt.* en edad de trabajar = working-age.* en efecto = to all intents and purposes, for all intents and purposes.* en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].* en el abandono = in the wilderness.* en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.* en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.* en el ámbito de = in the realm of.* en el año catapún = in the dim and distant past.* en el año del Señor = in the year of our Lord.* en el año entrante = in the coming year.* en el año próximo = in the coming year.* en el año venidero = in the coming year.* en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.* en el asiento de atrás = in the back seat.* en el asiento trasero = in the back seat.* en el aula de clase = classroom-based.* en el banquillo = on the bench.* en el blanco de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.* en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.* en el campo de = in the realm of, in the field of.* en el campus universitario = campus-based.* en el candelero = in the spotlight.* en el cargo = in the saddle, in office.* en el caso de = for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context of.* en (el) caso de que = in the event that, should, in case.* en el caso poco probable de que = in the unlikely case (that).* en el centro de = at the heart of.* en el cine = at the movies.* en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.* en el contexto de = in the realm of.* en el culo = in the bottom.* en el culo del mundo = in the arse of nowhere.* en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.* en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.* en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* en el curso normal de las cosas, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos, = in the normal run of things.* en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.* en el desierto = in the wilderness.* en el detalle = in detail.* en el día a día = in the day to day, in the trenches.* en el dique seco = in dry dock, in the wilderness.* en el eje = at the core (of).* en el entorno de = in the realm of.* en el escenario = on stage.* en el escenario mundial = on the world stage.* en el espacio = spatially.* en el estricto sentido de la palabra = strictly speaking.* en el estudio = at study, at study.* en el extranjero = abroad, overseas, offshore.* en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.* en el fin de semana = over the weekend, over the weekend, at the weekend.* en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.* en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.* en el fondo de = at the root of.* en el futuro = Número + Tiempo + ahead, down the road, in future, in time(s) to come, at + future date, in (the) years to come, at some future time, in the years to come, in the years ahead, in years to come, at some future point, in the future, for future reference, for the years to come.* en el futuro a largo plazo = in the long-term future.* en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.* en el futuro inmediato = in the offing, in the foreseeable future.* en el futuro lejano = further in the future.* en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.* en el horario de trabajo = on company time.* en el horizonte = on the horizon.* en el hospital = at the bedside.* en el improbable caso de que = in the unlikely case (that).* en el instante en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.* en el ínterin = in the interim, in the intervening years, in the intervening period, ad interim.* en el juego = at play.* en el lado negativo = on the debit side, on the negative side, on the downside.* en el lado positivo = on the credit side, on the positive side, on the plus side, on the bright side.* en ello = therein, thereupon [thereon].* en el lugar del accidente = at the scene, at the scene of the accident.* en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.* en el mandato = in office.* en el mando = at the wheel.* en el mar = at sea.* en el marco de = within the ambit of, within the bounds of.* en el más allá = dead and gone.* en el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.* en el mejor de los casos = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best.* en el mejor momento de Uno = at + Posesivo + (very) best.* en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* en el mismo número de años = in as many years.* en el mismo orden que = in sync with.* en el momento = on the spot.* en el momento actual = in this day and age, at the present time.* en el momento adecuado = at the right time.* en el momento de = at the time (that/of).* en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.* en el momento de la impresión = at the time of going to print.* en el momento en que se necesita = at the point-of-need, at the point of use, point of use.* en el momento en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.* en el momento justo = on cue.* en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.* en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.* en el momento peor de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.* en el mundo = on the face of the earth, on the world stage.* en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.* en el mundo entero = all over the world, worldwide [world-wide], all around the world, throughout the world, around the planet, the world over.* en el mundo que nos rodea = out there.* en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.* en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.* en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.* en el norte del estado = upstate.* en el núcleo = at the core (of).* en el ocaso = over the hill.* en el ojo del huracán = in the eye of the storm, in the eye of the hurricane.* en el orden del día = on the agenda.* en el origen (de) = in the early days (of).* en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum, at the other extreme.* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.* en el pasado = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times.* en el pasado remoto = in the dim and distant past.* en el peor de los casos = at worst, in the worst of circumstances, at + Posesivo + very worst, the worst case scenario, at + Posesivo + worst, in the worst case.* en el período penoso de = in the throes of.* en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.* en el piso de abajo = downstairs.* en el piso de arriba = upstairs.* en el poder = in office.* en el primer caso = in the former case.* en el proceso = in the process.* en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.* en el propio cortijo = on-farm.* en el próximo año = in the year ahead, in the coming year.* en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.* en el punto álgido de = at the height of.* en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.* en el que = wherein.* en el que se puede buscar = searchable.* en el quinto coño = in the arse of nowhere.* en el quinto pino = in the arse of nowhere.* en el quirófano = under the knife.* en el resto = everywhere else.* en el resto de = elsewhere.* en el seguimiento de = in the pursuit of.* en el segundo caso = in the latter case.* en el seno de = within, among.* en el sentido de las agujas del reloj = clockwise.* en el sentido de que = in the sense that, along the lines that, in that.* en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.* en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.* en el sentido que = in which.* en el timón = in the saddle.* en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.* en el transcurso de = throughout the course of, throughout the course of, in the course of, during the course of, over the course of, throughout.* en el transcurso de algunos años = over a period of years.* en el transcurso de la historia = in the course of history.* en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.* en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.* en el trasfondo de = at the root of.* en el último caso = in the latter case.* en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.* en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.* en el umbral de = on the threshold of.* en el vuelo = in-flight.* en entrante = recessed.* en entredicho = under challenge.* en episodios = episodic.* en época de carnaval = carnivalistically.* en época de feria = carnivalistically.* en época de paz = in peacetime, during peacetime.* en épocas anteriores = in former times, in past eras.* en épocas de = in times of.* en épocas de guerra = in time(s) of war.* en épocas de paz = in time(s) of peace.* en épocas de prosperidad económica = in affluent times.* en épocas difíciles = in times of need.* en épocas pasadas = in past ages.* en escamas = flaky.* en ese caso = in that case.* en ese mismo instante = at that very moment.* en ese mismo momento = at that very moment.* en ese momento = at that point, at this point, at that time, just then, at that point in time.* en esencia = in essence, essentially.* en ese sentido = on that score, to that effect.* en esos casos = in those cases.* en espacios cerrados = indoors.* en especial = especially (specially), notably, specially (especially).* en especie = in kind.* en espera = on hold.* en espiga = herringbone.* en esta coyuntura = at this juncture.* en estado = pregnant, in the family way.* en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated, dilapidated.* en estado de alerta = on alert.* en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.* en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.* en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.* en estado de descomposición = decaying.* en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.* en estado de reserva = on standby.* en estado de reserva, en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.* en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.* en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.* en esta época del año = around this time of year.* en esta ocasión = on this occasion.* en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.* en esta situación = at this juncture.* en este caso = in this case.* en este contexto = against this background.* en este documento = herein, herewith, hereto.* en este extremo = to this extent.* en este grado = to this extent.* en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.* en este momento = at this point, at this stage, at this juncture, at this time, at this moment in time, right now.* en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.* en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, in this vein, in this spirit, in this regard, in this effort, in that spirit, on this score, to that effect.* en estos casos = in these cases.* en estos días = today, these days.* en estos tiempos = in these times, in this day and age.* en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.* en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.* en estuche = boxed.* en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* en exceso = overflow, overflowing, excessively, excess, to excess.* en exclusiva = exclusively.* en existencia = in existence.* en expansión = expanded.* en exposición = on exhibit, on show, on display.* en + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal, come + Expresión Temporal.* en extensión = in length.* en extenso = at length, in full.* en extremo = no end, to no end.* en fase terminal = terminally ill.* en favor de = in favour of.* en flor = in full blossom, in blossom.* en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.* en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.* en forma de A = A-shaped.* en forma de arco = arched, bowed.* en forma de capa = cape-like.* en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.* en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.* en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.* en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.* en forma de D = d-shaped.* en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].* en forma de L = L-shaped.* en forma de libro = in book form.* en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.* en forma de parásito = parasitically.* en forma de pera = pear-shaped.* en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.* en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.* en forma de U = U-shaped.* en forma de V = V-shaped.* en forma física = physically fit.* en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.* en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.* en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.* en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.* en formato digital = digitally.* en formato electrónico = in electronic form.* en formato MARC = in MARC form.* en formato papel = paper-based, in hard copy.* en frente = ahead, in front.* en frente de = in front of.* en funcionamiento = in operation.* en función de = according to, as a function of, depending on/upon.* en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, all in all, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.* en germinación = budding.* en gestación = in the making.* en grado mínimo = minimally.* en gran cantidad = prodigiously.* en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in record numbers, in bulk.* en grandes números = in record numbers.* en gran formato = oversize, oversized.* en gran medida = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree.* en gran número = numerously.* en gran parte* * *1) ( en expresiones de lugar)a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio)viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel — they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel
viven en la calle Goya — they live on o (BrE) in Goya Street
nos quedamos en casa — we stayed home (AmE), we stayed at home (BrE)
b) ( dentro de) inc) ( sobre) on2) (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in3)a) (indicando tema, especialidad, cualidad)b) (indicando proporción, precio)lo vendió en $30 — he sold it for $30
las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 — the losses were calculated at $50,000
4)a) (indicando estado, manera) inen buenas/malas condiciones — in good/bad condition
en llamas — in flames, on fire
b) ( en forma de)colóquense en círculo — get into o in a circle
c) ( en el papel de) asd) ( con medios de transporte) byir en taxi/barco — to go by taxi/by boat
fueron en bicicleta — they cycled, they went on their bikes
5)a) ( expresando el material)¿lo tienen en azul? — do you have it in blue?
en la mañana/tarde/noche — (esp AmL) in the morning/afternoon/at night
7)a) ( con construcciones verbales) inb) ( con complementos de persona) in* * *= in, onto, into, at, throughout.Ex: The first institute, 'The Catalog: Its Nature and Prospects,' was held in New York City on October 9 and 10, 1975.
Ex: When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.Ex: The application of a classification scheme to a set of documents should result in the ordering or arranging of that set of documents into groups or classes according to their subject content.Ex: He also resolved to talk with Cleo Passantino, a young librarian who had been at the library for three years and with whom he had had little contact.Ex: Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.* en absoluto = at all, in the slightest, whatsoever, not at all, in any shape or form.* en abstracto = abstractly.* en abundancia = in plenty, liberally, in abundance, exuberantly, in profusion, aplenty [a-plenty], prodigiously, plentifully.* en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].* en adelante = forward [forwards].* en agradecimiento por = appreciative of.* en alerta roja = on red alert.* en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.* en alguna parte = someplace.* en alguna parte de + Nombre = some way down + Nombre.* en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.* en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.* en algún momento = somewhere along the line, sometime, at sometime, at some point, at some point in time, at one time or another.* en algunos casos = in some cases.* en algunos grupos = in some quarters.* en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.* en algunos sectores = in some quarters.* en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.* en algunos sentidos = in some respects.* en algunos sitios = in places.* en alquiler = rented.* en alta mar = on the open sea, offshore, on the high seas.* en alza = on the upswing.* en ambas direcciones = two-way.* en ambos casos = in either case, in either instance.* en ángulo = angled.* en ángulo recto = at right angles.* en antaño = in olden times, in olden days.* en antelación = anticipatory.* en anticipación = anticipatory.* en años anteriores = in prior years, in years past, in past years.* en apariencia = apparently, looking, seemingly, on the face of it, on the surface, ostensibly.* en apenas nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.* en apoyo a = in support of.* en apuros = hard-pressed, beleaguered, in deep trouble, in difficulties, if it comes to the crunch, when push comes to shove, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, in deep water, in hot water, in dire straits.* en aquel entonces = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time, in the course of events, during the course of events, back then, in those days.* en aquella época = at the time, at that time, in those days.* en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.* en aquellos casos = in those cases.* en aquellos casos en los que = in those cases where.* en aquellos tiempos = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, in those days.* en aquel momento = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time.* en aras a = in the name of.* en aras de = in the interest(s) of.* en armonía = harmoniously, in harmony.* en armonía con = in harmony with, in harness with, in keeping with, in tune with, in sync with.* en ascuas = on tenterhooks.* en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.* en aumento = burgeoning, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, heightening.* en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.* en Babia = absent-minded.* en balde = in vain, vainly, to no avail, of no avail.* en bandada = in full force.* en bandadas = in droves.* en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.* en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.* en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.* en bisel = angled.* en blanco = blankly, blank.* en blanco y negro = b&w (black and white).* en bloque = en bloc.* en boga = in vogue, in fashion, voguish.* en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.* en breve = shortly, the long and (the) short of, soon [sooner -comp., soonest -sup.].* en broma = teasingly.* en buena compañía = in good company.* en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.* en buena forma = in good nick.* en buena parte = for the most part.* en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.* en buenas manos = in a safe place, in safekeeping.* en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.* en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.* en busca de quimeras = in pursuit of + windmills.* en búsqueda de = a quest for.* en cada fase = at each stage.* en caída = flowing.* en caja = boxed.* en caliente = in the heat of the moment, on the spur of the moment.* en cama = abed.* en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.* en camino = on the way.* en cantidad = bulk.* en + Cantidad + años = in + Cantidad + years' time.* en capilla = on tenterhooks, in suspense.* en carnavales = carnivalistically.* en carne y hueso = in the flesh.* en casa = in the home.* en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.* en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.* en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.* en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.* en caso de emergencia = in an emergency, in an emergency situation.* en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.* en CD-ROM = CD-ROM-based.* en chirona = behind bars.* en ciernes = developing, budding, in the making.* en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.* en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.* en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.* en cierto grado = something of.* en cierto modo = to some extent, after a fashion, to a certain extent, in a manner of speaking, so to speak, to some degree.* en cierto modo + Verbo = sort of + Verbo.* en ciertos casos = in certain cases.* en cierto sentido = in several respects, to some extent, in a sense, in some respects, to some degree.* en circuito cerrado = looped.* en círcuitos de segunda categoría = in the provinces.* en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.* en circumstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.* en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.* en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances.* en circusntancias normales = in the normal run of things.* en coche = drive.* en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.* en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.* en colaboración con, junto con, de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.* en color = coloured [colored, -USA], full-colour.* en columnas = columnar.* en colusión con = in collusion with, in complicity with, in connivance with.* en coma = comatose.* en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.* en comisión de servicios = seconded.* en comparación = by comparison.* en comparación con = against, as compared to, set against, in comparison with, in comparison to.* en compensación = compensatory.* en complicidad con = in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in complicity with, in collusion with, in connivance with.* en común con = in common with.* en conciencia = in good conscience.* en conclusión = in conclusion.* en concordancia con = in accordance with, in accord with.* en concreto = in particular, to be specific.* en condiciones = decent.* en condiciones de = in the position to.* en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.* en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.* en conexión con = in respect of.* en confidencia = in confidence.* en conflicto (con) = in conflict (with).* en conformidad con = in conformity with, in keeping with.* en conjunción con = in conjunction with, in tandem with.* en conjunto = altogether, on balance, bulk, all in all, overall, overall.* en conmemoración de = in celebration of, commemorative.* en connivencia = colluding.* en connivencia con = in collusion with, in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in connivance with.* en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.* en consecuencia lógica = by implication.* en consideración = under consideration.* en consideración a = for the sake of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.* en consonacia con = in line with.* en consonancia con = in concert with, in keeping with, in step with, in tune with, in consonance with.* en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.* en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.* en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.* en construcción = under development, under construction.* en contacto = in communication.* en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.* en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.* en contenedor = containerised [containerized, -USA].* en continua expansión = expanding.* en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.* en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.* en contra = counterpoint, against.* en contra de la guerra = antiwar [anti-war].* en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.* en contra de la raza blanca = anti-white [antiwhite].* en contra de la raza negra = antiblack [anti-black].* en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.* en contra de las instituciones = anti-establishment.* en contra del gobierno = anti-government.* en contraposición a = as opposed to, in contrast (to/with), in contradistinction to.* en contraste con = in contrast (to/with).* en contravención de = in contravention of.* en contubernio (con) = in cahoots (with).* en cooperación = cooperative [co-operative].* en cooperación con = in cooperation with.* en cooperativa = cooperatively [co-operatively].* en costras = caked.* en crisis = depressed, crisis-ridden, on the rocks.* en cuadernillo = in booklet form.* en cualquier caso = for that matter, in any event, in any case, in either case.* en cualquier domingo = on any given Sunday.* en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.* en cualquier momento = anytime, at any one time, at any point, at any point in time, at any time, at any moment, at any given point, at any moment in time, at any given moment, momentarily, on any given Sunday.* en cualquier momento en el futuro = at some stage.* en cualquier orden = either way round.* en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.* en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.* en cualquier otro momento = some other time.* en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.* en cualquier parte = anywhere, everywhere.* en cualquier sitio = everywhere, anywhere.* en cualquier situación = in any given situation.* en + Cuantificador + aspectos = in + Cuantificador + respects.* en + Cuantificador + sentidos = in + Cuantificador + respects.* en cuanto a = as to, in extent of, in regard to, in terms of, in the way of, with regard(s) to, as for, as regards, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to, moving on to.* en cuanto a él = as for him.* en cuanto a ella = as for her.* en cuanto a ellos = as for them.* en cuanto a los hechos = factually.* en cuanto a mí = as for me.* en cuanto a nosotros = as for us.* en cuanto a ti = as for you.* en cuanto a usted = as for you.* en cuanto a vosotros = as for you.* en cuanto + nacer = at birth.* en cuanto que = in that.* en cuarto lugar = fourthly.* en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.* en cuclicllas = in a squatting position.* en cuclillas = squat, in a squat position, in a crouching position.* en cueros = in the buff, in the nod, stark naked.* en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, individual, at issue, of concern.* en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.* en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.* en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.* en cuestiones de = in matters of.* en cumplimiento con = in line with, in compliance with.* en cursiva = in italic type.* en curso = in process, underway [under way], in progress, ongoing [on-going], afoot, current, under preparation.* en curso de = in course of.* en cuyo caso = in which case.* en danza = on the run.* en decadencia = bankrupt.* en defensa propia = in self-defence.* en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.* en definitiva, bien mirado, bien considerado = all things considered.* en demanda = in-demand.* en demasía = excess, to excess, excessively.* en desacuerdo = disapproving, at odds.* en desacuerdo con = at odds with.* en desarmonía con = out of tune with, out of keeping with.* en desarrollo = evolving, under development.* en descomposición = decaying, putrefying.* en desesperación = despairing, in despair.* en desuso = obsolete, disused.* en detalle = at length.* en deterioro = deteriorating, crumbling, decaying, dilapidated, disintegrating.* en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.* en detrimento de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment, to the neglect of.* en diagonal = herringbone.* en días alternos = every other day.* en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.* en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.* en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.* en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.* en dificultades = stranded.* en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].* en dirección de la proa = abaft.* en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.* en dirección norte = northbound.* en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).* en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.* en disco = ondisc.* en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.* en + Distancia + a la redonda = within + Distancia.* en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.* en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.* en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.* en distintos formatos = multiform.* en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.* en diversas lenguas = multilingually.* en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.* en diverso grado = to varying extents, to varying degrees.* en diversos formatos = multiform.* en donde = where, wherein.* en dos años = over a two-year period.* en dos lenguas = bilingually.* en dos niveles = split-level.* en dos palabras = in a nutshell, in a nutshell.* en dos volúmenes = two-volume.* en duda = in doubt.* en edad de trabajar = working-age.* en efecto = to all intents and purposes, for all intents and purposes.* en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].* en el abandono = in the wilderness.* en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.* en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.* en el ámbito de = in the realm of.* en el año catapún = in the dim and distant past.* en el año del Señor = in the year of our Lord.* en el año entrante = in the coming year.* en el año próximo = in the coming year.* en el año venidero = in the coming year.* en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.* en el asiento de atrás = in the back seat.* en el asiento trasero = in the back seat.* en el aula de clase = classroom-based.* en el banquillo = on the bench.* en el blanco de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.* en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.* en el campo de = in the realm of, in the field of.* en el campus universitario = campus-based.* en el candelero = in the spotlight.* en el cargo = in the saddle, in office.* en el caso de = for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context of.* en (el) caso de que = in the event that, should, in case.* en el caso poco probable de que = in the unlikely case (that).* en el centro de = at the heart of.* en el cine = at the movies.* en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.* en el contexto de = in the realm of.* en el culo = in the bottom.* en el culo del mundo = in the arse of nowhere.* en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.* en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.* en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.* en el curso normal de las cosas, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos, = in the normal run of things.* en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.* en el desierto = in the wilderness.* en el detalle = in detail.* en el día a día = in the day to day, in the trenches.* en el dique seco = in dry dock, in the wilderness.* en el eje = at the core (of).* en el entorno de = in the realm of.* en el escenario = on stage.* en el escenario mundial = on the world stage.* en el espacio = spatially.* en el estricto sentido de la palabra = strictly speaking.* en el estudio = at study, at study.* en el extranjero = abroad, overseas, offshore.* en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.* en el fin de semana = over the weekend, over the weekend, at the weekend.* en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.* en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.* en el fondo de = at the root of.* en el futuro = Número + Tiempo + ahead, down the road, in future, in time(s) to come, at + future date, in (the) years to come, at some future time, in the years to come, in the years ahead, in years to come, at some future point, in the future, for future reference, for the years to come.* en el futuro a largo plazo = in the long-term future.* en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.* en el futuro inmediato = in the offing, in the foreseeable future.* en el futuro lejano = further in the future.* en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.* en el horario de trabajo = on company time.* en el horizonte = on the horizon.* en el hospital = at the bedside.* en el improbable caso de que = in the unlikely case (that).* en el instante en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.* en el ínterin = in the interim, in the intervening years, in the intervening period, ad interim.* en el juego = at play.* en el lado negativo = on the debit side, on the negative side, on the downside.* en el lado positivo = on the credit side, on the positive side, on the plus side, on the bright side.* en ello = therein, thereupon [thereon].* en el lugar del accidente = at the scene, at the scene of the accident.* en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.* en el mandato = in office.* en el mando = at the wheel.* en el mar = at sea.* en el marco de = within the ambit of, within the bounds of.* en el más allá = dead and gone.* en el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.* en el mejor de los casos = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best.* en el mejor momento de Uno = at + Posesivo + (very) best.* en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).* en el mismo número de años = in as many years.* en el mismo orden que = in sync with.* en el momento = on the spot.* en el momento actual = in this day and age, at the present time.* en el momento adecuado = at the right time.* en el momento de = at the time (that/of).* en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.* en el momento de la impresión = at the time of going to print.* en el momento en que se necesita = at the point-of-need, at the point of use, point of use.* en el momento en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.* en el momento justo = on cue.* en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.* en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.* en el momento peor de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.* en el mundo = on the face of the earth, on the world stage.* en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.* en el mundo entero = all over the world, worldwide [world-wide], all around the world, throughout the world, around the planet, the world over.* en el mundo que nos rodea = out there.* en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.* en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.* en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.* en el norte del estado = upstate.* en el núcleo = at the core (of).* en el ocaso = over the hill.* en el ojo del huracán = in the eye of the storm, in the eye of the hurricane.* en el orden del día = on the agenda.* en el origen (de) = in the early days (of).* en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.* en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum, at the other extreme.* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.* en el pasado = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times.* en el pasado remoto = in the dim and distant past.* en el peor de los casos = at worst, in the worst of circumstances, at + Posesivo + very worst, the worst case scenario, at + Posesivo + worst, in the worst case.* en el período penoso de = in the throes of.* en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.* en el piso de abajo = downstairs.* en el piso de arriba = upstairs.* en el poder = in office.* en el primer caso = in the former case.* en el proceso = in the process.* en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.* en el propio cortijo = on-farm.* en el próximo año = in the year ahead, in the coming year.* en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.* en el punto álgido de = at the height of.* en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.* en el que = wherein.* en el que se puede buscar = searchable.* en el quinto coño = in the arse of nowhere.* en el quinto pino = in the arse of nowhere.* en el quirófano = under the knife.* en el resto = everywhere else.* en el resto de = elsewhere.* en el seguimiento de = in the pursuit of.* en el segundo caso = in the latter case.* en el seno de = within, among.* en el sentido de las agujas del reloj = clockwise.* en el sentido de que = in the sense that, along the lines that, in that.* en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.* en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.* en el sentido que = in which.* en el timón = in the saddle.* en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.* en el transcurso de = throughout the course of, throughout the course of, in the course of, during the course of, over the course of, throughout.* en el transcurso de algunos años = over a period of years.* en el transcurso de la historia = in the course of history.* en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.* en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.* en el trasfondo de = at the root of.* en el último caso = in the latter case.* en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.* en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.* en el umbral de = on the threshold of.* en el vuelo = in-flight.* en entrante = recessed.* en entredicho = under challenge.* en episodios = episodic.* en época de carnaval = carnivalistically.* en época de feria = carnivalistically.* en época de paz = in peacetime, during peacetime.* en épocas anteriores = in former times, in past eras.* en épocas de = in times of.* en épocas de guerra = in time(s) of war.* en épocas de paz = in time(s) of peace.* en épocas de prosperidad económica = in affluent times.* en épocas difíciles = in times of need.* en épocas pasadas = in past ages.* en escamas = flaky.* en ese caso = in that case.* en ese mismo instante = at that very moment.* en ese mismo momento = at that very moment.* en ese momento = at that point, at this point, at that time, just then, at that point in time.* en esencia = in essence, essentially.* en ese sentido = on that score, to that effect.* en esos casos = in those cases.* en espacios cerrados = indoors.* en especial = especially (specially), notably, specially (especially).* en especie = in kind.* en espera = on hold.* en espiga = herringbone.* en esta coyuntura = at this juncture.* en estado = pregnant, in the family way.* en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated, dilapidated.* en estado de alerta = on alert.* en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.* en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.* en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.* en estado de descomposición = decaying.* en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.* en estado de reserva = on standby.* en estado de reserva, en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.* en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.* en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.* en esta época del año = around this time of year.* en esta ocasión = on this occasion.* en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.* en esta situación = at this juncture.* en este caso = in this case.* en este contexto = against this background.* en este documento = herein, herewith, hereto.* en este extremo = to this extent.* en este grado = to this extent.* en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.* en este momento = at this point, at this stage, at this juncture, at this time, at this moment in time, right now.* en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.* en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, in this vein, in this spirit, in this regard, in this effort, in that spirit, on this score, to that effect.* en estos casos = in these cases.* en estos días = today, these days.* en estos tiempos = in these times, in this day and age.* en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.* en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.* en estuche = boxed.* en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.* en exceso = overflow, overflowing, excessively, excess, to excess.* en exclusiva = exclusively.* en existencia = in existence.* en expansión = expanded.* en exposición = on exhibit, on show, on display.* en + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal, come + Expresión Temporal.* en extensión = in length.* en extenso = at length, in full.* en extremo = no end, to no end.* en fase terminal = terminally ill.* en favor de = in favour of.* en flor = in full blossom, in blossom.* en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.* en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.* en forma de A = A-shaped.* en forma de arco = arched, bowed.* en forma de capa = cape-like.* en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.* en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.* en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.* en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.* en forma de D = d-shaped.* en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].* en forma de L = L-shaped.* en forma de libro = in book form.* en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.* en forma de parásito = parasitically.* en forma de pera = pear-shaped.* en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.* en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.* en forma de U = U-shaped.* en forma de V = V-shaped.* en forma física = physically fit.* en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.* en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.* en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.* en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.* en formato digital = digitally.* en formato electrónico = in electronic form.* en formato MARC = in MARC form.* en formato papel = paper-based, in hard copy.* en frente = ahead, in front.* en frente de = in front of.* en funcionamiento = in operation.* en función de = according to, as a function of, depending on/upon.* en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, all in all, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.* en germinación = budding.* en gestación = in the making.* en grado mínimo = minimally.* en gran cantidad = prodigiously.* en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in record numbers, in bulk.* en grandes números = in record numbers.* en gran formato = oversize, oversized.* en gran medida = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree.* en gran número = numerously.* en gran parte* * *en1(refiriéndose a una ciudad, un edificio): viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotelviven en la calle Goya they live on o ( BrE) in Goya Street2 (dentro de) inmétete en la cama get into bedlo puso en una caja he put it in a boxmetió la mano en el conducto she stuck her hand into ( o down etc) the pipe3 (sobre) onlo puso en la mesa/pared he put it on the table/wallse sentó en una silla/en un sillón she sat down on a chair/in an armchairtendrás que dormir en el suelo you'll have to sleep on the floorse le nota en la cara you can see it in his faceB1 (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) invivir en armonía con la naturaleza to live in harmony with nature2de … en …: van de casa en casa/de puerta en puerta pidiendo dinero they go from house to house/from door to door asking for moneynos tienes de sorpresa en sorpresa you're full of surprisesC1 ‹un tema/una especialidad/una cualidad›es licenciado en filosofía he has a degree in philosophyes un experto en la materia he's an expert on the subjectes muy bueno en historia he's very good at historysupera a su hermana en inteligencia she surpasses her sister in intelligence2 ‹una proporción/un precio›ha aumentado en un diez por ciento it has gone up by ten per centme lo vendió en $30 he sold it to me for $30las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 the losses were calculated at $50,000D1 ‹un estado/una manera› inen buenas/malas condiciones in good/bad conditionun edificio en llamas a building in flames o on firenos recibió en camisón he received us in his nightshirtcon los músculos en tensión with (his) muscles tenseden posición vertical in an upright position2(con forma de): termina en punta it's pointed, it ends in o comes to a pointcolóquense en círculo get into o in a circle3 (en el papel de) asLuis Girón en el Alcalde Luis Girón as the Mayorpensamos ir en taxi/en coche/en barco we plan to go by taxi/by car/by boat¿fueron en tren? — no, en avión did you go by train? — no, by plane o no, we flewfueron en bicicleta they cycled, they went on their bikesfuimos a dar una vuelta en coche we went for a drive o we went for a ride in the carE1(expresando el material): un modelo realizado en seda natural an outfit in natural silkcapa para la lluvia en plástico plastic raincape¿lo tienen en azul/(un) 38? do you have it in blue/a 38?una obra en tres actos a play in three acts¿cuánto pesas en kilos? how much do you weigh in kilos?en ruso/en el código Morse in Russian/in Morse CodeF(en expresiones de tiempo): en verano in (the) summeren mayo/1947 in May/1947en varias ocasiones on several occasionsllegó justo en ese momento she arrived just at that moment, just then she arriveden la mañana/tarde ( esp AmL); in the morning/afternoonen la noche ( esp AmL); at nightno vi a nadie en todo el día I didn't see anybody all dayGno hay nada de malo en lo que hacen there's nothing wrong in what they're doingen + INF:tardó media hora en resolverlo it took her half an hour to work it outsiempre es el último en salir he's always the last to leave2(con complementos de persona): en él ha encontrado un amigo she's found a friend in himproblemas que se dan en las personas de edad problems which affect old people* * *
Multiple Entries:
en
en.
en preposición
1 ( en expresiones de lugar)a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio):◊ viven en París/en el número diez/en un hotel they live in Paris/at number ten/in a hotel;
en el último piso on the top floor;
está en la calle Goya it's on o (BrE) in Goya Street;
en casa at home
se le nota en la cara you can see it in his face
2 (expresando circunstancias, ambiente) in;
3a) (indicando tema, especialidad):
doctor en derecho Doctor of Lawb) (indicando proporción, precio):
en dólares in dollars
4a) (indicando estado, manera) in;
en llamas in flames, on fireb) ( en forma de):
colóquense en círculo get into o in a circle
fueron en bicicleta they cycled, they went on their bikes;
dimos una vuelta en coche we went for a ride in the car
5a) ( indicando el material):
una escultura en bronce a bronze (sculpture)
◊ en azul/ruso in blue/Russian
6 ( con expresiones de tiempo):
en varias ocasiones on several occasions;
en la mañana/noche (esp AmL) in the morning/at night
7
fuí el último en salir I was the last to leave
en preposición
1 (lugar) in, on, at: nos encontramos en el autobús, we met on the bus
en Barcelona/Río, in Barcelona/Rio
en el cajón, in the drawer
en casa/el trabajo, at home/work
(sobre) en la mesa, on the table
2 (tiempo) in, on, at: cae en lunes, it falls on a Monday
en 1975, in 1975
en ese preciso instante, at that very moment
en un minuto, in a minute
en primavera, in spring
LAm en la mañana, in the morning
3 (modo) en bata, in a dressing gown
en francés, in French
en serio, seriously
4 (medio) by, in: puede venir en avión/ coche/metro/tren, she can come by air/car/tube/train
¿por qué no vienes en avión?, why don't you fly?
5 (movimiento) into: entró en la habitación, he went into the room
entró en escena, he went on stage
6 (tema, materia) at, in
es muy bueno en matemáticas, he's very good at maths
experto en finanzas, expert in finances
7 (partición, fases) in: hicimos el viaje en dos etapas, we did the journey in two stages
8 (de... en...) entraremos de tres en tres, we shall go in three by three
9 (con infinitivo) fue rápido en desenfundar, he was quick to pull out
se le nota la timidez en el hablar, you can notice his shyness by the way he speaks
'en' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abajo
- abarrotada
- abarrotado
- abasto
- abatimiento
- abdicar
- abierta
- abierto
- abogar
- abogada
- abogado
- abominar
- abonada
- abonado
- abordar
- abrir
- abreviar
- absoluta
- absoluto
- absorta
- absorto
- abstracta
- abstracto
- abstraída
- abstraído
- abuela
- abundar
- abundancia
- abundante
- abusar
- acabar
- academia
- acariciar
- acceder
- acentuar
- achantarse
- achatamiento
- achuchar
- acoger
- acomodar
- acompañar
- aconsejar
- acontecer
- acordar
- acordarse
- acostada
- acostado
- acostumbrada
- acostumbrado
English:
A
- aback
- abdicate
- abide
- ablaze
- able
- above
- above-board
- abreast
- abroad
- abscess
- absence
- absent
- absolutely
- absorbed
- abstract
- abundant
- academic
- academy
- accent
- access
- account
- accustom
- acknowledgement
- acquiesce
- acquire
- act
- acting
- action
- active
- actually
- add
- add in
- addition
- adept
- adequate
- administration
- admission
- admit
- advance
- advantage
- adventure
- advertise
- advertising
- affair
- affect
- afford
- afloat
- afraid
- after
* * *EN nm (abrev de Encuentro Nacional)= Paraguayan political party* * *enprp1 ( dentro de) in;en un mes in a month;en junio in June;en casa at home;en el cielo in heaven2 ( sobre) on;en la mesa on the table;en la calle on the street, Br tb in the street:en coche/tren by car/train4:en inglés in English;póngamelo en la cuenta put it on my account;aumentar en un 10 % grow (by) 10%, increase (by) 10%* * *en prep1) : inen el bolsillo: in one's pocketen una semana: in a week2) : onen la mesa: on the table3) : aten casa: at homeen el trabajo: at worken ese momento: at that moment* * *en prep1. (en general) in¿en qué calle vives? which street do you live in?2. (edificios, fiestas específicas) at3. (superficies, días concretos) on4. (medio de transporte) by -
108 tenir
tenir [t(ə)niʀ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 22━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque tenir fait partie d'une locution comme tenir compagnie, tenir chaud, reportez-vous aussi à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <b. ( = maintenir dans un certain état) to keepc. ( = gérer) [+ hôtel, magasin, comptes, maison, ménage] to keepd. ( = détenir) to have• si je le tenais ! just let me get my hands on him!• parfait, je tiens mon article great, now I have my article• qu'est-ce qu'il tient ! (inf) ( = il est ivre) he's plastered (inf!) ; ( = il est idiot) he's such an idiot!e. ( = contrôler) [+ enfant, classe] to have under controlf. ( = organiser) [+ séance, réunion, conférence] to hold• il tenait sa droite [conducteur] he was keeping to the righth. ( = contenir) [récipient] to hold• avec tout ce travail, est-ce qu'il pourra tenir le coup ? with all that work will he be able to cope?j. ( = respecter) [+ promesse, pari, planning] to keep tok. (locutions)► tenir qn/qch pour ( = considérer comme) to regard sb/sth as• elle le tient pour responsable de l'accident she holds him responsible for the accident► tenir qch de qn to get sth from sb• tiens, voilà mon frère ! oh, there's my brother!• tiens, tiens ! well, well!2. <a. ( = rester en place) [objet fixe, nœud, clou] to hold ; [objets empilés, échafaudage] to stay up• la branche est cassée mais elle tient encore the branch is broken but it's still attached to the treeb. ( = durer) [accord, beau temps, coiffure] to hold ; [couleur] to be fast ; [mariage, fleurs] to last• ça tient toujours, notre pique-nique ? (inf) is our picnic still on?c. ( = résister) to hold out• il fait trop chaud, on ne tient plus ici it's too hot - we can't stand it here any longer• à cette table, on peut tenir à huit this table can seat eight3. <• tenir à ( = être attaché à) [+ réputation, opinion de qn] to care about ; [+ objet, personne] to be fond of ; ( = avoir pour cause) to be due to• tu veux aller au cinéma ? -- je n'y tiens pas do you want to go to the cinema? -- not particularly• il tient à ce que nous sachions... he is anxious that we should know...• tu viens avec nous ? -- si tu y tiens are you coming with us? -- if you really want me to• à quoi ça tient ? why is that?• tenir de ( = ressembler à) [+ parent] to take after4. <( = dépendre de) to depend► qu'à cela ne tienne ! no problem!5. <b. ( = être dans une position) se tenir debout to be standing up• redresse-toi, tu te tiens mal stand up straight, you're slouchingc. ( = se conduire) to behave• il n'a qu'à bien se tenir ! he'd better behave himself!d. ( = avoir lieu) [conférence, réunion] to be held ; [festival] to take placee. ( = être cohérent) [raisonnement] to hold togetherf. (locutions)► tiens-toi bien ! wait till you hear the next bit!• tu sais combien elle a gagné ? tiens-toi bien: 3 millions ! do you know how much she won? you won't believe it! - 3 million!► s'en tenir à ( = se limiter à) to confine o.s. to ; ( = se satisfaire de) to content o.s. with• je sais à quoi m'en tenir sur son compte I know the sort of man he is► se tenir pour ( = se considérer comme)• tenez-vous-le pour dit ! (avertissement) you've been warned!* * *təniʀ
1.
1) ( serrer) to holdtiens! — ( voici) here you are!; ( écoute-moi) look!
tiens! c'est pour toi — ( voici un cadeau) here, it's for you; ( voici une gifle) take that!
2) ( avoir sous son contrôle) to keep [somebody] under control3) Armée to hold4) ( avoir attrapé) to holdje te tiens! — I've caught ou got you!
pendant que je te tiens — fig whilst I've got you
tenir une grippe — (colloq) to have flu GB ou the flu US
5) ( posséder) to have [renseignements]6) ( avoir la charge de) to hold [emploi]; to run [boutique, maison, journal]; to be in charge of [standard, bureau d'accueil]7) ( garder) to keep‘tenir hors de portée des enfants’ — ‘keep out of reach of children’
tenir une note — Musique to hold a note
8) ( conserver une position)9) ( maintenir en place) to hold down [chargement]; to hold up [pantalon, chaussettes]10) ( ne pas s'écarter de) to keep to [trajectoire]11) ( résister)tenir la mer — [navire] to be seaworthy
tenir le coup — (physiquement, moralement) to hold out
tenir le choc — [matériel] to withstand the impact; [personne] to stand the strain
12) ( contenir) to hold [quantité, litres]13) ( occuper) [objet] to take up [espace, volume]; [personne] to hold [rôle, position]14) ( considérer)tenir quelqu'un/quelque chose pour responsable — to hold somebody/something responsible
2.
tenir à verbe transitif indirecttenir à — to be fond of, to like
tenir à sa réputation/à la vie — to value one's reputation/one's life
2) ( vouloir)3) ( être dû à)
3.
tenir de verbe transitif indirect1) ( ressembler à)il a de qui tenir — (colloq) you can (just) see who he takes after ou where he gets it from
2) ( s'apparenter à)
4.
verbe intransitif1) ( rester en place) [attache, corde, étagère, barrage, soufflé] to hold; [timbre, colle, sparadrap] to stick (à to); [assemblage, bandage] to stay in place; [coiffure] to stay tidy; [mise en plis] to stay in2) ( résister)tenir (bon) — ( surmonter les conditions) to hold out; ( refuser de capituler) gén to hang on; Armée to hold out; ( ne pas relâcher sa prise) [personne] to hang on
tenir sans cigarettes jusqu'à la fin de la réunion — to last without cigarettes till the end of the meeting
il n'y a pas de télévision qui tienne — (colloq) there's no question of watching television
3) ( durer)la couleur n'a pas tenu — the colour [BrE] has faded
4) ( rester valable) [théorie, argument] to hold good; [alibi] to stand up5) ( être contenu) [personnes, objets] to fit ( dans into)tenir en hauteur/largeur/longueur — to be short enough/narrow enough/short enough ( dans for)
5.
se tenir verbe pronominal1) ( soi-même) to hold2) ( l'un l'autre)3) ( s'accrocher) to hold ontiens-toi or tenez-vous bien — (colloq) fig prepare yourself for a shock
4) ( demeurer)se tenir accroupi/allongé — to be squatting/stretched out
se tenir tranquille — ( immobile) to keep still; ( silencieux) to keep quiet; ( dans la légalité) to behave oneself
se tenir immobile — ( debout) to stand still
5) ( se comporter) to behave6) ( avoir une posture)se tenir bien/mal — to have (a) good posture/(a) bad posture
tiens-toi droit! — ( debout) stand up straight!; ( assis) sit straight!
7) ( avoir lieu) [manifestation, exposition] to be held8) ( être liés) [événements] to fit together9) ( être cohérent) [raisonnement, œuvre] to hold together10) ( se considérer)tenez-vous le pour dit! — (colloq) I don't want to have to tell you again!
11) ( être fidèle)12) ( se limiter)
6.
verbe impersonnel
7.
tiens exclamation oh!tiens (donc), vous voilà! — oh, there you are!
tiens, vous croyez? — do you think so?
tiens donc! — iron fancy that!
tiens tiens (tiens)! — well, well!
* * *t(ə)niʀ1. vt1) (avec sa main) to holdTu peux tenir la lampe, s'il te plaît? — Can you hold the torch, please?
Il tenait un enfant par la main. — He was holding a child by the hand.
2) (= gérer) [magasin, hôtel] to run3) [promesse, engagement] to keep4) (= considérer)5) (= occuper)6) (= résister à)7) (= garder, maintenir)Tenez votre chien en laisse. — Keep your dog on the lead.
8) (= avoir reçu)tenir qch de qn [histoire] — to have heard sth from sb, [qualité, défaut] to have inherited sth from sb, to have got sth from sb
2. vi1) (= ne pas se défaire) [noeud, joint] to hold2) (= ne pas disparaître) [neige, gel] to last3) (= résister) (= survivre) to survivetiens, voilà le stylo! — there's the pen!
5) (exclamatif)Tiens, c'est Alain là-bas! — Look, that's Alain over there!
6)tenir à [ami, objet] — to be attached to, to care for
Il tient beaucoup à elle. — He's very attached to her., (= avoir pour cause) to be due to, to stem from, (= dépendre de)
tenir à faire — to really want to do, to be determined to do
Elle tient à y aller. — She's determined to go.
7)tenir de (= relever de) — to partake of, (= ressembler à) to take after
Il tient de son père. — He takes after his father.
* * *tenir verb table: venirA vtr1 ( serrer) to hold [objet, personne, animal]; tiens-moi ça hold this (for me); tiens-moi hold me; tiens-moi la main hold my hand; tenir qn par la main/le bras to hold sb's hand/arm; tenir un enfant contre sa poitrine to hold a child to one's breast; tenir qch à la main/dans ses mains to hold sth in one's hand/in one's hands; tenir un couteau par le manche to hold a knife by the handle; tenir la rampe to hold onto the banister; tenir son chien to hold one's dog; tenir fermement qch to hold sth firmly ou tightly; tenir qch serré sous le bras to hold sth firmly ou tightly under one's arm; tiens!, tenez! ( voici) here you are!; ( écoutez-moi) look!; tiens! c'est pour toi ( voici un cadeau) here, it's for you; ( voici une gifle) take that!; si je le tenais! if I could get or lay my hands on him!; bien tenir to hold on to [portefeuille, chien]; faire tenir une lettre/un message à qn† to dispatch a letter/a message to sb; ⇒ deux;2 ( avoir sous son contrôle) to keep [sb] under control [élèves, enfants]; tenir sa classe to control one's class well; tenir son cheval Équit to keep one's horse well in hand; il nous tient he's got a hold on us;3 Mil (occuper, contrôler) to hold [colline, pont, ville]; tenir la première place Sport to be in first place;4 ( avoir attrapé) to hold [animal, coupable, meurtrier]; je te tiens! I've caught ou got you!; pendant que je te tiens fig whilst I've got you; tenir une grippe○ to have flu GB ou the flu US;5 ( posséder) to have [preuves, renseignements]; il tient le sujet de son prochain roman he's got the subject of his next novel; tenir qch de qn to get sth from sb [trait physique, caractère, information]; il tient ses yeux bleus de son père he gets his blue eyes from his father; il tient ses informations d'un ami he got his information from a friend; je tiens cette nouvelle de Paul I got this news from Paul; d'où or de qui tenez-vous ce renseignement? where did you get that information?; d'où tenez-vous cette certitude? what makes you so certain?; elle tient ses bijoux de sa mère she inherited her jewels from her mother;6 ( avoir la charge de) to hold [emploi, poste, assemblée]; to run [café, boutique, maison, journal, municipalité]; to be in charge of, to be on duty on [standard, bureau d'accueil]; bien tenir sa maison to keep one's house spick and span; tenir la comptabilité to keep the books;7 ( garder) to keep; tenir qn occupé to keep sb busy; tenir sa chambre propre to keep one's room tidy; tenir les aliments au frais to keep food in a cool place; ‘tenir hors de portée des enfants’ ‘keep out of reach of children’; tenir un accord secret to keep an agreement secret; tenir la porte fermée to keep the door closed; tenir une note Mus to hold a note; tenir un article† to carry an item; tenir les cours† Fin to maintain prices;8 ( conserver une position) tenir sa tête droite/immobile to hold one's head upright/still; tenir les bras écartés to hold one's arms apart; tenir les mains/les bras en l'air to hold up one's hands/one's arms; tenir les yeux ouverts/baissés to keep one's eyes open/lowered; tenir les poings serrés to keep one's fists clenched;9 ( maintenir en place) to hold down [chargement]; to hold up [pantalon, chaussettes]; tenir la porte fermée avec son pied to hold the door shut with one's foot;10 ( ne pas s'écarter de) to keep to [trajectoire]; to keep [rythme] ; tenir sa droite/sa gauche to keep to the right/to the left; tenir le large to stay in open waters;11 ( résister) ne pas tenir la comparaison not to bear comparison; tenir l'eau to be waterproof; tenir la mer [navire] to be seaworthy; tenir le coup (physiquement, moralement) to hold out; tenir le choc lit [matériel, appareil, verre] to withstand the impact; [personne] to stand the strain;12 ( contenir) to hold [quantité]; tenir vingt litres to hold twenty litresGB; ma voiture ne tient que deux personnes there's room for only two people in my car;13 ( occuper) [objet] to take up [espace, place, volume]; [personne] to hold [rôle, position]; tenir peu de place not to take up much room; tenir la place de deux personnes to take up as much room as two people; le monument tient le centre de la place the monument stands in the centreGB of the square;14 ( considérer) tenir qch pour sacré to hold sth sacred; tenir qn pour responsable to hold sb responsible; je le tiens pour un lâche I consider him (to be) a coward; je tiens mes renseignements pour exacts I consider my information to be correct; tenir qn pour mort to give sb up for dead; tenir pour certain que to regard it as certain that.B tenir à vtr ind1 ( avoir de l'attachement pour) tenir à to be fond of, to like [personne, objet]; tenir à sa réputation/à la vie to value one's reputation/one's life; il tient à son argent he can't bear to be parted from his money; tenir à son indépendance to like one's independence; tenir au corps [aliment] to be nourishing;2 ( vouloir) j'y tiens I insist; si vous y tenez if you insist; tenir à faire to want to do; elle tient à vous parler she insists on speaking to you; je ne tiens pas à faire I'd rather not do; tenir à ce que qn fasse to insist that sb should do; je ne tiens pas à ce qu'elle fasse I'd rather she didn't do; je tiens beaucoup à la revoir I'd really like to see her again; il tient à rentrer avant la nuit he's anxious to get home before dark; nous tenons absolument à vous avoir à dîner bientôt you really must come to dinner soon; ne reste pas si tu n'y tiens pas don't stay if you don't want to;3 ( être dû à) tenir à to be due to; la mauvaise récolte tient au manque d'eau the poor harvest is due to a lack of water; tes erreurs tiennent à ton inexpérience your mistakes are due to your lack of experience.C tenir de vtr ind1 ( ressembler à) tenir de to take after; tenir de sa mère/son père to take after one's mother/one's father; il a de qui tenir○ you can (just) see who he takes after ou where he gets it from; de qui peut-elle tenir pour être si méchante? where does she get her nastiness from?;D vi1 ( rester en place) [clou, attache, corde, étagère, barrage, soufflé] to hold; [timbre, colle, sparadrap] to stick; [assemblage, bandage] to stay in place; [coiffure] to stay tidy; [mise en plis] to stay in; tenir au mur avec de la colle/des épingles ( adhérer) to stick to the wall with glue/pins; tenir sur une jambe/un pied to stand on one leg/one foot; ces chaussures ne me tiennent pas aux pieds these shoes won't stay on my feet;2 ( résister) tenir (bon) ( surmonter les conditions) [personne, matériel] to hold out; ( refuser de capituler) gén to hang on, to hold out; Mil to hold out; ( ne pas relâcher sa prise) [personne] to hang on; tenir sans cigarettes jusqu'à la fin de la réunion to last ou go without cigarettes till the end of the meeting; tenir jusqu'à la fin de la réunion to hold out until the end of the meeting; tenir économiquement to hold ou last out in economic terms; j'espère que ma voiture va tenir (bon) I hope my car will last out; on a voulu me renvoyer mais j'ai tenu (bon) they wanted to fire me but I hung on; je ne peux plus (y) tenir I can't stand it any longer; il n'y a pas de télévision qui tienne○ there's no question of watching television;3 ( durer) le plan tient-il toujours? is the plan still on?; leur mariage tient encore their marriage is still holding together; le soleil n'a pas tenu longtemps the sun didn't last long; la neige tient/ne tient pas the snow is settling/is not settling; les fleurs n'ont pas tenu the flowers didn't last long; la couleur n'a pas tenu the colourGB has faded; tenir au lavage [couleur] not to run in the wash GB ou laundry US;4 ( rester valable) [théorie, argument] to hold good; ton alibi ne tient plus your alibi no longer stands up; ‘ça tient toujours pour demain?’ ‘is it still all right for tomorrow?’;5 ( être contenu) [personnes, véhicule, meubles, objets] to fit (dans into); mes vêtements tiendront dans une valise my clothes will fit into one suitcase; tenir à six dans une voiture to fit six into a car; faire tenir six personnes dans une voiture to fit six people into a car; mon article tient en trois pages my article takes up only three pages; tenir en hauteur/largeur/longueur to be short enough/narrow enough/short enough (dans for); tenir en hauteur dans une pièce to fit into a room (heightwise); ne pas tenir en hauteur/largeur/longeur to be too tall/wide/long (dans for); ne pas tenir en largeur dans un espace to be too wide for a space.E se tenir vpr1 ( soi-même) [personne] to hold [tête, ventre, bras]; se tenir la tête de douleur to hold one's head in pain; se tenir la tête à deux mains to hold one's head in one's hands;2 ( l'un l'autre) se tenir par le bras [personnes] to be arm in arm; ils se tenaient par la taille they had their arms around each other's waists; se tenir par la main [personnes] to hold hands;3 ( s'accrocher) to hold on; se tenir par les pieds to hold on with one's feet; se tenir à une branche/à la rampe to hold onto a branch/onto the banisters; se tenir d'une main à qch to hold onto sth with one hand; tiens-toi or tenez-vous bien○ fig prepare yourself for a shock;4 ( demeurer) se tenir accroupi/allongé/penché/courbé/à genoux to be squatting/stretched out/leaning/bent over/kneeling; se tenir au milieu/à la porte ( debout) to be standing in the middle/at the door; se tenir caché/sans bouger/au chaud to stay hidden/still/in the warm; se tenir prêt to be ready; se tenir tranquille ( immobile) to keep still; ( silencieux) to keep quiet; ( dans la légalité) to behave oneself; se tenir immobile ( debout) to stand still;5 ( se comporter) to behave; se tenir bien/mal to behave well/badly; savoir se tenir to know how to behave; tiens-toi bien! behave yourself!;6 ( avoir une posture) se tenir droit or bien/mal to have (a) good posture/(a) bad posture; tiens-toi droit! ( debout) stand up straight!; ( assis) sit straight!;7 ( avoir lieu) [manifestation, exposition] to be held; la réunion se tiendra au Caire the meeting will be held in Cairo;8 ( être liés) [événements] to fit together;9 ( être cohérent) [exposé, raisonnement, œuvre] to hold together; il n'y a rien à dire, tout se tient there's nothing to be said, it all holds together; ça se tient it makes sense;10 ( se considérer) se tenir pour to consider oneself to be; je me tiens pour satisfait des résultats I consider myself to be satisfied with the results; tenez-vous le pour dit○! I don't want to have to tell you again!;11 ( être fidèle) s'en tenir à to stand by; je m'en tiendrai à ma promesse/notre accord/leur décision I will stand by my promise/our agreement/their decision;12 ( se limiter) s'en tenir à to keep to; s'en tenir au minimum/au sujet to keep to a minimum/to the point; s'en tenir aux ordres to stick to orders; s'en tenir là to leave it there; ne pas savoir à quoi s'en tenir avec qn/qch not to know what to make of sb/sth.F v impers il ne tient qu'à toi de partir it's up to you to decide whether to leave; qu'à cela ne tienne! never mind!G tiens excl oh!; tiens (donc), vous voilà! oh, there you are!; tiens, je parie que c'est ta mère! oh! I bet it's your mother; tiens, vous croyez? do you think so?; tiens, tu es invité aussi? oh! so you've been invited as well?; tiens, tu n'étais pas au courant? didn't you know?; tiens donc! iron fancy that!; tiens tiens (tiens)! well, well!en tenir pour qn to have a crush on sb.[tənir] verbe transitifA.[AVOIR DANS LES MAINS]1. [retenir] to hold (on to)je tenais mal la bouteille et elle m'a échappé I wasn't holding the bottle tightly enough and it slipped2. [manier] to holdtu tiens mal ta raquette/ton arc you're not holding your racket/your bow properlyB.[CONSERVER]tiens-lui la porte, il est chargé hold the door open for him, he's got his hands full2. [garder - note] to hold‘tenez votre droite’a. [sur la route] ‘keep (to the) right’b. [sur un Escalator] ‘keep to the right’4. (Belgique) [collectionner] to collectC.[POSSÉDER]1. [avoir reçu]tenir quelque chose de quelqu'un [par hérédité] to get something from somebody[avoir à sa merci] to have gotah, ah, petit coquin, je te tiens! got you, you little devil!si je tenais celui qui a défoncé ma portière! just let me get ou lay my hands on whoever smashed in my car door!elle m'a tenu une heure avec ses histoires de divorce I had to listen to her going on about her divorce for a whole hourpendant que je vous tiens (au téléphone), pourrais-je vous demander un service? since I'm speaking to you (on the phone), may I ask you a favour?3. [détenir - indice, information, preuve] to have ; [ - contrat] to have, to have won ; [ - réponse, solution] to have (found) ou gottenir quelque chose de [l'apprendre] to have (got) something fromil a eu des troubles psychologiques — de qui tenez-vous cela? he's had psychological problems — who told you that?nous tenons de source sûre/soviétique que... we have it on good authority/we hear from Soviet sources that...tenir quelque chose de [le tirer de]: je tiens mon autorité de l'État I derive my power from the stateelle en tient une couche! (familier) she's as thick as two short planks (UK), what a dumb bell! (US)il en tient une bonne ce soir (familier) he's had a skinful (UK) ou he's three sheets to the wind tonightb. [il est ivre] he's really plastered!4. [transmettre]nous vous ferons tenir une copie des documents (soutenu) we will make sure you receive a copy of the documentsD.[CONTRÔLER, AVOIR LA RESPONSABILITÉ DE]1. [avoir prise sur, dominer] to holdquand la colère le tient, il peut être dangereux he can be dangerous when he's angryla jalousie le tenait jealousy had him in its grip, he was gripped by jealousy[avoir de l'autorité sur - classe, élève] to (keep under) controltenir la caisse to be at the cash desk, to be the cashierelle tient la rubrique artistique à "Madame" she has a regular Arts column in "Madame"le soir, il tenait le bar at night he used to serve behind the barle tribunal tiendra audience dans le nouveau bâtiment the court hearings will be held in the new buildingtenir des propos désobligeants/élogieux to make offensive/appreciative remarks5. [astreint à]je me sens tenu de la prévenir I feel morally obliged ou duty-bound to warn her7. ÉQUITATION [cheval] to keep in handE.[EXPRIME UNE MESURE]tenir une place importante to have ou to hold an important place2. [contenir] to holdF.[ÊTRE CONSTANT DANS]1. [résister à] (to be able) to takea. (familier) [assemblage, vêtements] to hold outb. [digue] to hold (out)c. [personne] (to be able) to take itle soir, je ne tiens pas le coup I can't take late nightstenir une promesse to keep ou to fulfil a promise[s'engager dans - pari]je tiens la gageure ou le pari! I'll take up the challenge!tenir quelqu'un/quelque chose pour to consider somebody/something to be, to look upon somebody/something as————————[tənir] verbe intransitif1. [rester en position - attache] to hold ; [ - chignon] to stay up, to hold ; [ - bouton, trombone] to stay on ; [ - empilement, tas] to stay upmets du gel, tes cheveux tiendront mieux use gel, your hair'll hold its shape betterle porridge vous tient au corps ou à l'estomac porridge keeps you goingfaire tenir quelque chose avec de la colle/des clous to glue/to nail something into positiona. [être fixé à] to be fixed on ou tob. [être contigu à] to be next to[personne]il ne tient pas encore bien sur sa bicyclette/ses skis/ses jambes he's not very steady on his bike/his skis/his legs yetcet enfant ne tient pas sur sa chaise this child can't sit still ou is always fidgeting in his chair2. [résister - union] to last, to hold out ; [ - chaise, vêtements] to hold ou to last out ; [ - digue] to hold out ; [ - personne] to hold ou to last outje ne tiens plus au soleil, je rentre I can't stand the sun any more, I'm going intes arguments ne tiendront pas longtemps face à la réalité your arguments won't hold for very long when faced with realitytenir bon ou fermea. [s'agripper] to hold firm ou tightb. [ne pas céder] to hold outtenez bon, les secours arrivent hold ou hang on, help's on its wayil me refusait une augmentation, mais j'ai tenu bon he wouldn't give me a rise but I held out ou stood my groundne pas y tenir, ne (pas) pouvoir y tenir: n'y tenant plus, je l'appelai au téléphone unable to stand it any longer, I phoned himça sent si bon le chocolat, je ne vais pas pouvoir y tenir there's such a gorgeous smell of chocolate, I just won't be able to resist it3. [durer, ne pas s'altérer - fleurs] to keep, to last ; [ - tissu] to last (well) ; [ - beau temps] to last, to hold out ; [ - bronzage] to last ; [ - neige] to settle, to stayil n'y a pas de "mais ma tante" qui tienne, tu vas te coucher! there's no "but Auntie" about it, off to bed with you!5. [pouvoir être logé] to fittenir en hauteur/largeur (dans) to fit vertically/widthwise (in)6. (locution)a. (familier) [aimer] to be hooked on somethingb. [ne considérer que] to stick to somethingtiens, tenez [en donnant quelque chose] heretiens, tenez [pour attirer l'attention, pour insister]: tiens, le tonnerre gronde listen, it's thunderingtiens, rends-toi utile here, make yourself usefultenez, je ne vous ferai même pas payer l'électricité look, I won't even charge you for the electricitys'il est intéressé par le salaire? tiens, bien sûr que oui! is he interested in the salary? you bet he is!tiens, tenez [exprime la surprise, l'incrédulité]: tiens, Bruno! que fais-tu ici? (hello) Bruno, what are you doing here?tiens, je n'aurais jamais cru ça de lui well, well, I'd never have expected it of himun tiens vaut mieux que deux tu l'auras (proverbe) a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush (proverbe)————————tenir à verbe plus préposition1. [être attaché à - personne] to care for, to be very fond of ; [ - objet] to be attached to ; [ - réputation] to care about ; [ - indépendance, liberté] to valuesi tu tiens à la vie... if you value your life...2. [vouloir]tenir à faire quelque chose to be eager to do ou to be keen on doing somethingje tiens à être présent à la signature du contrat I insist on being there when the contract is signedtu veux lui parler? — je n'y tiens pas vraiment would you like to talk to him? — not really ou not particularlytenir à ce que: je tiens à ce qu'ils aient une bonne éducation I'm most concerned that they should have a good educationvenez dîner, j'y tiens absolument! come and have dinner, I insist!le bonheur tient parfois à peu de chose sometimes it's the little things that give people the most happiness4. (tournure impersonnelle) [être du ressort de]s'il ne tenait qu'à moi if it was up to me ou my decision————————tenir de verbe plus préposition1. [ressembler à] to take afterce chien tient à la fois de l'épagneul et du setter this dog is a sort of cross between a spaniel and a setterelle est vraiment têtue/douée — elle a de qui tenir! she's so stubborn/gifted — it runs in the family!2. [relever de]————————se tenir verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)se tenir par le cou/la taille to have one's arms round each other's shoulders/waists————————se tenir verbe pronominal (emploi passif)————————se tenir verbe pronominal transitifse tenir la tête à deux mains to hold ou to clutch one's head in one's hands————————se tenir verbe pronominal intransitif1. [se retenir] to hold on (tight)b. [fortement] to cling to, to clutch, to grip2. [se trouver - en position debout] to stand, to be standing ; [ - en position assise] to sit, to be sitting ou seateda. [debout] to stand up straightb. [assis] to sit up straightse tenir aux aguets to be on the lookout, to watch out3. [se conduire] to behave4. [être cohérent]a. [argumentation, intrigue] to hold together, to stand upb. [raisonnement] to hold water, to hold together5. (locution)d'abord ingénieur puis directrice d'usine, elle ne s'en est pas tenue là she started out as an engineer, then became a factory manager, but she didn't stop therene pas se tenir de [joie, impatience] to be beside oneself withtiens-toi bien, tenez-vous bien: ils ont détourné, tiens-toi bien, deux millions d'euros! they embezzled, wait for it, 2 million euros!elle a battu le record, tenez-vous bien, de plus de deux secondes! she broke the previous record and by over two seconds, would you believe!————————se tenir pour verbe pronominal plus préposition1. [se considérer comme]je ne me tiens pas encore pour battu I don't reckon I'm ou I don't consider myself defeated yetje ne me tiens pas pour un génie I don't regard myself as ou think of myself as ou consider myself a genius2. (locution)je ne supporterai pas tes insolences, tiens-le-toi pour dit! I'll say this only once, I won't put up with your rudeness! -
109 Halten
n; -s, kein Pl.: zum Halten bringen stop, bring to a halt ( oder stop); Halten verboten! no stopping; da gab es kein Halten mehr there was no holding them etc. (back)* * *das Halten(Besitzen) keeping;(Festhalten) holding* * *hạl|ten ['haltn] pret hielt [hiːlt] ptp geha\#lten [gə'haltn]1. TRANSITIVES VERB1) = festhalten to holdjdm etw halten — to hold sth for sb
jdm den Mantel halten — to hold sb's coat (for him/her)
den Kopf/Bauch halten — to hold one's head/stomach
2)= in eine bestimmte Position bringen
etw gegen das Licht halten — to hold sth up to the light3)= tragen
die drei Pfeiler halten die Brücke — the three piers support the bridgemeinst du, der kleine Nagel hält das schwere Ölbild? — do you think this small nail will take the weight of the heavy oil painting?
nur zwei morsche Bretter hielten den Balkon noch — there were only two rotten boards holding the balcony up
zwei Schlaufen halten den Vorhang an der Seite — two loops hold back the curtain
4) = zurückhalten, aufhalten to hold; (SPORT) to savedie Wärme/Feuchtigkeit halten — to retain heat/moisture
das ist ein toller Torwart, der hält jeden Ball! — he's a great goalkeeper, he makes great saves!
ich konnte ihn/es gerade noch halten — I just managed to grab hold of him/it
haltet den Dieb! — stop thief!
sie ist nicht zu halten (fig) — there's no holding her back
den Schnabel or Mund halten (inf) — to keep one's mouth shut (inf)
eine Perserkatze/einen Hausfreund halten — to have a Persian cat/a live-in lover
wir können uns kein Auto halten —
(
sich dat) eine Zeitung/Zeitschrift halten — to get a paper/magazine7) = einhalten, erfüllen to keepman muss halten, was man verspricht — a promise is a promise
der Film hält nicht, was er/der Titel verspricht — the film doesn't live up to expectations/its title
8) = beibehalten, aufrechterhalten Niveau to keep up, to maintain; Tempo, Disziplin, Temperatur to maintain; Kurs to keep to, to holddie These lässt sich nicht länger halten or ist nicht länger zu halten — this hypothesis is no longer tenable
(mit jdm) Verbindung halten — to keep in touch( with sb)
viel Sport hält jung/schlank — doing a lot of sport keeps you young/slim
wenn es neblig ist, sollten Sie den Abstand immer so groß wie möglich halten — if it's foggy you should always stay as far as possible from the car in front
9) = behandeln to treatdie Gefangenen werden in diesen Gefängnissen wie Tiere gehalten — the prisoners are treated like animals in these prisons
10)= handhaben, verfahren mit
das kannst du (so) halten, wie du willst — that's entirely up to youwie halten Sie es mit Ihrer Steuererklärung? — how do you deal with your tax return?
er hält es nicht so sehr mit der Sauberkeit — he's not over-concerned about cleanliness
es mehr or lieber mit jdm/etw halten — to prefer sb/sth
11)= gestalten
ein in Brauntönen gehaltener Raum — a room done in different shades of browndas Kleid ist in dunklen Tönen gehalten — it is a dark-coloured (Brit) or dark-colored (US) dress
das Mobiliar ist in einem hellen Holz gehalten — the furniture is made of a light wood
12) = veranstalten, abhalten Fest, Pressekonferenz to give; Rede to make; Gottesdienst, Zwiesprache to hold; Wache to keepSelbstgespräche halten — to talk to oneself
Mittagsschlaf halten — to have an afternoon nap
13) = einschätzen, denkendiams; jdn/etw für etw halten to think sb/sth sthetw für angebracht/schön halten — to think or consider sth appropriate/beautiful
jdn für ehrlich halten — to think or consider sb honest
ich habe ihn ( irrtümlich) für seinen Bruder gehalten — I (mis)took him for his brother
ich halte es für Unsinn, alles noch einmal abzuschreiben — I think it's silly to copy everything out againdiams; etw von jdm/etw halten to think sth of sb/sth
nicht viel von jdm/etw halten — not to think much of sb/sth
nicht viel vom Beten/Sparen halten — not to be a great one for praying/saving (inf)
ich halte nichts davon, das zu tun — I'm not in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of (doing) thatdiams; etwas/viel auf etw (acc) halten to consider sth important/very important
der Chef hält viel auf Pünktlichkeit — the boss attaches a lot of importance to punctuality
14)See:→ gehalten2. INTRANSITIVES VERBkann der denn ( gut) halten? — is he a good goalkeeper?
2) = bestehen bleiben, haltbar sein to last; (Konserven) to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Frisur, COMM Preise) to hold; (Stoff) to be hard-wearingder Waffenstillstand hält nun schon drei Wochen — the truce has now held for three weeks
Rosen halten länger, wenn man ein Aspirin ins Wasser tut — roses last longer if you put an aspirin in the water
dieser Stoff hält lange — this material is hard-wearing
3) = stehen bleiben, anhalten to stophalten lassen (Mil) — to call a halt
halt mal, stop! (hum) — hang on (inf) or hold on a minute!
4) andere Redewendungendiams; auf etw (acc) halten (= zielen) to aim at sth; (= steuern) to head for sth; (= Wert legen auf) to attach importance to sthich musste an mich halten, um nicht in schallendes Gelächter auszubrechen — I had to control myself so as not to burst into fits of laughter
3. REFLEXIVES VERB1) diams; sich halten= sich festhalten to hold on (an +dat to)er konnte sich gerade noch an dem Griff halten, als der Zug mit einem scharfen Ruck anfuhr — he just managed to grab hold of the strap when the train suddenly jolted forward
sie konnte sich auf dem glatten Abhang nicht halten — she couldn't keep her footing on the slippery slope
er konnte sich auf dem wilden Mustang nur drei Sekunden halten — he could only stay on the wild mustang three seconds
2) = eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben to carry or hold oneselfsich an die Tatsachen/den Text halten — to keep or stick to the facts/text
3) = sich nicht verändern Lebensmittel, Blumen to keep; (Wetter) to last, to hold; (Geruch, Rauch) to linger; (Preise) to hold; (Brauch, Sitte) to continue4) = seine Position behaupten to hold on; (in Kampf) to hold outer hat sich im erbarmungslosen Wettbewerb prächtig gehalten — he held on amazingly in the cut-throat competition
das Geschäft kann sich in dieser Straße nicht halten — the shop can't continue to stay open in this streetdiams; sich gut halten (in Prüfung, Spiel etc) to do well
sie hat sich in der schweren Prüfung unerwartet gut gehalten — she did unexpectedly well in the difficult exam
5) = sich beherrschen to control oneself6)andere Wendungendiams; sich halten an (+acc)
ich halte mich lieber an den Wein — I'd rather keep or stick to wineer hält sich für einen Spezialisten/für besonders klug — he thinks he's a specialist/very clever
* * *1) (to (cause to) stop walking, marching, running etc: The driver halted the train; The train halted at the signals.) halt2) (to give: He delivered a long speech.) deliver3) ((of a car etc) to stop: We drew up outside their house.) draw up4) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) hold5) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) hold6) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) hold7) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) hold8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) hold9) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) keep10) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) keep11) (to stand up to use: This material doesn't wear very well.) wear12) (having the body in a state of tension and readiness to act: The animal was poised ready to leap.) poised13) (to suppose or think (that something is the case): Do you take me for an idiot?) take* * *hal·ten[ˈhaltn̩]1.<hielt, gehalten>▪ [jdm] jdn/etw \halten to hold sb/sth [for sb]du musst das Seil ganz fest \halten you must keep a tight grip on the ropehältst du bitte kurz meine Tasche? would you please hold my bag for a moment?jdn/etw im Arm \halten to hold sb/sth in one's armsjdm den Mantel \halten to hold sb's coat [for him/her]2.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn \halten to stop sbhaltet den Dieb! stop the thief!es hält dich niemand nobody's stopping youwenn sie etwas von Sahnetorte hört, ist sie nicht mehr zu \halten if she hears cream gateau mentioned there's no holding her!3.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn \halten to keep sbwarum bleibst du noch bei dieser Firma, was hält dich noch da? why do you stay with the firm, what's keeping you there?mich hält hier nichts [mehr] there's nothing to keep me here [any more]4.<hielt, gehalten>(in eine bestimmte Position bringen)▪ etw irgendwohin/irgendwie \halten to put sth somewhere/in a certain positioner hielt die Hand in die Höhe he put his hand updie Hand vor den Mund \halten to put one's hand in front of one's mouthetw gegen das Licht \halten to hold sth up to the lightdie Hand ins Wasser \halten to put one's hand into the water5.<hielt, gehalten>▪ etw \halten to hold sthnur wenige Pfeiler \halten die alte Brücke just a few pillars support the old bridgeihre Haare wurden von einer Schleife nach hinten ge\halten her hair was held back by a ribbondas Regal wird von zwei Haken ge\halten the shelf is held up by two hooks6.<hielt, gehalten>▪ etw \halten to hold sthich konnte die Tränen nicht \halten I couldn't hold back my tearsdas Ventil konnte den Überdruck nicht mehr \halten the valve could no longer contain the excess pressureer konnte das Wasser nicht mehr \halten he couldn't hold his waterWärme/Feuchtigkeit \halten to retain heat/moisture7.<hielt, gehalten>einen Ball \halten to stop a ballder Tormann konnte den Ball nicht \halten the goalkeeper couldn't stop the balleinen Elfmeter \halten to save a penalty8.<hielt, gehalten>sie hält sich einen Chauffeur she employs a chauffeur; (fig)er hält sich eine Geliebte he has a mistress9.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich ein Privatflugzeug, eine Segeljacht und ein Rennpferd he keeps a private aircraft, a yacht and a racehorseein Auto \halten to run a carwir können uns kein Auto \halten we can't afford a carHühner/einen Hund \halten to keep chickens/a dog10.<hielt, gehalten>eine Zeitung \halten to take a paper form11.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn irgendwie \halten to treat sb in a certain wayer hält seine Kinder sehr streng he is very strict with his children12.<hielt, gehalten>(beibehalten, aufrechterhalten)▪ etw \halten to keep sthdie Balance [o das Gleichgewicht] \halten to keep one's balanceFrieden \halten to keep the peacedie Geschwindigkeit \halten to keep up speedmit jdm Kontakt \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sbden Kurs \halten to stay on courseOrdnung \halten to keep ordereine Position nicht \halten können to not be able to hold a positioneinen Rekord \halten to hold a recordRuhe \halten to keep quietden Takt \halten to keep timedie Temperatur \halten to maintain the temperatureden Ton \halten to stay in tunezu jdm die Verbindung \halten to keep in touch [or contact] with sbdiese Behauptung lässt sich nicht \halten this statement is not tenablehoffentlich kann ich den Weltrekord noch \halten hopefully I can still hold on to the world record13.<hielt, gehalten>MIL (erfolgreich verteidigen)▪ etw \halten to hold sthdie Verteidiger hielten ihre Stellungen weiterhin the defenders continued to hold their positionseine Festung \halten to hold a fortress14.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft \halten to keep a business going15.<hielt, gehalten>(in einem Zustand erhalten)▪ etw irgendwie \halten to keep sth in a certain conditiondie Fußböden hält sie immer peinlich sauber she always keeps the floors scrupulously cleanden Abstand gleich \halten to keep the distance the samejdn in Atem/in Bewegung/bei Laune \halten to keep sb in suspense/on the go/happyfür jdn das Essen warm \halten to keep sb's meal hotdie Getränke kalt \halten to keep the drinks chilledjdn jung/fit \halten to keep sb young/fit16.<hielt, gehalten>das Haus war innen und außen ganz in Weiß ge\halten the house was completely white inside and outdas Wohnzimmer ist in Blau ge\halten the living room is decorated in blueihr Schlafzimmer ist in ganz in Kirschbaum ge\halten her bedroom is furnished entirely in cherrywooddie Rede war sehr allgemein ge\halten the speech was very generaleinen Brief kurz \halten to keep a letter shortetw schlicht \halten to keep sth simple17.<hielt, gehalten>(abhalten)▪ etw \halten to give sther hielt eine kurze Rede he made a short speechDiät \halten to keep to a dieteinen Gottesdienst \halten to hold a serviceseinen Mittagsschlaf \halten to have an afternoon napeine Rede \halten to give [or make] a speechein Referat \halten to give [or present] a paperSelbstgespräche \halten to talk to oneselfeine Unterrichtsstunde \halten to give a lessonUnterricht \halten to teacheinen Vortrag \halten to give a talkseinen Winterschlaf \halten to hibernate18.<hielt, gehalten>(einhalten, erfüllen)▪ etw \halten to keep sthder Film hält nicht, was der Titel verspricht the film doesn't live up to its titleman muss \halten, was man verspricht a promise is a promisesein Wort/Versprechen \halten to keep one's word/a promise19.<hielt, gehalten>▪ jdn/etw für jdn/etw \halten to take sb/sth for [or to be] sb/sthich habe ihn für seinen Bruder ge\halten I mistook him for his brotherdas halte ich nicht für möglich I don't think that is possiblewofür \halten Sie mich? what do you take me for?jdn für ehrlich/reich \halten to think sb is [or consider sb to be] honest/rich20.<hielt, gehalten>(denken über)▪ etw von jdm/etw \halten to think sth of sb/sthich halte nichts davon, das zu tun I don't think much of doing thater hält nichts vom Beten/Sparen he's not a great one for praying/saving famich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht I think it best/possible/my dutynichts/viel/wenig von jdm/etw \halten to think nothing/a lot/not think much of sb/sth21.<hielt, gehalten>etwas/viel auf jdn \halten to think quite a bit/a lot of sbwenn man etwas auf sich hält... if you think you're somebody...; s.a. Stück22.1. (festhalten) to holdkannst du mal einen Moment \halten? can you hold that for a second?2.<hielt, gehalten>(haltbar sein) to keepwie lange hält der Fisch noch? how much longer will the fish keep?die Schuhe sollten noch bis nächstes Jahr \halten these shoes should last till next year3.<hielt, gehalten>(dauerhaft sein) to holdder das Seil hält nicht mehr länger the rope won't hold much longerdie Tapete hält nicht the wallpaper won't stay ondiese Freundschaft hält schon lange this friendship has been lasting longdie Tür wird jetzt \halten now the door will holddas Regal hält nicht an der Wand the shelf keeps falling off the wall4.<hielt, gehalten>(stehen bleiben, anhalten) to stop\halten Sie bitte an der Ecke! stop at the corner, pleaseetw zum H\halten bringen to bring sth to a stop [or standstill]ein \haltendes Fahrzeug a stationary vehicle5.<hielt, gehalten>SPORT to make a saveunser Tormann hat heute wieder großartig ge\halten our goalkeeper made some great saves todaykann Peters denn gut \halten? is Peters a good goalkeeper?6.<hielt, gehalten>du musst mehr nach rechts \halten you must aim more to the right7.<hielt, gehalten>(sich beherrschen)ich musste an mich \halten, um nicht zu lachen I had to force myself not to laugh8.<hielt, gehalten>(Wert legen auf)[sehr] auf Ordnung \halten to attach [a lot of] importance to tidiness9.<hielt, gehalten>(jdm beistehen)▪ zu jdm \halten to stand [or stick] by sbich werde immer zu dir \halten I will always stand by youich halte zu Manchester United, und du? I support Manchester United, what about you?10.<hielt, gehalten>Sport hält jung sport keeps you youngAlufolie hält frisch aluminium foil keeps things fresh11.<hielt, gehalten>halte mehr nach links keep more to the leftnach Norden \halten to head north12.▶ halt mal,... hang [or hold] on,...du solltest ein bisschen mehr auf dich \halten (auf das Aussehen achten) you should take more [a] pride in yourself; (selbstbewusst sein) you should be more self-confidentIII. REFLEXIVES VERB1.<hielt, gehalten>der Kletterer rutschte aus und konnte sich nicht mehr \halten the climber slipped and lost his grip2.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht verderben)im Kühlschrank hält sich Milch gut drei Tage milk keeps for a good three days in the fridge3.<hielt, gehalten>für seine 50 Jahre hat er sich gut ge\halten he has worn well for a 50-year-old4.<hielt, gehalten>halte dich tapfer be brave5.<hielt, gehalten>(nicht verschwinden)manchmal kann der Nebel sich bis in die späten Vormittagsstunden \halten sometimes the fog can last until the late morning6.<hielt, gehalten>ich halte mich an die alte Methode I'll stick to [or stay with] the old methodich halte mich lieber an Mineralwasser I prefer to stay with mineral water7.<hielt, gehalten>(irgendwo bleiben)8.<hielt, gehalten>(eine Richtung beibehalten)\halten Sie sich immer in Richtung Stadtmitte keep going towards the centreder Autofahrer hielt sich ganz rechts the driver kept to the right9.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich immer an die Vorschriften he always sticks to the rulesder Film hat sich nicht an die Romanvorlage gehalten the film didn't keep [or stick] to the book10.<hielt, gehalten>(sich behaupten)trotz der hauchdünnen Mehrheit hielt sich die Regierung noch über ein Jahr despite its wafer-thin majority the government lasted [or kept going for] over a year11.<hielt, gehalten>(bestehen)die Firma wird sich nicht \halten können the company won't keep going [for long]12.<hielt, gehalten>(eine bestimmte Körperhaltung haben)es ist nicht leicht, sich im Gleichgewicht zu \halten it's not easy to keep one's balance13.<hielt, gehalten>er hält sich für besonders klug/einen Fachmann he thinks he's very clever/a specialist14.<hielt, gehalten>ich konnte mich nicht \halten vor Lachen bei dem Anblick I couldn't help laughing at this sight15.▶ sich akk an jdn \halten (sich an jdn wenden) to refer to sb, to ask sb; (jds Nähe suchen) to stick with sb1.<hielt, gehalten>wir \halten es ähnlich we do things in a similar wayes mit einer Sache so/anders \halten to handle [or deal with] sth like this/differentlywie hältst du es in diesem Jahr mit Weihnachten? what are you doing about Christmas this year?wie hältst du's mit der Kirche? what's your attitude towards the church?das kannst du \halten wie du willst that's completely up to you2.<hielt, gehalten>(Neigung haben für)es [mehr [o lieber]] mit jdm/etw halten to prefer sb/sthsie hält es mehr mit ihrer Mutter she gets on better with her motherer hält es nicht so mit der Sauberkeit he's not a great one for cleanliness* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) (auch Milit.) holdjemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand
die Hand vor den Mund halten — put one's hand in front of one's mouth
etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light
2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up < speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note
Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace
4) (erfüllen) keepsein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise
5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest
ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty
viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something
Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach
seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap
8) (Halt geben) hold up, support < bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>9) (zurückhalten) keep11) (nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going
12) (behandeln) treat13) (vorziehen)es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something
14) (verfahren)es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently
15) (gestalten)2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (stehen bleiben) stop2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) lastder Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer
diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]
3) (Sport) save4) (beistehen)zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody
5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)6) (Seemannsspr.) headauf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something
an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself
8) (achten)3.1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]
sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing
sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect
5) (bleiben)sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle
sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right
sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody
7) (befolgen)sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something
9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)* * *zum Halten bringen stop, bring to a halt ( oder stop);Halten verboten! no stopping;da gab es kein Halten mehr there was no holding them etc (back)* * *1.unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) (auch Milit.) holdsich (Dat.) den Kopf/den Bauch halten — hold one's head/stomach
jemanden an od. bei der Hand halten — hold somebody's hand; hold somebody by the hand
etwas ins Licht/gegen das Licht halten — hold something to/up to the light
2) (Ballspiele) save <shot, penalty, etc.>3) (bewahren) keep; (beibehalten, aufrechterhalten) keep up <speed etc.>; maintain <temperature, equilibrium>einen Ton halten — stay in tune; (lange anhalten) sustain a note
Ordnung/Frieden halten — keep order/the peace
4) (erfüllen) keepsein Wort/ein Versprechen halten — keep one's word/a promise
5) (besitzen, beschäftigen, beziehen) keep <chickens etc.>; take <newspaper, magazine, etc.>jemanden für reich/ehrlich halten — think somebody is or consider somebody to be rich/honest
ich halte es für das beste/möglich/meine Pflicht — I think it best/possible/my duty
viel/nichts/wenig von jemandem/etwas halten — think a lot/nothing/not think much of somebody/something
Unterricht halten — give lessons; teach
seinen Mittagsschlaf halten — have one's or an afternoon nap
8) (Halt geben) hold up, support <bridge etc.>; hold back <curtain, hair>; fasten < dress>9) (zurückhalten) keep11) (nicht aufgeben)ein Geschäft usw. halten — keep a business etc. going
12) (behandeln) treat13) (vorziehen)es mehr od. lieber mit jemandem/etwas halten — prefer somebody/something
14) (verfahren)es mit einer Sache so/anders halten — deal with or handle something like this/differently
15) (gestalten)2.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) (stehen bleiben) stop2) (unverändert, an seinem Platz bleiben) lastder Nagel/das Seil hält nicht mehr länger — the nail/rope won't hold much longer
diese Freundschaft hält nicht [lange] — (fig.) this friendship won't last [long]
3) (Sport) save4) (beistehen)zu jemandem halten — stand or stick by somebody
5) (zielen) aim (auf + Akk. at)6) (Seemannsspr.) headauf etwas (Akk.) halten — head for or towards something
an sich (Akk.) halten — control oneself
8) (achten)3.1) (sich durchsetzen, behaupten)das Geschäft wird sich nicht halten können — the shop won't keep going [for long]
sich gut halten — do well; make a good showing
sich schlecht/gerade/aufrecht halten — hold or carry oneself badly/straight/erect
5) (bleiben)sich auf den Beinen/im Sattel halten — stay on one's feet/in the saddle
6) (gehen, bleiben)sich links/rechts halten — keep [to the] left/right
sich an jemandes Seite (Dat.) /hinter jemandem halten — stay or keep next to/behind somebody
7) (befolgen)sich an etwas (Akk.) halten — keep to or follow something
9) (ugs.): (jung, gesund bleiben)* * *v.(§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)= to bear v.(§ p.,p.p.: bore, borne)to clamp v.to halt v.to hold v.(§ p.,p.p.: held)to keep v.(§ p.,p.p.: kept)to retain v.to uphold v.(§ p.,p.p.: upheld) -
110 система
system (sys, syst)
комплекс элементов, в котором каждый элемент работает или взаимодействует для выполнения общей функции, выполняемой данным комплексом. — any organized arrangement in which each component part acts, reacts, or interacts in accordance with an overall design inherent in the arrangement.
-, аварийная — emergency system
дублирующая система, предназначенная для использования в случае отказа основной, — the emergency system is used to take the place of the main system in case of the main system failure.
-, аварийная гидравлическая (подраздел 029-20 no стандартной системе нумерации tex. документации no гост 18675-73). — auxiliary hydraulic system used to supplement or take the place of the main hydraulic system
- аварийного освещения (подраздел 33-50) — emergency lighting system (section 33-50. emergency lighting)
- аварийного останова (двигателя) — emergency shutdown system
- аварийного открытия замков шасси — emergency landing gear uplock release system
- аварийного покидания ла — emergency-escape system
- аварийного покидания ла (разд. 100) — ejection escape
- аварийного покидания ла, катапультная — ejection-escape system
- аварийного слива топлива (в полете) (подраздел 028-30) — fuel dump system, fuel jettisoning system dump used to dump fuel overboard during flight.
- аварийного торможения (азотная) — emergency air (wheel) brake system
- аварийной и предупредительной сигнализации (сас) — (master) warning and caution system
- аварийной регистрации параметров полета (сарпп) — flight data recorder system (fdr)
- аварийной сигнализации — emergency warning system
система выдает визуальный или звуковой сигнал для предупреждения экипажа о нарушении нормальной работы или условий. — the system provides visual and aural signals to alert the flight crew to special or urgent circumstances.
- аварийной сигнализации и блокировки — warning and interlock system
- аварийной, предупредительной и уведомляющей сигнализации — (master) warning and caution (system)
- автомата загрузки (управления ла) — feel system
- автомата сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения (и перегрузок) (ауасп) — angle-of-attack, slip and асceleration indicating/warning system
- система торможения — anti-skid system
система не допускает возникновения юза (заторможенных) колес шасси, независимо от воздействия летчика на тормозные педали, давление в тормозах сбрасывается при возникновении юза колеса и подается снова для обеспечения торможения при отсутствии юза. — the function of the system is such that regardless of how much the rudder toe pedals may be depressed, brake pressure will be released when excessive wheel deceleration is sensed, when system is armed, and then re-applied at a power level to provide maximum braking without skidding.
- автомата тряски штурвала (при выходе на критический угол атаки) — stick shaker system. with stall warning test switch depressed, the stick shaker (system) should operate.
- автомата тяги (подраздел 022-30) — auto throttle system (at) auto throttle
служит для автоматического регулирования тяги (двигателя) при заходе на посадку или уходе на второй круг. — automatically controls the position of the throttles (eпgins power) during landing/approach and go around procedures.
- автомата усилий (в системе управления ла) — automatic gain control (agc)
- автомата усилий (загрузки управления ла) — feel system
-, автоматизированная — automated system
-, автоматизированная навигационная — automated navigation system (ans)
- автоматики топлива (управление и сигнализация работы топливной системы) — (automatic) fuel management and indicating system
-, автоматическая навигационная (ану) — self-contained dead reckoning system, dr system
- автоматического выброса кислородных масок (срабатывающая при падении давления в кабине) — oxygen mask drop out system (operated by cabin low pressure)
- автоматического выпуска парашюта — automatic parachute deploy-' ment system
- автоматического захода на посадку — automatic approach system
- автоматического контроля исправности (саки) — automatic test system
- автоматического регулирования давления воздуха в гермокабине (сард) — (automatic) cabin (air) pressure control system
- автоматического регулирования двигателя — automatic compressor control system
управляет механизацией компрессора: кпв, вна.
- автоматического регулирования расхода топлива — automatic fuel management system
- автоматического регулирования усилий (ару, на органах управления, напр., рв) — automatic (elevator) load feel control system
- автоматического регулирования частоты вращения несущего винта (вертолета) — main rotor speed governor system
- автоматического торможения — anti-skid control (system)
anti-skid control system releases the brake pressure when it senses a locked or skidding wheel.
- автоматического триммирования — auto trim (control) system
- автоматического уменьшения крена (аук) — bank counteract system
система включается при отказе одного двигателя (на одном крыле), отклоняя интерцептор (спойлер) на противоположном крыле. — with an engine failed, the opposite wing speller is eхtended to counteract dangerous bank.
- автоматического управления (комплекс автопилота и системы траекторного управления) — autopilot and flight director control system, ap/fd flight control system. complete ар control with simultaneous flight director commands the pilot саn monitor.
- автоматического управления запуском (двигателя, сауз) — engine auto start(ing) system
- автоматического управления заходом на посадку — automatic approach system
- автоматического управления и регулирования — automatic control(ling) and regulating system
- автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов — generator autoparalleling system
the system senses voltages on the generator side of the generator breaker and on the bus.
- автоматического управления (сау) — auto flight control system, ap/fd flight control system
- автоматического управления полетом, бортовая (абсу) (раздел 22) — auto flight (control) system (afcs) auto flight
комплекс агрегатов и элементов, обеспечивающих автематическое управление ла в полете, — those units and components which furnish а means of automatically controlling the flight of the aircraft.
- автоматического управления посадкой (дублированная, резервная) — (dual) autoland system (dual a/l)
- автоматического управления самолетом (относительно 3-х осей) — autopilot system (ар)
(подраздел 022-10, система автопилота) — autopilot
часть абсу, использующая радиотехнические средства, автоматы курса, гировертикали,a также устройства принудительного ввода команд для автоматического продольного и поперечного управления ла. — that portion of the system that uses radio/radar beam, directional and vertical gyro, pitot static and manually induced inputs to the system to automatically control yaw, pitch and roll of the aircraft.
- автоматического управления расходом топлива (автомат расхода) — automatic fuel management system
- автоматического флюгирования воздушного винта — automatic propeller feathering system
- автоматической загрузки (саз) — automatic feel system (afs)
- автоматической отдачи ручки (штурвала) (при выходе на критический угол атаки) — stick (or control wheel) pusher system
- автоматической регистрации параметров полета (сарпп) — flight data recorder system, flight recorder system (fdr)
для записи основных параметров полета при помощи самописцев. — used for recording data not related to specific system. lncludes flight recorders.
- автоматической посадки — automatic banding /autoland/ system (autoland, a/l)
- автоматической стабилизации — automatic stabilization system
- автоматической стабилизации (вертолета) относительно трех осей — three-axis autostabilization system. the helicopter is equipped with a three-axis autostabilization system with the autopilot facilities.
-, автономная — self-contained system
доплеровский измеритель путевой скорости и сноса является автономной системой автоматического счисления — doppler navigation system is а self-contained deadreckoning system.
-, автономная (отдельная) — independent system
-, автономная масляная — self-contained /independent/ oil system
каждый двигатель имеет свою автономную масляную систему. — each engine has а self-contained (independent) oil system.
-, автономная (автоматическая) навигационная (ану) — self-contained dead reckoning (dr) system
- автономного запуска (двигателя) — independent starting system
бортовая система, обеспечивающая запуск двигателей при отсутствии наземных источников энергопитания, — the apu provides а means for independent starting of the engines with а ground power source unavailable.
- автопилота — autopilot system
(подраздел 022-10) — autopilot
-, активная — active system
бортовая радиоэлектронная система, включающая передающее оборудование, напр., радиоответчик. — in radio and radar, a system which requires transmitting equipment, such as a beacon or transponder, to be carried in the aircraft.
- активного демпфирования (сад) — airframe (oscillation) damping system
автоматическое демпфирование колебаний крыла и фюзеляжа для облегчения условий работы соответствующих конструктивных элементов.
- активного ответа (сро) — (active) transponder system
- активного ответа, диспетчерекая — атс transponder system
взаимодействует е радиола катарами увд.
-, антенно-фидерная (афс) — antenna-feeder system
-, астроинерциальная — stellar inertial navigation system (sins)
-, астроинерциальная, малогабаритная (маис) — stellar inertial navigation system (sins)
-, астронавигационная — selestial /stellar/ navigation system
-, астроориентирная — star-tracker system
- аэродинамических параметров (центральная) — (central) air-data computer system
(высота, вертикальная скорость, скорость, температура, число м)
-, аэронавигационная, радиоэлектронная — avionics navigation system
- аэродромного (электрического) питания — external electrical power system
(подраздел 024-40) — external power
эл. сеть ла, служащая для подвода аэродромного питания к бортовой сети ла. — that portion of the system within the aircraft which connects external electrical power to the aircraft's electrical system.
- (продольной) балансировки (самолета) — trim system
-, безбустерная — unassisted control system
-, бесплатформенная инерциальная навигационная (бинс на лазерных гироскопах) — gimballes inertial navigation system (ins)
- бесшумной настройки (рад.) — squelch control system
- бензопитания — fuel supply system
-, бленкерная — warning flag movement
механизм перемещения бленкера (директорного) прибора. — то deflect the flag into or out of view.
- ближней навигации, радиотехническая (рсбн) — short-range radio navigation system
- боевого сброса бомб — normal bomb release system
- блокировки — interlock(ing) system
- блокировки и сигнализации — interlock and warning system
- бпокировки самолетных систем (по обжатию амортстойки шасси) — ground shift system
для включения/выключения систем ла при обжатой амортстойке шасси, — the ground shift system activates/deactivates some aircraft systems with gear shock strut compressed.
- блокировки управления двигателем (no реверсу) — thrust reverser throttle interlock system
- блокировки управления двигателем (no руд) — engine throttle interlock system
- ближней навигации по маякам вор — vor navigation system
- бокового канала (управления ла) — roll (channel) control system
включает вычислитель, дус, рм (элеронов).
-, бортовая — airborne system
любая система, установленная на борту ла. — the airborne computer system gives track guidance.
-, бортовая (б/c) — aircraft electrical system, (from aircraft)
питание ламп напряжением 27 в б/с. — lamps are powered by 27 vdc from aircraft.
-, бустерная (управления) (рис. 20) — power(ed) control system
-, бустерная гидравлическая — hydraulic power(ed) control system
-, бустерная необратимая (рис. 20) — power-operated control system the power-operated control system is irreversible boost system.
-, бустерная обратимая (рис. 20) — power-boost control system the power-boost control system is a reversible boost system.
- вентиляции — ventilation system
- вентиляции подкапотного пространства (двиг.) — nacelle ventilation (and cooling) system
- визуальной индикации глиссады (при заходе на посадку) — visual approach slope indicator system (vasis)
- включена (работает) — system on
- включена (готова к работе) — system armed
- включения готовности (самолетных) систем по обжатию амортстойки — ground shift system
- вкпючения (готовности) управления поворотом передних колес от педалей рн на земле — rudder pedal steering shift system
- внесения изменений (в документацию) — revision system
-, внешняя (подключенная к данной системе) — coupled system
- внутрисамолетной радиотрансляции — passenger address and entertainment system
(подраздел 023-30) — passenger address and entertainment
радиоаппаратура оповещения и развлечения пассажиров, — that portion of the system used to address and entertain the passengers.
- внутрисамолетной связи при техобслуживании — ground service interphone system
-, водоканализационная — water/waste system
(раздел 038) — water/waste
стационарные устройства и агрегаты для водоснабжения и канализации использованной воды и отбросов, — those fixed units and components which store and deliver for use fresh water, and those fixed components which store and furnish a means for removal of water and waste.
- водоснабжения и удаления отходов — water/waste system
- воздухозаборника, противообледенительная — air intake ice protection system, air intake anti-icing system
(подраздел 030-20) — air intakes
часть пос для предотвращения или удаления обледенения воздухозаборников двигателей, — that portion of the system which is used to eliminate or prevent the formation of ice in or around air intakes. includes power plant antiicing.
-, воздушная (система, использующая воздух, отбираемый от двигателей для питания системы скв, пос, запуска двигателей) — pneumatic power system (pneu pwr sys)
- воздушная (разд.036) — pneumatic
- воздушного винта, противообледенительная — propeller ice protection system, propeller anti-icing system
(подраздел 030-60) — propellers/rotors
часть пос для предотвращения образования льда и его удаления с возд. винтов, — that portion of the system which is used to eliminate or prevent the formation of ice on propellers or rotors.
-, воздушно-тепловая противообледенительная — hot air ice protection system
- воздушных параметров полета — flight environment data system
(подраздел 034-10) — flight environment data
устройства, воспринимающие параметры окружающей среды, для использования в целях навигации. включает системы динамического и статического давлений, измерения температуры наружного воздуха, вертикальной и воздушной скорости, высоты и т.п. — that portion of the system which senses environmental conditions and uses the data to influence navigation. lncludes items such as pitot, static, air temperature, rateof-climb, airspeed, high speed warning, altitude, altitude reporting, altimeter correction system, etc.
- воздушных сигналов (свс) — air data computer system (adc)
- воздушных сигналов, цифровая — digital air data computer system (dads)
- впрыска воды — water injection system
(раздел 082) — water injection
система, дозирующая и подающая воду или водную смесь на вход двигателя. — those units and components which furnish, meter and inject water or water mixtures into the induction system.
- впрыска топлива — fuel injection system
-, впускная (двигателя) — induction system
система, состоящая из трубопроводов, коллекторов, карбюраторов, воздухозаборинков и агрегатов, для подачи топливовоздушной смеси в двигатель, — the combined system of piping manifolds, carburetor, air scoops, accessories, etc., which are used to supply the engine with a fuel mixture charge.
- временных изменений — temporary revision system
- всережимного предельного регулирования температуры (газов за турбиной, впрт) — all-power exhaust gas temperatore control system
-, вспомогательная — auxiliary system
-, вспомогательная гидравлическая (для привода второстепенных вспомогательных агрегатов и систем) — utility hydraulic system
- встречного запуска (двигателя в воздухе), автоматическая — automatic (engine) air relight /restart/ system
- встроенного контроля (свк) — built-in test system (bits), integral test system
- встроенного контроля и предупреждения экипажа, обобщенная — integrated built-in test and crew warning system
-, входящая (имеющая отношение к...) — related system. airframe and related systems.
- выпуска парашюта — parachute deployment system
- выработки топлива (из баков) — (tank) fuel usage system
- высокого давления, топливная (от насоса-регулятора до форсунок) — high-pressure (hp) fuel system
-, высотная (вентиляции и герметизации кабин) — air conditioning system
(раздел 021) — air conditioning
устройства, обеспечивающие наддув, обогрев, охлаждение и увлажнение воздуха, используемого для вентиляции герметичной кабины ла. — those units and components which furnish а means of pressurizing, heating, cooling, moisture controlling and filtering the air used to ventilate the areas of the fuselage within the pressure seals.
- высотная (жизнеобеспечения, создания искусственного климата в кабине ла) — environmental control system (ecs)
- высотно-скоростных параметров, информационная (см. комплекс) — flight environment data system (feds)
-, вытяжная парашютная (впс, для извлечения грузовых платформ из грузовой кабины) — extractor parachute system. то withdraw loads from aircraft cargo compartment in flight.
-, выхлопная — exhaust system
(раздел 078) — exhaust
для отвода выходящих газов двигателя в атмосферу, — those units and components which direct the engine exhaust gases overboard.
- вычисления отношения давлений двигателя — engine pressure ratio computer system
служит для определения режима (тяги) двигателя, — the system is used to determine engine rating for all modes of operation.
- географических координат — geographic(al) coordinate system
- геодезических координат — geodetic coordinate system
- герметизации (кабин) — pressurization system
- герметизации (уплотнения дверей, люков) — (door) sealing (system)
- герметизации, обогрева и вентиляции (кабин ла) — air conditioning system
-, гидравлическая (включающая источники и потребители) — hydraulic system
-, гидравлическая (включающая источники и регуляторы давления) — hydraulic power system
(раздел 029) — hydraulic power
агрегаты (насосы, регуляторы, краны), обеспечивающие подачу рабочей жидкости под давлением к общей точке (коллектору) для распределения по др. системам, — units and components (pumps, regulators, lines, valves) which furnish hydraulic fluid under pressure to а common point (manifold) for redistribution to other systems.
- nо. 1, гидравлическая (надпись) — no. 1 hyd sys(t)
-, гидравлическая аварийная — emergency hydraulic system
-, гидравлическая аварийная (вспомогательная, дублирующая, резервная) — auxiliary hydraulic system
-, гидравлическая вспомогательная (дублирующая, резервная) — auxiliary hydraulic system
-, гидравлическая вспомогательная (для привода вспомогательных агрегатов, систем) — utility hydraulic system
-, гидравлическая дублирующая (авар., вспомогат., резервн.) — auxiliary hydraulic system
-, гидравлическая, общая — main hydraulic system
-, гироинерциальная (с гироплатформой и акселерометрами) — inertial navigation system (ins)
-, гироинерциальная, малогабаритная (мис) — inertial navigation system (ins)
-, гироинерциальная с дублированием курса и вертикали — inertial navigation system with attitude and heading reference
-, гироскопическая — gyro system
- громкоговорящего оповещения — passenger address system
- дальней навигации — long-range navigation system
- дальней навигации, радиотехническая (омега) — omega navigation system, omega automatic computerized earth-oriented navigation system
-, дапьномерная (дме) — distance measuring system (dme)
- двигателя, противообледенительная — engine anti-icing system
- двигателя, противопожарная — engine fire extinguishing system
- двигателя, топливная — engine fuel system
система, включающая агрегаты и трубопроводы за пожарным (перекрывным) краном. — the system consists of those components downstream of the fuel fire shut-off valve.
- двойного зажигания — dual ignition system
an ignition system utilizing two separate and duplicate systems.
-, двухотказная (сохраняющая работоспособность при одиночном отказе) — fail-operative system
-, двухочередная противопожарная — two discharge /"two-shot"/ fire extinguishing system
-, динамическая (манометра) — pressure system
-, динамическая (приемников возд. давлений, пвд) — pitot (pressure) system
-, динамическая (пвд), аварийная — auxiliary pitot system (aux pitot)
-, динамическая (пвд), основная — main pitot system
- динамического давления рабочего, основного (переключатепь) — normal pitot pressure system (norm pitot)
-, динамического давления, резервного (переключатель) — auxiliary pitot pressure system (aux pitot)
-, директорная — flight director (fd) system
является пилотажно-навигационной системой, обеспечивающей летчиков визуальной индикацией положения самолета в пространстве и курсовой информацией для полета по заданной траектории. — fd system is a navigation aid to assist pilots by presenting visually accurate aircraft attitude and heading information to follow the preselected flight path.
- директорного управления (сду) — flight director (system), (fd)
- директорных пилотажных приборов — flight director (system)
система включает пилотажный командный прибор, плановый навигационный прибор, вычислительное устройство, блок сравнения, гировертикаль. — flight director (system) incorporates flight director indicator, course indicator, computer, comparator system, vertical reference gyro unit.
- дистанционного управления — remote control system
- для опрыскивания — spraying system
-, доплеровская — doppler system
- доплеровская, навигационная — doppler (navigation) system
система, использующая эффект доплера для получения навигационной информации. — in radar, any system utilizing the doppler effect for obtaining information.
- доплеровского измерителя (дисс) — doppler navigation /computer/ system (dop)
система использует зависимость частоты отраженного сигнала от скорости источника излучения (эффект доплеpa) и позволяет определить путевую скорость и угол сноса (рис. 82). — the system provides outputs of velocity along and across heading to а navigation сошputer. ground speed and drift information is computed and displayed.
- дренажа (слива) — drain(age) system
- дренажа (сообщения с атмосферой) — vent system
- дренажа (слива) топлива — fuel drain system
- дренажа (слива) топливных коллекторов — fuel manifold drain system
-, дренажная (слива) — drainage system
-, дренажная (сообщения с атмосферой) — vent system
-, дренажная (двигателя) — engine drainage system
дренажные устройства двигателя должны располагаться таким образом, чтобы отводимые жидкости (топливо, масло) не создавали опасности возникновения пожара. — the drainage means must be arranged so that no discharged fluid will cause a fire hazard.
-, дублирующая — alternate system
общий термин, подразумевающий как вторую равноценную систему, так и систему, способную выполнять ограниченные функции в случае отказа основной. — each alternate system may be а duplicate power portion or а manually operated mechanical system.
-, дублирующая (вторая равноценная система, напр., пилотажных приборов) — duplicate /duplicating/ system
система включает пилотажные приборы на рабочем месте летчика и аналогичные приборы на рабочих местах др. членов экипажа, — duplicate instrument system incorporates flight instruments for the pilot, and the same instruments duplicated at other flight crew stations.
-, дублирующая аварийная — duplicating emergency system
-, дублирующая (аварийная) гидравлическая — auxiliary hydraulic system
- единиц — system of units
- единиц сгс (сантиметр, грамм, секунда) — cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system of units
система единиц для механич., электрических, магнитных и акустических величин. основн. единицы: сантиметр (ед. длины), грамм (ед. массы) и секунда (ед. времени). — а metric measuring system, sometimes known as the absolute system of measurement where cgs (centimetergram-second) are respectivelу the length units, the weight units, and the time units.
- (управления), жесткая (при помощи тяг) — push-pull (rod) control system
- жизнеобеспечения (искуственного климата в кабинах ла) — environmental control system (ecs)
- забора воздуха — air induction system
система забора воздуха должна обеспечивать потребное количество воздуха, подаваемого в двигатель на всех режимах работы. — the air induction system for each engine must supply air required by that engine under each operating condition.
- загрузки (а системе управления) — (artificial) feel system
- зажигания — ignition system
(раздел 074) — ignition
система, обеспечивающая зажигание топлива или рабочей смеси в камерах сгорания поршневых или газотурбинных двигателей, а также в форсажных камерах гтд. — those units and components which generate, control, furnish, or distribute an electriсаl current to ignite the fuel air mixture in the cylinders of reciprocating engines or in the combustion chambers or thrust augmentors of turbine engines.
- зажигания продолжительногo режима работы — continuous ignition system
работает в полете для предотвращения срыва пламени в камерах сгорания при неблагоприятных условиях. — used in flight to prevent flameout during adverse ambient conditions.
- зажигания, пусковая (или повторно-кратковременного режима работы) — starting (or intermittent) ignition system
used in all engine starts, including air relighting.
- зажигания, экранированная — shielded ignition system
система, элементы которой заключены в металлические оболочки-экраны для уменьшения радиопомех, создаваемых при работе системы. — complete enclosure of all parts, of the ignition system (spark plugs, wires, magnetos, etc.) in suitable interconnected and grounded metal housings to minimize radio interference.
- заливки (заливочная) — priming system
устройство для впрыска легкого топлива в цилиндры или патрубки пд для облегчения его запуска. — prior to starting the engine make several strokes of the priming pump plunger to prime the engine.
-, замкнутая — closed (circuit) system
в производственный вес nycтого самолета включается только вес жидкостей, содержащихся в замкнутых системах. — the manufacturerss emply weight includes only those fluids contained in closed systems.
-, замкнутая масляная — closed (circuit) oil system
- записи — recording system
- заправки топливом — fueling /refueling/ system
- заправки топливом под давлением — pressure fueling system
- заправки топливом, централизованная (под давлением) — single point pressure fueling system
автоматическая и одновременная заправка всех топливных баков осуществляется посредством системы централизованной заправки. — automatic and simultaneous pressure fueling of all fuel tanks is accomplished by the single point pressure fueling system.
- запуска — starting system
(раздел 080) — starting
совокупность деталей и агрегатов силовой установки, служащих для запуска двигателя. — those units, components and associated systems used for starting the engine. includes electrical, inertia, air or other starter systems.
- запуска, воздушная — air /pneumatic/ starting system
- запуска двигателя — engine starting system
- запуска двигателя в воздухе — engine flight restart system
- захода на посадку, автоматическая — automatic approach system
- защиты — protection system
- защиты воздухозаборника от (попадания) посторонних предметов — air intake debris protection system
- защиты воздухозаборников (двиг.), струйная — engine air intake blowaway jet system
- защиты лобовых стекол от запотевания — windshield demisting /defogging/system
- защиты от обледенения и атмосферных осадков — ice and rain protection system
(раздел 030) — ice and rain protection
система для предотвращения образования или удаления льда и удаления атмосферных осадков с различных частей ла. — those units and components which provide а means of preventing or disposing of formation of ice and rain on various parts of the aircraft.
- защиты от опасных (завыщенных оборотов) — overspeed protection system
- защиты стекол от запотевания — window demisting /defogging/ system
- защиты турбины (несущего) винта от раскрутки (сзтв) — main rotor overspeed protection system
- звуковой информации о высоте полета (автоматическая) — (automatic) altitude reporting system
- избирательного вызова (на связь) — selective call(ing) system
- (внесения) изменений (в документацию) — revision system
- измерения (количества) масла (сим) — oil quantity indicating system (oil qty)
- измерения массы и центровки (симц) — on-board weight /mass/ and balance system
для определения массы (в кг) и положения центра тяжести (в % сах) при нахождении ла на земле. — the system measures the aircraft gross weight (in kg) and computes cg (in % mac) when the aircraft is on the ground.
- измерения расхода топлива (ситр) — fuel flowmeter system
при наличии системы измерения расхода топлива, у каждого летчика должен быть предусмотрен канал перепуска. — if а fuel flowmeter system is installed, each metering component must have a means for bypassing the fuel supply.
- измерения расхода топлива (и суммарного запаса топлива) — fuel flow and quantity indicating system
- измерения температуры (выходящих) газов за турбиной (дв.) — exhaust /turbine/ gas temperature indicating /measuring/ system (egt ind, tgt ind)
egt is measured by thermocouples.
- измерения углов атаки и перегрузок (автомат ауасп) — angle of attack and acceleration indicating/warning system
- измерения уровня масла (сим) — oil quantity indicating system
- измерения частоты вращения — tachometer system
- имитации автоматического управления (исау) — auto flight control simulation system
- имитации видимости (сив) — visibility simulation system
шторка различной прозрачности для имитации метеоминимумов.
- имитации визуальной индикации — visual display simulation system
- имитации усилий (на органах управления) — (artificial) feel system
- индикации — indication /indicating/ system
- индикации давления масла (топлива) — oil (fuel) pressure indication system
включает датчики и указатель давления. — includes pressure transmitters and indicators.
- индикации (оборотов) — (rpm) indicating system
- индикации и контроля пространственного положения ла — attitude indicating and monitoring system
- индикации температуры масла — oil temperature indication system
- индикации угла атаки — angle-of-attack (indicating) system
- инертной среды — inert gas system
-, инерциальная навигационная — inertial navigation system (ins)
автономная навигационная система, не связанная с наземными навигационными станциями и радиолокационными системами самолета. система воспринимает и измеряет ускорения действующие на ла. служит для выдачи сигналов места ла, путевой скорости, курса (азимута) и вертикали. — ins provides navigation on self-contained basis, i.e. it do not require any ground based aids, nor relays on radio and/or radar observation from the aircraft. the fundamental principle involved is ability of the system to sense and measure aircraft acceleration.
- инструментальной посадки (илс/сп) — instrument landing system (ils/cp)
- (речевой) информации (cообщений и команд) — voice warning system
- информации о безопасности полета — aviation safety reporting system (asrs)
определяет фактическую или потенциальную опасную ситуацию. — identifies real or potential hazards.
- (речевой) информации об отказах и неисправностях (магнитофонная сист.) — voice warning system, malfunction reporting system
- искусственного климата (в кабине ла) (система гepметизации, отопления, вентиляции) — environmental control system (ecs)
-, исполнительная — actuating /servo/ system
механическая система, вырабатывающая энергию для привода др. механизмов или систем. — а mechanical system that supplies and transmits energy for operation of other mechanisms or systems.
- кабинной индикации и сигнализации — cockpit display/warning system
-, канализационная — waste (disposal) system
(подраздел 038-30) — waste disposal
система отвода и сброс использованной воды и отбросов. включает умывальники, туалеты (унитазы), систему промывки и смыва и т.п. — the system used for disposal of water and waste. includes wash basins, water closets, flushing system, etc.
-, каскадная (гтд) — rotor spool
спарка компрессора и турбины. — compressor and turbine assembly.
-, кислородная — oxygen system
(раздел 035) — oxygen
система, обеспечивающая хранение, регулирование и подачу кислорода пассажирам и членам экипажа. — those units and components which store, regulate, and deliver oxygen to the passengers and crew.
- кислородной подпитки двигателя — engine oxygen supply system
- кольцевания (топливных баков, в магистрали за подкачивающими насосами) — fuel cross-feed system (х-feed)
- коммутации — switching system
-, комплексная — integrated system
-, комплексная навигационная (состоящая из инерциальной, доплеровской и радиолокационной систем) — integral inertial radar navigation system
- коммутации и автоматического регулирования громкости — audio integrating system, audio system
оборудование для регулирования уровня звука и подключения выхода связных и навигационных приемников на наушники и громкоговорители членов экипажа, а также выхода их микрофонов на связные передатчики. — controls the communications and navigation receivers into the flight crew headphones and speakers, and the output of the flight crew microphones into communications transmitters. includes audio selector control panels.
-, комплексная навигационная (навигационный комплекс) — integrated navigation system (intg nav)
- комплексная пилотажная (пилотажный комплекс) — integrated flight system (intg flt sys)
состоит из двух комплектов систем директорного управления, включающих кпп, пhп, эвм, приборный усилитель. — the integrated flight system incorporates two independent flight director systems each consisting of fdi, hsi, steering computer and instrument amplifier.
- комплексной индикации — multi-function display system (mfds)
- кондиционирования воздуха (скв) — air conditioning system (air cond)
(раздел 021) — air conditioning
система, обеспечивающая наддув, обогрев, охлаждение, регулирование влажности и очистку воздуха для вентиляции помещений и отсеков ла, находящихся в пределах герметической кабины. — those units and components which furnish a means of pressurizing, heating, cooling, moisture controlling, filtering and treating the air used to ventilate the areas of the fuselage within the pressure seals.
- контроля (автоматического управления заходом на посадку) — monitoring system
(подраздел 022-40) — system monitor
часть системы автоматического управления, с помощью которой осуществляется контроль режима полета ла при заходе на посадку и при посадке. — that portion of the (auto flight) system that monitors the flight of the aircraft during approach and landing.
- контроля вибрации (двиг.), бортовая — airborne vibration monitor /indicating/ (avm) system
- контроля, встроенная (вск) — built-in test system (bit)
- контроля и индикации работы двигателя — engine monitoring and alert/warning system
- контроля и индикации, централизованная — master monitor display system (mmd)
- контроля мощности двигателя (подраздел 077-10) — power
- контроля расхода топлива (расходомеры и средства индикации и сигнализации) — fuel flowmeter and indicating system
- контроля состояния систем и предупреждающей сигнализации, многофункциональная (комплексная) — multi-function display system/flight warning system (mfds/fws)
- контроля температуры двигателя (подраздел 77-20) — temperature
- координат — coordinate system /frame/, coordinates, axes, system of coordinates, system of coordinates axes
система взаимноперпендикулярных осей для определения положения точки в пространстве или на плоскости. — any scheme for the unique identification of each point of а given continuum.
- координат, главноортодромическая — primary great circle spherical coordinate system
- координат, небесная — celestial coordinate system
- координат, неподвижная — fixed coordinate system
- координат, ортодромическая — transverse-pole spherical coordinate system
сферическая система координат с произвольным расположением полюса. ортодромические широта и долгота координаты точки. — in this system the poles are deliberately displaced from the geographic north and south poles.
- координат, ортодромическая, прямоугольная (применяемая при счислении пути с условной плоскостностью земли) — transverse-pole rectangular coordinate system
- координат, полярная — polar coordinate system
-, координат, поточная — wind axes
- координат, прямоугольная — rectangular coordinate system
- координат, прямоугольная, центр которой связан с объектом (условная с. координат) — rectangular aircraft-centered /vehicle-centered/ coordinate system
- координат (ла), связанная — body axes
а system of coordinate axes fixed in the aircraft.
- координат, связанная с землей — earth axes
система служит для определения положения самолета и образована тремя взаимноперпендикулярными осями с началом в центре земли: одна ось совпадает с осью вращения земли, вторая - линия пересечения плоскостей экватора и гринвичского меридиана, третья - перпендикулярна первым двум. — set of mutually perpendicular reference axes established with the upright axis (z-axis) pointing to the center of the earth used in describing the position of aircraft in flight. the earth axes may remain fixed or may move with the aircraft.
- координат (ла), скоростная — wind axes
а system of coordinate axes with the origin in the aircraft and the direction fixed by that of the relative airflow.
- координат, сферическая — spherical coordinate system, spherical coordinates, system of spherical coordinates
- координат, условная (картографическая) — map-grid coordinates
цвм вычисляет место ла в условных (картографических координатах). — the navigation computer calculates а/с position in шарgrid coordinates
- координат, условная (ортодромическая, с произвольным полюсом) (рис. 111) — transverse-pole coordinate system
- координат, частноортодромическая — navigation leg coordinate system
- коротковолновой связи — hf communication system
- криволинейных координат — system of curvelinear coordinates
- курса и вертикали, базовая (бскв) — (integrated) attitude and heading reference system (ahrs)
для вычисления курса ла и выдачи сигналов курса в др. системы. включает два комплекта инерциальных курсовертикалей (икв) и индукционные датчики (ид). — incorporates two vertical/directional gyro unit (v/d gyro) and flux gates.
-, курсовая (кс) — compass system (cs)Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > система
-
111 на
аварийная обстановка на аэродромеaerodrome emergencyаварийный бюллетень на доработкуalert service bulletinавиаперевозчик на короткие расстоянияcommuter air carrierавтоматический заход на посадку1. autoapproach2. automatic approach азимутальная антенна захода на посадкуapproach azimuth antennaазимут захода на посадкуapproach azimuthазимут ухода на второй кругmissed approach azimuthаэродинамическая труба для испытаний на сваливание в штопорspin wind tunnelаэродинамический гребень на крылеwing fenceаэродром выхода на радиосвязьaerodrome of callаэродром на трассе полетаen-route aerodromeаэродромные средства захода на посадкуaerodrome approach aidsбалансировочный нож на задней кромке крылаwing trim stripбилет на полет в одном направленииsingle ticketбрать на бортtake aboardбрать ручку управления на себяpull the control stick backбрать управление на себя1. assume the control2. take over the control брать штурвал на себя1. pull the control column back2. pull the aircraft out of бронирование на обратный рейсreturn reservationбуксировка на землеground towвведение поправки на сносwindage adjustmentвертолетная площадка на крыше зданияroof-top heliportвести передачу на частотеtransmit on frequency ofветер на определенном участке маршрутаstage windвзлет на максимальном газеfull-throttle takeoffвзлет на режимах работы двигателей, составляющих наименьший шумnoise abatement takeoffвзятие ручки на себяbackward movement of the stickвидимость на ВППrunway visibilityвиза на промежуточную остановкуstop-over visaвизуальные средства захода на посадкуvisual aids to approachвизуальный заход на посадку1. contact approach2. visual approach визуальный заход на посадку по упрощенной схемеabbreviated visual approachвладелец сертификата на воздушное судноaircraft certificate holderвлиять на безопасностьaffect the safetyвлиять на безопасность полетовeffect on operating safetyвлиять на летную годностьaffect airworthinessвлиять на летные характеристикиeffect on flight characteristicsвлиять на регулярностьaffect the regularityвлиять на состояние воздушного суднаeffect on an aircraftвмятина на обшивкеdent in surfaceвнешняя подвеска на тросахsling loadвносить поправку на сносmake drift correctionвозвращаться на глиссадуregain the glide pathвозвращаться на заданный курсregain the trackвоздухозаборник, раздвоенный на выходеbifurcated air intakeвоздушная яма на пути полетаin flight bumpвоздушное судно для полетов на большой высотеhigh-altitude aircraftвоздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полетauthorized aircraftвоздушное судно, летящее курсом на востокeastbound aircraftвоздушное судно на подходеin-coming aircraftвоздушное судно, находящееся на встречном курсеoncoming aircraftвоздушное судно, оставшееся на плавуstayed afloat aircraftвоздушное судно, совершающее заход на посадкуapproaching aircraftвоздушный винт на режиме малого газаidling propellerвосходящий поток воздуха на маршруте полетаen-route updraftВПП, не оборудованная для точного захода на посадкуnonprecision approach runwayВПП, не соответствующая заданию на полетwrong runwayВПП, оборудованная для точного захода на посадкуprecision approach runwayвремя захода на посадкуapproach timeвремя налета по приборам на тренажереinstrument flying simulated timeвремя на подготовку к обратному рейсуturnaround timeвремя нахождения на ВППrun-down occupancy timeвремя нахождения на землеwheels-on timeвремя, необходимое на полное обслуживание и загрузкуground turn-around timeвремя опробования двигателя на землеengine ground test timeвремя прекращения действия ограничения на воздушное движениеtraffic release timeвремя простоя на землеground timeвремя простоя на техническим обслуживанииmaintenance ground timeвходное устройство с использованием сжатия воздуха на входеinternal-compression inletвыбранная высота захода на посадкуselected approach altitudeвыбранный наклон глиссады захода на посадкуselected approach slopeвывешивать воздушное судно на подъемникахjack an aircraftвыводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крылоunstall the aircraftвыводить воздушное судно на заданный курсput the aircraft on the courseвыводить на заданный курсroll on the courseвыводить на курсtrack outвыводить на режим малого газаset idle powerвывод на линию путиtracking guidanceвыдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсеhold the aircraft on the headingвыдерживать на заданном курсеhold on the headingвызов на связь1. call-in2. aircall 3. callup вынужденная посадка воздушного судна на водуaircraft ditchingвыполнение промежуточного этапа захода на посадкуintermediate approach operationвыполнять заход на посадку1. complete approach2. execute approach выполнять работу на воздушном суднеwork on the aircraftвыполнять уход на второй кругexecute go-aroundвыруливание на исполнительный старт для взлета1. taxiing to takeoff position2. takeoff taxiing выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный стартline up the aircraftвыруливать на исполнительный стартline upвысота начального этапа захода на посадкуinitial approach altitudeвысота полета вертолета при заходе на посадкуhelicopter approach heightвысота при заходе на посадкуapproach heightвысота разворота на посадочную прямуюfinal approach altitudeвысота траектории начала захода на посадкуapproach ceilingвысота установленная заданием на полетspecified altitudeвысота хода поршня на такте всасыванияsuction headвыходить на авиатрассуenter the airwayвыходить на взлетный режимcome to takeoff powerвыходить на заданную высотуtake up the positionвыходить на заданную траекториюobtain the correct pathвыходить на заданный курс1. get on the course2. put on the course 3. roll out on the heading выходить на критический уголreach the stalling angleвыходить на курс с левым разворотомroll left on the headingвыходить на курс с правым разворотомroll right on the headingвыходить на ось лучаintercept the beamвыходить на посадочную прямую1. enter the final approach track2. roll into final выход на закритический угол атакиexceeding the stalling angleвыход на посадку1. loading gate2. gate выход на посадочный курс отворотом на расчетный уголteardrop procedure turnвычислитель параметров автоматического ухода на второй кругauto go around computerвычислитель параметров захода на посадкуapproach computerвычислитель параметров ухода на второй круг1. overshoot computer2. go-around computer географическое положение на данный моментcurrent geographical positionглиссада захода на посадкуapproach glide slopeглушитель шума на выхлопеexhaust noise suppressorгондола двигателя на пилонеside engine nacelleгонка двигателя на землеground runupгоризонтальный полет на крейсерском режимеlevel cruiseгруз на внешней подвеске1. undersling load2. suspended load грузовая ведомость на рейсcargo boarding listдавать разрешение на взлетclear for takeoffдавать разрешение на левый разворотclear for the left-hand turnдавление на аэродромеaerodrome pressureдавление на входе в воздухозаборникair intake pressureдавление на срезе соплаnozzle-exit pressureдальность видимости на ВПП1. runway visual range2. runway visual length дальность полета на предельно малой высотеon-the-deck rangeдальность полета на режиме авторотацииautorotation rangeдатчик скольжения на крылоside-slip sensorдвигатель на режиме малого газаidling engineдвигатель, установленный на крылеon-wing mounted engineдвигатель, установленный на пилонеpylon-mounted engineдвижение на авиационной трассеairway trafficдвижение на пересекающихся курсахcrossing trafficдвижение на сходящихся курсахcoupling trafficдевиация на основных курсахcardinal headings deviationдействия при уходе на второй кругgo-around operationsдекларация экипажа на провоз багажаcrew baggage declarationдержаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного суднаkeep clear of the aircraftдеталь, установленная на прессовой посадкеforce-fit partдиспетчер захода на посадкуapproach controllerдиспетчерская служба захода на посадкуapproach control serviceдиспетчерский пункт захода на посадкуapproach control pointдиспетчерский пункт управления заходом на посадкуapproach control unitдистанция при заходе на посадкуapproach flight track distanceдозаправлять топливом на промежуточной посадке по маршрутуrefuel en-routeдоклад о развороте на обратный курсturnaround reportдокументация на вылетoutbound documentationдокументация на прилетinbound documentationдопуск на испытанияtest marginдопуск на максимальную высоту препятствияdominant obstacle allowanceдопуск на массу воздушного суднаaircraft weight toleranceдопуск на машинную обработкуmachining allowanceдопуск на погрешностьmargin of errorдопуск на размеры воздушного суднаaircraft dimension toleranceдопуск на снижениеdegradation allowanceдопуск на установкуinstallation toleranceдоход на единицу воздушной перевозкиrevenue per traffic unitединый тариф на полет в двух направленияхtwo-way fareжесткость крыла на кручение1. wing torsional stiffness2. wing torsion stiffness завал на крыло1. wing dropping2. wing drop зависать на высотеhover at the height ofзавихрение на конце лопастиblade-tip vortexзадержка на маршрутеdelay en-routeзаканчивать регистрацию на рейсclose the flightзаливная горловина на крылеoverwing fillerзамок выпущенного положения ставить на замок выпущенного положенияdownlockзапас топлива на бортуon-board fuelзапас топлива на рейсblock fuelзапрашивать разрешение на сертификациюrequest certification forзапрещение посадки на водуwaveoffзапрос на взлетtakeoff requestзапрос на посадкуlanding requestзапрос на рулениеtaxi requestзаруливать на место стоянкиtaxi in for parkingзаруливать на место стоянки воздушного суднаenter the aircraft standзасветка на экране локатораradar clutterзасечка объекта на экране локатораradar fixзаход на посадку1. approach operation2. approach 3. land approach 4. approach landing заход на посадку без использования навигационных средствno-aids used approachзаход на посадку без использования средств точного заходаnonprecision approachзаход на посадку в режиме планированияgliding approachзаход на посадку в условиях ограниченной видимостиlow-visibility approachзаход на посадку на посадку под контролем наземных средствground controlled approachзаход на посадку на установившемся режимеsteady approachзаход на посадку не с прямойnonstraight-in approachзаход на посадку, нормированный по времениtimed approachзаход на посадку под угломoffset approachзаход на посадку под шторкамиblind approachзаход на посадку по командам наземных станцийadvisory approachзаход на посадку по коробочкеrectangular traffic pattern approachзаход на посадку по криволинейной траекторииcurved approachзаход на посадку по кругуcircling approachзаход на посадку по крутой траекторииsteep approachзаход на посадку по курсовому маякуlocalizer approachзаход на посадку по маякуbeam approachзаход на посадку по обзорному радиолокаторуsurveillance radar approachзаход на посадку по обычной схемеnormal approachзаход на посадку по осевой линииcenter line approachзаход на посадку по полной схемеlong approachзаход на посадку по пологой траекторииflat approachзаход на посадку по приборам1. instrument approach landing2. instrument landing approach заход на посадку по прямому курсуfront course approachзаход на посадку по радиолокаторуradar approachзаход на посадку по сегментно-криволинейной схемеsegmented approachзаход на посадку после полета по кругуcircle-to-landзаход на посадку по укороченной схемеshort approachзаход на посадку по упрощенной схемеsimple approachзаход на посадку при боковом ветреcrosswind approachзаход на посадку при симметричной тягеsymmetric thrust approachзаход на посадку против ветраupwind approachзаход на посадку с выпущенными закрылкамиapproach with flaps downзаход на посадку с использованием бортовых и наземных средствcoupled approachзаход на посадку с левым разворотомleft-hand approachзаход на посадку с непрерывным снижениемcontinuous descent approachзаход на посадку с обратным курсом1. back course approach2. one-eighty approach заход на посадку с отворотом на расчетный уголteardrop approachзаход на посадку с правым разворотомright-hand approachзаход на посадку с прямойstraight-in approachзаход на посадку с прямой по приборамstraight-in ILS-type approachзаход на посадку с уменьшением скоростиdecelerating approachзаявка на полетflight requestзаявка на сертификациюapplication for certificationзона захода на посадкуapproach areaзона захода на посадку по кругуcircling approach areaзона разворота на обратный курсturnaround areaизменение эшелона на маршрутеen-route change of levelизмерение шума при заходе на посадкуapproach noise measurementизображение на экране радиолокатораradar screen pictureиндикатор глиссады захода на посадкуapproach slope indicatorиндикатор на лобовом стеклеhead-up displayинформация о заходе на посадкуapproach informationиспытание на аварийное приводнениеditching testиспытание на амортизационный ресурсservice life testиспытание на вибрациюvibration testиспытание на воспламеняемостьignition testиспытание на герметичностьcontainment testиспытание на максимальную дальность полетаfull-distance testиспытание на подтверждениеsubstantiating testиспытание на прочностьstructural testиспытание на свободное падениеfree drop testиспытание на скороподъемностьclimbing testиспытание на соответствиеcompliance testиспытание на ударную нагрузку1. shock test2. impact test испытание на шумnoise testиспытание на шум при взлетеtakeoff noise testиспытание на шум при пролетеflyover noise testиспытание на эффективность торможенияbraking action testиспытание по уходу на второй кругgo-around testиспытания воздушного судна на перегрузкиaircraft acceleration testsиспытания воздушного судна на переменные нагрузкиaircraft alternate-stress testsиспытания на соответствие заданным техническим условиям1. proof-of-compliance tests2. functional tests испытания на усталостное разрушениеfatigue testsиспытания на флаттерflatter testsисходная высота полета при заходе на посадкуreference approach heightисходный угол захода на посадкуreference approach angleканал связи на маршрутеon-course channelкарта местности зоны точного захода на посадкуprecision approach terrain chartкарта - наряд на выполнение регламентного технического обслуживанияscheduled maintenance recordкарта - наряд на выполнение технического обслуживанияmaintenance releaseкарта - наряд на техническое обслуживаниеmaintenance recordкарта планирования полетов на малых высотахlow altitude flight planning chartкарта прогнозов на заданное времяfixed time prognostic chartквитанция на платный багажexcess baggage ticketконец этапа захода на посадкуapproach endконечная прямая захода на посадкуapproach finalконечный удлиненный заход на посадку с прямойlong final straight-in-approach operationконечный этап захода на посадкуfinal approachконсультативное сообщение о воздушной обстановке, регистрируемой на первичной РЛСtraffic advisory against primary radar targetsконтакт с объектами на землеground contactконтейнер для перевозки грузов и багажа на воздушном суднеaircraft containerконтракт на воздушную перевозкуair carriage contractконтракт на обслуживание в аэропортуairport handling contractконтракт на перевозку разносортных грузовbulk contractконтрольная площадка на аэродромеaerodrome checkpointконтрольная точка замера шумов на участке захода на посадкуapproach noise reference pointконтрольная точка захода на посадкуapproach fixконтрольная точка конечного этапа захода на посадкуfinal approach fixконтрольная точка на маршрутеen-route fixконтрольная точка начального этапа захода на посадкуinitial approach fixконтрольная точка промежуточного этапа захода на посадкуintermediate approach fixконтрольная точка траектории захода на посадкуapproach flight reference pointконфигурация при полете на маршрутеen-route configurationкоррекция угла захода на посадкуapproach angle correctionкрепление колеса на штоке амортизатораwheel-to-shock strut suspension(шасси) кресло на поворотном кронштейнеswivel seatкрышка заливной горловины на крылеoverwing filler capкурс захода на посадку1. approach course2. approach heading курс захода на посадку по приборамinstrument approach courseкурс на радиостанциюradio directional bearingлетательный аппарат на воздушной подушкеair-cushion vehicleлетать на автопилотеfly on the autopilotлетать на воздушном суднеfly by an aircraftлетать на заданной высотеfly at the altitudeлетать на тренажереfly a simulatorлетать на эшелонеfly levelлиния безопасности на перронеapron safety lineлиния заруливания воздушного судна на стоянкуaircraft stand lead-in lineлиния руления на место стоянкиparking bay guidelineлицензия на коммерческие перевозкиcommercial licenseлицензия на производствоproduction certificateлуч захода на посадкуapproach beamлуч наведения на цельguidance beamлюк аварийного выхода на крылоoverwing emergency exitлюк для покидания при посадке на водуditching hatchмаксимально допустимая масса при стоянке на перронеmaximum apron massманевр на летном полеairfield manoeuvreманевр разворота на посадочный курсcircle-to-land manoeuvreмаршрут захода на посадкуprocedure approach trackмаршрутная карта полетов на малых высотахlow altitude en-route chartмаршрут перехода в эшелона на участок захода на посадкуfeeder routeмаршрут ухода на второй кругmissed approach procedure trackмасштаб развертки на экране радиолокационной станцииrange marker spacingмат на крылоwing walk matмеры на случай аварийной посадкиemergency landing provisionsмеры на случай аварийных ситуацийprovisions for emergenciesместо на крыле для выполнения технического обслуживанияoverwing walkwayместо ожидания на рулежной дорожкеtaxi-holding positionметеообслуживание на маршрутеen-route meteorological serviceметеоусловия на авиалинииairway weatherметеоусловия на аэродроме посадкиterminal weatherметеоусловия на запасном аэродромеalternate weatherметеоусловия на маршрутеen-route weatherметеоусловия на нулевой видимостиzero-zero weatherметодика испытаний при заходе на посадкуapproach test procedureметод разбивки атмосферы на слоиatmospheric layering techniqueмеханизм измерителя крутящего момента на валу двигателяengine torquemeter mechanismминимальные расходы на установкуminimum installation costsмонтировать на воздушном суднеinstall on the aircraftмонтировать на шпангоутеmount on the frameмощность на валуshaft horsepowerмощность на преодоление аэродинамического сопротивленияinduced drag powerмощность на преодоление профильного сопротивленияprofile drag powerмощность на режиме полетного малого газаflight idle powerмощность на чрезвычайном режимеcontingency powerмощность, поступающая на вал трансмиссииtransmission power inputнаблюдение за дальностью видимости на ВППrunway visual range observationнабор высоты на маршрутеen-route climbнабор высоты на начальном участке установленной траекторииnormal initial climb operationнабор высоты после прерванного захода на посадкуdiscontinued approach climbна борту1. aboard2. on board наведение по азимуту при заходе на посадкуapproach azimuth guidanceнаведение по глиссаде при заходе на посадкуapproach slope guidanceна взлетеon takeoffна втором кругеon go-aroundнагрузка на единицу площадиload per unit areaнагрузка на колесоwheel loadнагрузка на крылоwing loadнагрузка на поверхность управленияcontrol surface loadнагрузка при стоянке на землеground loadнажимать на педальdepress the pedalнажимать на тормозаengage brakesназемный ориентир на трассе полетаen-route ground markна исполнительном стартеat lineupнакладная на доставкуdelivery billнакладывать ограничения на полетыrestrict the operationsна курсеon-courseна левом траверзе1. abeam the left pilot position2. left abeam на максимальном газеat full throttleна малом газеat idleна маршруте1. on route2. en-route на пересекающихся курсахabeamна полной скоростиat full speedна посадочном курсеon finalнаправление захода на посадкуdirection of approachна правом траверзе1. abeam the right pilot position2. right abeam на протяжении всего срока службыthroughout the service lifeнаработка на землеground operating timeна режиме малого газаat idle powerна скорости1. on the speed2. at a speed of на уровне землиat the ground levelна установленной высотеat appropriate altitudeна участкеin segment(полета) на участке маршрута в восточном направленииon the eastbound legнаходясь на трассеwhen making wayнаходящийся на землеgroundborneначальный участок захода на посадкуinitial approach segmentначальный участок ухода на второй кругinitial stage of go-aroundначальный этап захода на посадкуinitial approachначинать уход на второй кругinitiate go-aroundне использовать возможность ухода на второй кругfail to initiate go-aroundнервюра, воспринимающая нагрузку на сжатиеcompression ribноминальная траектория захода на посадкуnominal approach pathнормы шума при полетах на эшелонеlevel flight noise requirementsобеспечивать заход на посадкуserve approachоборудование для обеспечения захода на посадкуapproach facilitiesобратная тяга на режиме малого газаreverse idle thrustобратное давление на выходе газовexhaust back pressureобучение на рабочем местеon-the-job trainingобщий налет на определенном типе воздушного суднаon-type flight experienceобщий тариф на перевозку разносортных грузовfreight-all-kinds rateогни зоны приземления на ВППrunway touchdown lightsогни на трассе полетаairway lightsограничения на воздушных трассахair rote limitationsожидать на местеhold the positionопробование на привязиtie-down runорган обеспечения безопасности на воздушном транспортеaviation security authorityорган управления движением на перронеapron management unitориентировочный прогноз на полетprovisional flight forecastособые явления погоды на маршруте полетаen-route weather phenomenaостановка на маршруте полетаen-route stopостанов при работе на малом газеidle cutoffотбирать мощность на валtake off power to the shaftотверстие для отсоса пограничного слоя на крылеboundary layer bleed perforationотвечать на запросrespond to interrogationОтдел обслуживания проектов на местахField Services BranchОтдел осуществления проектов на местахField Operation Branchотработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропортуaerodrome emergency exerciseотрицательно влиять на характеристикиadversely affect performancesотсчет показаний при полете на глиссадеon-slope indicationоценка способности принимать на слухaural reception testочаг пожара на воздушном суднеaircraft fire pointочередность захода на посадкуapproach sequenceпадение давления на фильтреexcessive pressure dropпереводить винт на отрицательную тягуreverse the propellerперевозимый на воздушном шареplaneborneперевозка пассажиров на короткое расстояниеpassenger hopперевозчик на договорных условияхcontract carrierперевозчик на магистральной линииtrunk carrierперекладка реверса на прямую тягуthrust reverser stowageпереключать на прямую тягуreturn to forward thrustпереходить на ручное управлениеchange-over to manual controlпереходить на управление с помощью автопилотаswitch to the autopilotпереход на другую частотуfrequency changeoverпереход на кабрированиеnose-up pitchingпереход на пикированиеnose-down pitchingпереход на режим висенияreconversion hoveringплавно выводить на заданный курсsmooth on the headingпланирование при заходе на посадкуapproach glideплотность воздуха на уровне моряsea level atmospheric densityплотность движения на маршрутеroute traffic densityплотность размещения кресел на воздушном суднеaircraft seating densityповторный запуск на режиме авторотацииwindmilling restartподавать жалобу на компаниюmake a complaint against the companyподавать электропитание на шинуenergize the busподземные сооружения на аэродромеunderaerodrome utilitiesподниматься на борт воздушного суднаboard an aircraftподтверждение разрешения на взлетtakeoff clearance confirmationподтверждение разрешения на посадкуlanding clearance confirmationподъем на гидроподъемникахjackingпозывной общего вызова на связьnet call signпокидание при посадке на водуevacuation in ditchingполет в направлении на станциюflight inbound the stationполет в режиме ожидания на маршрутеholding en-route operationполет на автопилотеautocontrolled flightполет на аэростатеballooningполет на буксиреaerotow flightполет на дальностьdistance flightполет на конечном этапе захода на посадкуfinal approach operationполет на короткое расстояние1. flip2. short-haul flight полет на крейсерском режимеnormal cruise operationполет на критическом угле атакиstall flightполет на малой высотеlow flying operationполет на малой скоростиlow-speed flightполет на малом газеidle flightполет на малых высотахlow flightполет на номинальном расчетном режимеwith rated power flightполет на одном двигателеsingle-engined flightполет на ориентирdirectional homingполет на полном газеfull-throttle flightполет на продолжительностьendurance flightполет на режиме авторотацииautorotational flightполет на среднем участке маршрутаmid-course flightполет на участке между третьим и четвертым разворотамиbase leg operationполет по индикации на стеклеhead-up flightполеты на высоких эшелонахhigh-level operationsполеты на малых высотахlow flyingположение закрылков при заходе на посадкуflap approach positionположение на линии исполнительного стартаtakeoff positionполучать задания на полетreceive flight instructionпомещение на аэродроме для размещения дежурных экипажейaerodrome alert roomпоправка на ветерwind correctionпоправка на взлетную массуtakeoff mass correctionпоправка на воздушную скоростьairspeed compensationпоправка на высотуaltitude correctionпоправка на изменение угла атаки лопастиblade-slap correctionпоправка на массуmass correctionпоправка на массу при заходе на посадкуapproach mass correctionпоправка на продолжительность1. duration correction2. duration correction factor поправка на смещениеcorrection for biasпоправка на сносdrift correctionпоправка на снос ветромcrosswind correctionпоправка на температуруtemperature correctionпоправка на уход курсового гироскопаz-correctionпорядок действий по тревоге на аэродромеaerodrome alerting procedureпорядок набора высоты на крейсерском режимеcruise climb techniqueпорядок перехода на другую частотуfrequency changeover procedureпорядок установки на место стоянкиdocking procedureпосадка на авторотацииautorotation landingпосадка на водуwater landingпосадка на две точки1. level landing2. two-point landing посадка на критическом угле атакиstall landingпосадка на маршруте полетаintermediate landingпосадка на палубуdeck landingпосадка на режиме малого газаidle-powerпосадка на точность приземленияspot landingпосадка на три точкиthree-point landingпосадка на хвостtail-down landingпотери на трениеfriction lossesправила захода на посадкуapproach to land proceduresправо на передачу билетовticket transferabilityпредварительная заявка на полетadvance flight planпредел скоростей на крейсерском режимеcruising speeds rangeпредоставлять права на воздушные перевозкиgrant traffic privilegesпредохранительная металлическая окантовка на передней кромке лопастиblade metal capпредполагаемое время захода на посадкуexpected approach timeпрепятствие в зоне захода на посадкуapproach area hazardпрепятствие на пути полетаair obstacleпрерванный заход на посадкуdiscontinued approachпрерывать заход на посадкуdiscontinue approachприбор для проверки кабины на герметичностьcabin tightness testing deviceприбор для проверки систем на герметичностьsystem leakage deviceпригодность для полета на местных воздушных линияхlocal availabilityприземляться на аэродромеget into the aerodromeпринимать груз на борт1. uplift the freight2. take on load 3. take up load принимать на себя ответственностьassume responsibilityпринимать на хранениеreceive for storageпринимать решение идти на посадкуcommit landingпринимать решение об уходе на второй кругmake decision to go-aroundпробег при посадке на водуlanding water runпроверка на герметичность1. leak test2. pressurized leakage test проверка на исполнительном стартеlineup inspectionпроверка обеспечения полетов на маршрутеroute-proving trialпроверять на наличие течиcheck for leakageпроверять на наличие трещинinspect for cracksпроверять на параллельностьcheck for parallelismпроверять шестерни на плавность зацепленияtest gears for smoothпрогноз на вылетflight forecastпрогноз на момент взлетаtakeoff forecastпрогноз на момент посадкиlanding forecastпродолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топливаcontinue operating on the fuel reserveпродолжительность работы двигателя на взлетном режимеfull-thrust durationпроисшествие на территории государства регистрации воздушного суднаdomestic accidentпроисшествие на территории другого государстваinternational accidentпрокладывать на карте маршрутchart a courseпромежуточный этап захода на посадкуintermediate approachпропуск на вход в аэропортairport laissez-passerпрофиль захода на посадкуapproach profileпрочность на разрывtensile strengthпрямая тяга на режиме малого газаforward idle thrustпрямые расходы на техническое обслуживаниеdirect maintenance costsпункт выхода на связьpoint of callпункт контроля на наличие металлических предметовmetal-detection gatewayпункт управления заходом на посадкуapproach control towerработа двигателя на режиме малого газаidling engine operationработа на малом газеlight runningработа на режиме холостого ходаidle runningработа на смежных диапазонахcross-band operationработать на малом газеrun idleработать на полном газеrun at full throttleработать на режиме малого газаrun at idle powerработать на режиме холостого ходаrun idleработать на топливеoperate on fuelрадиолокатор точного захода на посадкуprecision approach radarрадиолокатор управления заходом на посадкуapproach control radarрадиолокационная система захода на посадкуapproach radar systemрадиолокационная система точного захода на посадкуprecision approach radar systemрадиопеленг на маршрутеen-route radio fixрадиосредства захода на посадкуradio approach aidsразбивать на этапыbreak down into steps(траекторию полета) разбитый на участки профиль захода на посадкуmeasured approach profileразворот на курс полетаjoining turnразворот на обратный курсreverse turnразворот на посадкуlanding turnразворот на посадочную площадкуbase turnразворот на посадочную прямую1. final turn2. turn to final разворот на посадочный курсteardrop turnразмещение воздушных судно на стоянкеparking arrangementразмещение на аэродромеon-aerodrome locationразработка мероприятий на случай аварийной обстановки на аэродромеaerodrome emergency planningразрешение на беспошлинный ввозduty-free admittanceразрешение на ввозimport licenseразрешение на взлет1. takeoff clearance2. clearance for takeoff разрешение на вход1. entry clearance2. clearance to enter разрешение на вывозexport licenseразрешение на вылет1. departure clearance2. outbound clearance разрешение на выполнение воздушных перевозокoperating permitразрешение на выполнение плана полетаflight plan clearanceразрешение на выполнение полетаpermission for operationразрешение на запускstart-up clearanceразрешение на заход на посадкуapproach clearanceразрешение на заход на посадку с прямойclearance for straight-in approachразрешение на начало сниженияinitial descent clearanceразрешение на полет1. flight clearance2. operational clearance разрешение на полет в зоне ожиданияholding clearanceразрешение на полет по приборамinstrument clearanceразрешение на посадкуlanding clearanceразрешение на провоз багажаbaggage clearanceразрешение на проживание иностранного пассажираalien resident permitразрешение на пролет границыborder flight clearanceразрешение на рулениеtaxi clearanceразрешение на снижениеdescent clearanceразрешение на эксплуатацию воздушной линииroute licenseразрешенные полеты на малой высотеauthorized low flyingрайонный диспетчерский центр управления движением на авиатрассеarea control centerрасстояние до точки измерения при заходе на посадкуapproach measurement distanceрасстояние от воздушного судна до объекта на землеair-to-ground distanceрасход на крейсерском режимеcruise consumptionрасходы на аренду воздушного суднаaircraft rental costsрасходы на единицу перевозкиexpenses per traffic unitрасходы на изготовлениеmanufacturing costsрасходы на модернизациюdevelopment costsрасходы на оперативное обслуживаниеoperational expensesрасходы на техническое обслуживаниеmaintenance costsрасчет удельной нагрузки на поверхностьarea density calculationреагировать на отклонение рулейrespond to controlsреакция на отклонениеresponse to deflectionрежим малого газа при заходе на посадкуapproach idleрежим стабилизации на заданной высотеheight-lock modeрезкий разворот на землеground loopсближение на встречных курсахhead-on approachсбор за аэронавигационное обслуживание на трассе полетаen-route facility chargeсборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозкуAir Passenger Tariffсбрасывать топливо на входbypass fuel backсваливаться на носdrop the noseсвязь на маршрутеen-route communicationсегментная траектория захода на посадкуsegmented approach pathСектор закупок на местахField Purchasing UnitСектор найма на местахField Recruitment UnitСектор обеспечения снабжения на местахField Procurement Services UnitСектор учета кадров на местахField Personal Administration UnitСекция осуществления проектов на местахField Operations Section(ИКАО) Секция снабжения на местахField Procurement Section(ИКАО) Секция управления кадрами на местахField Personnel Section(ИКАО) сертификация по шуму на взлетном режимеtake-off noiseсигнал отклонения от курса на маякlocalizer-error signalсистема автоматического захода на посадкуautomatic approach systemсистема захода на посадкуapproach systemсистема объявления тревоги на аэродромеaerodrome alert systemсистема огней точного захода на посадкуprecision approach lighting systemсистема предупреждения о сдвиге ветра на малых высотахlow level wind-shear alert systemсистема управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянкуapproach guidance nose-in to stand systemскольжение на крыло1. squashing2. wing slide скользить на крылоsquash(о воздушном судне) скорость захода на посадку1. approach speed2. landing approach speed скорость захода на посадку с убранной механизацией крылаno-flap - no-slat approach speedскорость захода на посадку с убранными закрылкамиno-flap approach speedскорость захода на посадку с убранными предкрылкамиno-slat approach speedскорость истечения выходящих газов на срезе реактивного соплаnozzle exhaust velocityскорость на начальном участке набора высоты при взлетеspeed at takeoff climbскорость полета на малом газеflight idle speedскорость снижения при заходе на посадкуapproach rate of descentслужебная дорога на аэродромеaerodrome service roadснежные заносы на аэродромеaerodrome snow windrowснижение на крейсерском режимеcruise descentснижение на режиме авторотацииautorotative descend operationснижение шума при опробовании двигателей на землеground run-up noise abatementсовершать посадку на борт воздушного суднаjoin an aircraftсовершать посадку на водуland on waterсогласованный пункт выхода на связьagreed reporting pointспособ захода на посадкуapproach techniqueспособ ухода на второй кругgo-around modeсредняя нагрузка на одно колесоequivalent wheel loadсредняя тарифная ставка на пассажиро-милюaverage fare per passenger-mileсредства захода на посадкуaids to approachсрок годности при хранении на складеshelf lifeсрок представления плана на полетflight plan submission deadlineсрыв потока на лопасти1. blade slap phenomenon2. blade slap ставить воздушный винт на полетный упорlatch the propeller flight stopставить воздушный винт на упорlatch a propellerставить на тормозblock the brakeставить шасси на замкиlock the landing gearставить шасси на замок выпущенного положенияlock the landing gear downставить шасси на замок убранного положенияlock the landing gear upстандартная система захода на посадкуstandard approach systemстандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучуstandard beam approach systemстандартный заход на посадкуstandard approachстворка на выходе из радиатораradiator exit shutterстендовые испытания на выносливостьbench-run testsстепень перепада давления на срезе соплаnozzle exhaust pressure ratioстойка регистрации у выхода на перронgate checkстолкновение на встречных курсахhead-on collisionступенчатый заход на посадкуstep-down approachстыковка рейсов на полный маршрутend-to-end connectionсудно на воздушной подушкеhovercraftсхема визуального захода на посадкуvisual approach streamlineсхема захода на посадку1. approach procedure2. approach chart 3. approach pattern схема захода на посадку без применения радиолокационных средствnonprecision approach procedureсхема захода на посадку по командам с землиground-controlled approach procedureсхема захода на посадку по коробочкеrectangular approach traffic patternсхема захода на посадку по приборам1. instrument approach chart2. instrument approach procedure схема разворота на посадочный кругbase turn procedureсхема точного захода на посадкуprecision approach procedureсхема ухода на второй круг1. overshoot procedure2. missed approach procedure таможенное разрешение на провозclearance of goodsтариф на воздушную перевозку пассажираair fareтариф на оптовую чартерную перевозкуwholesale charter rateтариф на отдельном участке полетаsectorial rateтариф на перевозку почтыmail rateтариф на перевозку товаровcommodity rateтариф на полет в ночное время сутокnight fareтариф на полет по замкнутому кругуround trip fareтариф на полет с возвратом в течение сутокday round trip fareтариф на путешествиеtrip fareтемпература газов на входе в турбинуturbine entry temperatureтемпература на входеinlet temperatureтемпература на входе в турбинуturbine inlet temperatureтемпература на выходеoutlet temperatureтемпература на выходе из компрессораcompressor delivery temperatureтемпература на уровне моряsea-level temperatureтенденция сваливания на крылоwing heavinessтерритория зоны захода на посадкуapproach terrainтехника пилотирования на крейсерском режимеaeroplane cruising techniqueтопливный бак, устанавливаемый на конце крылаwingtip fuel tankтопливо на опробованиеrun-up fuelтопливо расходуемое на выбор высотыclimb fuelторможение на мокрой ВППwet braking acquisitionтормозное устройство на ВППrunway arresting gearточный заход на посадкуprecision approachтраектория захода на посадкуapproach pathтраектория захода на посадку по азимутуazimuth approach pathтраектория захода на посадку по лучу курсового маякаlocalizer approach trackтраектория захода на посадку, сертифицированная по шумуnoise certification approach pathтраектория захода на посадку с прямойstraight-in approach pathтраектория конечного этапа захода на посадкуfinal approach pathтраектория точного захода на посадкуprecision approach pathтренировочный заход на посадкуpractice low approachтяга на взлетном режимеtakeoff thrustтяга на максимально продолжительном режимеmaximum continuous thrustтяга на режиме максимального газаfull throttle thrustтяга на режиме малого газаidling thrustтяга на установившемся режимеsteady thrustугломестная антенна захода на посадкуapproach elevation antennaугол захода на посадкуangle of approachугол распространения шума при заходе на посадкуapproach noise angleудельное давление колеса на грунтwheel specific pressureудельное давление на поверхность ВППfootprint pressureудельный расход топлива на кг тяги в часthrust specific fuel consumptionудлиненный конечный этап захода на посадкуlong finalудостоверение на право полета по авиалинииairline certificateудостоверение на право полета по приборамinstrument certificateуказатель места ожидания на рулежной дорожкеtaxi-holding position signуказатель скорости снижения на ВППrising runway indicatorуказатель траектории точного захода на посадкуprecision approach path indicatorуказатель угла захода на посадкуapproach angle indicatorуправление в зоне захода на посадкуapproach controlуправление воздушным движением на трассе полетаairways controlуправление на переходном режимеcontrol in transitionуправление при выводе на курсroll-out guidanceуровень шума при заходе на посадкуapproach noise levelусилие на органах управления от автомата загрузкиartificial feelусилие на педалиpedal forceусилие на ручку управленияstick forceусилие на систему управленияcontrol system loadусилие на штурвалеcontrol wheel forceусилие пилота на органах управленияpilot-applied forceусловия, моделируемые на тренажереsimulated conditionsусловия на маршрутеen-route environmentусловия посадки на водуditching conditionsустанавливать на бортуinstall aboardустанавливать на борту воздушного суднаinstall in the aircraftустанавливать на требуемый уголset at the desired angleустанавливать на упор шагаlatch the pitch stop(лопасти воздушного винта) устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положенияlock the legsустановка в положение для захода на посадкуapproach settingустановка закрылков на взлетный уголflaps takeoff settingустановка закрылков на посадочный уголflaps landing settingустановка на замок выпущенного положенияlockdownустановка на замок убранного положенияlockupустановка на место обслуживанияdocking manoeuvreустановка на место стоянки1. docking2. parking manoeuvre установленная схема ухода на второй круг по приборамinstrument missed procedureустановленный на воздушном суднеairborneустановленный на двигателеengine-mountedустойчивость на водеstability on water(после аварийной посадки воздушного судна) устойчивость на курсеcourse keeping abilityустойчивость на траектории полетаarrow flight stabilityустойчивость при заходе на посадкуsteadiness of approachустойчивость при скольжении на крылоside slipping stabilityустройство для транспортировки древесины на внешней подвескеtimber-carrying suspending deviceутопленный огонь на поверхности ВППrunway flush lightуточнение задания на полетflight coordinationуходить на второй круг1. go round again2. miss approach уходить на второй круг по заданной схемеtake a missed-approach procedureуход на второй круг1. go-around flight manoeuvre2. go-around 3. missed approach 4. balked landing уход на второй круг с этапа захода на посадкуmissed approach operationучасток захода на посадку1. approach leg2. approach segment участок захода на посадку до первого разворотаupwind legучасток разворота на ВППrunway turning bayфлажок на рейкеtracking flagхарактеристики на разворотахturn characteristicsцентр радиолокационного управления заходом на посадкуradar approach controlчастота вызова на связьcalling frequencyчастота на маршруте полетаen-route frequencyчисло оборотов двигателя на взлетном режимеengine takeoff speedшаблон схемы разворота на посадочный курсbase turn templateшасси выпущено и установлено на замки выпущенного положенияlanding gear is down and lockedшвартовка груза на воздушном суднеaircraft cargo lashingштуцер для проверки наддува на землеground pressurization connectionштуцер для проверки на землеground testing connectionштырь фиксации на землеground locking pinэквивалентная мощность на валуequivalent shaft powerэкзамен на получение квалификационной отметкиrating testэксплуатационные расходы на воздушное судноaircraft operating expensesэлектропроводка высокого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft high tension wiringэлектропроводка низкого напряжения на воздушном суднеaircraft low tension wiringэтап захода на посадкуapproach phase -
112 system
1. система2. установка, устройство3. геол. формация4. план, расположениеacoustic back-up communications system — вспомогательная акустическая система связи (в системе управления подводным устьевым оборудованием)
acoustic back-up control system — акустическая вспомогательная система управления (подводным оборудованием)
acoustic emergency back-up control system — аварийная акустическая система управления (подводным оборудованием)
adaptive data recording system — самонастраивающаяся система регистрации данных (измерения параметров ветра, течений, волн и т. п.) на плавучей буровой платформе для определения её реакции на внешние воздействия
BOP function position indicator system — система индикации выполнения функций противовыбросовым оборудованием
BOP moonpool guidance system — направляющее устройство блока превенторов в буровой шахте бурового судна (служащее для спуска блока через буровую шахту без раскачивания)
bulk products weighting system — система измерения массы порошкообразных материалов (системы пневмотранспорта барита, бентонита, цемента)
continuous elevating and lowering system — система непрерывного подъёма и спуска (на самоподнимающейся платформе)
drilling information monitoring system — система сбора информации о бурении, система контроля параметров процесса бурения
dual BOP stack system — двухблочная система, состоящая из двух блоков превенторов и двух водоотделяющих колонн
emergency acoustic closing system — аварийная акустическая система закрытия (подводных противовыбросовых превенторов)
flexible bottom coring system — система бурения с отбором донного керна с использованием шлангокабеля (при геологоразведочных работах на море)
hydraulic fluid make-up system — система приготовления рабочей жидкости гидросистемы (для управления подводным оборудованием)
hydroacoustic position reference system — гидроакустическая система определения местоположения, гидроакустическая система ориентации
integral ( marine) riser system — система составной водоотделяющей колонны (секции которой изготовлены как одно целое с линиями глушения скважины и штуцерной)
multiwire electrohydraulic control system — электрогидравлическая система управления (подводным устьевым оборудованием)
PCT offshore test system — морская система опробования испытателем пласта, который управляется давлением (бурового раствора в затрубном пространстве)
pin and hole type jacking system — подъёмное устройство штыреоконного типа (на самоподнимающихся опорах)
pipe abandonment and recovery system — система оставления и подъёма труб (при укладке подводного трубопровода)
rack and pinion type jacking system — подъёмное устройство реечно-шестерённого типа (на самоподнимающейся платформе)
remote data acquisition and control system — система дистанционного сбора данных, контроля и управления
single stack and single riser drilling system — система для бурения с одним блоком превенторов и одной водоотделяющей колонной
submudline type completion system — система заканчивания морских скважин на твёрдом дне (с донной плитой, заглублённой в илистый грунт)
telescoping joint support system — устройство для подвески телескопической секции (водоотделяющей колонны)
tooth and pawl type jacking system — подъёмная система зубчато-балочного типа (у самоподнимающихся платформ)
underwater guide line system — система подводных направляющих канатов (связывающих подводное устье скважины с буровым судном или плавучим полупогружным буровым основанием и предназначенных для ориентированного спуска по ним оборудования и инструментов к подводному устью)
wet-type ocean floor completion system — система для заканчивания скважины на океанском дне (в водной среде)
* * *
1. система2. агрегат; устройство; устройство3. совокупность; семейство Фacoustic back-up communication system — вспомогательная акустическая система связи (в системе управления подводным устьевым оборудованием)
acoustic back-up control system — акустическая вспомогательная система управления (подводным оборудованием)
acoustic emergency back-up control system — аварийная акустическая система управления (подводным оборудованием)
blowout preventer cart system — тележка для перемещения блока противовыбросовых превенторов на буровом судне или плавучей буровой платформе (с целью подачи его к центру буровой шахты)
blowout preventer function position indicator system — система индикации выполнения функций противовыбросовым оборудованием
blowout preventer moonpool guidance system — направляющее устройство блока противовыбросовых превенторов в буровой шахте бурового судна (для спуска блока через буровую шахту без раскачивания)
cavity-filling water spray system — система орошения с насадками, установленными на трубках, смонтированных на корпусе шнекового исполнительного органа
combination chain and wire-rope mooring system — комбинированная цепно-канатная система якорного крепления
continuous elevating and lowering system — система непрерывного подъёма и спуска (самоподъёмного основания)
drilling information monitoring system — система сбора информации о бурении, система контроля параметров процесса бурения
dual blowout preventer stack system — двухблочная система, состоящая из двух блоков противовыбросовых превенторов и двух водоотделяющих колонн
electrohydraulic control system with different frequencies of pilot signals — электрогидравлическая система управления с разночастотными управляющими сигналами
electronic multiplex control system — электронная многофункциональная система управления (противовыбросовым оборудованием)
emergency acoustic closing system — аварийная акустическая система закрытия (подводных противовыбросовых превенторов)
flexible bottom coring system — система бурения с отбором донного керна с использованием шлангокабеля (при геологоразведок них работах на море)
hydraulic drill-pipe pick-up system — устройство с гидроприводом для подачи бурильных труб с козлов к устью скважины
hydraulic fluid make-up system — система приготовления рабочей жидкости гидросистемы (для управления подводным оборудованием)
hydraulic rotary head slide-out system — устройство с гидроприводом для отвода подвижного шпинделя в сторону от устья скважины
integral marine riser system — система составной водоотделяющей колонны (секции которой изготовлены как одно целое с линией глушения скважины и штуцерной линией)
integrated pile alignment system — устройство для центровки свай, размещаемое на свае
mooring system of drilling offshore platform — система якорного крепления морского бурового основания
pig injector and receiver valve system — шлюзовой затвор запуска и приёма скребков (для чистки трубопровода)
pin-and-hole type jacking system — подъёмное устройство штыреоконного типа (на самоподнимающихся опорах)
pipe abandonment and recovery system — система оставлеаия и подъёма труб (при укладке подводного трубопровода)
plain-type liner hanger system — простая подвеска колонны эксплуатационных труб (когда не требуется герметизация между подвеской и обсадными трубами)
program reliability information system for management — система обеспечения руководителей программы данными о надёжности
rack and pinion type jacking system — подъёмное устройство реечношестерённого типа (на самоподнимающейся платформе)
single stack and single riser drilling system — система для бурения с одним блоком противовыбросовых превенторов и одной водоотделяющей колонной
subsea blowout preventer stack control system — система управления подводным противовыбросовым оборудованием
system with component replacement — система с возможностью замены элементов;
telescoping joint support system — устройство для подвески телескопической секции (водоотделяющей платформы)
underwater guide line system — система подводных направляющих канатов (связывающих подводное устье скважины с буровым судном или плавучим полупогружным буровым основанием и предназначенных для ориентированного спуска по ним оборудования и инструментов к подводному устью)
* * *
система; план, расположение
* * *
- Dynamic Well Control System
- National Standard Reference Data System* * *• агрегат• план -
113 over
'əuvə
1. preposition1) (higher than; above in position, number, authority etc: Hang that picture over the fireplace; He's over 90 years old.) sobre, encima de; más de2) (from one side to another, on or above the top of; on the other side of: He jumped over the gate; She fell over the cat; My friend lives over the street.) sobre, encima; al otro lado de3) (covering: He put his handkerchief over his face.) sobre4) (across: You find people like him all over the world.) por(todo)5) (about: a quarrel over money.) por, por motivos de, sobre6) (by means of: He spoke to her over the telephone.) por7) (during: Over the years, she grew to hate her husband.) durante, a través de, a lo largo de8) (while having etc: He fell asleep over his dinner.) durante
2. adverb1) (higher, moving etc above: The plane flew over about an hour ago.)2) (used to show movement, change of position: He rolled over on his back; He turned over the page.)3) (across: He went over and spoke to them.)4) (downwards: He fell over.)5) (higher in number etc: for people aged twenty and over.)6) (remaining: There are two cakes for each of us, and two over.)7) (through from beginning to end, carefully: Read it over; Talk it over between you.)
3. adjective(finished: The affair is over now.) por encima
4. noun((in cricket) a certain number of balls bowled from one end of the wicket: He bowled thirty overs in the match.) serie de seis lanzamientos
5. as part of a word1) (too (much), as in overdo.) demasiado, extra, exceso de2) (in a higher position, as in overhead.) por encima (de)3) (covering, as in overcoat.) sobre4) (down from an upright position, as in overturn.) hacia abajo5) (completely, as in overcome.) completamente•- over all
- over and done with
over1 adv1. a casawhy don't you come over to see us? ¿por qué no vienes a casa a vernos?2. acabado3. de sobraare there any strawberries over? ¿sobran fresas?over2 prep1. encima de / sobre2. más depeople over 65 las personas de más de 65 años / los mayores de 65 añostr['əʊvəSMALLr/SMALL]■ over here/there aquí/allí■ why don't you come over to dinner? ¿por qué no vienes a cenar a casa?5 (everywhere, throughout) en todas partes6 (again) otra vez■ over and over (again) repetidas veces, una y otra vez7 (remaining) sobrante■ are there any strawberries (left) over? ¿sobran fresas?, ¿quedan fresas?■ did you have any money over? ¿te sobró algún dinero?8 (too much) de más10 SMALLRADIO/SMALL (finished) corto■ over and out! ¡corto y fuera!1 (above, higher than) encima de2 (covering, on top of) sobre, encima de3 (across) sobre; (on the other side of) al otro lado de4 (during) durante5 (throughout) por6 (by the agency of) por7 (more than) más de8 (about) por9 (recovered from) recuperado,-a de10 (indicating control) sobre; (superior) por encima de1 (ended) acabado,-a, terminado,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLover and above además deto be over and done with haber acabadoover ['o:vər] advhe flew over to London: voló a Londrescome on over!: ¡ven acá!the show ran 10 minutes over: el espectáculo terminó 10 minutos de tarde3) above, overhead: por encima4) again: otra vez, de nuevoover and over: una y otra vezto start over: volver a empezar5)all over everywhere: por todas partes6)to fall over : caerse7)to turn over : poner boca abajo, voltearover adj1) higher, upper: superior2) remaining: sobrante, que sobra3) ended: terminado, acabadothe work is over: el trabajo está terminadoover prep1) above: encima de, arriba de, sobreover the fireplace: encima de la chimeneathe hawk flew over the hills: el halcón voló sobre los cerros2) : más deover $50: más de $503) along: por, sobreto glide over the ice: deslizarse sobre el hielothey showed me over the house: me mostraron la casa5) across: por encima de, sobrehe jumped over the ditch: saltó por encima de la zanja6) upon: sobrea cape over my shoulders: una capa sobre los hombros7) on: porto speak over the telephone: hablar por teléfono8) during: en, duranteover the past 25 years: durante los últimos 25 años9) because of: porthey fought over the money: se pelearon por el dineroexpr.• cambio expr.adj.• concluido, -a adj.adv.• al otro lado adv.• encima adv.• encima de adv.• por encima adv.prep.• durante prep.• encima de prep.• más de prep.• por prep.• sobre prep.
II
1) preposition2) ( across)to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro
they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente
3)a) ( above) encima dethe portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea
b) ( Math) sobre4) (covering, on)5)a) (through, all around)to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien
b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?
6) (during, in the course of)over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años
spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas
7) ( by the medium of) por8) (about, on account of)9) all overa) ( over entire surface of)to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)
b) ( throughout)10)a) ( more than) más deb)over and above — ( in addition to) además de
11)a) ( senior to) por encima deb) ( indicating superiority) sobreto have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo
12) ( in comparison to)sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado
III
['ǝʊvǝ(r)] When over is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come over, go over, start over, turn over, look up the verb.1. ADVERB1) (=across) por encima, por arriba (LAm)2) (=here, there)With prepositions and adverbs [over] is usually not translated•
they're over from Canada for the summer — han venido desde Canadá a pasar el veranohow long have you lived over here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo aquí?
•
he's over in the States at the moment — en este momento está en Estados Unidosover in the States, people reacted differently — (allí) en Estados Unidos la gente reaccionó de otra manera
•
it's over on the other side of town — está al otro lado de la ciudadhow long were you over there? — ¿cuánto tiempo estuviste allí?
•
the baby crawled over to its mother — el bebé gateó hacia su madreover to you! — (to speak) ¡te paso la palabra!
so now it's over to you — (to decide) así que ahora te toca a ti decidir
•
it happened all over again — volvió a ocurrir, ocurrió otra vez•
over and over (again) — repetidas veces, una y otra vez•
several times over — varias veces seguidas4) (US) (=again) otra vezto do sth over — volver a hacer algo, hacer algo otra vez
5) (=remaining)there are three (left) over — sobran or quedan tres
is there any cake left over? — ¿queda or sobra (algo de) pastel?
when they've paid the bills there's nothing (left) over for luxuries — después de pagar las facturas no les sobra or queda nada para caprichos
6) (=more)•
sums of £50,000 and over — cantidades iguales or superiores a 50.000 libras7) (Telec)over! — ¡cambio!
over and out! — ¡cambio y corto!
•
over against — (lit) contra; (fig) frente a•
the (whole) world over — en or por todo el mundo, en el mundo entero2. PREPOSITION1) (indicating position) (=situated above) encima de, arriba de (LAm); (=across) por encima de, por arriba de (LAm)•
pour some sauce over it — échale un poco de salsa por encima•
I put a blanket over her — le eché una manta por encimaall 3., 2), head 1., 1), hill 1.•
to spread a sheet over sth — extender una sábana sobre or por encima de algo2) (=superior to)3) (=on the other side of)4) (=more than) más dean increase of 5% over last year — un aumento del 5 por ciento respecto al año pasado
•
spending has gone up by 7% over and above inflation — el gasto ha aumentado un 7% por encima de la inflaciónyes, but over and above that, we must... — sí, pero además de eso, debemos...
well II, 1., 2), a)over and above the fact that... — además de que...
5) (=during) duranteover the winter — durante or en el invierno
why don't we discuss it over dinner? — ¿por qué no vamos a cenar y lo hablamos?
how long will you be over it? — ¿cuánto tiempo te va a llevar?
lingerhe took or spent hours over the preparations — dedicó muchas horas a los preparativos
6) (=because of) por7) (=about) sobrethe two sides disagreed over how much should be spent — ambas partes discrepaban sobre cuánto debería gastarse
8) (=recovered from)he's not over that yet — (illness) todavía no se ha repuesto de aquello; (shock) todavía no se ha repuesto de or sobrepuesto a aquello
she's over it now — (illness) se ha repuesto de eso ya
it'll take her years to get over it — (shock) tardará años en sobreponerse
I hope you'll soon be over your cold — espero que se te pase pronto el resfriado, espero que te repongas pronto del resfriado
I heard it over the radio — lo escuché or oí por la radio
10) (=contrasted with)3.ADJECTIVE (=finished)when or after the war is over, we'll go... — cuando (se) acabe la guerra, nos iremos...
I'll be happy when the exams are over — seré feliz cuando (se) hayan acabado or terminado los exámenes
•
it's all over — se acabó•
I'll be glad when it's all over and done with — estaré contento cuando todo (se) haya acabado or terminadoto get sth over and done with: if we've got to tell her, best get it over and done with — si tenemos que decírselo, cuanto antes (lo hagamos) mejor
4.NOUN (Cricket) serie f de seis lanzamientos* * *
II
1) preposition2) ( across)to sling something over one's shoulder — colgarse* algo del hombro
they live over the road — (BrE) viven en frente
3)a) ( above) encima dethe portrait hangs over the fireplace — el retrato está colgado encima de or (AmL tb) arriba de la chimenea
b) ( Math) sobre4) (covering, on)5)a) (through, all around)to show somebody over a building/an estate — mostrarle* or (esp Esp) enseñarle un edificio/una finca a alguien
b) (referring to experiences, illnesses)is she over her measles yet? — ¿ya se ha repuesto del sarampión?
6) (during, in the course of)over the past/next few years — en or durante los últimos/próximos años
spread (out) over a six-week period — a lo largo de seis semanas, en un plazo de seis semanas
7) ( by the medium of) por8) (about, on account of)9) all overa) ( over entire surface of)to be all over somebody — (colloq) ( defeat heavily) darle* una paliza a alguien (fam); ( be demonstrative toward)
b) ( throughout)10)a) ( more than) más deb)over and above — ( in addition to) además de
11)a) ( senior to) por encima deb) ( indicating superiority) sobreto have control over somebody/something — tener* control sobre alguien/algo
12) ( in comparison to)sales are up 20% over last year — las ventas han aumentado un 20% con respecto al año pasado
III
-
114 place
place [plas]feminine nouna. ( = esplanade) square• places assises 20, places debout 40 seating capacity 20, standing passengers 40c. ( = espace) room ; ( = emplacement réservé) space• place aux jeunes ! make way for the younger generation!d. ( = billet) seat ; ( = prix, trajet) fare• l'entreprise occupe la seconde place sur le marché des ordinateurs the company ranks second in the computer market• figurer en bonne place [personne] to be prominentf. ( = emploi) job ; [de domestique] position• dans les médias, les places sont chères there's a lot of competition for jobs in the mediai. (locutions)► à la place ( = en échange) instead► à la place de ( = au lieu de) instead of• à ma place, tu aurais accepté ? if you were me, would you have agreed?• être en place [plan] to be ready• en place pour la photo ! everybody take up your positions for the photograph!• (à consommer) sur place ou à emporter ? sit in or take away?* * *plas1) ( espace) room, space2) (emplacement, espace défini) gén place; ( pour s'asseoir) seatdeux places pour ‘Le Lac des Cygnes’ — two tickets for ‘Swan Lake’
place aux jeunes or à la jeunesse! — lit, fig make way for the young!
payer sa place — (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay for one's ticket; ( dans un train etc) to pay one's fare
les places sont chères — fig ( parking difficile) parking spaces are hard to find; ( âpre concurrence dans l'emploi) jobs are hard to come by
prenez place — ( sur un siège) take a seat; ( chacun à son siège) take your seats; ( chacun à son poste) take your places
sur place — [aller] to the scene; [arriver] on the scene; [étudier] on the spot; [enquête] on-the-spot
3) ( dans un classement) place; ( dans un ordre) position4) ( substitution)à la place de — instead of, in place of
5) ( situation définie)en place — [système, structures] in place (après n); [troupes] in position (après n); [dirigeant, parti] ruling (épith)
ne plus tenir en place — to be restless ou fidgety
mettre en place — to put [something] in place [programme]; to put [something] in position [équipe]; to establish, to set up [réseau, institution]; to install [ligne téléphonique]
6) ( dans une agglomération) square7) Finance market8) ( emploi) job9) ( forteresse)être maître de la place — lit to be in control; fig to rule the roost
avoir un pied dans la place — fig to have a foot in the door
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *plas nf1) [ville, village] square2) [train, cinéma, voiture] seatToutes les places ont été vendues. — All the seats have been sold.
Il n'a pas payé sa place. — He didn't pay for his ticket.
Il y a vingt places assises. — There are 20 seats.
Il y a 20 places debout. — There is standing room for 20.
une quatre places AUTOMOBILES — a four-seater
3) (= endroit où l'on est assis) seatla place d'honneur — the place of honour Grande-Bretagne the place of honor USA the seat of honour Grande-Bretagne the seat of honor USA
4) (= emplacement) placeune place pour chaque chose et chaque chose à sa place — a place for everything and everything in its place
5) (espace libre) room, spaceça prend de la place — it takes up a lot of room, it takes up a lot of space
faire de la place à — to make room for, to make space for
6) (place de stationnement) parking placeIl ne reste plus de place pour se garer. — There's nowhere left to park.
7) (dans un classement) placeVincent a eu la troisième place au concours. — Vincent got third place in the competition.
8) (= emploi) jobà la place de — instead of, in place of
Il ne reste plus de tarte; désirez-vous quelque chose d'autre à la place? — There's no tart left; would you like something else instead?
de place en place — here and there, in places
par places — here and there, in places
See:* * *place nf1 ( espace) room, space; avoir de la place to have room ou space (pour faire to do); il y a encore assez de place pour deux personnes/valises there's enough room ou space left for two people/suitcases; avoir la place de faire to have enough room ou space to do; prendre de la place to take up room ou space; (faire) perdre/gagner de la place to waste/to save space; faire de la place to make room ou space (à qn/qch for sb/sth; pour faire to do); se faire de la place to make room ou space for oneself; laisser de la place (pour une personne, un meuble) to leave enough room ou space; ( pour un écrit) to leave enough space; laisse-moi un peu de place pour leur écrire un mot leave me a bit of space to write them a few lines;2 (emplacement, espace défini) gén place; ( pour s'asseoir) seat; chaque chose à sa place everything in its place; il est resté une heure à la même place he stayed in the same place for an hour; remettre qch à sa place to put sth back in its place; les dictionnaires ne sont pas à la bonne/à leur place the dictionaries aren't in the right place/where they should be; j'ai deux places pour ‘Le Lac des Cygnes’ I've got two tickets for ‘Swan Lake’; il reste une place en première there's one seat left in first class; laisse ta place à la dame! give the lady your seat!; est-ce que cette place est libre? is this seat free?; une salle de 200 places a 200 seat auditorium; j'ai eu une place gratuite I got a free seat; garde-moi ma place ( dans une file) keep my place; (dans un train, au cinéma) keep my seat; garde-moi une place (dans le train, au cinéma) keep me a seat; payer sa place (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay for one's ticket; Transp to pay one's fare; payer place entière (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay full price; Transp to pay full fare; les places sont chères fig ( parking difficile) parking spaces are hard to find; ( âpre concurrence dans l'emploi) jobs are hard to come by; prenez place ( sur un siège) take a seat; ( chacun à son siège) take your seats; ( chacun à son poste) take your places; prendre place ( s'asseoir) to take a seat; ( s'installer) [exposant, stand] to set up; [tireur, policier] to position oneself; ( s'intégrer) to take one's place; roman qui a pris place parmi les plus grands novel that has taken its place among the greatest; sur place [aller, envoyer, se rendre] to the scene; [arriver] on the scene; [être, trouver, sautiller, étudier] on the spot; [enquête, recherche, tournage] on-the-spot ( épith); de place en place here and there; voiture de quatre places four-seater car; divan à trois places three-seater sofa; ⇒ chasse;3 ( emplacement pour se garer) parking place; appartement avec place de parking apartment with parking space; je n'ai pas trouvé de place pour or où me garer I couldn't find a parking space ou a place to park; un parking de 500 places a car park for 500 cars;4 (rang dans un classement, la société) place; ( position dans un ordre) position; prendre la place de qn to take sb's place; prendre or obtenir la deuxième place to take second place (à in); il est dans les premières/dernières places he's up toward(s) the top/down toward(s) the bottom; la place d'un mot dans une phrase the position of a word in a sentence; se faire une place dans le monde de la finance to carve out a place for oneself in the world of finance; être en bonne place pour gagner/réussir to be well-placed ou in a good position to win/succeed; il occupe une place éminente he holds a very high position (à, dans in); chacun (à) sa place everyone should know his place; il faut savoir rester à sa place you must know your place; il n'est pas à sa place dans cette réception he looks out of place at this reception; je ne me sens pas à ma place dans ce milieu I feel out of place in this environment; remettre qn à sa place to put sb in his/her place; quelle place faire à l'art? what place can be afforded to art?; avoir sa place dans to deserve a place in; il n'y a pas de place pour eux dans notre système there is no place for them in our system; avoir une place à part or de choix dans to have a special place in; tenir une grande place/une place très importante dans la vie de qn to play a large part/a very important part in sb's life; donner or consacrer or faire une large place à qch to put a lot of emphasis on sth; la place croissante de l'environnement en politique the growing emphasis on the environment in politics; notre travail laisse peu de place à l'imagination our work leaves little room for the imagination; faire place à to give way to; place aux jeunes or à la jeunesse! lit, fig make way for the young!;5 ( substitution) à la place de instead of, in place of; il a mis de la vodka à la place du cognac he's used vodka instead of brandy; il y a maintenant un comité à la place de l'ancien directeur there's now a committee in place of the former manager; ils sont partis/ont été récompensés à notre place they went/were rewarded instead of us; qu'aurais-tu fait à ma place? what would you have done in my place?; (si j'étais) à ta place if I were in your position ou shoes; mets-toi à leur place put yourself in their position ou shoes; téléphone-lui toi-même, je ne peux pas le faire à ta place! phone him yourself, I can't do it for you!; j'ai mis le vase à la place du cendrier I put the vase where the ashtray was; construire une école à la place de la gare ( où était la gare) to build a school where the station used to be; ( où était prévue la gare) to build a school where the station should have been; ( au lieu de) to build a school instead of a station;6 ( situation définie) en place [système, structures] in place ( après n); [troupes] in position ( après n); [dirigeant, pouvoir, régime, parti] ruling ( épith); les gens en place the powers that be; nos hommes sont en place our men are in position; ne plus tenir en place to be restless ou fidgety; les enfants ne tiennent plus en place the children keep fidgeting; mettre en place to put [sth] in place [grillage, programme, règlement, stratégie]; to put [sth] in ou into position [satellite, troupes, équipe]; to establish, to set up [réseau, marché, régime, institution]; to install [ligne téléphonique, canalisations]; se mettre en place [plan, politique, système, structure] to be put in place; [forces, troupes, police] ( être mis en position) to be put in ou into position; ( soi-même) to position oneself; [réseau, marché, régime] to be established, to be set up; mise en place (de grillage, système, normes, services) putting in place; (de satellite, forces, d'équipe) positioning; (de réseau, marché, régime, d'institution) establishment, setting up; (de ligne téléphonique, canalisation) installationGB; remettre en place to put [sth] back in place; on se retrouve sur place we'll meet up there; je suis sur place, je peux le faire I'm on the spot, I can do it; dépannage/inscriptions sur place on-the-spot repairs/registration; ouvrage à consulter sur place reference book; laisser qn sur place to leave sb standing;7 ( dans une agglomération) square; la place du village the village square; sur la place Tiananmen/Rouge in Tiananmen/Red Square; la place de la Concorde the Place de la Concorde; la place du marché the marketplace;8 Fin market; place financière financial market; sur la place parisienne or de Paris on the Paris market;9 ( emploi) job; avoir une bonne place chez to have a good job with; perdre sa place to lose one's job; c'est une place très recherchée or demandée it's a highly sought-after job ou position; il y a des places à prendre there are good job opportunities;10 ( forteresse) entrer dans la place to get in on the inside; être dans la place to be on the inside; être maître de la place lit to be in control; fig to rule the roost; se rendre maître de la place to take control; avoir un pied dans la place fig to have a foot in the door.place d'armes Mil parade ground; place assise seat; place forte Mil fortified town; place d'honneur ( à table) place ou seat of honourGB; la place publique the public; intéresser la place publique to interest the public; sur la place publique [célébrer, apprendre, entendre] in public; mettre or porter or étaler qch sur la place publique to bring sth out in the open [[information, projet].je ne lâcherais or donnerais pas ma place pour un empire I wouldn't change places for the world ou for all the tea in China; une place pour chaque chose et chaque chose à sa place Prov a place for everything and everything in its place.[plas] nom fémininfaire de la place to make room ou spaceil reste de la place pour quatre personnes there's enough space ou room left for four peoplea. [à table, au lit] don't take up so much roomb. [sur la page] don't use up all the spacelaisser la ou faire place à to make room ou way forla machine à écrire a fait place au traitement de texte wordprocessors have taken over from ou superseded typewritersce travail ne laisse aucune place à la créativité there's no place ou room for creativity in this kind of workla musique tient une grande place dans ma vie music is very important in ou is an important part of my lifeplace au sol [d'un ordinateur, d'une voiture] footprintb. (figuré) to clear up, to make a clean sweepchanger les meubles/la cuisinière de place to move the furniture around/the stovemets/remets les clefs à leur place put the keys/put the keys back where they belongest-ce que tout est à sa place? is everything in order ou in its proper place?[d'une personne]a. [sa position] to go back to one's placeb. [son rôle] to go back to where one belongsnotre collègue ne pourra pas reprendre sa place parmi nous our colleague is unable to resume his post with usremettre quelqu'un à sa place to put somebody in his/her placese faire une place au soleil to make a success of things, to find one's place in the sun3. [siège] seat[fauteuil au spectacle] seat[billet] ticketa. [sur l'estrade] to sit at the centre of the stageb. [à table] to sit at the top ou head of the tableréserver une place d'avion/de train to make a plane/train reservationça vous ennuierait de changer de place? would you mind swapping ou changing places?dans le monde du spectacle, les places sont chères it's difficult to gain a foothold in show business4. [dans un parking] (parking) spaceun parking de 1 000 places a car park with space for 1,000 cars5. [espace urbain] squareêtre ou partir en bonne place pour gagner to be (all) set to win8. BOURSEle dollar est à la hausse sur la place financière de New York the dollar has risen on the New York exchange9. MILITAIREplace (forte) fortress, strongholda. (sens propre) [ville assiégée] here we are, inside the walls (of the city)b. [endroit quelconque] here we are10. (Belgique) [pièce d'habitation] room————————à la place locution adverbialej'ai rapporté la jupe et j'ai pris un pantalon à la place I returned the skirt and exchanged it for a pair of trousers————————à la place de locution prépositionnelle1. [au lieu de] instead of2. [dans la situation de]à ma/sa place in my/his placeà ta place, j'irais if I were you I'd goje ne voudrais pas être à sa place rather him than me, I wouldn't like to be in his shoesde place en place locution adverbiale————————en place locution adjectivale[important] establishedles gens en place disent que... the powers that be say that...————————en place locution adverbiale1. [là] in positionest-ce que tout est en place? is everything in order ou in its proper place?2. (locution)c. [réseau] to set up (separable)ça va lui mettre/remettre les idées en place it'll give him a more realistic view of things/set him thinking straight againa. [il est turbulent] he can't keep stillb. [il est anxieux] he's nervousc. [il voyage beaucoup] he's always on the move————————par places locution adverbiale————————sur place locution adverbialela place Beauvau square in Paris (also refers to the Ministry of the Interior, whose offices are situated there)la place de la Concorde square in Paris (one of the biggest and busiest squares in Paris, laid out in the reign of Louis XV)la place du Colonel-Fabien square in Paris (also refers to the Communist party headquarters, which are situated there)la place de Grève former name of the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville in Paris. (The place where the unemployed gathered to wait for work, it was the origin of the expression "se mettre en grève")la place Rouge Red Squarela place Saint-Marc Saint Mark's Squarela place Tian'anmen Tiananmen Squarela place Vendôme square in Paris (the name evokes opulence and luxury because of the Ritz hotel and the jewellery shops situated on the square)la place des Vosges elegant and fashionable square in the Marais district of Paris, built under Henri IV -
115 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
116 hold
I
1. həuld past tense, past participle - held; verb1) (to have in one's hand(s) or between one's hands: He was holding a knife; Hold that dish with both hands; He held the little boy's hand; He held the mouse by its tail.) tener en las manos, agarrar, asir2) (to have in a part, or between parts, of the body, or between parts of a tool etc: He held the pencil in his teeth; She was holding a pile of books in her arms; Hold the stamp with tweezers.) tener; aguantar3) (to support or keep from moving, running away, falling etc: What holds that shelf up?; He held the door closed by leaning against it; Hold your hands above your head; Hold his arms so that he can't struggle.) aguantar, soportar4) (to remain in position, fixed etc when under strain: I've tied the two pieces of string together, but I'm not sure the knot will hold; Will the anchor hold in a storm?) aguantar5) (to keep (a person) in some place or in one's power: The police are holding a man for questioning in connection with the murder; He was held captive.) detener, retener6) (to (be able to) contain: This jug holds two pints; You can't hold water in a handkerchief; This drawer holds all my shirts.) tener (una)capacidad de, contener7) (to cause to take place: The meeting will be held next week; We'll hold the meeting in the hall.) tener lugar, celebrar, organizar8) (to keep (oneself), or to be, in a particular state or condition: We'll hold ourselves in readiness in case you send for us; She holds herself very erect.) mantenerse9) (to have or be in (a job etc): He held the position of company secretary for five years.) ocupar, desempeñar, ejercer10) (to think strongly; to believe; to consider or regard: I hold that this was the right decision; He holds me (to be) responsible for everyone's mistakes; He is held in great respect; He holds certain very odd beliefs.) creer, considerar, estar seguro11) (to continue to be valid or apply: Our offer will hold until next week; These rules hold under all circumstances.) ser válido, tener validez12) ((with to) to force (a person) to do something he has promised to do: I intend to hold him to his promises.) hacer cumplir13) (to defend: They held the castle against the enemy.) defender14) (not to be beaten by: The general realized that the soldiers could not hold the enemy for long.) resistir (frente)15) (to keep (a person's attention): If you can't hold your pupils' attention, you can't be a good teacher.) mantener16) (to keep someone in a certain state: Don't hold us in suspense, what was the final decision?) tener17) (to celebrate: The festival is held on 24 June.) tener lugar, celebrarse18) (to be the owner of: He holds shares in this company.) poseer, tener19) ((of good weather) to continue: I hope the weather holds until after the school sports.) mantenerse, aguantar20) ((also hold the line) (of a person who is making a telephone call) to wait: Mr Brown is busy at the moment - will you hold or would you like him to call you back?) esperar, aguardar21) (to continue to sing: Please hold that note for four whole beats.) aguantar22) (to keep (something): They'll hold your luggage at the station until you collect it.) guardar23) ((of the future) to be going to produce: I wonder what the future holds for me?) deparar
2. noun1) (the act of holding: He caught/got/laid/took hold of the rope and pulled; Keep hold of that rope.) control; asimiento2) (power; influence: He has a strange hold over that girl.) dominio, influencia3) ((in wrestling etc) a manner of holding one's opponent: The wrestler invented a new hold.) llave•- - holder- hold-all
- get hold of
- hold back
- hold down
- hold forth
- hold good
- hold it
- hold off
- hold on
- hold out
- hold one's own
- hold one's tongue
- hold up
- hold-up
- hold with
II həuld noun((in ships) the place, below the deck, where cargo is stored.) bodegahold1 n bodegato get hold of something coger algo / agarrar algohold2 vb1. sostener / tener en la manocan you hold my camera, please? ¿me aguantas la cámara, por favor?2. coger / sujetarhold it tight! ¡sujétalo fuerte!3. tener una capacidad / tener cabidathe stadium holds 100,000 people el estadio tiene cabida para 100.000 personas4. celebrar / dar5. tener / ocupartr[həʊld]1 (grip) asimiento2 (place to grip) asidero3 (in ship, plane) bodega■ governments should exert a strong hold on public expenditure los gobiernos deben aplicar un control riguroso sobre el gasto público5 (in wrestling) llave nombre femenino2 (maintain - opinion) sostener3 (contain) dar cabida a, tener capacidad para4 figurative use deparar■ I don't know what the future holds for me no sé lo que el futuro me deparará, no sé lo que me espera en el futuro5 (meeting) celebrar; (conversation) mantener■ political parties often hold meetings in parks los partidos políticos celebran a menudo sus mítines en los parques■ she loves holding long chats with her best friend le encanta mantener largas charlas con su mejor amiga6 (think) creer, considerar7 (keep) guardar1 (withstand attack, pressure) resistir2 (remain true) seguir siendo válido,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto catch hold of agarrar, asir, coger■ wait till I get hold of you! ¡espera a que te coja!to hold one's head high llevar bien alta la cabezato hold one's own figurative use defenderseto hold somebody abrazar a alguiento hold somebody's hand cogerle la mano a alguiento hold the road SMALLAUTOMOBILES/SMALL agarrarse a la carretera1) possess: tenerto hold office: ocupar un puesto2) restrain: detener, controlarto hold one's temper: controlar su mal genio3) clasp, grasp: agarrar, cogerto hold hands: agarrarse de la mano4) : sujetar, mantener fijohold this nail for me: sujétame este clavo5) contain: contener, dar cabida a6) support: aguantar, sostener7) regard: considerar, tenerhe held me responsible: me consideró responsable8) conduct: celebrar (una reunión), realizar (un evento), mantener (una conversación)hold vi1) : aguantar, resistirthe rope will hold: la cuerda resistirá2) : ser válido, valermy offer still holds: mi oferta todavía es válida3)to hold forth : perorar, arengar4)to hold to : mantenerse firme en5)to hold with : estar de acuerdo conhold n1) grip: agarre m, llave f (en deportes)2) control: control m, dominio mto get hold of oneself: controlarse3) delay: demora fto put on hold: suspender temporalmente4) : bodega f (en un barco o un avión)5)to get hold of : conseguir, localizaradj.• retenido, -a adj.n.• agarradero s.m.• agarre s.m.• agarro s.m.• apresamiento s.m.• arraigo s.m.• mango s.m.v.(§ p.,p.p.: held) = caber v.(§pres: quepo, cabes...) pret: cup-fut/c: cabr-•) (To fit)v.v.(§ p.,p.p.: held) = detener v.(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-fut/c: -tendr-•)v.(§ p.,p.p.: held) = contener v.(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-fut/c: -tendr-•)• mantener v.(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-fut/c: -tendr-•)• retener v.(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-fut/c: -tendr-•)• soportar v.• sostener v.(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-fut/c: -tendr-•)• sujetar v.• tener v.(§pres: tengo, tienes...tenemos) pret: tuv-fut/c: tendr-•)
I
1. həʊld(past & past p held) transitive verb1)a) ( have in one's hand(s)) tener*will you hold this for me? — ¿me puedes tener or (esp AmL) agarrar esto por favor?
b) ( clasp)hold it with both hands — sujétalo or (esp AmL) agárralo con las dos manos
he was holding her hand — la tenía agarrada or (esp Esp) cogida de la mano
hold me tight — abrázame fuerte; own III
vehicles which hold the road well — vehículos de buen agarre or que se agarran bien a la carretera
2)a) (support, bear) sostener*, aguantarto hold oneself erect — mantenerse* erguido
b) ( have room for) \<\<cup/jug\>\> tener* una capacidad de; \<\<stadium\>\> tener* capacidad or cabida parac) ( contain) contener*to hold one's liquor o (BrE) drink — ser* de buen beber, aguantar bien la bebida or (fam) el trago
d) ( have in store) deparar3)a) ( keep in position) sujetar, sostener*raise your legs off the floor and hold them there — levanta las piernas del suelo y manténlas levantadas
b) ( maintain) \<\<attention/interest\>\> mantener*if Labour holds these seats — si los laboristas retienen estos escaños or (RPl) estas bancas
4)a) ( keep) \<\<tickets/room\>\> reservar, guardarI will hold the money until... — yo me quedaré con el dinero hasta...
she asked her secretary to hold all her calls — le dijo a su secretaria que no le pasara ninguna llamada
b) (detain, imprison)she is being held at the police station for questioning — está detenida en la comisaría para ser interrogada
c) ( restrain) detener*once she decides to do something, there's no holding her — una vez que decide hacer algo, no hay nada que la detenga
d) ( control) \<\<troops/rebels\>\> ocupar5)a) ( have) \<\<passport/ticket/permit\>\> tener*, estar* en posesión de (frml); \<\<degree/shares/property\>\> tener*; \<\<record\>\> ostentar, tener*; \<\<post/position\>\> tener*, ocuparhe holds the view that... — sostiene que or mantiene que..., es de la opinión de que...
to hold somebody in high esteem — tener* a alguien en mucha or gran estima
to hold somebody responsible for something — responsabilizar* a alguien de algo
c) ( conduct) \<\<meeting/elections\>\> celebrar, llevar a cabo; \<\<demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<party\>\> dar*; \<\<conversation\>\> mantener*6)a) ( stop)b) ( omit) (AmE)I'll have a hamburger, but hold the mustard — para mí una hamburguesa, pero sin mostaza
2.
vi1) (clasp, grip)2)a) ( stay firm) \<\<rope/door\>\> aguantar, resistirb) ( continue) \<\<weather\>\> seguir* or continuar* bueno, mantenerse*3) ( be true) \<\<idea/analogy\>\> ser* válido•Phrasal Verbs:- hold in- hold off- hold on- hold out- hold up
II
1) ua) (grip, grasp)to catch o grab o take hold (of something) — agarrar (algo), coger* (algo) (esp Esp); ( so as not to fall etc) agarrarse or asirse (de or a algo)
to keep hold of something — no soltar* algo
to get hold of somebody — localizar* or (AmL tb) ubicar* a alguien
to get hold of something — ( manage to get) conseguir* algo
where did you get hold of the idea that... ? — ¿de dónde has sacado la idea de que... ?
b) ( control)to keep a firm hold on something — mantener* algo bajo riguroso control
to get a hold of o on oneself — controlarse
the hold they have over the members of the sect — el dominio que ejercen sobre los miembros de la secta
c) (TV)horizontal/vertical hold — control m de imagen horizontal/vertical
2) ca) (in wrestling, judo) llave fwith no holds barred — sin ningún tipo de restricciones
b) ( in mountaineering) asidero m3) c (delay, pause) demora fto be on hold — \<\<negotiations\>\> estar* en compás de espera; \<\<project\>\> estar* aparcado or en suspenso
to put something on hold — \<\<project\>\> dejar algo aparcado or en suspenso
4) c (of ship, aircraft) bodega f[hǝʊld] (vb: pt, pp held)1. N1) (=grasp) agarro m, asimiento m•
to catch hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm)catch hold! — ¡toma!
•
to get hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm); (fig) (=take over) adquirir, apoderarse de; (=obtain) procurarse, conseguirwhere can I get hold of some red paint? — ¿dónde puedo conseguir pintura roja?
where did you get hold of that? — ¿dónde has adquirido eso?
where did you get hold of that idea? — ¿de dónde te salió esa idea?
to get hold of sb — (fig) (=contact) localizar a algn
to get (a) hold of o.s. — (fig) dominarse
•
to have hold of — estar agarrado a•
to keep hold of — seguir agarrado a; (fig) guardar para sí•
to lay hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm)•
on hold, to be on hold — (Telec) estar en esperato put sb on hold — (Telec) poner a algn en espera
•
to relax one's hold — desasirse (on de)•
to seize hold of — apoderarse de•
to take hold of — coger, agarrar (LAm)2) (Mountaineering) asidero m3) (Wrestling) presa f, llave fwith no holds barred — (fig) sin restricción, permitiéndose todo
4) (fig) (=control, influence) (exerted by person) influencia f, dominio m (on, over sobre); (exerted by habit) arraigo m (on, over en)•
to gain a firm hold over sb — llegar a dominar a algn•
to have a hold on or over sb — dominar a algn, tener dominado a algndrink has a hold on him — la bebida está muy arraigada en él, está atrapado por la bebida
5) (Aer, Naut) bodega f, compartimento m de carga2. VT1) (=grasp) tener; (=grasp firmly) sujetar; (=take hold of) coger, agarrar (LAm); (=embrace) abrazarshe came in holding a baby/bunch of flowers — entró con un niño en brazos/con un ramo de flores en las manos
nose 1., 1)he was holding her in his arms — (romantically) la tenía entre sus brazos
2) (=maintain, keep) [+ attention, interest] mantener; [+ belief, opinion] tener, sostener; [+ note] sostener•
can he hold an audience? — ¿sabe mantener el interés de un público?•
to hold one's head high — mantenerse firme•
to hold the line — (Telec) no colgar•
this car holds the road well — este coche se agarra muy bien3) (=keep back) retener, guardar"hold for arrival" — (US) (on letters) "no reexpedir", "reténgase"
4) (=check, restrain) [+ enemy, breath] contenerhold it! — ¡para!, ¡espera!
hold everything! — ¡que se pare todo!
•
to hold one's tongue — morderse la lengua, callarse la boca5) (=possess) [+ post, town, lands] ocupar; [+ passport, ticket, shares, title] tener; (Econ) [+ reserves] tener en reserva, tener guardado; [+ record] ostentar; (Mil) [+ position] mantenerse en•
to hold the fort — (fig) quedarse a cargo•
he holds the key to the mystery — él tiene la clave del misterio•
to hold office — (Pol) ocupar un cargo•
to hold the stage — (fig) dominar la escena6) (=contain) contener, tener capacidad or cabida parathis stadium holds 10,000 people — este estadio tiene capacidad or cabida para 10.000 personas
what does the future hold? — ¿qué nos reserva el futuro?
7) (=carry on) [+ conversation] mantener; [+ interview, meeting, election] celebrar; [+ event] realizar; (formally) celebrarthe meeting will be held on Monday — se celebrará la reunión el lunes, la reunión tendrá lugar el lunes
to hold a mass — (Rel) celebrar una misa
8) (=consider, believe) creer, sostenerto hold that... — creer que..., sostener que...
I hold that... — yo creo or sostengo que...
it is held by some that... — hay quien cree que...
to hold sb dear — querer or apreciar mucho a algn
peace 1.•
to hold sb responsible for sth — echar la culpa a algn de algo, hacer a algn responsable de algo9) (=bear weight of) soportar3. VI1) (=stick) pegarse; (=not give way) mantenerse firme, resistir; [weather] continuar, seguir bueno2) (=be valid) valer, ser valedero3) (Telec)please hold — no cuelge, por favor
- hold in- hold off- hold on- hold out- hold to- hold up* * *
I
1. [həʊld](past & past p held) transitive verb1)a) ( have in one's hand(s)) tener*will you hold this for me? — ¿me puedes tener or (esp AmL) agarrar esto por favor?
b) ( clasp)hold it with both hands — sujétalo or (esp AmL) agárralo con las dos manos
he was holding her hand — la tenía agarrada or (esp Esp) cogida de la mano
hold me tight — abrázame fuerte; own III
vehicles which hold the road well — vehículos de buen agarre or que se agarran bien a la carretera
2)a) (support, bear) sostener*, aguantarto hold oneself erect — mantenerse* erguido
b) ( have room for) \<\<cup/jug\>\> tener* una capacidad de; \<\<stadium\>\> tener* capacidad or cabida parac) ( contain) contener*to hold one's liquor o (BrE) drink — ser* de buen beber, aguantar bien la bebida or (fam) el trago
d) ( have in store) deparar3)a) ( keep in position) sujetar, sostener*raise your legs off the floor and hold them there — levanta las piernas del suelo y manténlas levantadas
b) ( maintain) \<\<attention/interest\>\> mantener*if Labour holds these seats — si los laboristas retienen estos escaños or (RPl) estas bancas
4)a) ( keep) \<\<tickets/room\>\> reservar, guardarI will hold the money until... — yo me quedaré con el dinero hasta...
she asked her secretary to hold all her calls — le dijo a su secretaria que no le pasara ninguna llamada
b) (detain, imprison)she is being held at the police station for questioning — está detenida en la comisaría para ser interrogada
c) ( restrain) detener*once she decides to do something, there's no holding her — una vez que decide hacer algo, no hay nada que la detenga
d) ( control) \<\<troops/rebels\>\> ocupar5)a) ( have) \<\<passport/ticket/permit\>\> tener*, estar* en posesión de (frml); \<\<degree/shares/property\>\> tener*; \<\<record\>\> ostentar, tener*; \<\<post/position\>\> tener*, ocuparhe holds the view that... — sostiene que or mantiene que..., es de la opinión de que...
to hold somebody in high esteem — tener* a alguien en mucha or gran estima
to hold somebody responsible for something — responsabilizar* a alguien de algo
c) ( conduct) \<\<meeting/elections\>\> celebrar, llevar a cabo; \<\<demonstration\>\> hacer*; \<\<party\>\> dar*; \<\<conversation\>\> mantener*6)a) ( stop)b) ( omit) (AmE)I'll have a hamburger, but hold the mustard — para mí una hamburguesa, pero sin mostaza
2.
vi1) (clasp, grip)2)a) ( stay firm) \<\<rope/door\>\> aguantar, resistirb) ( continue) \<\<weather\>\> seguir* or continuar* bueno, mantenerse*3) ( be true) \<\<idea/analogy\>\> ser* válido•Phrasal Verbs:- hold in- hold off- hold on- hold out- hold up
II
1) ua) (grip, grasp)to catch o grab o take hold (of something) — agarrar (algo), coger* (algo) (esp Esp); ( so as not to fall etc) agarrarse or asirse (de or a algo)
to keep hold of something — no soltar* algo
to get hold of somebody — localizar* or (AmL tb) ubicar* a alguien
to get hold of something — ( manage to get) conseguir* algo
where did you get hold of the idea that... ? — ¿de dónde has sacado la idea de que... ?
b) ( control)to keep a firm hold on something — mantener* algo bajo riguroso control
to get a hold of o on oneself — controlarse
the hold they have over the members of the sect — el dominio que ejercen sobre los miembros de la secta
c) (TV)horizontal/vertical hold — control m de imagen horizontal/vertical
2) ca) (in wrestling, judo) llave fwith no holds barred — sin ningún tipo de restricciones
b) ( in mountaineering) asidero m3) c (delay, pause) demora fto be on hold — \<\<negotiations\>\> estar* en compás de espera; \<\<project\>\> estar* aparcado or en suspenso
to put something on hold — \<\<project\>\> dejar algo aparcado or en suspenso
4) c (of ship, aircraft) bodega f -
117 poner
v.1 to put.Ella puso el mantel She set the tablecloth.Ella puso su mejor esfuerzo She exerted her best effort.2 to give, to set (asignar) (tarea, examen).le pusieron Mario they called him Mariole pusieron un cinco en el examen he got five out of ten in the exam3 to switch or put on (conectar) (televisión, radio).4 to send (comunicar) (telegrama, fax).¿me pones con él? can you put me through to him? (peninsular Spanish)5 to show (Cine, Teatro & TV).¿qué ponen en la tele? what's on the telly?6 to set up.ha puesto una tienda she has opened a shopponer la mesa to lay the table7 to do up.han puesto su casa con mucho lujo they've done up their house in real style8 to put in.poner dinero en el negocio to put money into the businessponer algo de mi/tu/etc. parte to do my/your/etc bitponer mucho empeño en (hacer) algo to put a lot of effort into (doing) somethingPonga más sal Put in more salt.9 to suppose.pongamos que sucedió así (let's) suppose that's what happenedpon que necesitemos cinco días suppose we need five daysponiendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes according to plan10 to say (decir). (peninsular Spanish)¿qué pone ahí? what does it say?11 to lay (eggs) (ave).12 to make, to render, to turn, to get.13 to apply, to put on.Ella puso desinfectante She applied disinfectant.14 to lay eggs, to lay.La gallina puso The hen laid eggs.15 to say about.* * *Present Indicativepongo, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen.Past IndicativeFuture IndicativeConditionalPresent SubjunctiveImperfect SubjunctiveFuture SubjunctiveImperativePast Participlepuesto,-a.* * *verb1) to put2) place3) set4) set up, establish5) add6) switch on, put on7) lay8) install•- ponerse* * *Para las expresiones poner cuidado, poner en duda, poner por las nubes, poner a parir, poner como un trapo, poner verde, poner de vuelta y media, poner por testigo, ponerse por delante, ver la otra entrada.1. VERBO TRANSITIVO1) (=colocar, situar) to put¿dónde pongo mis cosas? — where shall I put my things?
ponle un poco de mantequilla y verás qué bueno — put some butter in it and you'll see how good it is
•
poner algo [aparte] — to put sth aside, put sth to one side•
ponlo en su [sitio] — put it back2) [+ ropa, calzado] to put on3) (=añadir) to addponle más sal — add some salt, put some more salt in it
4) (=aplicar, administrar) to put5) (=disponer, preparar)•
poner la [mesa] — to lay {o} set the table6) (=instalar)a) [+ teléfono, calefacción] to put inb) [+ tienda] to open; [+ casa] to furnish7) (=exponer)ponlo al sol — leave {o} put it out in the sun
8) (=hacer funcionar) [+ radio, televisión, calefacción] to put on, turn on; [+ disco] to put on, play¿pongo música? — shall I put some music on?
9) (=ajustar) [+ despertador] to set•
poner el reloj [en hora] — to put one's watch right•
ponlo [más alto] — turn it up10) (=adoptar)¿por qué pones esa voz tan tonta? — why are you speaking in that silly voice?
•
¡no pongas esa [cara]! — don't look at me like that!11) (=volver) + adj, adv to makepara no ponerle de mal humor — so as not to make him cross, so as not to put him in a bad mood
¡cómo te han puesto! — (=te han manchado) look what a mess you are!; (=te han pegado) they've given you a right thumping!
12) (=servir)¿qué te pongo? — what can I get you?, what would you like?
¿me pones más patatas? — could I have some more potatoes?
13) (=conectar por teléfono) to put through¿me pone con el Sr. García, por favor? — could you put me through to Mr García, please?
14) (=exhibir)¿qué ponen en el cine? — what's on at the cinema?
¿ponen alguna película esta noche? — is there a film on tonight?
15) (=enviar) to send16) (=escribir) to put¿qué pongo en la carta? — what shall I put in the letter?
¿te has acordado de poner el remite? — did you remember to put the return address on it?
17) (=decir, estar escrito) to say¿qué pone aquí? — what does it say here?
18) (=imponer) [+ examen, trabajo] to give, setnos pone mucho trabajo — he gives {o} sets us a lot of work
•
me han puesto una [multa] — I've been fined, I've been given a fine19) (=oponer) [+ inconvenientes] to raise•
le pone [peros] a todo — he's always finding fault with everything20) (=aportar, contribuir)[+ dinero]yo pongo el dinero pero ella escoge — I do the paying, but she does the choosing
21) (=invertir) to put in22) (=apostar)23) (=llamar) to call¿qué nombre {o} cómo le van a poner? — what are they going to call him?, what name are they giving him?
24) (=criticar, alabar)•
te puso muy [bien] ante el jefe — she was very nice about you to the boss•
¡[cómo] te han puesto! — (=te han criticado) they had a real go at you!; (=te han alabado) they were really nice about you!•
tu cuñada te ha puesto muy [mal] — your sister-in-law was very nasty about you25) (=tildar)•
poner a algn [de], la han puesto de idiota para arriba — they called her an idiot and worse26) (=suponer)•
pongamos [que] ganas la lotería — suppose {o} supposing you win the lotteryponiendo que... — supposing that...
27)• poner a algn [a] + infin —
nada más llegar nos pusieron a barrer — no sooner had we arrived than we were set to sweeping the floor
28)• poner a Juan [bien] con Pedro — to make things up between Juan and Pedro
•
poner a Juan [mal] con Pedro — to make Juan fall out with Pedro, cause a rift between Juan and Pedro29) [en trabajo]•
poner a algn [de], puso a su hija de sirvienta — she got her daughter a job as a servant30)31) [gallina] [+ huevos] to lay2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO1) [aves] to lay (eggs)2) (=apostar)3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( colocar) to putlo pusieron en el curso avanzado — he was put o placed in the advanced class
b) <anuncio/aviso> to place, put2) ( agregar) to put¿cuándo se le pone el agua? — when do you put the water in?, when do you add the water?
¿le pones azúcar al café? — do you take sugar in your coffee?
3) <ropa/calzado> (+ me/te/le etc)¿me pones los zapatos? — can you put my shoes on (for me)?
4) <inyección/supositorio> to give5)poner la mesa — to lay o set the table
6)a) (instalar, montar) <oficina/restaurante> to openb) <cocina/teléfono/calefacción> to installc) cerradura/armario to fit8) (Esp) (servir, dar)¿qué le pongo? — what can I get you?
póngame un café, por favor — I'll have a coffee, please
¿cuántos le pongo? — how many would you like?
9)a) ( contribuir)b) ( proporcionar) autobús/tren to lay on10) < atención> to pay; <cuidado/interés> to take11)b) ( oponer)no puso inconveniente — he didn't have o raise any objections
a todo le pone peros or pegas — she finds fault with everything
¿qué nota te puso? — what mark did he give you?
¿qué título le pusiste? — what title did you give it?
le pusieron el apodo de `el cojo' — they nicknamed him `el cojo'
14) ( escribir) to put15) (esp Esp) ( expresar por escrito) to say16) (Esp) (exhibir, dar) <obra/película>¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? — is there anything interesting on TV?
¿qué ponen en el Royal? — what's on o what's showing at the Royal?
17) (RPl) ( tardar) to take18) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)19) ( adoptar) cara/voz20)a) ( hacer empezar)poner a alguien a + inf: puso a las hijas a trabajar he sent his daughters out to work; lo puse a hacer los deberes — I made him do his homework
b)poner a alguien de algo: la pusieron de jefa de sección they made her head of department; lo pusieron de ángel he was given the part of an angel; siempre te pone de ejemplo — he always holds you up as an example
21) ( suponer)pon que perdemos ese tren... — say we miss that train o if we (were to) miss that train...
pongamos (por caso) que están equivocados — suppose o let's just say they're wrong
ponerle — (esp AmL)
¿cuánto se tarda? - ponle dos horas — how long does it take? - about two hours o reckon on two hours
22)a) (conectar, encender) <televisión/calefacción> to turn on, switch on, put on; <programa/canal> to put on; < disco> to put onpuso el motor en marcha — she switched on o started the engine
b) (ajustar, graduar)23) (Esp) ( al teléfono)en seguida le pongo — I'm just putting you through o connecting you
poner a alguien con algo/alguien — to put somebody through to something/somebody
2.¿me pone con la extensión 24? — could you put me through to extension 24, please?
vi gallina to lay3.1) ponerse v pron2)a) (refl) ( colocarse)pongámonos a la sombra — let's sit (o lie etc) in the shade
ponerse de rodillas — to kneel (down), get down on one's knees
ponte ahí, junto al árbol — stand over there, by the tree
se me/le puso que... — (AmS fam) I/he had a feeling that... (colloq)
se le pone cada cosa... — he gets the strangest ideas into his head
b) (Esp) ( llegar)3) sol to set4) (refl) <calzado/maquillaje/alhaja> to put onme puse el collar de perlas — I wore o put on my pearl necklace
5) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)cómo te has puesto de barro! — look at you, you're covered in mud!
6)a) ( empezar)ponerse a + inf — to start -ing, to start + inf
se puso a llover — it started raining o started to rain
b) (CS arg) ( contribuir dinero)cuando llega la cuenta hay que ponerse — when the bill comes, everyone has to cough up (colloq)
yo me pongo con cien — I'll put in o chip in a hundred
7) (Esp) ( al teléfono)¿Pepe? sí, ahora se pone — Pepe? OK, I'll just get him for you
* * *= affix, fit, put, set, lay, set up, lay out on, lay down, deposit, play, lay out, plant, bung + Nombe + in, get on.Ex. Some libraries use small stickers affixed to the spines which have cartoons or ideograms indicating a special genre.Ex. One such method requires that each book has a magnetic strip inserted into the spine and a special exit door is fitted across which an electric signal is beamed.Ex. If you encounter an unlabeled document during charge-out, peel off one of the preprinted labels and put it in the document.Ex. If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.Ex. By such mutual assistance, the wits and endeavours of the world may no longer be as so many scattered coals, or firebrands, which, for want of union are soon quenched, whereas, being but laid together, they would have yielded a comfortable light and heat.Ex. A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.Ex. A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.Ex. A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.Ex. The run-off paper must be thick and absorbent to cope with the thick layer of ink deposited on it by the duplicator.Ex. In another style of lesson, the book is approached through film clips, dramatizations on TV, or played on records or tapes made commercially.Ex. There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.Ex. The article is entitled 'To everything there is a season...a time to plant and a time to pluck up that which is planted: a life-cycle analysis of education for librarianship'.Ex. Instead of bunging it in the washing machine, clean it carefully by hand using lukewarm water.Ex. The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.----* con la mirada puesta en = in + Posesivo + sights.* cosas + ponerse feas = things + get rough.* costes + ponerse por las nubes = costs + spiral.* de quita y pon = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up, removable.* encargado de poner en práctica = implementor [implementer].* no poner en duda = be unquestioned.* poner a Alguien al cargo de = put + Nombre + in charge of.* poner a Alguien al frente de = put + Nombre + in charge of.* poner a Alguien al mando de = put + Nombre + in charge of.* poner a Alguien al tanto de = fill + Alguien + in on.* poner a Alguien contra las cuerdas = put + Nombre + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en contacto con = put + Nombre + in touch with.* poner a Alguien en el compromiso de = leave + Nombre + with the choice of.* poner a Alguien en guardia = put + Nombre + on + Posesivo + guard.* poner a Alguien en su sitio = cut + Nombre + down to size, knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size.* poner a Alguien en un aprieto = put + Nombre + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en un apuro = put + Alguien + on the spot, put + Nombre + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en un compromiso = put + Alguien + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en un pedestal = put + Nombre + on a pedestal.* poner a cargo de = put in + charge of.* poner a disposición = keep within + reach.* poner a disposición de = make + available to, put at + the disposal of, place + at the disposal of, bring within + reach.* poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.* poner a la defensiva = put on + the defensive.* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.* poner al día = bring + Nombre + up to date, bring + Nombre + up to scratch.* poner al día (de) = bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.* poner Algo a disposición = put + Nombre + within reach.* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.* poner Algo al descubierto = bring + Nombre + to the surface.* poner Algo a mano = put + Nombre + within reach.* poner Algo a prueba = push + Nombre + to + Posesivo + limits.* poner Algo en = stick + Nombre + on.* poner Algo en Internet = put (out) + Nombre + on the web.* poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.* poner Algo por delante de = put + Nombre + ahead of.* poner Alguien al descubierto = blow + Posesivo + cover.* poner + Alguien + frenético = make + Alguien + furious.* poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.* poner al revés = upend.* poner al tanto (de) = bring into + the swim of, bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.* poner al tanto sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.* poner a mal tiempo buena cara = keep + Posesivo + chin up.* poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.* poner a + Número = set to + Número.* poner aparte = set + apart.* poner a + Posesivo + disposición = put at + Posesivo + fingertips.* poner a prueba = stretch, tax, try, strain, overtax, pilot, put to + the test, test, plumb + the depths of, trial, overstretch, push + the envelope, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on, push + Nombre + to the edge.* poner a prueba la paciencia de Alguien = test + Posesivo + patience, try + Nombre + patience.* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = try + the patience of a saint.* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = test + the patience of a saint.* poner a prueba una idea = test + idea, pilot + idea.* poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.* poner atención = lend + an ear, listen (to).* poner a un lado = lay + Nombre + aside, set + aside.* poner bonito = get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue.* poner carnada = bait.* poner cebo = bait.* poner como ejemplo = instance, cite + as an example, showcase.* poner con chinchetas = thumbtack.* poner delante de = lay before.* poner de manifiesto = bring into + relief, highlight, show, state, throw into + relief, throw up, evince, illustrate, underscore, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], bring to + light, make + it + clear, lay + bare, provide + insight into, reveal, flag + Nombre + up.* poner de manifiesto las mejores cualidades de = bring out + the best in.* poner demasiado énfasis en Algo = overemphasise [over-emphasise] [overemphasize, -USA].* poner de patitas en la calle = give + Nombre + the boot, sack, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, turf out.* poner de pie = stand + upright.* poner de pie apoyado sobre un costado = stand on + Posesivo + side.* poner de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + bit.* poner de relieve = bring into + relief, throw into + relief, underscore, highlight, show, state, throw up, evince, illustrate, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], flag + Nombre + up, reveal.* poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.* poner doble acristalamiento = double glaze.* poner el candado = padlock.* poner el centro de atención = put + focus.* poner el colofón final = bookend.* poner el culo = take + Nombre + lying down.* poner el dedo en la llaga = hit + a (raw) nerve, touch on + raw nerve, hit + the nail on the head, strike + home, strike + a nerve, touch on + a sore spot, touch + a (raw) nerve.* poner el despertador = set + the alarm clock.* poner el énfasis = put + focus.* poner el grito en el cielo = be (all) up in arms, kick up + a stink, kick up + a fuss, blow + Posesivo + top, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack, scream + blue murder, froth at + the mouth, shout + blue murder.* poner el matasellos a una carta = postmark.* poner el precio = price.* poner el sello = stamp.* poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.* poner el sello de = rubber stamp.* poner empeño = strive.* poner en adobo = marinade.* poner en alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.* poner en alquiler = rent out.* poner en apuros = cast + a shadow over, put + Nombre + in difficulties.* poner encima = top with.* poner en circulación = circulate.* poner en claro = clear up.* poner en cola = queue.* poner en cola de espera = place + in queue.* poner en contacto = bring into + relationship, contact, provide + an interface, bring into + contact.* poner en contenedor = containerise [containerize, -USA].* poner en cuarentena = quarantine.* poner en cuestión = call into + question, render + questionable.* poner en cuestión la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.* poner en dificultades = put + Nombre + in difficulties.* poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.* poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.* poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.* poner en el haber de = credit.* poner en entredicho = challenge, cast + doubt on, subvert, compromise, cast + aspersions on, challenge + Posesivo + assumptions, doubt, question, call into + question, impugn.* poner en entredicho una postura = compromise + position.* poner en escena = stage.* poner en estado de alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.* poner en evidencia = make + it + clear, underline, bring to + light, put + Nombre + to shame, call + Posesivo + bluff, bring to + the fore.* poner énfasis = put + emphasis.* poner énfasis en = lay + stress on, place + emphasis on, lay + emphasis on.* poner en forma = buff up.* poner en funcionamiento = activate, set in + action, set up, trip, put into + working order, put in + place, put in + place, put into + place, set in + motion.* poner en funcionamiento un programa = implement + program(me).* poner en garantía = pawn.* poner en hielo = ice.* poner en juego = tap.* poner en la calle = evict.* poner en la pared = pin up.* poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.* poner en libertad = release from + jail.* poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.* poner en libertad condicional = release on + bail.* poner en libertad condicional, poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.* poner en lista de espera = put + on a waiting list.* poner en marcha = implement, set up, trip, set out on, crank up.* poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.* poner en órbita = place into + orbit.* poner en orden = tidy up, put in + order, clear up.* poner en peligro = jeopardise [jeopardize, -USA], put into + jeopardy, imperil, put at + risk, compromise, endanger, pose + risk.* poner en peligro la seguridad = breach + security.* poner en peligro la vida = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.* poner en práctica = exercise, implement, put into + practice, put to + work, put into + effect, put into + practical effect, put in + place, put into + place, translate into + practical action, bring to + bear, deploy.* poner en práctica una idea = put + Posesivo + idea + into practice.* poner en práctica una normativa = carry out + policy.* poner en práctica un arte = practise + art.* poner en préstamo = circulate.* poner en primer plano = foreground.* poner en relación = bring into + relationship.* poner en remojo = steep.* poner en ridículo = poke + fun at.* poner en riesgo = put at + risk.* poner en su sitio = put in + place.* poner en tela de juicio = throw + doubt on, contest.* poner en tensión = put + Nombre + under pressure.* poner entre comillas = enclose + in quotation marks.* poner entre corchetes = bracket.* poner entre la espada y la pared = press to + the point.* poner entre paréntesis = bracket.* poner entre rejas = put + Nombre + behind bars.* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.* poner en venta = put on + sale.* poner esfuerzo = give + effort.* poner fin = curb, bring to + a close, draw to + a close.* poner fin a = put + paid to, put + an end to, put + a stop to, call + a halt on, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, sound + the death knell for, kill off.* poner fin a un embarazo = terminate + pregnancy.* poner freno = curb.* poner freno a = place + a curb on, clamp down on.* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.* poner guiones = hyphenate.* poner huevos = lay + eggs, oviposit.* poner impuestos = impose + VAT.* poner la brida = bridle.* poner la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.* poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.* poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.* poner ladrillos = laying of bricks, lay + bricks.* poner la fecha = date-stamp.* poner la mesa = lay + the table.* poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.* poner la responsabilidad en = put + the burden on.* poner las antenas = prick (up) + Posesivo + ears, Posesivo + antennas + go up.* poner las bases = lay + foundation, lay + the basis for.* poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* poner las cartas sobre la mesa = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en su lugar = set + the record straight.* poner las esposas = handcuff.* poner la vida en peligro = put + Posesivo + life at risk.* ponerle el cascabel al gato = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for), stick out + Posesivo + neck.* ponerle la guinda = put + icing on the cake.* ponerle la mano encima a = lay + a finger on.* ponerle los cuernos a = cuckold.* ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.* poner lo pelos de punta = frighten + the living daylights out of.* poner los ojos en blanco = roll + Posesivo + eyes.* poner los pelos de punta = bristle, scare + the living daylights out of, frighten + Nombre + to death, make + Posesivo + hair stand on end, scare + the hell out of.* poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.* poner los pies en + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.* poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.* poner más fuerte = crank up.* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.* poner mucho empeño en = put + Posesivo + heart into.* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.* poner negro = drive + Alguien + (a)round the bend.* poner nervioso = rattle.* poner nervioso a Alguien = give + Nombre + the screaming abdabs.* poner + Nombre + a dieta = put + Nombre + on a diet.* poner + Nombre + a + Nombre = place + Nombre + against + Nombre.* poner objeciones = object.* poner objeciones a = object to.* poner obstáculos = cramp.* poner orden = bring + order, tidying (up), create + order, clear out, clear up.* poner orden en el caos = create + order out of chaos, create + order out of chaos.* poner papel en la impresora = load + printer.* poner parches = patch up, patch.* poner patas arriba = upend.* poner pegas = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* poner peros = baulk [balk, -USA], cavil (about/at), quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* poner por las nubes = praise + highly, wax + lyrical, wax + rapturous, praise + Nombre + to the skies, sing + Posesivo + praises.* poner por los suelos = slate, slag + Nombre + off, mouth off, say + nasty things about, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, trash, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, rubbish.* poner + Posesivo + granito de arena = do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + bit.* poner precio a la cabeza de = declare + open season on.* poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.* poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.* poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.* poner reparos = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* poner sal = salt.* ponerse = don, pull on, wax.* ponerse a = set about + Gerundio, get (a)round to, settle down to, get down to + Nombre.* ponerse a cero = roll over to + zero.* ponerse a cubierto = run for + cover.* ponerse a dieta = go on + a diet.* ponerse a hacer = set out to + do.* ponerse a hacer Algo en serio = buckle down to.* ponerse al corriente = come up to + speed.* ponerse al corriente de = catch up with, catch up on.* ponerse al día = catching up, come up to + speed, get + up to speed.* ponerse al día de = get up to + speed on.* ponerse al día de un atraso = clear + backlog.* ponerse al día en = catch up with, catch up on.* ponerse Algo = slip + Nombre + on.* ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.* ponerse al tanto = get + up to speed, wise up.* ponerse al tanto de = get up to + speed on.* ponerse a malas con = run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.* ponerse amarillo de envidia = turn + green with envy.* ponerse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.* ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.* ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.* ponerse blanco = turn + white, whiten.* ponerse borroso = blur.* ponerse ciego = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).* ponerse + Color = go + Color.* ponerse colorado = get + red in the face, go + bright red.* ponerse colorado como un tomate = go + bright red.* ponerse como loco = go + crazy, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.* ponerse como una fiera = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse como unas castañuelas = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.* ponerse como un energúmeno = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + a fuse, wax + indignant, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, tear + Posesivo + hair out, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse contentísimo = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.* ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).* ponerse del lado de = side with.* ponerse del lado de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.* ponerse de lleno a = buckle down to.* ponerse de mil colores = go + bright red.* ponerse de moda = come into + vogue, come into + fashion.* ponerse de parte de = side with.* ponerse de parte de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.* ponerse de pie = rise, stand up, get to + Posesivo + feet, rise to + Posesivo + feet.* ponerse de punta = stand out.* ponerse, el = donning, the.* ponerse el cinturón = buckle up.* ponerse en cola = queue up, line up.* ponerse en contacto = make + contact.* ponerse en contacto con = be in touch (with), interact (with), get in + touch with.* ponerse en contra de = turn against.* ponerse en cuclillas = squat (down), crouch (down).* ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.* ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.* ponerse enfermo = get + sick.* ponerse en fila = line up.* ponerse en forma = get + fit.* ponerse en forma para la lucir el cuerpo en la playa = get + beach-fit.* ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.* ponerse en marcha = set off, get off + the ground, swing into + action.* ponerse en medio = get in + the way (of).* ponerse en pie de guerra = dig up + the tomahawk, dig up + the hatchet, dig up + the war axe.* ponerse en práctica = go into + effect.* ponerse en ridículo = make + a spectacle of + Reflexivo.* ponerse en tensión = tense up.* ponerse firme = stand to + attention.* ponerse frenético = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, work up + a lather, tear + Posesivo + hair out, be furious.* ponerse fresco con = act + fresh with.* ponerse furioso = infuriate, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.* ponerse gallito = bluster.* ponerse hecho una fiera = go + ballistic, go + berserk, blow + Posesivo + top, go + postal, go + crazy, blow + a fuse, lose + Posesivo + temper, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse hecho una furia = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.* ponerse hecho un basilisco = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.* ponerse hecho un energúmeno = go + ballistic, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse histérico = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler.* ponerse la ropa rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.* ponerse las medallas = take + the credit (for).* ponerse las orejeras = put on + blinkers.* ponerse las pilas = buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, put + Posesivo + skates on, get + Posesivo + skates on, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.* ponerse las pilas, ponerse de lleno a, ponerse a trabajar en serio = buckle down to.* ponerse loco = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather.* ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.* ponerse marrón = turn + brown.* ponerse morado = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).* ponerse nervioso = get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, be in a tizz(y), get in(to) a tizz(y), have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.* ponerse por las nubes = go + ballistic.* ponerse rígido = stiffen.* ponerse rojo = get + red in the face, go + bright red.* ponerse rojo como un tomate = go + bright red.* ponerse seriamente a = settle to.* ponerse tenso = tense up, stress + Nombre + out.* ponerse tibio = pig out (on).* ponerse una tarea = set + Reflexivo + task.* poner sobre aviso = alert to.* poner término a = put + paid to.* poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.* poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = give + Posesivo + best, do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.* poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.* poner trabas = cramp.* poner una bomba = plant + bomb.* poner una demanda = face + legal action.* poner una denuncia = file + police report.* poner una marca de comprobación = check-mark.* poner una nota en un sitio público = post.* poner una reclamación = appeal.* poner una señal = put up + a sign, put up + a notice.* poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.* poner una tienda = pitch + tent.* poner un círculo alrededor = circle.* poner un ejemplo = take + an example, draw + example.* poner un letrero = put up + a sign, post + a notice, put up + a notice.* poner un pie = set + foot (inside/in/on).* poner un poquito de picante = pep up.* poner un precio a Algo muy alto = overprice.* poner verde = mouth off, get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue, trash, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, say + nasty things about, slag + Nombre + off, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, slate, rubbish.* poner vertical = stand + upright, upend.* poner y quitar = get on and off.* pongamos el caso de que = for the sake of + argument.* pongamos, por ejemplo,... = let us say, take, for example,..., take, for instance,....* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.* precio + ponerse por las nubes = price + go through the roof, price + spiral out of control, price + soar through the roof.* precios + ponerse por las nubes = prices + spiral.* que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.* que pone obstáculos = obstructive.* quita o pon = give or take.* sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.* sin poner en escena = unproduced.* sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.* sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.* sólo con la ropa interior puesta = in + Posesivo + underclothes.* sol + ponerse (por) = sun + set (on).* volver a ponerse al día = be back on track, be on track.* ya lo quitas, ya lo pones = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( colocar) to putlo pusieron en el curso avanzado — he was put o placed in the advanced class
b) <anuncio/aviso> to place, put2) ( agregar) to put¿cuándo se le pone el agua? — when do you put the water in?, when do you add the water?
¿le pones azúcar al café? — do you take sugar in your coffee?
3) <ropa/calzado> (+ me/te/le etc)¿me pones los zapatos? — can you put my shoes on (for me)?
4) <inyección/supositorio> to give5)poner la mesa — to lay o set the table
6)a) (instalar, montar) <oficina/restaurante> to openb) <cocina/teléfono/calefacción> to installc) cerradura/armario to fit8) (Esp) (servir, dar)¿qué le pongo? — what can I get you?
póngame un café, por favor — I'll have a coffee, please
¿cuántos le pongo? — how many would you like?
9)a) ( contribuir)b) ( proporcionar) autobús/tren to lay on10) < atención> to pay; <cuidado/interés> to take11)b) ( oponer)no puso inconveniente — he didn't have o raise any objections
a todo le pone peros or pegas — she finds fault with everything
¿qué nota te puso? — what mark did he give you?
¿qué título le pusiste? — what title did you give it?
le pusieron el apodo de `el cojo' — they nicknamed him `el cojo'
14) ( escribir) to put15) (esp Esp) ( expresar por escrito) to say16) (Esp) (exhibir, dar) <obra/película>¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? — is there anything interesting on TV?
¿qué ponen en el Royal? — what's on o what's showing at the Royal?
17) (RPl) ( tardar) to take18) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)19) ( adoptar) cara/voz20)a) ( hacer empezar)poner a alguien a + inf: puso a las hijas a trabajar he sent his daughters out to work; lo puse a hacer los deberes — I made him do his homework
b)poner a alguien de algo: la pusieron de jefa de sección they made her head of department; lo pusieron de ángel he was given the part of an angel; siempre te pone de ejemplo — he always holds you up as an example
21) ( suponer)pon que perdemos ese tren... — say we miss that train o if we (were to) miss that train...
pongamos (por caso) que están equivocados — suppose o let's just say they're wrong
ponerle — (esp AmL)
¿cuánto se tarda? - ponle dos horas — how long does it take? - about two hours o reckon on two hours
22)a) (conectar, encender) <televisión/calefacción> to turn on, switch on, put on; <programa/canal> to put on; < disco> to put onpuso el motor en marcha — she switched on o started the engine
b) (ajustar, graduar)23) (Esp) ( al teléfono)en seguida le pongo — I'm just putting you through o connecting you
poner a alguien con algo/alguien — to put somebody through to something/somebody
2.¿me pone con la extensión 24? — could you put me through to extension 24, please?
vi gallina to lay3.1) ponerse v pron2)a) (refl) ( colocarse)pongámonos a la sombra — let's sit (o lie etc) in the shade
ponerse de rodillas — to kneel (down), get down on one's knees
ponte ahí, junto al árbol — stand over there, by the tree
se me/le puso que... — (AmS fam) I/he had a feeling that... (colloq)
se le pone cada cosa... — he gets the strangest ideas into his head
b) (Esp) ( llegar)3) sol to set4) (refl) <calzado/maquillaje/alhaja> to put onme puse el collar de perlas — I wore o put on my pearl necklace
5) (en estado, situación) (+ compl)cómo te has puesto de barro! — look at you, you're covered in mud!
6)a) ( empezar)ponerse a + inf — to start -ing, to start + inf
se puso a llover — it started raining o started to rain
b) (CS arg) ( contribuir dinero)cuando llega la cuenta hay que ponerse — when the bill comes, everyone has to cough up (colloq)
yo me pongo con cien — I'll put in o chip in a hundred
7) (Esp) ( al teléfono)¿Pepe? sí, ahora se pone — Pepe? OK, I'll just get him for you
* * *= affix, fit, put, set, lay, set up, lay out on, lay down, deposit, play, lay out, plant, bung + Nombe + in, get on.Ex: Some libraries use small stickers affixed to the spines which have cartoons or ideograms indicating a special genre.
Ex: One such method requires that each book has a magnetic strip inserted into the spine and a special exit door is fitted across which an electric signal is beamed.Ex: If you encounter an unlabeled document during charge-out, peel off one of the preprinted labels and put it in the document.Ex: If no fines are to be charged for a particular combination of borrower and material type, set the maximum fine to zero.Ex: By such mutual assistance, the wits and endeavours of the world may no longer be as so many scattered coals, or firebrands, which, for want of union are soon quenched, whereas, being but laid together, they would have yielded a comfortable light and heat.Ex: A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.Ex: A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.Ex: A table is set up in a classroom, books are laid out on it by pupil 'shop assistants' supervised by a rota of teachers, and regular opening hours are laid down and adhered to.Ex: The run-off paper must be thick and absorbent to cope with the thick layer of ink deposited on it by the duplicator.Ex: In another style of lesson, the book is approached through film clips, dramatizations on TV, or played on records or tapes made commercially.Ex: There should be plenty of space to lay out all the books attractively and for people to move about without feeling too crowded.Ex: The article is entitled 'To everything there is a season...a time to plant and a time to pluck up that which is planted: a life-cycle analysis of education for librarianship'.Ex: Instead of bunging it in the washing machine, clean it carefully by hand using lukewarm water.Ex: The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.* con la mirada puesta en = in + Posesivo + sights.* cosas + ponerse feas = things + get rough.* costes + ponerse por las nubes = costs + spiral.* de quita y pon = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up, removable.* encargado de poner en práctica = implementor [implementer].* no poner en duda = be unquestioned.* poner a Alguien al cargo de = put + Nombre + in charge of.* poner a Alguien al frente de = put + Nombre + in charge of.* poner a Alguien al mando de = put + Nombre + in charge of.* poner a Alguien al tanto de = fill + Alguien + in on.* poner a Alguien contra las cuerdas = put + Nombre + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en contacto con = put + Nombre + in touch with.* poner a Alguien en el compromiso de = leave + Nombre + with the choice of.* poner a Alguien en guardia = put + Nombre + on + Posesivo + guard.* poner a Alguien en su sitio = cut + Nombre + down to size, knock + Nombre + off + Posesivo + pedestal, cut + Nombre + down to size.* poner a Alguien en un aprieto = put + Nombre + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en un apuro = put + Alguien + on the spot, put + Nombre + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en un compromiso = put + Alguien + on the spot.* poner a Alguien en un pedestal = put + Nombre + on a pedestal.* poner a cargo de = put in + charge of.* poner a disposición = keep within + reach.* poner a disposición de = make + available to, put at + the disposal of, place + at the disposal of, bring within + reach.* poner a la altura de las circunstancias = bring + Nombre + up to par.* poner a la defensiva = put on + the defensive.* poner al alcance = bring within + reach.* poner al día = bring + Nombre + up to date, bring + Nombre + up to scratch.* poner al día (de) = bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.* poner Algo a disposición = put + Nombre + within reach.* poner Algo al alcance = put + Nombre + within reach.* poner Algo al descubierto = bring + Nombre + to the surface.* poner Algo a mano = put + Nombre + within reach.* poner Algo a prueba = push + Nombre + to + Posesivo + limits.* poner Algo en = stick + Nombre + on.* poner Algo en Internet = put (out) + Nombre + on the web.* poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.* poner Algo por delante de = put + Nombre + ahead of.* poner Alguien al descubierto = blow + Posesivo + cover.* poner + Alguien + frenético = make + Alguien + furious.* poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.* poner al revés = upend.* poner al tanto (de) = bring into + the swim of, bring + Nombre + up to speed (on), get + Nombre + up to speed on.* poner al tanto sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.* poner a mal tiempo buena cara = keep + Posesivo + chin up.* poner a + Nombre + a la cabeza de = put + Nombre + ahead in.* poner a + Número = set to + Número.* poner aparte = set + apart.* poner a + Posesivo + disposición = put at + Posesivo + fingertips.* poner a prueba = stretch, tax, try, strain, overtax, pilot, put to + the test, test, plumb + the depths of, trial, overstretch, push + the envelope, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on, push + Nombre + to the edge.* poner a prueba la paciencia de Alguien = test + Posesivo + patience, try + Nombre + patience.* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = try + the patience of a saint.* poner a prueba la paciencia de un santo = test + the patience of a saint.* poner a prueba una idea = test + idea, pilot + idea.* poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.* poner atención = lend + an ear, listen (to).* poner a un lado = lay + Nombre + aside, set + aside.* poner bonito = get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue.* poner carnada = bait.* poner cebo = bait.* poner como ejemplo = instance, cite + as an example, showcase.* poner con chinchetas = thumbtack.* poner delante de = lay before.* poner de manifiesto = bring into + relief, highlight, show, state, throw into + relief, throw up, evince, illustrate, underscore, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], bring to + light, make + it + clear, lay + bare, provide + insight into, reveal, flag + Nombre + up.* poner de manifiesto las mejores cualidades de = bring out + the best in.* poner demasiado énfasis en Algo = overemphasise [over-emphasise] [overemphasize, -USA].* poner de patitas en la calle = give + Nombre + the boot, sack, boot (out), give + Nombre + the sack, turf out.* poner de pie = stand + upright.* poner de pie apoyado sobre un costado = stand on + Posesivo + side.* poner de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + bit.* poner de relieve = bring into + relief, throw into + relief, underscore, highlight, show, state, throw up, evince, illustrate, underline, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], flag + Nombre + up, reveal.* poner de relieve la importancia = underscore + importance.* poner doble acristalamiento = double glaze.* poner el candado = padlock.* poner el centro de atención = put + focus.* poner el colofón final = bookend.* poner el culo = take + Nombre + lying down.* poner el dedo en la llaga = hit + a (raw) nerve, touch on + raw nerve, hit + the nail on the head, strike + home, strike + a nerve, touch on + a sore spot, touch + a (raw) nerve.* poner el despertador = set + the alarm clock.* poner el énfasis = put + focus.* poner el grito en el cielo = be (all) up in arms, kick up + a stink, kick up + a fuss, blow + Posesivo + top, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack, scream + blue murder, froth at + the mouth, shout + blue murder.* poner el matasellos a una carta = postmark.* poner el precio = price.* poner el sello = stamp.* poner el sello a = place + a stamp on.* poner el sello de = rubber stamp.* poner empeño = strive.* poner en adobo = marinade.* poner en alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.* poner en alquiler = rent out.* poner en apuros = cast + a shadow over, put + Nombre + in difficulties.* poner encima = top with.* poner en circulación = circulate.* poner en claro = clear up.* poner en cola = queue.* poner en cola de espera = place + in queue.* poner en contacto = bring into + relationship, contact, provide + an interface, bring into + contact.* poner en contenedor = containerise [containerize, -USA].* poner en cuarentena = quarantine.* poner en cuestión = call into + question, render + questionable.* poner en cuestión la validez de = bring into + question the validity of, question + the validity of.* poner en dificultades = put + Nombre + in difficulties.* poner en duda = challenge, be flawed, question, render + suspect, unsettle, cast + doubt on, regard + with suspicion, put in + doubt, call into + question, shed + doubt, throw into + doubt, throw + doubt on.* poner en duda la validez de = bring into + question the validity of.* poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.* poner en el haber de = credit.* poner en entredicho = challenge, cast + doubt on, subvert, compromise, cast + aspersions on, challenge + Posesivo + assumptions, doubt, question, call into + question, impugn.* poner en entredicho una postura = compromise + position.* poner en escena = stage.* poner en estado de alerta = put on + standby, put on + alert, place + Nombre + on standby.* poner en evidencia = make + it + clear, underline, bring to + light, put + Nombre + to shame, call + Posesivo + bluff, bring to + the fore.* poner énfasis = put + emphasis.* poner énfasis en = lay + stress on, place + emphasis on, lay + emphasis on.* poner en forma = buff up.* poner en funcionamiento = activate, set in + action, set up, trip, put into + working order, put in + place, put in + place, put into + place, set in + motion.* poner en funcionamiento un programa = implement + program(me).* poner en garantía = pawn.* poner en hielo = ice.* poner en juego = tap.* poner en la calle = evict.* poner en la pared = pin up.* poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.* poner en libertad = release from + jail.* poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.* poner en libertad condicional = release on + bail.* poner en libertad condicional, poner en libertad bajo fianza = release on + bail.* poner en lista de espera = put + on a waiting list.* poner en marcha = implement, set up, trip, set out on, crank up.* poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.* poner en órbita = place into + orbit.* poner en orden = tidy up, put in + order, clear up.* poner en peligro = jeopardise [jeopardize, -USA], put into + jeopardy, imperil, put at + risk, compromise, endanger, pose + risk.* poner en peligro la seguridad = breach + security.* poner en peligro la vida = risk + Posesivo + life, risk + life and limb.* poner en práctica = exercise, implement, put into + practice, put to + work, put into + effect, put into + practical effect, put in + place, put into + place, translate into + practical action, bring to + bear, deploy.* poner en práctica una idea = put + Posesivo + idea + into practice.* poner en práctica una normativa = carry out + policy.* poner en práctica un arte = practise + art.* poner en préstamo = circulate.* poner en primer plano = foreground.* poner en relación = bring into + relationship.* poner en remojo = steep.* poner en ridículo = poke + fun at.* poner en riesgo = put at + risk.* poner en su sitio = put in + place.* poner en tela de juicio = throw + doubt on, contest.* poner en tensión = put + Nombre + under pressure.* poner entre comillas = enclose + in quotation marks.* poner entre corchetes = bracket.* poner entre la espada y la pared = press to + the point.* poner entre paréntesis = bracket.* poner entre rejas = put + Nombre + behind bars.* poner en uso = bring into + use, take in + use.* poner en venta = put on + sale.* poner esfuerzo = give + effort.* poner fin = curb, bring to + a close, draw to + a close.* poner fin a = put + paid to, put + an end to, put + a stop to, call + a halt on, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, sound + the death knell for, kill off.* poner fin a un embarazo = terminate + pregnancy.* poner freno = curb.* poner freno a = place + a curb on, clamp down on.* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.* poner guiones = hyphenate.* poner huevos = lay + eggs, oviposit.* poner impuestos = impose + VAT.* poner la brida = bridle.* poner la casa al revés = turn + everything upside down.* poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.* poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.* poner ladrillos = laying of bricks, lay + bricks.* poner la fecha = date-stamp.* poner la mesa = lay + the table.* poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.* poner la responsabilidad en = put + the burden on.* poner las antenas = prick (up) + Posesivo + ears, Posesivo + antennas + go up.* poner las bases = lay + foundation, lay + the basis for.* poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* poner las cartas sobre la mesa = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en movimiento = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.* poner las cosas en su lugar = set + the record straight.* poner las esposas = handcuff.* poner la vida en peligro = put + Posesivo + life at risk.* ponerle el cascabel al gato = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for), stick out + Posesivo + neck.* ponerle la guinda = put + icing on the cake.* ponerle la mano encima a = lay + a finger on.* ponerle los cuernos a = cuckold.* ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.* poner lo pelos de punta = frighten + the living daylights out of.* poner los ojos en blanco = roll + Posesivo + eyes.* poner los pelos de punta = bristle, scare + the living daylights out of, frighten + Nombre + to death, make + Posesivo + hair stand on end, scare + the hell out of.* poner los pies en alto = put + Posesivo + feet up.* poner los pies en + Posesivo + casa = darken + Posesivo + door.* poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.* poner más fuerte = crank up.* poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.* poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.* poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.* poner mucho empeño en = put + Posesivo + heart into.* poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.* poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.* poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.* poner negro = drive + Alguien + (a)round the bend.* poner nervioso = rattle.* poner nervioso a Alguien = give + Nombre + the screaming abdabs.* poner + Nombre + a dieta = put + Nombre + on a diet.* poner + Nombre + a + Nombre = place + Nombre + against + Nombre.* poner objeciones = object.* poner objeciones a = object to.* poner obstáculos = cramp.* poner orden = bring + order, tidying (up), create + order, clear out, clear up.* poner orden en el caos = create + order out of chaos, create + order out of chaos.* poner papel en la impresora = load + printer.* poner parches = patch up, patch.* poner patas arriba = upend.* poner pegas = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* poner peros = baulk [balk, -USA], cavil (about/at), quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* poner por las nubes = praise + highly, wax + lyrical, wax + rapturous, praise + Nombre + to the skies, sing + Posesivo + praises.* poner por los suelos = slate, slag + Nombre + off, mouth off, say + nasty things about, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, trash, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, rubbish.* poner + Posesivo + granito de arena = do + Posesivo + share, do + Posesivo + part, do + Posesivo + bit.* poner precio a la cabeza de = declare + open season on.* poner precio a la cabeza de Alguien = put + a price on + Posesivo + head.* poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.* poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.* poner reparos = cavil (about/at), baulk [balk, -USA], quibble (about/over/with), raise + objection, find + fault with.* poner sal = salt.* ponerse = don, pull on, wax.* ponerse a = set about + Gerundio, get (a)round to, settle down to, get down to + Nombre.* ponerse a cero = roll over to + zero.* ponerse a cubierto = run for + cover.* ponerse a dieta = go on + a diet.* ponerse a hacer = set out to + do.* ponerse a hacer Algo en serio = buckle down to.* ponerse al corriente = come up to + speed.* ponerse al corriente de = catch up with, catch up on.* ponerse al día = catching up, come up to + speed, get + up to speed.* ponerse al día de = get up to + speed on.* ponerse al día de un atraso = clear + backlog.* ponerse al día en = catch up with, catch up on.* ponerse Algo = slip + Nombre + on.* ponerse al rojo vivo = reach + boiling point, fire up.* ponerse al tanto = get + up to speed, wise up.* ponerse al tanto de = get up to + speed on.* ponerse a malas con = run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.* ponerse amarillo de envidia = turn + green with envy.* ponerse a temblar con sólo pensar en = shudder at + the thought of.* ponerse a trabajar en serio = get on with + Posesivo + work, buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.* ponerse a trabajar por cuenta propia = strike out on + Posesivo + own.* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.* ponerse blanco = turn + white, whiten.* ponerse borroso = blur.* ponerse ciego = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).* ponerse + Color = go + Color.* ponerse colorado = get + red in the face, go + bright red.* ponerse colorado como un tomate = go + bright red.* ponerse como loco = go + crazy, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.* ponerse como una fiera = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse como unas castañuelas = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.* ponerse como un energúmeno = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + a fuse, wax + indignant, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, tear + Posesivo + hair out, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse contentísimo = be tickled pink, be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits.* ponerse de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).* ponerse del lado de = side with.* ponerse del lado de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.* ponerse de lleno a = buckle down to.* ponerse de mil colores = go + bright red.* ponerse de moda = come into + vogue, come into + fashion.* ponerse de parte de = side with.* ponerse de parte de Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.* ponerse de pie = rise, stand up, get to + Posesivo + feet, rise to + Posesivo + feet.* ponerse de punta = stand out.* ponerse, el = donning, the.* ponerse el cinturón = buckle up.* ponerse en cola = queue up, line up.* ponerse en contacto = make + contact.* ponerse en contacto con = be in touch (with), interact (with), get in + touch with.* ponerse en contra de = turn against.* ponerse en cuclillas = squat (down), crouch (down).* ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.* ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.* ponerse enfermo = get + sick.* ponerse en fila = line up.* ponerse en forma = get + fit.* ponerse en forma para la lucir el cuerpo en la playa = get + beach-fit.* ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.* ponerse en marcha = set off, get off + the ground, swing into + action.* ponerse en medio = get in + the way (of).* ponerse en pie de guerra = dig up + the tomahawk, dig up + the hatchet, dig up + the war axe.* ponerse en práctica = go into + effect.* ponerse en ridículo = make + a spectacle of + Reflexivo.* ponerse en tensión = tense up.* ponerse firme = stand to + attention.* ponerse frenético = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, work up + a lather, tear + Posesivo + hair out, be furious.* ponerse fresco con = act + fresh with.* ponerse furioso = infuriate, get + (all) worked up (about), get + hot under the collar.* ponerse gallito = bluster.* ponerse hecho una fiera = go + ballistic, go + berserk, blow + Posesivo + top, go + postal, go + crazy, blow + a fuse, lose + Posesivo + temper, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse hecho una furia = go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.* ponerse hecho un basilisco = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, go + crazy, lose + Posesivo + temper.* ponerse hecho un energúmeno = go + ballistic, blow + Posesivo + top, blow + Posesivo + lid, blow + Posesivo + stack.* ponerse histérico = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather, throw + a wobbly, throw + a wobbler.* ponerse la ropa rápidamente = slip into + Posesivo + clothes.* ponerse las medallas = take + the credit (for).* ponerse las orejeras = put on + blinkers.* ponerse las pilas = buckle down to, pull up + Posesivo + socks, put + Posesivo + skates on, get + Posesivo + skates on, pull + (a/Posesivo) finger out.* ponerse las pilas, ponerse de lleno a, ponerse a trabajar en serio = buckle down to.* ponerse loco = go + berserk, go + postal, work up + a lather.* ponerse manos a la obra = get down to + business, swing into + action.* ponerse marrón = turn + brown.* ponerse morado = make + a pig of + Reflexivo, pig out (on).* ponerse nervioso = get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, be in a tizz(y), get in(to) a tizz(y), have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.* ponerse por las nubes = go + ballistic.* ponerse rígido = stiffen.* ponerse rojo = get + red in the face, go + bright red.* ponerse rojo como un tomate = go + bright red.* ponerse seriamente a = settle to.* ponerse tenso = tense up, stress + Nombre + out.* ponerse tibio = pig out (on).* ponerse una tarea = set + Reflexivo + task.* poner sobre aviso = alert to.* poner término a = put + paid to.* poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.* poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = give + Posesivo + best, do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.* poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.* poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.* poner trabas = cramp.* poner una bomba = plant + bomb.* poner una demanda = face + legal action.* poner una denuncia = file + police report.* poner una marca de comprobación = check-mark.* poner una nota en un sitio público = post.* poner una reclamación = appeal.* poner una señal = put up + a sign, put up + a notice.* poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.* poner una tienda = pitch + tent.* poner un círculo alrededor = circle.* poner un ejemplo = take + an example, draw + example.* poner un letrero = put up + a sign, post + a notice, put up + a notice.* poner un pie = set + foot (inside/in/on).* poner un poquito de picante = pep up.* poner un precio a Algo muy alto = overprice.* poner verde = mouth off, get + the rough edge of + Posesivo + tongue, trash, call + Nombre + all the names under the sun, say + nasty things about, slag + Nombre + off, cut + Nombre + up, tear + Nombre + down, slate, rubbish.* poner vertical = stand + upright, upend.* poner y quitar = get on and off.* pongamos el caso de que = for the sake of + argument.* pongamos, por ejemplo,... = let us say, take, for example,..., take, for instance,....* por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.* por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.* precio + ponerse por las nubes = price + go through the roof, price + spiral out of control, price + soar through the roof.* precios + ponerse por las nubes = prices + spiral.* que pone la vida en peligro = life threatening.* que pone obstáculos = obstructive.* quita o pon = give or take.* sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.* sin poner en escena = unproduced.* sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.* sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.* sólo con la ropa interior puesta = in + Posesivo + underclothes.* sol + ponerse (por) = sun + set (on).* volver a ponerse al día = be back on track, be on track.* ya lo quitas, ya lo pones = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up.* * *■ poner (verbo transitivo)A1 colocar2 poner: anuncio, avisoB agregarC ropa, calzado etcD ‹inyección/supositorio›E poner la mesaF1 instalar, montar2 poner: cocina, teléfono etc3 poner: cerradura etcG poner: huevosH servir, darA1 contribuir2 proporcionarB poner: atención, cuidadoC1 imponer2 oponer3 adjudicarD poner: nombreE enviarF escribirG1 expresar por escrito2 impersonalH exhibir, darI tardarA en un estado, una situaciónB poner: cara, voz, etcC1 hacer empezar2 poner a alguien de algoD suponerA1 conectar, encender2 ajustar, graduarB poner al teléfono■ poner (verbo intransitivo)A1 apostar2 contribuir dineroB poner: gallinasC México: vulg■ ponerse (verbo pronominal)A1 colocarse2 llegarB ponerse: el solC ponerse: calzado etcA en un estado, una situaciónB1 empezar2 esforzarse, esmerarse3 contribuir dineroSentido III ponerse al teléfonovtA1 (colocar) to put¿dónde habré puesto las llaves? where can I have put the keys?¿dónde vas a poner este cuadro? where are you going to put o hang this picture?pon ese cuadro derecho put that picture straight, straighten that picturelo pusieron en el curso avanzado he was put o placed in the advanced classponle la cadena a la puerta put the chain on the doorpon agua a calentar put some water on to boil2 ‹anuncio/aviso› to place, putpusieron un anuncio en el periódico they put o placed an advertisement in the newspaperB (agregar) to put¿cuándo se le pone el agua? when do you put the water in?, when do you add the water?¿le has puesto sal a la sopa? have you put any salt in the soup?¿le pones azúcar al café? do you take sugar in your coffee?C ‹ropa/calzado› (+ me/te/le etc):¿me pones los zapatos? can you put my shoes on (for me)?le puse el vestido rojo I dressed her in her red dressD ‹inyección/supositorio› to giveel dentista le puso una inyección the dentist gave him an injectionEponer la mesa to lay o set the tableF1 (instalar, montar) ‹oficina/restaurante› to openpuso un estudio junto con otra arquitecta she set up in business with another architectconsiguió permiso para poner una autoescuela he got permission to open a driving schoolles ayudó a poner la casa he helped them set up house o homepusieron la casa/oficina a todo lujo they furnished the house/fitted the office out in stylele puso un apartamento a su amante he set his mistress up in an apartment2 ‹cocina/teléfono/calefacción› to installvan a poner cocinas de gas they are going to install o fit gas cookers3 ‹cerradura/armario› to fitG «ave» ‹huevos› to layH( Esp) (servir, dar): ¿qué le pongo? what can I get you?póngame un café, por favor I'll have a coffee, please¿cuántos le pongo, señora? how many would you like, madam?A1 (contribuir):él pone el capital y yo el trabajo he puts up the capital and I supply the laborpusimos 500 pesos cada uno we put in 500 pesos eachque cada uno ponga lo que pueda each person should give what he or she can afford2 (proporcionar) ‹autobús/tren› to lay onla empresa puso la comida y la bebida food and drink was laid on by the companyB ‹atención› to pay; ‹cuidado› to takepon más atención en lo que estás haciendo pay more attention to what you're doingno ha puesto ningún cuidado en este trabajo she hasn't taken any care at all over this piece of workpone mucho entusiasmo en todo lo que hace he's very enthusiastic about everything he does, he puts a lot of enthusiasm into everything he doesC1 (imponer) ‹deberes› to give, set; ‹examen› to setnos pusieron 20 preguntas we were given o set 20 questionsle pusieron una multa por exceso de velocidad he was fined for speeding2(oponer): no me puso ningún inconveniente he didn't have o raise any objectionsa todo le tiene que poner peros or pegas she finds fault with everything3 (adjudicar) ‹nota› to give¿qué (nota) te puso en la redacción? what (mark) did he give you for your essay?le pusieron un cero he got nought out of tenD (dar) ‹nombre/apodo› to give¡qué nombre más feo le pusieron! what a horrible name to give him!le pusieron Eva they called her Eva¿qué título le vas a poner al poema? what title are you going to give the poem?, what are you going to call the poem?le pusieron el sobrenombre de `el cojo' they nicknamed him `el cojo'F (escribir) to putno has puesto ningún acento you haven't put any of the accents inno sé qué más ponerle I don't know what else to put o writepuso mi nombre en la lista she put my name down on the listG ( esp Esp)1 (expresar por escrito) to sayel periódico no pone nada sobre el robo the newspaper doesn't say anything about the robbery2 ( impersonal):mira a ver lo que pone en esa nota see what that note saysallí pone que no se puede pasar it says there that you can't go in¿qué pone aquí? what does it say here?, what does this say?H ( Esp) (exhibir, dar)‹obra/película› ¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? is there anything interesting on TV?¿qué ponen en el Trocadero? what's on o what's showing at the Trocadero?en el teatro ponen una obra de Casares there's a play by Casares on at the theaterno pusieron ninguna película buena en Navidad there wasn't a single good film on over Christmas, they didn't show a single good film over Christmasel avión pone media hora de Montevideo a Buenos Aires the plane takes half an hour from Montevideo to Buenos Airesde allí a Salta pusimos tres horas it took us three hours from there to SaltaA (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl):me pones nerviosa you're making me nervousya la has puesto de mal humor now you've put her in a bad mood¿por qué me pusiste en evidencia así? why did you show me up like that?lo pusiste en un aprieto you put him in an awkward positionnos puso al corriente de lo sucedido he brought us up to date with what had happened¡mira cómo has puesto la alfombra! look at the mess you've made on the carpet!me estás poniendo las cosas muy difíciles you're making things very difficult for meB (adoptar) ‹cara/voz›no pongas esa cara there's no need to look like thatpuso cara de enfado he looked annoyedpuso voz de asustado he sounded scaredC1(hacer empezar): el médico me puso a régimen the doctor put me on a dietponer a algn A + INF:tuvo que poner a las hijas a trabajar he had to send his daughters out to worklo puso a estudiar guitarra con Rodríguez she sent him to have guitar lessons with Rodríguezlo puso a pelar cebollas she set him to work peeling onions2 poner a algn DE algo:la pusieron de jefa de sección they made her head of departmentlo pusieron de ángel he was given a part as an angel, he was given the part of an angelsu padre lo puso de botones en la oficina his father gave him a job as an office boysiempre te pone de ejemplo he always holds you up as an exampleD(suponer): pon que perdemos ese tren, no podríamos volver say we miss that train o if we (were to) miss that train, then we wouldn't be able to get backpon que es cierto ¿qué harías entonces? say o suppose o supposing it is true, then what would you do?pongamos (por caso) que están equivocados suppose o let's just say they're wrongponerle ( AmL): ¿cuánto se tarda? — ponle dos horas how long does it take? — about two hours o in the region of two hours o reckon on two hours¿cuánto nos costará? — y … pónganle alrededor de $200 how much will it cost us? — well, … you'd better reckon on about $200A1 (conectar, encender) ‹televisión/calefacción› to turn o switch o put on; ‹programa/canal› to put onpon un disco put on a recordpuso el motor en marcha she switched on o started the enginetodavía no nos han puesto la luz we haven't had our electricity connected yet2(ajustar, graduar): pon el despertador a las siete set the alarm (clock) for seven¿puedes poner la música un poco más alta? can you turn the music up a bit?puso el reloj en hora she put the clock right, she set the clock to the right timeponer el motor a punto to tune up the engineBponer a algn CON algn/algo to put sb THROUGH TO sb/sth¿me puede poner con el director, por favor? could you put me through to o could I speak to the director, please?¿me pone con la extensión 24? could you put me through to o can I have extension 24, please?■ ponerviA2 (contribuir dinero) to contribute¿vas a poner para el regalo de Pilar? are you going to give something o contribute toward(s) Pilar's present?B «gallina» to lay■ ponerseA1 ( refl)ponerse de pie to stand up, standponerse de rodillas to kneel, kneel down, get down on one's kneesponte ahí, junto al árbol stand over there, by the treeponérsele a algn algo ( AmL fam): se le puso que tenía que escalar la montaña he got it into his head that he had to climb the mountaina ese viejo se le pone cada cosa that old man gets the strangest ideas into his head2B «sol» to setC ( refl) ‹calzado/maquillaje/alhaja› to put onponte el abrigo put your coat onno tengo nada que ponerme I don't have a thing to wearmi hermano siempre se pone mi ropa my brother is always borrowing my clothesponte un poco de sombra de ojos put on a little eyeshadowme puse el collar de perlas I wore o put on my pearl necklaceA (en un estado, una situación) (+ compl):me puse furiosa I got very angrycuando lo vio se puso muy contenta she was so happy when she saw itadelante, pónganse cómodos come in, make yourselves comfortableno te pongas así, que no es para tanto don't get so worked up, it's not that bad¡mira cómo te has puesto de barro! just look at you, you're covered in mud!no te imaginas cómo se puso, hecha una fiera you wouldn't believe the way she reacted, she went absolutely wildla vida se está poniendo carísima everything's getting so expensiveB1 (empezar) ponerse A + INF to start -INGse va a poner a llover de un momento a otro it's going to start raining o to start to rain any minutea ver si te pones a trabajar you'd better start workingse puso a llorar sin motivo aparente she started crying o to cry for no apparent reason2 ( fam) (esforzarse, esmerarse) to try, make an effortsi te pones lo acabas hoy mismo if you make an effort o if you try o if you put your mind to it, you'll finish it today3(CS arg) (contribuir dinero): cuando se casaron el viejo se puso con $5.000 when they got married, her old man shelled out $5,000 ( colloq)cuando llega la cuenta hay que ponerse when the check comes, everyone has to cough up ( colloq)yo me pongo con cien I'll put in o chip in a hundred ( colloq)( Esp) (al teléfono): ¿Pepe? sí, ahora se pone Pepe? OK, I'll just get him for youdile a tu madre que se ponga tell your mother I want to speak to her, ask your mother to come to the phone* * *
poner ( conjugate poner) verbo transitivo
1
ponle el collar al perro put the dog's collar on;
poner una bomba to plant a bomb
2 ( agregar) to put
3 ‹inyección/supositorio› to give
4◊ poner la mesa to lay o set the table
5 (instalar, montar)
6 [ ave] ‹ huevo› to lay
7 (Esp) (servir, dar):◊ póngame un café, por favor I'll have a coffee, please;
¿cuántos le pongo? how many would you like?
1 ‹ dinero› ( contribuir) to put in;
2 ‹ atención› to pay;
‹cuidado/interés› to take;
3
‹examen/problema› to set;
4 ( dar) ‹nombre/apodo› to give;
‹ ejemplo› to give;
5 ( enviar) ‹ telegrama› to send
6 ( escribir) ‹dedicatoria/líneas› to write
7 (Esp) (exhibir, dar) ‹ película› to show;◊ ¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? is there anything interesting on TV?;
¿qué ponen en el Royal? what's on o what's showing at the Royal?
1
‹programa/canal› to put on;
‹cinta/disco/música› to put on;◊ puso el motor en marcha she switched on o started the engine
puso el reloj en hora she put the clock right
2 (Esp) ( al teléfono): poner a algn con algo/algn to put sb through to sth/sb
(en estado, situación) (+ compl):
poner a algn en un aprieto to put sb in an awkward position
vi [ ave] to lay
ponerse verbo pronominal
1 ( refl) ( colocarse):
ponerse de pie to stand (up);
ponerse de rodillas to kneel (down), get down on one's knees
2 [ sol] to set
3 ( refl) ‹calzado/maquillaje/alhaja› to put on;
1 (en estado, situación) (+ compl):
se puso triste she became sad;
cuando lo vio se puso muy contenta she was so happy when she saw it;
se puso como loco he went mad;
ponerse cómodo to make oneself comfortable
2 ( empezar) ponerse a + inf to start -ing, to start + inf;
(Esp):
poner verbo transitivo
1 (en un lugar, una situación) to put: me puso en un aprieto, he put me in a tight corner
(seguido de adjetivo) to make: me pone contento, he makes me happy
2 (hacer funcionar) to turn o switch on
3 (un fax, telegrama) to send
poner una conferencia, to make a long-distance call
4 (una multa, un castigo) to impose
5 (abrir un negocio) to set up
6 (vestir) to put on
7 (exponer) tienes que poner la planta al sol/a la sombra, you have to put the plant in the sun/shade
8 (aportar) yo puse mil pesetas, I contributed a thousand pesetas
9 (conjeturar, imaginar) to suppose: pongamos que..., supposing (that)...
10 (estar escrito) lo pone aquí, it's written here
no pone nada de eso, it doesn't say anything about that
11 TV Cine to put on, show
12 Tel ponme con él, put me through to him
13 (un nombre) le pondremos Tadeo, we are going to call him Tadeo
ya le puso título a la novela, he has already given the novel a title
♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a caldo, to pull sb to pieces
poner a cien, to make sb nervous: me pone a cien cuando habla de ese modo, when he talks that way I get nervous
poner en duda, to call into question: los inversores pusieron su competencia en duda, the investors questioned his competence
poner a alguien en evidencia, to show sb up
poner en evidencia, to show up: la situación pone en evidencia la falta de justicia del sistema, the situation exposes the system's unfairness
poner a alguien en su sitio, to put sb in his place
' poner' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
activar
- alinear
- alta
- alto
- altura
- antecedente
- antena
- arreglar
- arrinconar
- aunar
- bandeja
- brete
- cabeza
- calzar
- caldo
- calle
- cara
- cargar
- carta
- caso
- cien
- codificar
- comprometer
- confiar
- coto
- crecer
- cuenco
- cuestión
- dejar
- denuncia
- depositar
- descomponer
- descubierta
- descubierto
- desesperar
- diente
- dirigir
- discutir
- distribuir
- enchufar
- enderezar
- enervar
- enfermar
- enfrentar
- enmascarar
- entregar
- entregarse
- escenificar
- escobilla
- esmerarse
English:
acquaint
- action
- apply
- arm
- arrange
- aside
- best
- blur
- bond
- box
- bracket
- bundle
- bung
- cap
- cast
- cheek
- claim
- code
- collect
- compromise
- connect
- cork
- crack
- cross
- crown
- curb
- date
- dip
- discomfit
- dishwasher
- egg
- end
- endanger
- excite
- face
- fault
- feature
- fetter
- fill in
- fit
- fluster
- follow up
- forewarn
- free
- gather
- get
- glaze
- go
- gown
- grin
* * *♦ vt1. [situar, agregar, meter] to put;me pusieron en la última fila I was put in the back row;ponle un poco más de sal put some more salt in it, add a bit of salt to it;pon los juguetes en el armario put the toys (away) in the cupboard;¿dónde habré puesto la calculadora? where can I have put o left the calculator?;poner un anuncio en el periódico to put an advert in the paper;poner un póster en la pared to put a poster up on the wall;poner una inyección a alguien to give sb an injection;hubo que ponerle un bozal al perro we had to put a muzzle on the dog, we had to muzzle the dog3. [servir]¿qué le pongo? what can I get you?, what would you like?;póngame una cerveza, por favor I'd like o I'll have a beer, please;¿cuánto le pongo? how much would you like?;póngame un kilo give me a kilo4. [contribuir, aportar] to put in;poner dinero en el negocio to put money into the business;poner mucho empeño en (hacer) algo to put a lot of effort into (doing) sth;pon atención en lo que digo pay attention to what I'm saying;5. [hacer estar de cierta manera]poner a alguien en un aprieto/de mal humor to put sb in a difficult position/in a bad mood;le has puesto colorado/nervioso you've made him blush/feel nervous;ponérselo fácil/difícil a alguien to make things easy/difficult for sb;lo puso todo perdido she made a real mess;el profesor nos puso a hacer cuentas the teacher gave us some sums to do;llegó y nos puso a todos a trabajar she arrived and set us all to work;pon la sopa a calentar warm the soup up;me pusieron de aprendiz de camarero they had me work as a trainee waiter;poner cara de tonto/inocente to put on a stupid/an innocent faceme pusieron de mentiroso they called me a liar;poner bien algo/a alguien to praise sth/sb;poner mal algo/a alguien to criticize sth/sbponer pegas a algo to raise objections to sth8. [asignar] [precio] to fix, to settle on;[multa] to give; [deberes, examen, tarea] to give, to set;le pusieron (de nombre) Mario they called him Mario;me han puesto (en el turno) de noche I've been assigned to the night shift, they've put me on the night shift;le pusieron un cinco en el examen he got five out of ten in the exam9. [comunicar] [telegrama, fax, giro postal] to send;[conferencia] to make; Esp¿me pones con él? can you put me through to him?;Espno cuelgue, ahora le pongo don't hang up, I'll put you through in a second10. [conectar, hacer funcionar] [televisión, radio] to switch o put on;[despertador] to set; [instalación, gas] to put in; [música, cinta, disco] to put on;pon la lavadora put the washing machine on;pon el telediario put the news on;puse el despertador a las seis/el reloj en hora I set my alarm clock for six o'clock/my watch to the right time;¿te han puesto ya el teléfono? are you on the phone yet?, have they connected your phone yet?;ponlo más alto, que no se oye turn it up, I can't hear it11. [en el cine, el teatro, la televisión] to show;anoche pusieron un documental muy interesante last night they showed a very interesting documentary;¿qué ponen en la tele/en el Rialto? what's on the TV/on at the Rialto?;en el Rialto ponen una de Stallone there's a Stallone movie on at the Rialto12. [montar] to set up;poner la casa to set up home;poner un negocio to start a business;ha puesto una tienda she has opened a shop;hemos puesto moqueta en el salón we've had a carpet fitted in the living-room;poner la mesa to lay the table;pusieron la tienda (de campaña) en un prado they pitched their tent o put their tent up in a meadow13. [decorar] to do up;han puesto su casa con mucho lujo they've done up their house in real style14. [suponer] to suppose;pongamos que sucedió así (let's) suppose that's what happened;pon que necesitemos cinco días suppose we need five days;poniendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes according to plan;¿cuándo estará listo? – ponle que en dos días when will it be ready? – reckon on it taking two days¿qué pone ahí? what does it say there?16. [escribir] to put;¿qué pusiste en la segunda pregunta? what did you put for the second question?17. [huevo] to lay18. RP [demorar] to take;el tren pone media hora en llegar allá the train takes half an hour to get there♦ vi[gallina, aves] to lay (eggs)♦ v impersonalAm Fam [parecer]se me pone que… it seems to me that…* * *<part puesto> v/t1 put;poner en escena stage;poner en marcha set in motion;pongamos que let’s suppose o assume that2 ropa put on3 ( añadir) put in4 RAD, TV turn on, switch on5 la mesa set6 ( escribir) put downla crítica puso muy bien su última película the critics gave his last film very good reviews8 negocio set up9 telegrama send10 huevos lay12 dinero deposit13:poner a alguien furioso make s.o. angry;ponerle a alguien con alguien TELEC put s.o. through to s.o.;ponerle una multa a alguien fine s.o.* * *poner {60} vt1) colocar: to put, to placepon el libro en la mesa: put the book on the table2) agregar, añadir: to put in, to add3) : to put on (clothes)4) contribuir: to contribute5) escribir: to put in writingno le puso su nombre: he didn't put his name on it6) imponer: to set, to impose7) exponer: to put, to exposelo puso en peligro: she put him in danger8) : to prepare, to arrangeponer la mesa: to set the table9) : to namele pusimos Ana: we called her Ana10) establecer: to set up, to establishpuso un restaurante: he opened up a restaurant11) instalar: to install, to put insiempre lo pones de mal humor: you always put him in a bad mood13) : to turn on, to switch on14) suponer: to supposepongamos que no viene: supposing he doesn't come15) : to lay (eggs)poner a : to start (someone doing something)lo puse a trabajar: I put him to workponer de : to place asla pusieron de directora: they made her directorponer en : to put in (a state or condition)poner en duda: to call into questionponer vi1) : to contribute2) : to lay eggs* * *poner vb2. (ropa, etc) to put on3. (añadir) to put¿le has puesto sal a las patatas? have you put any salt on the potatoes?¿te pones azúcar? do you take sugar?6. (encender) to put on / to turn on / to switch on7. (establecer) to open9. (comunicar) to put through¿me pones con Asunción, por favor? can you put me through to Asunción, please?en el periódico pone que la película está muy bien it says in the newspaper that the film is very good11. (proyectar) to be on¿qué ponen en el Renoir? what's on at the Renoir?12. (dar un nombre) to call14. (servir) to give¿qué te pongo? what can I get you?¿me pone un kilo de tomates? can I have a kilo of tomatoes, please?pongamos por caso... suppose... / let's say... -
118 placé
place [plas]feminine nouna. ( = esplanade) square• places assises 20, places debout 40 seating capacity 20, standing passengers 40c. ( = espace) room ; ( = emplacement réservé) space• place aux jeunes ! make way for the younger generation!d. ( = billet) seat ; ( = prix, trajet) fare• l'entreprise occupe la seconde place sur le marché des ordinateurs the company ranks second in the computer market• figurer en bonne place [personne] to be prominentf. ( = emploi) job ; [de domestique] position• dans les médias, les places sont chères there's a lot of competition for jobs in the mediai. (locutions)► à la place ( = en échange) instead► à la place de ( = au lieu de) instead of• à ma place, tu aurais accepté ? if you were me, would you have agreed?• être en place [plan] to be ready• en place pour la photo ! everybody take up your positions for the photograph!• (à consommer) sur place ou à emporter ? sit in or take away?* * *plas1) ( espace) room, space2) (emplacement, espace défini) gén place; ( pour s'asseoir) seatdeux places pour ‘Le Lac des Cygnes’ — two tickets for ‘Swan Lake’
place aux jeunes or à la jeunesse! — lit, fig make way for the young!
payer sa place — (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay for one's ticket; ( dans un train etc) to pay one's fare
les places sont chères — fig ( parking difficile) parking spaces are hard to find; ( âpre concurrence dans l'emploi) jobs are hard to come by
prenez place — ( sur un siège) take a seat; ( chacun à son siège) take your seats; ( chacun à son poste) take your places
sur place — [aller] to the scene; [arriver] on the scene; [étudier] on the spot; [enquête] on-the-spot
3) ( dans un classement) place; ( dans un ordre) position4) ( substitution)à la place de — instead of, in place of
5) ( situation définie)en place — [système, structures] in place (après n); [troupes] in position (après n); [dirigeant, parti] ruling (épith)
ne plus tenir en place — to be restless ou fidgety
mettre en place — to put [something] in place [programme]; to put [something] in position [équipe]; to establish, to set up [réseau, institution]; to install [ligne téléphonique]
6) ( dans une agglomération) square7) Finance market8) ( emploi) job9) ( forteresse)être maître de la place — lit to be in control; fig to rule the roost
avoir un pied dans la place — fig to have a foot in the door
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *plas nf1) [ville, village] square2) [train, cinéma, voiture] seatToutes les places ont été vendues. — All the seats have been sold.
Il n'a pas payé sa place. — He didn't pay for his ticket.
Il y a vingt places assises. — There are 20 seats.
Il y a 20 places debout. — There is standing room for 20.
une quatre places AUTOMOBILES — a four-seater
3) (= endroit où l'on est assis) seatla place d'honneur — the place of honour Grande-Bretagne the place of honor USA the seat of honour Grande-Bretagne the seat of honor USA
4) (= emplacement) placeune place pour chaque chose et chaque chose à sa place — a place for everything and everything in its place
5) (espace libre) room, spaceça prend de la place — it takes up a lot of room, it takes up a lot of space
faire de la place à — to make room for, to make space for
6) (place de stationnement) parking placeIl ne reste plus de place pour se garer. — There's nowhere left to park.
7) (dans un classement) placeVincent a eu la troisième place au concours. — Vincent got third place in the competition.
8) (= emploi) jobà la place de — instead of, in place of
Il ne reste plus de tarte; désirez-vous quelque chose d'autre à la place? — There's no tart left; would you like something else instead?
de place en place — here and there, in places
par places — here and there, in places
See:* * *place nf1 ( espace) room, space; avoir de la place to have room ou space (pour faire to do); il y a encore assez de place pour deux personnes/valises there's enough room ou space left for two people/suitcases; avoir la place de faire to have enough room ou space to do; prendre de la place to take up room ou space; (faire) perdre/gagner de la place to waste/to save space; faire de la place to make room ou space (à qn/qch for sb/sth; pour faire to do); se faire de la place to make room ou space for oneself; laisser de la place (pour une personne, un meuble) to leave enough room ou space; ( pour un écrit) to leave enough space; laisse-moi un peu de place pour leur écrire un mot leave me a bit of space to write them a few lines;2 (emplacement, espace défini) gén place; ( pour s'asseoir) seat; chaque chose à sa place everything in its place; il est resté une heure à la même place he stayed in the same place for an hour; remettre qch à sa place to put sth back in its place; les dictionnaires ne sont pas à la bonne/à leur place the dictionaries aren't in the right place/where they should be; j'ai deux places pour ‘Le Lac des Cygnes’ I've got two tickets for ‘Swan Lake’; il reste une place en première there's one seat left in first class; laisse ta place à la dame! give the lady your seat!; est-ce que cette place est libre? is this seat free?; une salle de 200 places a 200 seat auditorium; j'ai eu une place gratuite I got a free seat; garde-moi ma place ( dans une file) keep my place; (dans un train, au cinéma) keep my seat; garde-moi une place (dans le train, au cinéma) keep me a seat; payer sa place (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay for one's ticket; Transp to pay one's fare; payer place entière (au cinéma, théâtre) to pay full price; Transp to pay full fare; les places sont chères fig ( parking difficile) parking spaces are hard to find; ( âpre concurrence dans l'emploi) jobs are hard to come by; prenez place ( sur un siège) take a seat; ( chacun à son siège) take your seats; ( chacun à son poste) take your places; prendre place ( s'asseoir) to take a seat; ( s'installer) [exposant, stand] to set up; [tireur, policier] to position oneself; ( s'intégrer) to take one's place; roman qui a pris place parmi les plus grands novel that has taken its place among the greatest; sur place [aller, envoyer, se rendre] to the scene; [arriver] on the scene; [être, trouver, sautiller, étudier] on the spot; [enquête, recherche, tournage] on-the-spot ( épith); de place en place here and there; voiture de quatre places four-seater car; divan à trois places three-seater sofa; ⇒ chasse;3 ( emplacement pour se garer) parking place; appartement avec place de parking apartment with parking space; je n'ai pas trouvé de place pour or où me garer I couldn't find a parking space ou a place to park; un parking de 500 places a car park for 500 cars;4 (rang dans un classement, la société) place; ( position dans un ordre) position; prendre la place de qn to take sb's place; prendre or obtenir la deuxième place to take second place (à in); il est dans les premières/dernières places he's up toward(s) the top/down toward(s) the bottom; la place d'un mot dans une phrase the position of a word in a sentence; se faire une place dans le monde de la finance to carve out a place for oneself in the world of finance; être en bonne place pour gagner/réussir to be well-placed ou in a good position to win/succeed; il occupe une place éminente he holds a very high position (à, dans in); chacun (à) sa place everyone should know his place; il faut savoir rester à sa place you must know your place; il n'est pas à sa place dans cette réception he looks out of place at this reception; je ne me sens pas à ma place dans ce milieu I feel out of place in this environment; remettre qn à sa place to put sb in his/her place; quelle place faire à l'art? what place can be afforded to art?; avoir sa place dans to deserve a place in; il n'y a pas de place pour eux dans notre système there is no place for them in our system; avoir une place à part or de choix dans to have a special place in; tenir une grande place/une place très importante dans la vie de qn to play a large part/a very important part in sb's life; donner or consacrer or faire une large place à qch to put a lot of emphasis on sth; la place croissante de l'environnement en politique the growing emphasis on the environment in politics; notre travail laisse peu de place à l'imagination our work leaves little room for the imagination; faire place à to give way to; place aux jeunes or à la jeunesse! lit, fig make way for the young!;5 ( substitution) à la place de instead of, in place of; il a mis de la vodka à la place du cognac he's used vodka instead of brandy; il y a maintenant un comité à la place de l'ancien directeur there's now a committee in place of the former manager; ils sont partis/ont été récompensés à notre place they went/were rewarded instead of us; qu'aurais-tu fait à ma place? what would you have done in my place?; (si j'étais) à ta place if I were in your position ou shoes; mets-toi à leur place put yourself in their position ou shoes; téléphone-lui toi-même, je ne peux pas le faire à ta place! phone him yourself, I can't do it for you!; j'ai mis le vase à la place du cendrier I put the vase where the ashtray was; construire une école à la place de la gare ( où était la gare) to build a school where the station used to be; ( où était prévue la gare) to build a school where the station should have been; ( au lieu de) to build a school instead of a station;6 ( situation définie) en place [système, structures] in place ( après n); [troupes] in position ( après n); [dirigeant, pouvoir, régime, parti] ruling ( épith); les gens en place the powers that be; nos hommes sont en place our men are in position; ne plus tenir en place to be restless ou fidgety; les enfants ne tiennent plus en place the children keep fidgeting; mettre en place to put [sth] in place [grillage, programme, règlement, stratégie]; to put [sth] in ou into position [satellite, troupes, équipe]; to establish, to set up [réseau, marché, régime, institution]; to install [ligne téléphonique, canalisations]; se mettre en place [plan, politique, système, structure] to be put in place; [forces, troupes, police] ( être mis en position) to be put in ou into position; ( soi-même) to position oneself; [réseau, marché, régime] to be established, to be set up; mise en place (de grillage, système, normes, services) putting in place; (de satellite, forces, d'équipe) positioning; (de réseau, marché, régime, d'institution) establishment, setting up; (de ligne téléphonique, canalisation) installationGB; remettre en place to put [sth] back in place; on se retrouve sur place we'll meet up there; je suis sur place, je peux le faire I'm on the spot, I can do it; dépannage/inscriptions sur place on-the-spot repairs/registration; ouvrage à consulter sur place reference book; laisser qn sur place to leave sb standing;7 ( dans une agglomération) square; la place du village the village square; sur la place Tiananmen/Rouge in Tiananmen/Red Square; la place de la Concorde the Place de la Concorde; la place du marché the marketplace;8 Fin market; place financière financial market; sur la place parisienne or de Paris on the Paris market;9 ( emploi) job; avoir une bonne place chez to have a good job with; perdre sa place to lose one's job; c'est une place très recherchée or demandée it's a highly sought-after job ou position; il y a des places à prendre there are good job opportunities;10 ( forteresse) entrer dans la place to get in on the inside; être dans la place to be on the inside; être maître de la place lit to be in control; fig to rule the roost; se rendre maître de la place to take control; avoir un pied dans la place fig to have a foot in the door.place d'armes Mil parade ground; place assise seat; place forte Mil fortified town; place d'honneur ( à table) place ou seat of honourGB; la place publique the public; intéresser la place publique to interest the public; sur la place publique [célébrer, apprendre, entendre] in public; mettre or porter or étaler qch sur la place publique to bring sth out in the open [[information, projet].je ne lâcherais or donnerais pas ma place pour un empire I wouldn't change places for the world ou for all the tea in China; une place pour chaque chose et chaque chose à sa place Prov a place for everything and everything in its place.1. [aux courses]2. [situé]a. [magasin, appartement] well-situatedb. [fermeture, bouton, couture] well-positioneda. [magasin, appartement] badly-locatedb. [fermeture, bouton, couture] poorly-positionedc. [coup] below the beltd. [abcès] in an awkward spotf. [orgueil] misplacedon était très bien/mal placés [au spectacle] we had really good/bad seats3. [socialement]haut placé well up ou high up in the hierarchy -
119 датчик
transmitter, sensor, pickup,
pick-off, transducer
первичный механизм, воспринимающий измеряемую величину в той или иной форме, чаще всего механичеекой, и передающий эту величину указателю в виде электрических импульсов. — а device used for generation of signals of any type and form which are to be transmitted.
- (преобразователь) — transducer
устройство, служащее для преобразования сигнала или физической величины одного вида в соответствующую физическую величину др. вида, — а device used for converting а signal or physical quantity of one kind into a corresponding physical quantity of another kind.
- (общий термин для датчиков сельсинов и скт) — control transmitter
- автомата торможения (рис. 32) — skid detector
- автоматики (топливомера) — level switch
- акселерометра (акселерометер) — accelerometer
-, аналоговый — analog sensor
-, антиюзовый — skid detector
- аэродинамических углов (дау) — airflow-angle sensor, airflowdirection sensor
-, барометрический (типа kb-11) — pressure altitude sensor
- барометрической высоты (системы мсрп) — (pressure) altitude sensor
-, безконтактный — contactless sensor
- ветра — wind unit
- вибрации — vibration pickup
- вибрации (вибрационный), вертикальный — vertical vibration pickup
- вибрации (вибрационный), горизонтальный — horizontal vibration pickup
- вибрации двигателя — engine vibration pickup
- вибрации, магнитный — magnetic vibration pickup
-, вибрационный — vibration pickup
- водности (системы сигнализации обледенения) — water-content sensor
- воздушной скорости (двс) — airspeed transmitter (sensor)
двс предназначен для измерения воздушной скорости и выдачи соответствующего сигнала в систему автоматического управления полетом, — the purpose of the airspeed transmitter is to sense airspeed and provide a signal representing the sensed airspeed to an automatic flight control system for continuous gain changing.
- воздушных параметров (систем мсрп) — air data sensor (ads)
- воздушных сигналов — air data sensor
двс преобразует величины полного и статического давлений в электрические сигналы для работы системы в режимах высота, ивс и верт. скорость — ads converts pitot and static pressure to electrical signals for alt, ias, and vs modes
- воздушной коррекции — altitude transmitter
двк служит для измерения статического давления и выдачи соответствующих эл. сигналов с потенциометра — the altitude transmitter senses static pressure (altitude) and provides appropriate potentiometer output signals.
- высоты (дискретный, пороговый) — altitude switch
прибор, в котором происходит замыкание или размыкадатчик — an instrument in which electrical contacts are made or
ние контактов при достижении заданной высоты — broken at а predetermined height.
- высоты (пропорциональный) — altitude transmitter
- давления — pressure transmitter
датчик, выдающий электрический сигнал пропорциональный измеряемому давлению, — а transducer for providing an electrical signal proportional to the pressure to be measured.
- давления, индуктивный — induction pressure transmitter
- давления, манометрический — pressure transmitter,
- давления масла — oil pressure transmitter
- давления, приемный (сигнализатора обледенения) — pressure sensing probe
- давления, пьезоэлектрический — piezoelectric pressure transmitter
- давления топлива — fuel pressure transmitter
- давления топлива перед насосом-регулятором — fcu inlet fuel pressure transmitter
- давления, эталонный (сигнализатора обледения) — reference pressure probe
-, дифференциальный — differential transmitter
- замыкающего скачка уплотнения — terminal shock sensor
- заправки (топливных) кессонов — fuel quantity transmitter
- изменения высоты (высотный корректор автопилота) — altitude controller
- измерителя крутящего момента (икм) — torque pressure transmitter
-, индуктивный (манометра) — induction pressure transmitter
- индукционного манометра — induction pressure transmitter
-, индукционный (ид, из комплекта гидроиндукционного компаса) ид выдает эл. сигнал пропорциональный вепичине магнитного поля земли, действующего вдоль оси датчика. — flux-gate (detector) /valve/ flux-gate detector gives the electrical signal proportional to the intensity of the external magnetic field acting along its axis.
-, индукционный (сельсин-датчик) — linear synchro transmitter
-, инерциальный (противоюзовый) — (inertial) skid detector
срабатывает при определенной угловой скорости вращения тормозного колеса.
- интенсивности обледенения (до) — icing rate detector
- истинной воздушной скорости — true airspeed transmitter (ias xmtr)
- компенсирующего момента (датчика линейных ускорений) — acceleration sensor/accelerometer/torquer
-, контактный — contact pick-off
датчик, в котором относительное перемещение (подвижного элемента) замыкает или разрывает электрическую цепь. — а pick-off in which relative displacement makes and/or breaks an electric circuit.
- крена (сельсин) — roll (signal) transmitting synchro
- крена, кренов (дк, автопилота для выдачи сигналов крена и тангажа) — vertical gyro (vg)
- крена, гироскопический — roll gyro
- крена гировертикали — vertical gyro roll pick-up, roll pick-up of remote vertical gyro
- крена и тангажа (гироплатформы) — pitch and roll gyro
- крена и тангажа (курсовертикали) — vertical gyro (vg)
- критических углов атаки — stall sensor
- курса (гироплатформы) — azimuth gyro
- курса (курсовертикали) — directional gyro
- курсового угла гироплатфомы — stable platform azimuth gyro
- курсовых углов (дку, астрокомпаса) — star tracker unit
- линейных ускорений (дпу) — linear acceleration sensor, linear accelerometer
- магнитного курса (индукционный, ид) — flux gate detector
-, магнитный (в системе дгмк) " — magnetic detector
- мановакууметра (пд) — manifold pressure transmitter
- манометра — pressure(gage)transmitter
- манометра масла — oil pressure transmitter
- манометра топлива — fuel pressure transmitter
- масломера (в баке) — oil quantity/level/transmitter
- мгновенного расходомера — rate-of-flow transmitter/metering unit/
- (сигнализатор) минимального давления масла — minimum oil pressure switch
- момента акселерометра — accelerometer torquer
(дмаx, дмау, дмаz - относительно соответствующих осей) — the torquer coils restore the pendulum to null.
- момента (моментов) гироскопа — gyro torquer
(дмwх, дмwу относительно соответствующих осей) — electromagnetic torquer is provided so that а calibrated torque can be applied to the gyro wheel at the known rate.
-, моментный (гироскопа) — qyro torquer
-, моментный (датчик компенсирующего момента датчика линейных ускорений) — acceleration sensor/accelerometer/torquer
- моментов, момента, моментный (в сельсинной передаче) — torque transmitter. control transmitters are often made identical to torque transmitters.
- обледенения (до) — ice detector
- обнаружения пожара — fire detector
- оборотов (регулятор) — speed governor
- оборотов (тахометра) — tachometer generator
- оборотов (чувствительный элемент регулятора) — speed sensor
- оборотов колеса — wheel speed transducer
- обратной связи (дос) — feedback (position) transducer
- (поворота) оси крена (гироплатформы) — roll-axis pickout
- (поворота) оси курса (гироплатформы) — azimuth-axis pickoff
- (поворота) оси тангажа (гироплатформы) — pitch-axis pickoff
- отклонения от заданной скорости (в указателе скорости) — speed deviation transmitter (in airspeed indicator)
- отклонение руля (поверхно сти управления) (дор) — control surface position transmitter
- отклонения руля, сельсинный — control surface position synchro
- относительного направления воздушного потока — airflow-direction sensor
- отношения давлений — pressure ratio transmitter
- отрицательного крутящего момента — negative torque pickup
- отрицательной тяги (твд) — propeller-drag pickup
- перегрева (двигателя) (дп). срабатывает при повышении температуры во внутренней полости двигателя до 550ё150 ос. — engine overheat detector (ovht det)
- перегрева (сигнализатор пожара) — fire detector
- перегрева (термосигнализатор) — thermal switch
- перегрева, термопарный (дп) — thermocouple-type overheat detector
- перегрузок — acceleration sensor, accelerometer
- перегрузок (системы мсрп) — acceleration sensor
- переменной индуктивности, безконтактный — contactless variable inductance (type) sensor
- перемещений (дп) — position transmitter
- поворота — rate-of-trun sensor
гироскопический датчик сигналов на указатель поворота командного прибора директорного управления. — а gyro-operated device that puts out electrical signals to operate the rate-of-turn indicator of the fd indicator.
- поворота оси крена (курса, тангажа) (гироплатформы) — roll (azimuth, pitch) - axis pickoff
- пожарной сигнализации (дпс) — fire detector
-, потенциометрической (потенциометр) — potentiometer
-, потенциометрический — potentiometer transmitter/pickoff/
датчик, в котором перемещение его двух элементов изменяет расстояние между ползунком и неподвижным выводом потенциометра, находящегося под током. — а pick-off in which relative displacement of its two components varies the distance between а sliding contact and fixed tapping point on a potentiometer energized by an applied voltage.
- предельных оборотов — top speed transmitter
- (-) преобразователь — transducer
- приборной скорости (системы мсрп) — ias sensor
- приведенных оборотов — engine speed sensing unit
- противопожарный (дп) — fire detector
-, пьезоэлектрический — piezoelectric/ceramic, crystal/ transducer
- рамы: рамки (гироскопа) — gimbal pickoff
- рассогласования (в следящей системе стабилизации гироплатформы) — error sensor. angle-measuring gyres are used as error sensors stabilization servo loops.
- расходомера воздуха (урвк) — venturi/venturi/tube
- расходомера топлива — fuel flow transmitter/metering unit/
- режимов (др) — throttle (valve) position transmitter
датчик положения рычага насоса-регулятора.
- рыскания (флюгерный) — yaw vane
-, сельсинный — synchro control transmitter (сх)
сельсин, ротор которого поворачивается механически для выдачи эл. сигналов, соответствующих угловому попожению ротора. — а synchro, the rotor of which is mechanically positioned, for transmitting electrical information corresponding to angular positions of the rotor.
-, сельсинный, дифференциальный — synchro control differential transmitter (cdx)
обычно используется для выдачи сигналов на сельсины приемника (ckt). — normally used to supply control transformers or other control differential transmitters.
- (-) сигнализатор времени — time switch
-(-) сигнализатор с магнитоуправляемым, контактом (дмск, топливомера) — fuel quantity transmitter with magnet-operated level switch
- (-) сигнализатор углов атаки (дсу) — contacting angle-of-attack transmitter /sensor/
- (-) сигнализатор уровня (топпива) — (fuel) level switch
- сигнализатора льда (длс) — ice detector
- сигнализации положения (опоры) шасси — landing gear position transmitter
- (синусно-косинусный трансформатор) — resolver control transmitter (rx)
resolver-type component (fourwire synehro) may be modified for service as fourwire transmitter (rx).
системы сигнализации пожаpa — fire detector
- скорости вращения турбины — turbine tachometer generator
- скорости, доплеровской — doppler velocity sensor
для выдачи сигналов путевой скорости и угла сноса — ground speed and drift angle are supplied from a doppler velocity sensor.
- скорости и плотности (воздуха) (дсп) — airspeed and density transmitter
- ckt (синусно-косинусный трансформатор) — resolver (type) control transmitter (rx)
- суммирующего расходомера — total flow transmitter /metering unit/
- t4 (температуры газов за турбиной) — egt/tgt/probe
- тангажа (сельсин) — pitch (signal) transmitting synchro
- тангажа гировертикали — vertical gyro pitch pick-up, pitch pick-up of remote verti
- тангажа, гироскопический — pitch gyro
- тангажа и рыскания, флюгерный (на штанге в носовой части фюзеляжа) — probe with pitch and yaw vanes
- тахометра — tachometer generator
- тахометрической аппаратуры, индукционный (дта) — (induction) speed transducer
- температуры — temperature sensor /probe/
- температуры (выходящих) газов за турбиной (термопарный) — turbine gas temperature (thermocouple-type) probe, tgt probe
- температуры заторможенноro потока (температуры полного торможения) — total temperature sensor
- температуры наружного воздуха (типа п-5) — outside air temperature probe, oat probe
- температуры полного торможения (возд. потока) — total temperature sensor /probe/
- температуры торможения возд. потока (на входе в гтд) — (engine inlet) total /stagnation, ram/ temperature probe
- термометра выходящих газов (термопарный) — exhaust gas thermocouple (probe)
- термометра сопротивления — temperature bulb
- топливомера — fuel quantity transmitter, tank unit
- топливомера, емкостный — capacitance-type fuel quantity transmitter
работает на принципе изменения своей электрической емкости в зависимости от уровня топлива в баке. — the capacitance-type fuel quantity transmitter is a tank unit which serves as a probe whose capacitance depends upon the fuel quantity.
- топливомера, поплавковый — float-type fuel quantuty transmitter
- топливомера e сигнализатором кровня — fuel quantity transmitter with level switch
- угла — angle transducer
служит для выдачи угловой информации в систему воздушных сигналов. — angle transducer transmits angle information to the airdata computer.
- угла (синусно-косинусный трансформатор) — resolver (control transmitter), resolver's control transmitter
- угла (w, v, y) — (w, v, y) angle pickoff, (azimuth pitch, roll) angle pickoff
- угла акселерометра (дуаx, дуау, дуаz, относительно соответствующих осей) — accelerometer (pendulum) angle /rotation/ pickoff.
- угла (углов) атаки (дуа) — angle of attack sensor /transmitter/, alpha sensor, airflow angle sensor
датчик для замера угла набегающего потока относительно произвольной линии отсчета (местный угол атаки или скольжения) — the angle of attack trnasmitter is designed to measure angles of airflow with respect to an arbitrary reference line (local angle of attack or slideslip).
- угла атаки (однофлюгерный) — angle of attack sensor, alpha sensor
- угла атаки (флюгерный) — angle-of-attack vane
- угла атаки и приемник пвд, комбинированный — combined pitot-static-flow angle sensor
- угла атаки и скольжения — angle of attack and slideslip sensor /transmitter/
- угла атаки флюгерного типа — vane-driven angle of attack sensor /transmitter/
- угла гироскопа (дуx, дуу, дуz по соответствующим — gyro (gimbal) angle pickoff /transducer/
осям) — if the gyro case rotates the gimbal angles change and the pick off detects the rotation.
the gimbal angles are measured by transducers.
- yrлa гироскопа (типа скт) — gyro (gimbal) angle resolver
the gimbal angles are measured by transducers usually resolvers.
- угла, гироскопический (крена, направления (курса), тангажа. общий термин) — displacement gyro
- угла (поворота) инерционной массы (маятника) акселерометра — accelerometer pendulum angle/rotation/ pickoff the pickoff coils detect rotation (angle) of the pendulum from the null position.
- угла карданной рамы гироскопа — gyro gimbal angle pickoff /transducer/
- угла крена (гироскопа) — roll gyro
- угла крена (сельсин-датчик на оси крена агд-1) — roll (signal) transmitting synchro
- угла крена и тангажа (агд) — vertical gyro
- угла кренов (крена и тан — vertical gyro
- угла курса (гироскопический) — directional gyro
в качестве д.у.к. применяется гироагрегат курсовертикали
- угла маневра (сельсин-датчик системы курсовертикали — attitude change angle (signal) transmitting synchro
- угла маневра (cкт-датчик инерциальной системы) — attitude change angle resolver (control transmitter)
- угла направления (курса) — directional gyro (dg), azimuth gyro
- угла отклонения поверхности управления — control surface position /angle/ transmitter
- угла (курса, крена, тангажа) поворота оси гироплатформы (синусно-косинусные трансформаторы скт) — (azimuth, roll, pitch) resolver (control transmitter)
- угла рамы (рамки) гироскопа) — gyro gimbal angle pickoff
- угла тангажа (гироскопа) — pitch gyro
- угла тангажа (сельсин-датчик на оси тангажа агд-1) — pitch (signal) transmitting synchro
- угловой скорости (гироскопический, дус) — rate gyro/sensor/
дус - двухстепенный гироскоп с ограниченной пружиной степенью свободы рамки таким образом, что отклонение оси вращения является величиной угловой скорости корпуса прибора. — rate gyro has one degree of freedom other than spinning one and so constrained that deflection of the spin axis relative to the case is the measure of angular velocity of the case.
- угловой скорости крена — roll rate gyro /sensor/
- угловой скорости крена и тангажа — pitch and roll rate gyro /sensor/
- угловой скорости рыскания — yaw rate gyro /sensor/
- угловой скорости тангажа — pitch rate gyro /sensor/
- угловых перемещений — angular displacement transmitter, position transmitter
- угловых положений поверхностей управления (рулей) — control surface position /angle/ transmitter
- указателя оборотов (тахометра) — tachometer generator, rpm indicator generator
- указателя положения закрылков — flap position transmitter
- указателя положения заслойки (клапана) — valve position transmitter
- указателя положения шасси — landing gear position transmitter
- указателя положения элементов самолета (узп) — position transmitter
- уровня (жидкости в баке) — fluid quantity transmitter
- уровня масла в маслобаке — oil quantity transmitter
- уровня масла (в маслобаке для включения сигнальной лампы или табло) — oil level switch
- усилий (ду, в проводке управления) — control force sensor
- усилий по крену (ду-к) — roll control force sensor
- усилий по тангажу (ду-т) — pitch control force sensor
- ускорений — acceleration sensor, accelerometer
- усталостных трещин — fatigue crack probe
- флюгирования (возд. винта) по крутящему моменту — torque-actuated autofeather pickup /sensor/
- флюгирования (возд. винта) по отрицательной тяге — drag-actuated /activated/ autofeather pickup /sensor/
-, центробежный (противоюзовый, тормозного колеса) — (centrifugal) skid detector
срабатывает при определенной угловой скорости вращения колеса.
-, центробежный (датчика приведенных оборотов) — centrifugal flyweights assembly
- часового расходомера — rate-of-flow transmitter /metering unit/
- частоты вращения (дчв) — tachometer generator
- частоты вращения (числа оборотов) второго (ii) или первого (i) каскада компрессора — hp (or lp) rotor tachometer generator
-, четырехобмоточный (типа скт) — four-wire transmitter (of resolver-type (rx))
- числа оборотов — tachometer generator
-, электроемкостный (топливомера) — capacitance-type fuel quantity transmitter, capacitance-type fuel tank unit
- юза (инерциальный) (рис. 32) — skid detector
- a руд (датчик режимов) — throttle position transmitterРусско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > датчик
-
120 system
система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)
air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем
air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки
airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей
airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)
airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели
artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)
C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления
C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи
channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений
country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)
dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели
electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]
field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК
fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]
fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом
forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района
graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)
high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения
ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)
information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации
instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы
Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс
rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением
real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени
received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала
sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели
small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля
Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств
surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК
target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания
— ABM defense system— antimissile missile system— central weapon system— countersurprise military system— laser surveying system— tank weapon system— vertical launching system— weapons system
См. также в других словарях:
Control (Janet Jackson album) — Control … Wikipedia
Control theory — For control theory in psychology and sociology, see control theory (sociology) and Perceptual Control Theory. The concept of the feedback loop to control the dynamic behavior of the system: this is negative feedback, because the sensed value is… … Wikipedia
Control line — Brodak Control Line Aerobatic Strega in flight Control line (also called U Control ) is a simple and light way of controlling a flying model aircraft. The aircraft is connected to the operator by a pair of lines, attached to a handle, that work… … Wikipedia
Control table — This simple control table directs program flow according to the value of the single input variable. Each table entry holds a possible input value to be tested for equality (implied) and a relevant subroutine to perform in the action column. The… … Wikipedia
Control car (rail) — Modern German InterCity Steuerwagen cab car. Rail transpo … Wikipedia
Two by Twos — Prominent early preachers (left to right): William Gill, William Irvine, and George Walker Classification Protestant Polity Episcopal Geographical areas … Wikipedia
Control chart — One of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality First described by Walter A. Shewhart … Wikipedia
Two-factor authentication — (TFA, T FA or 2FA) is an approach to authentication which requires the presentation of two different kinds of evidence that someone is who they say they are. It is a part of the broader family of multi factor authentication, which is a defense in … Wikipedia
Control Myself — Single by LL Cool J featuring Jennifer Lopez from the album Todd Smith … Wikipedia
Control (Janet Jackson song) — Control Single by Janet Jackson from the album Control … Wikipedia
Control (House) — Control House episode Episode no. Season 1 Episode 14 Directed by Randy Zisk Written by … Wikipedia