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  • 1 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


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    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 2 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 3 view

    vju:
    1. сущ.
    1) вид;
    пейзаж (тж. картина)
    2) поле зрения, кругозор to burst, come into view ≈ внезапно появиться to have/keep in view ≈ не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду out of view be in view to the view in view of
    3) точка зрения to express, present, put forward, voice a view ≈ высказать мнение по какому-л. вопросу in my view ≈ по моему мнению short viewsнедальновидность Syn: opinion
    4) осмотр to have/take a view of smth. ≈ осмотреть что-л. on view ≈ выставленный для обозрения on the viewво время осмотра, при осмотре at first view ≈ при беглом осмотре upon a closer view ≈ при внимательном рассмотрении
    5) намерение Will this meet your views? ≈ Не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям? with the view of with a view to
    2. гл.
    1) обозревать, оглядывать, осматривать
    2) оценивать, судить( о чем-л.) He views the matter in a different light. ≈ Он иначе смотрит на это. She was viewed as a serious threat to the party leadership. ≈ Она рассматривалась как серьезная угроза партийному руководству.
    3) смотреть (напр., фильм) вид, пейзаж, панорама - a room with a * of the mountains комната с видом на горы вид, пейзаж, изображение (рисунок, картина, фотоснимок) - to do a * of smth. рисовать что-л. - postcards with *s of Paris открытки с видами Парижа - to do a * of smth. рисовать что-л. видимость, поле зрения (тж. field of *) - angle of * угол зрения - lost to /passed out of/ * скрывшийся из виду /из поля зрения/ - out of * вне поля зрения - out of human * недоступный глазу человека - to the * открыто, на виду, у всех на глазах - to rise to * появиться, предстать перед глазами - to burst into /upon the/ * внезапно появиться - to fade from * постепенно исчезнуть, скрыться с глаз, растаять - in * на виду;
    в пределах видимости - to come in * (of) увидеть;
    попасть в поле зрения - he came in * of the castle он увидел замок;
    его стало видно из замка - land in *! земля (видна) ! - not a person in * никого не видно - he fell off the horse in full * of his friends он упал с лошади на глазах у друзей - the car came in /into/ * round the bend автомобиль показался из-за поворота взгляд, мнение, суждение;
    точка зрения (тж. point of *) - exchange of *s обмен мнениями - in my * по-моему;
    по моему мнению, на мой взгляд - to state one's *s on /about/ smth. изложить /высказать/ свое мнение /свои соображения/ о чем-л. pl взгляды, убеждения, воззрения - to hold extreme *s in politics придерживаться экстремистских политических взглядов оценка, суждение;
    представление - the scientific * of the world научное мировоззрение - to take a favourable * of smth. положительно оценить что-л. - to take a grave * of smth. строго осудить что-л., резко отрицательно отнестись к чему-л. - he takes a different * он придерживается иного мнения, он смотрит на это иначе - his * is that we are wrong он считает, что мы неправы - the lawyer hasn't yet formed a clear * of the case адвокат еще не составил себе четкого представления о деле - this poet's depressing * of life мрачное мироощущение этого поэта цель, намерение;
    план, предположение, замысел - in * с целью, с намерением;
    в надежде, с расчетом - he wants to find work, but he has nothing particular in * он хочет найти работу, но у него нет никаких конкретных планов /он не имеет ничего конкретного/ - do you have anything in * for tomorrow? какие у вас планы на завтра?, что вы намерены делать завтра? - he did it with a * to /with the * of/ saving trouble он сделал это с тем, чтобы избежать неприятностей - the law has two objects in * закон преследует две цели - to have *s on a rich man's daughter иметь виды на богатую невесту - I have *s on a meal at the next town я рассчитываю пообедать в ближайшем городе перспектива;
    предвидимое будущее - to muster troops with a * to imminent war мобилизовать войска в предвидении неизбежной войны - to keep /to have/ smth. in * иметь что-л. в виду, рассчитывать на что-л. - to have some pleasure in * предвкушать что-л. приятное - with no * of success никакой перспективы на успех - no hope in * пока никакой надежды - no alterations are in * никаких изменений не предвидится - in the long * в перспективе, в отдаленном будущем - in the short * с точки зрения ближайших результатов - to take the long * проявлять предусмотрительность /дальновидность/, заботиться о будущем - to take short *s проявлять недальновидность, не думать о будущем, не загадывать на будущее осмотр, просмотр, смотр, обозрение - a private * вернисаж - on * выставленный для обозрения - the latest fashions are now on * сейчас демонстрируются последние моды - at first * с первого взгляда - the first * would displease many на первый взгляд это многим, вероятно, не понравится - upon a closer * при ближайшем рассмотрении - I should like to get a nearer * of it я хотел бы рассмотреть это поближе - the ruin is well worth our * эти развалины стоит посмотреть (юридическое) осмотр присяжными места преступления и т. п. - the jury had a * of the body присяжные произвели осмотр тела вид, аспект, сторона, план;
    перспектива;
    проекция - front * вид спереди - top * вид сверху;
    (специальное) вид в плане - distant * (кинематографический) дальний или отдаленный план (пейзажа) - sectional * вид в разрезе - general * (специальное) общий план - perspective * (специальное) вид в перспективе, перспектива - close * изображение крупным планом - exploded * трехмерное /стереоскопическое/ изображение;
    изображение какого-л. предмета в разобранном виде - he presented quite a new * of the affair он представил дело в совершенно новом свете /плане, виде, аспекте/;
    он показал дело с совершенно другой стороны резюме;
    обзор - the author gave a brief * of his book автор дал резюме своей книги;
    автор вкратце рассказал содержание своей книги (военное) обзор - radar * зона обзора радиолокатора - air * обзор с воздуха - all-round /panoramic/ * круговой обзор > in * of ввиду( чего-л.) ;
    принимая во внимание( что-л.) ;
    с учетом( чего-л.), учитывая( что-л.) ;
    в связи( с чем-л.) > in * of recent developments, we do not think this step advisable ввиду последних событий /учитывая последние события/ мы считаем этот шаг нецелесообразным > a bird's-eye * (of smth.) вид с птичьего полета /сверху/ (на что-л.) ;
    поверхностный, неглубокий взгляд, представление и т. п. > a worm's-eye * подробное, реалистичное представление (о чем-л.) осматривать, смотреть - to * a house and grounds осмотреть дом и участок - to * pictures рассматривать /смотреть/ картины - to * the body (юридическое) произвести осмотр тела - order to * разрешение на осмотр (дома, участка и т. п.) рассматривать в определенном свете, оценивать, судить - the proposal is *ed unfavourably предложение получило отрицательную оценку - he is *ed unfavourably его считают плохим человеком - the subject may be *ed in different ways к этому вопросу можно подходить с разных сторон изучать, рассматривать - to * all sides of a question рассмотреть все аспекты вопроса, рассмотреть вопрос во всех аспектах видеть узреть;
    зреть смотреть (телевизор, кинофильм и т. п.) ~ осматривать;
    an order to view разрешение на осмотр (дома, участка и т. п.) at first ~ при беглом осмотре;
    upon a closer view при внимательном рассмотрении to be in ~ быть видимым to be in ~ предвидеться;
    certain modifications may come in view предвидятся некоторые изменения;
    in full view of everybody у всех на виду biased ~ необъективная оценка bird's eye ~ вид с птичьего полета bird's eye ~ общая перспектива we came in ~ of the bridge нас стало видно с моста;
    to burst (или to come) into view внезапно появиться to be in ~ предвидеться;
    certain modifications may come in view предвидятся некоторые изменения;
    in full view of everybody у всех на виду conceptual ~ вчт. концептуальное представление differing ~ особое мнение to exchange views (on smth.) обменяться взглядами или мнениями (по поводу чего-л.) view взгляд, мнение, точка зрения;
    in my view по моему мнению;
    to form a clear view of the situation составить себе ясное представление о положении дел ~ осмотр;
    to have (или to take) a view (of smth.) осмотреть (что-л.) ;
    on view выставленный для обозрения to the ~ (of) открыто, на виду;
    to have (или to keep) in view не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду;
    in view of ввиду;
    принимая во внимание ~ намерение;
    will this meet your views? не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям?;
    to have views (on smth.) иметь виды (на что-л.) ~ рассматривать, оценивать, судить (о чем-л.) ;
    he views the matter in a different light он иначе смотрит на это to hold extreme views in politics придерживаться крайних взглядов в политике ~ вид;
    пейзаж;
    a house with a view of the sea дом видом на море to be in ~ предвидеться;
    certain modifications may come in view предвидятся некоторые изменения;
    in full view of everybody у всех на виду view взгляд, мнение, точка зрения;
    in my view по моему мнению;
    to form a clear view of the situation составить себе ясное представление о положении дел to the ~ (of) открыто, на виду;
    to have (или to keep) in view не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду;
    in view of ввиду;
    принимая во внимание legal ~ рассмотрение с правовых позиций private ~ выставка или просмотр картин (частной коллекции) ;
    on the view во время осмотра, при осмотре ~ осмотр;
    to have (или to take) a view (of smth.) осмотреть (что-л.) ;
    on view выставленный для обозрения to pass from( smb.'s) ~ скрыться из (чьего-л.) поля зрения;
    out of view вне поля зрения to pass from (smb.'s) ~ скрыться из (чьего-л.) поля зрения;
    out of view вне поля зрения short ~s недальновидность;
    to take a rose-coloured view (of smth.) смотреть сквозь розовые очки (на что-л.) to the ~ (of) открыто, на виду;
    to have (или to keep) in view не терять из виду;
    иметь в виду;
    in view of ввиду;
    принимая во внимание at first ~ при беглом осмотре;
    upon a closer view при внимательном рассмотрении view взгляд, мнение, точка зрения;
    in my view по моему мнению;
    to form a clear view of the situation составить себе ясное представление о положении дел ~ взгляд, мнение, точка зрения ~ вид;
    пейзаж;
    a house with a view of the sea дом видом на море ~ вид ~ вчт. визуализация ~ замысел ~ изображение ~ картина (особ. пейзаж) ~ мнение ~ намерение;
    will this meet your views? не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям?;
    to have views (on smth.) иметь виды (на что-л.) ~ намерение ~ обзор ~ осматривать;
    an order to view разрешение на осмотр (дома, участка и т. п.) ~ осматривать ~ осмотр;
    to have (или to take) a view (of smth.) осмотреть (что-л.) ;
    on view выставленный для обозрения ~ осмотр присяжными места преступления ~ оценивать ~ оценка ~ перспектива ~ поле зрения, кругозор ~ поле зрения ~ представление ~ вчт. представление ~ вчт. просматривать ~ просмотр ~ вчт. просмотр ~ рассматривать, оценивать, судить (о чем-л.) ;
    he views the matter in a different light он иначе смотрит на это ~ рассматривать ~ смотреть (кинофильм, телепередачу и т. п.) ~ смотреть ~ суждение ~ точка зрения ~ поэт. узреть ~ цель ~ of data вчт. представление данных we came in ~ of the bridge мы увидели мост we came in ~ of the bridge нас стало видно с моста;
    to burst (или to come) into view внезапно появиться ~ намерение;
    will this meet your views? не противоречит ли это вашим намерениям?;
    to have views (on smth.) иметь виды (на что-л.) with the ~ of, with a ~ to с намерением;
    с целью with the ~ of, with a ~ to с намерением;
    с целью worm's-eye ~ предельно ограниченное поле зрения;
    неспособность видеть дальше своего носа

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > view

  • 4 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 5 return

    rə'tə:n
    1. verb
    1) (to come or go back: He returns home tomorrow; He returned to London from Paris yesterday; The pain has returned.) volver, regresar
    2) (to give, send, put etc (something) back where it came from: He returned the book to its shelf; Don't forget to return the books you borrowed.) devolver
    3) (I'll return to this topic in a minute.) volver
    4) (to do (something) which has been done to oneself: She hit him and he returned the blow; He said how nice it was to see her again, and she returned the compliment.) devolver
    5) ((of voters) to elect (someone) to Parliament.) elegir
    6) ((of a jury) to give (a verdict): The jury returned a verdict of not guilty.) pronunciar, declarar
    7) ((in tennis etc) to hit (a ball) back to one's opponent: She returned his serve.) devolver

    2. noun
    1) (the act of returning: On our return, we found the house had been burgled; (also adjective) a return journey.) vuelta, regreso
    2) (especially in United Kingdom, a round-trip ticket, a return ticket: Do you want a single or a return?) billete de ida y vuelta
    - return match
    - return ticket
    - by return of post
    - by return
    - in return for
    - in return
    - many happy returns of the day
    - many happy returns

    return1 n
    1. vuelta / regreso
    2. billete de ida y vuelta
    a return to Brighton, please un billete de ida y vuelta a Brighton, por favor
    many happy returns of the day! ¡feliz cumpleaños!
    return2 vb
    1. volver / regresar
    2. devolver
    have you returned the money she lent you? ¿le has devuelto el dinero que te prestó?
    tr[rɪ'tɜːn]
    1 (coming or going back) vuelta, regreso
    on his return, he found the safe empty a su regreso, encontró la caja vacía
    3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (of ball) devolución nombre femenino; (of service) resto
    5 (on keyboard) retorno
    6 (profit) beneficio
    7 (ticket) billete nombre masculino de ida y vuelta
    1 (come back, go back) volver, regresar
    2 (reappear) reaparecer
    1 (give back) devolver
    have you returned your room key? ¿ha devuelto la llave de su habitación?
    2 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (ball) devolver; (serve) restar
    3 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (elect) elegir
    4 (verdict) pronunciar
    5 (interest) producir
    1 resultados nombre masculino plural electorales
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    by return of post a vuelta de correo
    in return for a cambio de
    many happy returns (of the day)! ¡feliz cumpleaños!
    return to sender devuélvase al remitente
    return match partido de vuelta
    return ticket billete nombre masculino de ida y vuelta
    return [ri'tərn] vi
    1) : volver, regresar
    to return home: regresar a casa
    2) reappear: reaparecer, resurgir
    3) answer: responder
    return vt
    1) replace, restore: devolver, volver (a poner), restituir
    to return something to its place: volver a poner algo en su lugar
    2) yield: producir, redituar, rendir
    3) repay: pagar, devolver
    to return a compliment: devolver un cumplido
    return adj
    : de vuelta
    1) returning: regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m
    2) or tax return : declaración f de impuestos
    3) yield: rédito m, rendimiento m, ganancia f
    4) returns npl
    data, results: resultados mpl, datos mpl
    adj.
    de vuelta adj.
    n.
    devolución s.f.
    reaparición s.f.
    regreso s.m.
    renta s.f.
    restitución s.f.
    retorno s.m.
    rédito s.m.
    torna s.f.
    tornada s.f.
    volver s.m.
    vuelta s.f.
    v.
    devolver v.
    regresar v.
    restituir v.
    retornar v.
    tornar v.
    volver v.

    I
    1. rɪ'tɜːrn, rɪ'tɜːn
    a) ( go back)

    to return (TO something) — ( to a place) volver* or regresar (a algo); (to former activity, state) volver* (a algo)

    to return to what we were saying earlier,... — volviendo a lo que decíamos anteriormente,...

    b) ( reappear) \<\<symptom\>\> volver* a aparecer, presentarse de nuevo; \<\<doubts/suspicions\>\> resurgir*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( give back) devolver*, regresar (AmL exc CS), restituir* (frml)
    b) ( reciprocate) \<\<affection\>\> corresponder a; \<\<blow/favor\>\> devolver*; \<\<greeting\>\> devolver*, corresponder a

    to return somebody's call — devolverle* la llamada a alguien

    c) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> devolver*
    2) ( Law) \<\<verdict\>\> emitir
    3) ( Govt) \<\<candidate\>\> ( re-elect) reelegir*; ( elect) (BrE) elegir*

    II
    1) u
    a) ( to place) regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m (frml o liter)

    on his return — a su regreso, a su vuelta

    b) (to former activity, state) vuelta f, retorno m
    c) ( reappearance) reaparición f

    many happy returns of the day! — feliz cumpleaños!, que cumplas muchos más!

    2) u c ( to owner) devolución f, regreso m (AmL); ( of thing bought) devolución f

    by return (of post) — (BrE) a vuelta de correo

    4) u c ( profit)
    5) c
    a) ( tax return) declaración f (de la renta or de impuestos)
    b) returns pl ( data) datos mpl; ( figures) cifras fpl
    6) c ( Sport) devolución f
    7) c ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m or (Col) tiquete m de ida y vuelta, boleto m de viaje redondo (Méx)

    III
    adjective (before n)
    a) <journey/flight> de vuelta, de regreso; <ticket/fare> (BrE) de ida y vuelta, de viaje redondo (Méx)

    by return mail — (AmE) a vuelta de correo

    b) ( Sport) de vuelta
    [rɪ'tɜːn]
    1. N
    1) (=going/coming back) vuelta f, regreso m

    the return homela vuelta or el regreso a casa

    the return to schoolla vuelta or el regreso al colegio

    he advocates a return to Victorian valuesaboga por una vuelta or un regreso a los valores victorianos

    their return to powersu vuelta or retorno al poder

    many happy returns (of the day)! — ¡feliz cumpleaños!, ¡felicidades!

    on my return — a mi vuelta, a mi regreso

    by return (of) post or (US) by return mail — a vuelta de correo

    point 1., 5)
    2) (=reappearance) [of symptoms, pain] reaparición f ; [of doubts, fears] resurgimiento m

    there was no return of the symptoms — los síntomas no volvieron a aparecer, los síntomas no reaparecieron

    3) (=giving back) [of thing taken away] devolución f, restitución f frm; [of thing borrowed] devolución f ; (Comm) [of merchandise] devolución f ; [of money] reembolso m, devolución f

    they are demanding the return of their landsexigen la devolución or frm la restitución de sus tierras

    sale
    4) (=thing returned) (Comm) (=merchandise) devolución f ; (=theatre, concert ticket) devolución f, entrada f devuelta; (=library book) libro m devuelto

    it's sold out but you might get a return on the night — se han agotado las localidades, pero puede que consiga una entrada devuelta or una devolución la misma noche de la función

    5) (Econ) (=profit) ganancia f ; (from investments, shares) rendimiento m
    diminishing, rate I, 1., 4)
    6) (=reward, exchange)
    7) returns (=figures) estadísticas fpl ( for de); (=election results) resultados mpl (del escrutinio)

    early returns show Dos Santos with 52% of the vote — los primeros resultados del escrutinio muestran que Dos Santos tiene un 52% de los votos

    tax 3.
    8) (=answer) (in surveys) respuesta f, declaración f
    9) (Parl) [of member] (=election) elección f ; (=reelection) reelección f
    10) (also: return ticket) billete m de ida y vuelta, billete m redondo (Mex); day
    11) (Sport) devolución f

    return of serve or service — devolución f del servicio or saque, resto m

    12) = return key
    13) = carriage return
    2. VT
    1) (=give back) [+ item] devolver, regresar (LAm), restituir frm; [+ favour, sb's visit, telephone call, blow] devolver; [+ kindness, love] corresponder a; [+ greeting, look, gaze] devolver, responder a

    to return fire — (Mil) devolver el fuego, responder a los disparos

    2) (=put back) volver a colocar
    3) (Sport) [+ ball] devolver; (Tennis) devolver, restar; (Bridge) [+ suit of cards] devolver
    4) (=declare) [+ income, details] declarar

    to return a verdictemitir or pronunciar un veredicto, emitir un fallo

    they returned a verdict of guilty/not guilty — lo declararon culpable/inocente

    5) (Pol) (=elect) elegir, votar a; (=reelect) reelegir
    6) (Econ) [+ profit, income] reportar, rendir
    7) (=reply) responder, contestar
    3. VI
    1) (=go/come back) volver, regresar

    he left home, never to return — se marchó de casa, para no volver or regresar jamás

    to return homevolver or regresar a casa

    to return to[+ place] volver or regresar a; [+ activity, state] volver a

    I returned to my hotelvolví or regresé a mi hotel

    to return to what we were talking about,... — volviendo al asunto del que estábamos hablando,...

    2) (=reappear) [symptoms] volver a aparecer, reaparecer; [doubts, fears, suspicions] volver a surgir, resurgir
    3) (Jur) revertir (to a)

    on my father's death the farm returned to my brother — al morir mi padre, la granja revirtió a mi hermano

    4.
    CPD [journey, flight] de regreso, de vuelta

    return address Nseñas fpl del remitente

    return fare Nbillete m de ida y vuelta, billete m redondo (Mex)

    return flight N(Brit) (=journey back) (vuelo m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (vuelo m de) ida y vuelta f

    return game N= return match

    return journey N(Brit) (=journey back) (viaje m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (viaje m de) ida y vuelta f

    return key N — (Comput) tecla f de retorno

    return match N(Brit) (Sport) partido m de vuelta

    return ticket N(Brit) billete m de ida y vuelta or (Mex) redondo

    return trip N(=journey back) (viaje m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (viaje m de) ida y vuelta f

    return visit N(=repeat visit) nueva visita f

    * * *

    I
    1. [rɪ'tɜːrn, rɪ'tɜːn]
    a) ( go back)

    to return (TO something) — ( to a place) volver* or regresar (a algo); (to former activity, state) volver* (a algo)

    to return to what we were saying earlier,... — volviendo a lo que decíamos anteriormente,...

    b) ( reappear) \<\<symptom\>\> volver* a aparecer, presentarse de nuevo; \<\<doubts/suspicions\>\> resurgir*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( give back) devolver*, regresar (AmL exc CS), restituir* (frml)
    b) ( reciprocate) \<\<affection\>\> corresponder a; \<\<blow/favor\>\> devolver*; \<\<greeting\>\> devolver*, corresponder a

    to return somebody's call — devolverle* la llamada a alguien

    c) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> devolver*
    2) ( Law) \<\<verdict\>\> emitir
    3) ( Govt) \<\<candidate\>\> ( re-elect) reelegir*; ( elect) (BrE) elegir*

    II
    1) u
    a) ( to place) regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m (frml o liter)

    on his return — a su regreso, a su vuelta

    b) (to former activity, state) vuelta f, retorno m
    c) ( reappearance) reaparición f

    many happy returns of the day! — feliz cumpleaños!, que cumplas muchos más!

    2) u c ( to owner) devolución f, regreso m (AmL); ( of thing bought) devolución f

    by return (of post) — (BrE) a vuelta de correo

    4) u c ( profit)
    5) c
    a) ( tax return) declaración f (de la renta or de impuestos)
    b) returns pl ( data) datos mpl; ( figures) cifras fpl
    6) c ( Sport) devolución f
    7) c ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m or (Col) tiquete m de ida y vuelta, boleto m de viaje redondo (Méx)

    III
    adjective (before n)
    a) <journey/flight> de vuelta, de regreso; <ticket/fare> (BrE) de ida y vuelta, de viaje redondo (Méx)

    by return mail — (AmE) a vuelta de correo

    b) ( Sport) de vuelta

    English-spanish dictionary > return

  • 6 ■ come across

    ■ come across
    A v. i. + avv.
    1 venire (attraversando qc.); avvicinarsi: John came across and handed me a letter, John mi ha raggiunto ( attraversando una stanza, la strada, ecc.) e mi ha consegnato una lettera
    2 fare la traversata; arrivare via mare: I'll come across on the night ferry from Dieppe, arriverò con il traghetto della notte da Dieppe
    3 risultare chiaro; risultare convincente; essere efficace: to come across well, ( di discorso, ecc.) essere molto efficace; ( di comunicatore, politico, ecc.) risultare convincente, saper comunicare; The message didn't come across, il messaggio non è stato capito
    4 fare una data impressione; avere una data aria; risultare; figurare: She doesn't come across well on TV, non risulta al suo meglio in televisione; non buca lo schermo (fam.); He comes across as a decent man, dà l'impressione (o ha l'aria) di essere una persona perbene
    5 (fam.) venire in aiuto ( finanziariamente); tirare fuori i soldi; sborsare: When they had to buy a new car, Dad came across again, quando hanno dovuto comprare una macchia nuova, è venuto in aiuto di nuovo papà
    6 to come across with, fornire, dare (qc. di utile); venire in aiuto con ( informazioni, denaro, ecc.); tirare fuori: to come across with new details, fornire nuovi particolari; Mother came across with a hundred dollars, mamma ci è venuta in aiuto con cento dollari; How much did he come across with?, quanto ha tirato fuori?
    7 (fam.) tirare fuori la verità; confessare
    8 (fam., di donna) starci; cedere: She's bound to come across, he said to himself, ci starà di sicuro, si disse lui
    B v. i. + prep.
    2 trovare (o incontrare) per caso; imbattersi in: to come across an old manuscript, trovare un vecchio manoscritto; to come across an interesting case, imbattersi in un caso interessante; I came across her in London, la incontrai per caso a Londra; He's the oddest person I've ever come across, è la persona più stramba in cui mi sia mai imbattuto (o che io abbia mai conosciuto).

    English-Italian dictionary > ■ come across

  • 7 pull

    pull [pʊl]
    fait de tirer1 (a) traction1 (b) résistance1 (c) attrait1 (d) influence1 (e) tirer2 (a)-(c), 3 (a) traîner2 (a) arracher2 (d) se déchirer2 (e) réussir2 (f)
    1 noun
    (a) (tug, act of pulling)
    to give sth a pull, to give a pull on sth tirer (sur) qch;
    give it a hard or good pull! tirez fort!;
    give it one more pull tire encore un coup;
    we'll need a pull to get out of the mud nous aurons besoin que quelqu'un nous remorque ou nous prenne en remorque pour nous désembourber;
    with a pull the dog broke free le chien tira sur sa laisse et s'échappa;
    she felt a pull at or on her handbag elle a senti qu'on tirait sur son sac à main;
    (b) (physical force → of machine) traction f; (→ of sun, moon, magnet) (force f) d'attraction f;
    the winch applies a steady pull le treuil exerce une traction continue;
    the gravitational pull is stronger on Earth la gravitation est plus forte sur Terre;
    we fought against the pull of the current nous luttions contre le courant qui nous entraînait
    (c) (resistance → of bowstring) résistance f;
    adjust the trigger if the pull is too stiff for you réglez la détente si elle est trop dure pour vous
    (d) (psychological, emotional attraction) attrait m;
    the pull of city life l'attrait m de la vie en ville;
    he resisted the pull of family tradition and went his own way il a résisté à l'influence de la tradition familiale pour suivre son propre chemin
    (e) familiar (influence, power) influence f, piston m;
    to have a lot of pull avoir le bras long;
    he has a lot of pull with the Prime Minister il a beaucoup d'influence sur le Premier ministre;
    his money gives him a certain political pull son argent lui confère une certaine influence ou un certain pouvoir politique;
    his father's pull got him in son père l'a pistonné
    it'll be a long pull to the summit la montée sera longue (et difficile) pour atteindre le sommet;
    it will be a hard pull upstream il faudra ramer dur pour remonter le courant;
    it's going to be a long uphill pull to make the firm profitable ça sera difficile de remettre l'entreprise à flot
    (g) (in rowing → stroke) coup m de rame ou d'aviron;
    with another pull he was clear of the rock d'un autre coup de rame, il évita le rocher
    (h) (at cigar) bouffée f; (at drink, bottle) gorgée f;
    to take a pull at or on one's beer boire ou prendre une gorgée de bière;
    to take a pull at or on one's cigarette/pipe tirer sur sa cigarette/pipe
    (i) (usu in cpds) (knob, handle) poignée f; (cord) cordon m; (strap) sangle f
    (j) (snag → in sweater) accroc m;
    my cardigan has a pull in it j'ai fait un accroc à mon cardigan
    (k) Typography épreuve f
    to be on the pull (man) chercher à lever une nana; (woman) chercher à lever un mec
    (a) (object → yank, tug) tirer; (→ drag) traîner; (person) tirer, entraîner;
    she pulled my hair elle m'a tiré les cheveux;
    to pull the blinds baisser les stores;
    to pull the British curtains or
    American drapes tirer ou fermer les rideaux;
    we pulled the heavy log across to the fire nous avons traîné la lourde bûche jusqu'au feu;
    pull the lamp towards you tirez la lampe vers vous;
    he pulled his chair closer to the fire il approcha sa chaise de la cheminée;
    she pulled the hood over her face elle abaissa le capuchon sur son visage;
    he pulled his hat over his eyes il enfonça ou rabattit son chapeau sur ses yeux;
    he pulled the steering wheel to the right il a donné un coup de volant à droite;
    to pull a drawer open ouvrir un tiroir;
    she came in and pulled the door shut behind her elle entra et ferma la porte derrière elle;
    pull the rope taut tendez la corde;
    pull the knot tight serrez le nœud;
    pull the tablecloth straight tendez la nappe;
    he pulled the wrapping from the package il arracha l'emballage du paquet;
    he pulled the sheets off the bed il enleva les draps du lit;
    she pulled her hand from mine elle retira (brusquement) sa main de la mienne;
    she pulled the box from his hands elle lui a arraché la boîte des mains;
    he was pulling her towards the exit il l'entraînait vers la sortie;
    he pulled her closer (to him) il l'a attirée plus près de lui;
    the current pulled us into the middle of the river le courant nous a entraînés au milieu de la rivière;
    he pulled himself onto the riverbank il se hissa sur la berge;
    figurative the sound of the doorbell pulled him out of his daydream le coup de sonnette l'a tiré de ou arraché à ses rêveries;
    figurative he was pulled off the first team on l'a écarté ou exclu de la première équipe;
    British familiar pull the other one (it's got bells on)! mon œil!, à d'autres!;
    to pull to bits or pieces (toy, appliance) démolir, mettre en morceaux; (book, flower) déchirer; figurative (book, play, person) démolir
    (b) (operate → lever, handle) tirer;
    pull the trigger appuyez ou pressez sur la détente
    (c) (tow, draw → load, trailer, carriage, boat) tirer, remorquer;
    carts pulled by mules des charrettes tirées par des mules;
    a suitcase with wheels that you pull behind you une valise à roulettes qu'on tire ou traîne derrière soi;
    the barges were pulled along the canals les péniches étaient halées le long des canaux
    (d) (take out → tooth) arracher, extraire; (→ weeds) arracher; (→ weapon) tirer, sortir;
    he pulled a dollar bill from his wad/wallet il a tiré un billet d'un dollar de sa liasse/sorti un billet d'un dollar de son portefeuille;
    he pulled a gun on me il a braqué un revolver sur moi;
    to pull a cork déboucher une bouteille;
    to have a tooth pulled se faire arracher une dent;
    it was like pulling teeth c'était pénible comme tout;
    getting him to talk is like pulling teeth! il faut lui arracher les mots de la bouche!;
    familiar can you pull that file for me? pourriez-vous me sortir ce dossier?
    (e) (strain → muscle, tendon) se déchirer;
    she pulled a muscle elle s'est déchiré un muscle, elle s'est fait un claquage;
    a pulled muscle un claquage;
    my shoulder feels as if I've pulled something j'ai l'impression que je me suis froissé un muscle de l'épaule
    (f) familiar (bring off) réussir ;
    she has pulled several daring financial coups elle a réussi plusieurs opérations financières audacieuses;
    he pulled a big bank job in Italy il a réussi un hold-up de première dans une banque italienne;
    to pull a trick on sb jouer un tour à qn ;
    what are you trying to pull? qu'est-ce que tu es en train de combiner ou manigancer? ;
    don't try and pull anything! n'essayez pas de jouer au plus malin!;
    don't ever pull a stunt like that again ne me/nous/ etc refais jamais un tour comme ça ;
    to pull a fast one on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;
    American I pulled an all-nighter j'ai bossé toute la nuit
    to pull a horse retenir un cheval;
    also figurative to pull one's punches retenir ses coups, ménager son adversaire;
    figurative she didn't pull any punches elle n'y est pas allée de main morte
    (h) (in golf, tennis → ball) puller;
    to pull a shot puller
    (i) (in rowing → boat) faire avancer à la rame;
    he pulls a good oar c'est un bon rameur;
    the boat pulls eight oars c'est un bateau à huit avirons
    (k) Computing extraire
    (l) (gut → fowl) vider
    (m) familiar (withdraw) retirer ;
    people complained and they had to pull the commercial ils ont dû retirer la pub suite à des plaintes
    (n) familiar (attract → customers, spectators) attirer ;
    the festival pulled a big crowd le festival a attiré beaucoup de monde;
    how many votes will he pull? combien de voix va-t-il récolter?
    (o) British (serve → draught beer) tirer;
    he pulls pints at the Crown il est barman au Crown
    (p) familiar (sexual partner) lever, emballer
    (a) (exert force, tug) tirer;
    pull harder! tirez plus fort!;
    to pull on or at a rope tirer sur un cordage;
    the bandage may pull when I take it off le pansement risque de vous tirer la peau quand je l'enlèverai;
    the steering pulls to the right la direction tire à droite;
    Cars the 2-litre model pulls very well le modèle 2 litres a de bonnes reprises;
    figurative they're pulling in different directions ils tirent à hue et à dia
    (b) (rope, cord)
    the rope pulled easily la corde filait librement
    (c) (go, move)
    pull into the space next to the Mercedes mettez-vous ou garez-vous à côté de la Mercedes;
    he pulled into the right-hand lane il a pris la file de droite;
    pull into the garage entrez dans le garage;
    when the train pulls out of the station quand le train quitte la gare;
    she pulled clear of the pack elle s'est détachée du peloton;
    he pulled clear of the traffic and sped on il est sorti du flot de la circulation et a accéléré;
    he pulled sharply to the left il a viré brutalement sur la gauche;
    the lorry pulled slowly up the hill le camion gravissait lentement la côte
    (d) (strain, labour → vehicle) peiner; (→ horse) tirer sur le mors;
    the engine's pulling le moteur fatigue ou peine
    (e) familiar (exert influence, give support)
    the head of personnel is pulling for you or on your behalf vous avez le chef du personnel derrière vous
    (f) (snag → sweater) filer;
    my sweater's pulled in a couple of places mon pull a plusieurs mailles filées
    (g) (row) ramer;
    to pull for shore ramer vers la côte;
    to pull with a long stroke ramer à grands coups d'aviron
    did you pull last night? t'as levé une nana/un mec hier soir?
    ►► American pull date date f limite de vente;
    Marketing pull strategy stratégie f pull;
    pull tab (on can) anneau m, bague f
    (handle roughly → person) malmener; (→ object) tirer dans tous les sens, tirailler;
    stop pulling me about! mais lâche-moi donc!
    prendre de l'avance;
    to pull ahead of sb prendre de l'avance sur qn
    (load, vehicle) tirer; (person) entraîner;
    he was pulling the suitcase along by the strap il tirait la valise derrière lui par la sangle;
    she pulled me along by my arm elle m'entraînait en me tirant par le bras
    (a) (take to pieces → machine, furniture) démonter;
    now you've pulled it all apart, are you sure you can fix it? maintenant que tu as tout démonté, es-tu sûr de pouvoir le réparer?
    (b) (destroy, break → object) mettre en morceaux ou en pièces; (→ clothing) déchirer; (body, flesh) déchiqueter;
    the wreck was pulled apart by the waves les vagues ont disloqué l'épave;
    tell him where it's hidden or he'll pull the place apart dites-lui où c'est (caché) sinon il va tout saccager
    (c) (criticize → essay, performance, theory) démolir; (→ person) éreinter
    (d) (separate → fighters, dogs) séparer; (→ papers) détacher, séparer
    (e) (make suffer) déchirer
    (furniture) se démonter, être démontable;
    the shelves simply pull apart les étagères se démontent sans outils
    (a) (cart, toy, suitcase) tirer derrière soi
    (b) (make turn) tourner, faire pivoter;
    he pulled the horse around il fit faire demi-tour à son cheval
    (a) (strain at, tug at) tirer sur;
    the dog pulled at the leash le chien tira sur la laisse;
    we pulled at the rope nous avons tiré sur la corde;
    I pulled at his sleeve je l'ai tiré par la manche;
    each pulled at an oar chacun tirait sur un aviron;
    the wind pulled at her hair le vent faisait voler ses cheveux
    (b) (suck → pipe, cigar) tirer sur;
    (→ bottle) he pulled at his bottle of beer il a bu une gorgée de bière
    (withdraw → covering, hand) retirer; (grab) arracher;
    she pulled her hand away elle retira ou ôta sa main;
    he pulled me away from the window il m'éloigna de la fenêtre;
    she pulled the book away from him elle lui arracha le livre
    (a) (withdraw → person) s'écarter;
    I put out my hand but she pulled away j'ai tendu la main vers elle mais elle s'est détournée;
    he had me by the arm but I managed to pull away il me tenait par le bras mais j'ai réussi à me dégager
    (b) (move off → vehicle, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler;
    the boat pulled away from the bank le bateau quitta la rive;
    the train pulled away from the station le train a quitté la gare;
    as the train began to pull away alors que le train s'ébranlait
    (c) (get ahead → runner, competitor) prendre de l'avance;
    she's pulling away from the pack elle prend de l'avance sur le peloton, elle se détache du peloton
    he pulled his hand back il retira ou ôta sa main;
    she pulled back the curtains elle ouvrit les rideaux;
    pull the lever back tirez le levier (vers l'arrière);
    he pulled me back from the railing il m'a éloigné de la barrière;
    to pull sb/a company back from the brink faire refaire surface à qn/une entreprise, tirer qn/une entreprise d'affaire
    (b) (withdraw → troops) retirer
    (a) (withdraw → troops, participant) se retirer;
    it's too late to pull back now il est trop tard pour se retirer ou pour faire marche arrière maintenant;
    they pulled back from committing themselves fully ils ont renoncé à s'engager complètement
    to pull back involuntarily avoir un mouvement de recul involontaire
    (c) (jib → horse, person) regimber
    (a) (lower → lever, handle) tirer (vers le bas); (→ trousers, veil) baisser; (→ suitcase, book) descendre; (→ blind, window) baisser;
    pull the blind/the window down baissez le store/la vitre;
    with his hat pulled down over his eyes son chapeau rabattu sur les yeux;
    she pulled her skirt down over her knees elle ramena sa jupe sur ses genoux;
    I pulled him down onto the chair je l'ai fait asseoir sur la chaise;
    he's pulling the whole team down il fait baisser le niveau de toute l'équipe;
    my marks in the oral exam will pull me down mes notes à l'oral vont baisser ou descendre ma moyenne
    (b) (demolish → house, wall) démolir, abattre;
    they're pulling down the whole neighbourhood ils démolissent tout le quartier;
    figurative it'll pull down the government ça va renverser le gouvernement
    (c) familiar (weaken → of illness) affaiblir, abattre ; (depress) déprimer, abattre
    (d) American familiar (earn) gagner, se faire
    (e) Computing (menu) dérouler
    (blind) descendre
    pull in
    (a) (line, fishing net) ramener;
    they pulled the rope in ils tirèrent la corde à eux;
    to pull sb in (into building, car) tirer qn à l'intérieur, faire entrer qn; (into water) faire tomber qn à l'eau
    (b) (stomach) rentrer;
    to pull oneself in rentrer son ventre
    (c) (attract → customers, investors, investment) attirer;
    the show's really pulling them in le spectacle attire les foules
    (d) familiar (earn → of person) gagner, se faire; (→ of business) rapporter
    (e) familiar (arrest) arrêter, embarquer;
    they pulled him in for questioning ils l'ont arrêté pour l'interroger
    (f) (stop → horse) retenir, tirer les rênes de;
    to pull one's car in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;
    to be pulled in for speeding être arrêté pour excès de vitesse
    (vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ park) se garer; (→ move to side of road) se rabattre; (arrive → train) entrer en gare;
    I pulled in for petrol je me suis arrêté pour prendre de l'essence;
    the car in front pulled in to let me past la voiture devant moi s'est rabattue pour me laisser passer;
    pull in here arrête-toi là;
    to pull in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;
    the express pulled in two hours late l'express est arrivé avec deux heures de retard
    (a) (clothes, boots, ring) enlever, retirer; (cover, bandage, knob, wrapping) enlever; (page from calendar, sticky backing) détacher;
    to pull the sheets off the bed retirer ou enlever les draps du lit;
    I pulled her hat off je lui ai enlevé son chapeau; (more violently) je lui ai arraché son chapeau
    (b) familiar (accomplish → deal, stratagem, mission, shot) réussir ; (→ press conference, negotiations) mener à bien ; (→ plan) réaliser ; (→ prize) décrocher, gagner ;
    the deal will be difficult to pull off cette affaire ne sera pas facile à négocier;
    will she (manage to) pull it off? est-ce qu'elle va y arriver?;
    he pulled it off il a réussi
    to pull sb off branler qn;
    to pull oneself off se branler
    (a) (move off) démarrer; (after halt) redémarrer
    (b) (stop) s'arrêter; (leave main road) quitter la route;
    he pulled off onto a side road il bifurqua sur une petite route;
    there's no place to pull off il n'y a pas de place pour s'arrêter
    the lid simply pulls off il suffit de tirer pour enlever le couvercle;
    the top pulls off to reveal… le dessus se retire et on peut voir…
    pull on
    (clothes, boots, pillow slip) mettre, enfiler
    (a) (tug at → rope, handle etc) tirer sur
    (b) (draw on → cigarette, pipe) tirer sur
    (a) (remove → tooth, hair, weeds) arracher; (→ splinter, nail) enlever; (→ plug, cork) ôter, enlever; (produce → wallet, weapon) sortir, tirer;
    she pulled a map out of her bag elle a sorti une carte de son sac;
    he pulled a page out of his notebook il a déchiré une feuille de son carnet;
    pull the paper gently out of the printer retirez doucement le papier de l'imprimante;
    to pull a nail out of a plank arracher un clou d'une planche;
    the tractor pulled us out of the mud/ditch le tracteur nous a sortis de la boue/du fossé;
    to pull the country out of recession (faire) sortir le pays de la récession;
    to pull sb out of a tight spot tirer qn d'un mauvais pas;
    familiar to pull out all the stops (to do sth) faire le maximum (pour faire qch)
    (b) (draw towards one → drawer, leaf of table, shelf) tirer; (unfold) déplier;
    pull the bed out from the wall écartez le lit du mur;
    he pulled a chair out from under the table il a écarté une chaise de la table
    (c) (withdraw → troops, contestant) retirer;
    the battalion was pulled out of the border area le bataillon a été retiré de la région frontalière;
    he threatened to pull the party out of the coalition il menaça de retirer le parti de la coalition
    (d) Computing (select, produce → data) sortir
    (a) (withdraw → troops, ally, participant) se retirer; (→ company from project, buyer) se désister; (→ company from place) quitter une/la région/ville/ etc;
    when they pulled out of Vietnam quand ils se sont retirés du Viêt-nam;
    she's pulling out of the election elle retire sa candidature;
    they've pulled out of the deal ils se sont retirés de l'affaire
    (b) (move off → car, ship) démarrer; (→ train, convoy) s'ébranler; (move out to overtake) déboîter;
    she was pulling out of the garage elle sortait du garage;
    he pulled out to overtake il a déboîté pour doubler;
    a truck suddenly pulled out in front of me soudain, un camion m'a coupé la route;
    to pull out into traffic s'engager dans la circulation;
    Aviation to pull out of a dive sortir d'un piqué, se rétablir
    to pull out of a recession/a crisis sortir de la récession/d'une crise
    (d) (be extendible or detachable → drawer) s'ouvrir; (→ handle) s'allonger; (→ map) se déplier;
    the sofa pulls out into a bed le canapé se transforme en lit;
    the shelves pull out on peut retirer les étagères;
    the table top pulls out c'est une table à rallonges
    pull the chair over to the window amenez la chaise près de la fenêtre;
    she pulled the dish over and helped herself elle a tiré le plat vers ou à elle et s'est servie
    (b) (make fall → pile, person, table) faire tomber, renverser;
    watch out you don't pull that lamp over fais attention de ne pas faire tomber cette lampe
    (c) (usu passive) (stop → vehicle, driver) arrêter;
    I got pulled over for speeding je me suis fait arrêter pour excès de vitesse
    (vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ move to side of road) se ranger, se rabattre;
    pull over and let the fire engine past rangez-vous ou rabattez-vous sur le côté et laissez passer les pompiers
    (b) (revive) ranimer;
    a drop of brandy will pull her round un peu de cognac la remettra ou remontera
    (regain consciousness) revenir à soi, reprendre connaissance; (recover) se remettre
    (a) (draw through → rope, thread) faire passer;
    pull the needle through to the other side faites sortir l'aiguille de l'autre côté
    (b) (help survive or surmount) tirer d'affaire;
    he says his faith pulled him through il dit que c'est sa foi qui lui a permis de s'en sortir
    (recover) s'en sortir, s'en tirer
    (shut → door, gate) fermer
    (a) (place together, join) joindre
    (b) (organize → demonstration, rescue team) organiser; (prepare) préparer;
    I've pulled together a few suggestions j'ai préparé ou noté quelques propositions
    (c) to pull oneself together se reprendre, se ressaisir;
    pull yourself together! ressaisissez-vous!, ne vous laissez pas aller!
    (a) (on rope) tirer ensemble; (on oars) ramer à l'unisson;
    pull together! (in rowing) avant partout!
    (b) (combine efforts, cooperate) concentrer ses efforts, agir de concert;
    we've all got to pull together on this one il faut que nous nous y mettions tous ensemble, il faut que nous nous attelions tous ensemble à la tâche
    pull up
    (a) (draw upwards → trousers, sleeve, blanket, lever) remonter; (→ blind) hausser, lever; (→ skirt) retrousser, relever; (hoist oneself) hisser;
    they pulled the boat up onto the beach ils ont tiré le bateau sur la plage;
    she pulled herself up onto the ledge elle s'est hissée sur le rebord;
    to pull one's socks up tirer ou remonter ses chaussettes; familiar figurative se remuer, s'activer
    (b) (move closer → chair) approcher;
    I pulled a chair up to the desk j'ai approché une chaise du bureau;
    why don't you pull up a chair and join us? prenez donc une chaise et joignez-vous à nous!;
    he pulled the crate up to the scales il a traîné la caisse jusqu'à la balance
    (c) (uproot → weeds) arracher; (→ bush, stump, tree) arracher, déraciner; (rip up → floorboards) arracher
    (d) (stop → person, vehicle, horse) arrêter; (check → person) retenir;
    to be pulled up (by the police) se faire arrêter (par un agent);
    his warning pulled me up short je me suis arrêté net lorsqu'il m'a crié de faire attention;
    he was about to tell them everything but I pulled him up (short) il était sur le point de tout leur dire mais je lui ai coupé la parole
    (e) familiar (improve → score, mark) améliorer ; (→ average) remonter ;
    his good marks in maths pulled him up again ses bonnes notes en maths ont remonté sa moyenne
    (f) British familiar (rebuke) réprimander, enguirlander;
    he was pulled up for being late il s'est fait enguirlander pour être arrivé en retard;
    if your work is sloppy, they'll pull you up on it si ton travail est bâclé, tu vas te faire taper sur les doigts
    (a) (stop) s'arrêter;
    as I was pulling up at the red light alors que j'allais m'arrêter au feu rouge;
    pull up at or outside the main entrance arrêtez-vous devant l'entrée principale;
    to pull up short s'arrêter net ou brusquement
    (b) familiar (ease up) se détendre, se relâcher
    (c) (draw even) rattraper;
    to pull up with sb rattraper qn;
    Sun Boy is pulling up on the outside! Sun Boy remonte à l'extérieur!
    (d) (improve → student, athlete, performance) s'améliorer

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > pull

  • 8 port

    marine
    • paapuuri
    • ryhti
    • vasen sivu
    automatic data processing
    • sivu
    • alahanka
    automatic data processing
    • portti (ATK)
    • portviini
    • portti
    • portti(tietotekn)
    • satamakaupunki
    • satama-alue
    • satama
    • kääntää paapuuriin
    • laivasatama
    * * *
    I po:t noun
    1) ((usually without a or the) a harbour: The ship came into port; We reached port next morning.) satama
    2) (a town with a harbour: the port of Hull.) satamakaupunki
    II po:t noun
    (the left side of a ship or aircraft: The helmsman steered the ship to port; ( also adjective) the port wing.) paapuuri
    III po:t noun
    (a strong, dark-red, sweet wine originally from Portugal.) portviini

    English-Finnish dictionary > port

  • 9 port

    n. hamn; hamnstad; babord; portvin; portar, kopplingar på baksidan av datorn för olika apparater (data) programförflyttning från en plattform till en annan (data)
    --------
    n. portvin (sött rödvin)
    --------
    v. vända (båten) till vänster; hålla gevär
    * * *
    I [po:t] noun
    1) ((usually without a or the) a harbour: The ship came into port; We reached port next morning.) hamn
    2) (a town with a harbour: the port of Hull.) hamnstad
    II [po:t] noun
    (the left side of a ship or aircraft: The helmsman steered the ship to port; ( also adjective) the port wing.) babord
    III [po:t] noun
    (a strong, dark-red, sweet wine originally from Portugal.) portvin

    English-Swedish dictionary > port

  • 10 Yourkevitch, Vladimir Ivanovitch

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 17 June 1885 Moscow, Russia
    d. 14 December 1964 USA
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American) naval architect who worked in Russia, Western Europe and the United States and who profoundly influenced the hull design of large ships.
    [br]
    Yourkevitch came from an academic family, but one without any experience or tradition of sea service. Despite this he decided to become a naval architect, and after secondary education at Moscow and engineering training at the St Petersburg Polytechnic, he graduated in 1909. For the following ten years he worked designing battleships and later submarines, mostly at the Baltic Shipyard in St Petersburg. Around 1910 he became a full member of the Russian Naval Constructors Corps, and in 1915 he was a founder member and first Scientific Secretary of the Society of Naval Engineers.
    Using the published data of the American Admiral D.W. Taylor and taking advantage of access to the Norddeutscher Lloyd Testing Tank at Bremerhaven, Yourkevitch proposed a new hull form with bulbous bow and long entrances and runs. This was the basis for the revolutionary battleships then laid down at St Petersburg, the "Borodino" class. Owing to the war these ships were launched but never completed. At the conclusion of the war Yourkevitch found himself in Constantinople, where he experienced the life of a refugee, and then he moved to Paris where he accepted almost any work on offer. Fortunately in 1928, through an introduction, he was appointed a draughtsman at the St Nazaire shipyard. Despite his relatively lowly position, he used all his personality to persuade the French company to alter the hull form of the future record breaker Normandie. The gamble paid off and Yourkevitch was able to set up his own naval architecture company, BECNY, which designed many well-known liners, including the French Pasteur.
    In 1939 he settled in North America, becoming a US citizen in 1945. On the night of the fire on the Normandie, he was in New York but was prevented from going close to the ship by the police, and the possibility of saving the ship was thrown away. He was involved in many projects as well as lecturing at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He maintained connections with his technical colleagues in St Petersburg in the later years of his life. His unfulfilled dream was the creation of a superliner to carry 5,000 passengers and thus able to make dramatic cuts in the cost of transatlantic travel. Yourkevitch was a fine example of a man whose vision enabled him to serve science and engineering without consideration of inter-national boundaries.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    AK/FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Yourkevitch, Vladimir Ivanovitch

  • 11 piping

    ˈpaɪpɪŋ
    1. сущ.
    1) а) игра( на дудке и т. п.) Unto their piping must all people dance. (Morris) ≈ Под звуки игры на свирели все люди должны танцевать. б) звуки свирели;
    звуки игры на духовых инструментах
    2) а) насвистывание;
    писк( особ. птиц) б) пение( птиц)
    3) разг., сл. плач, рев Syn: weeping
    2., crying
    4) а) трубопровод;
    система труб б) мн. трубы
    5) кант( на платье)
    6) сахарный узор( на торте)
    7) метал. усадочная раковина;
    образование усадочных раковин
    2. прил.
    1) писклявый, пронзительный, резкий;
    визгливый Syn: shrill
    1., piercing
    2) спокойный, мирный, безмятежный piping times of peace ≈ мирное время, мирные времена Syn: tranquil
    3. нареч.
    1) со свистом, с шипением piping hot
    2) перен. прямо, непосредственно (откуда-либо) A report has come piping hot from Ireland. ≈ Сообщение пришло прямо из Ирландии. игра на свирели, дудке звуки свирели высокий, тонкий или резкий голос пронзительный, резкий звук;
    писк - the frosty *s of the breeze свист ледяного ветра - the * of frogs кваканье лягушек - the * of mice мышиный писк пение птиц;
    свист;
    насвистывание звук, издаваемый пчелиной маткой (разговорное) плач, рев кант - * of black leather окантовка /отделка/ черной кожей отделка кантом (кулинарное) сахарное украшение, сахарная глазурь;
    меренга;
    узор (на торте) (кулинарное) украшение (тортов) трубы;
    трубопровод;
    система труб - three meters of * три метра труб укладка труб перекачивание по трубам образование усадочных раковин усадочная раковина( садоводчество) отводок, отросток( специальное) гидравлическая, гидромеханическая разработка, гидродобыча играющий на свирели - * satyr сатир, играющий на свирели пронзительный, пискливый;
    визгливый - a thin * voice тонкий, писклявый голос - * breeze /wind/ свистящий /воющий/ ветер( устаревшее) мирный, безмятежный, безолачный;
    пасторальный - the * times of peace мирные времена > * hot очень горячий;
    с пылу с жару;
    новоиспеченный;
    совершенно новый, свежий > the day was * hot в тот день жара была страшная /ужасная/ > a pie * hot out of the oven пирог с пылу с жару /прямо из печки/ > * hot from the university только что окончивший университет > the book came out * hot книга только что вышла command ~ вчт. конвейеризация команд piping pres. p. от pipe ~ игра (на дудке и т. п.) ~ кант (на платье) ~ вчт. конвейеризация ~ насвистывание;
    писк ~ пение (птиц) ~ пронзительный, пискливый ~ сахарный узор (на торте) ~ со свистом, с шипением ~ трубопровод;
    трубы, система труб ~ метал. усадочная раковина;
    образование усадочных раковин ~ hot = с пылу, с жару;
    очень горячий ~ hot = совершенно новый или свежий;
    the piping time(s) of peace мирные времена ~ of data вчт. конвейерная пересылка данных ~ hot = совершенно новый или свежий;
    the piping time(s) of peace мирные времена

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > piping

  • 12 return

    [rə'tə:n] 1. verb
    1) (to come or go back: He returns home tomorrow; He returned to London from Paris yesterday; The pain has returned.) voltar
    2) (to give, send, put etc (something) back where it came from: He returned the book to its shelf; Don't forget to return the books you borrowed.) devolver
    3) (I'll return to this topic in a minute.) voltar
    4) (to do (something) which has been done to oneself: She hit him and he returned the blow; He said how nice it was to see her again, and she returned the compliment.) retribuir
    5) ((of voters) to elect (someone) to Parliament.) eleger
    6) ((of a jury) to give (a verdict): The jury returned a verdict of not guilty.) dar
    7) ((in tennis etc) to hit (a ball) back to one's opponent: She returned his serve.) devolver
    2. noun
    1) (the act of returning: On our return, we found the house had been burgled; ( also adjective) a return journey.) regresso
    2) (especially in United Kingdom, a round-trip ticket, a return ticket: Do you want a single or a return?) bilhete de ida e volta
    - return match
    - return ticket
    - by return of post
    - by return
    - in return for
    - in return
    - many happy returns of the day
    - many happy returns
    * * *
    re.turn
    [rit'ə:n] n 1 volta, regresso, retorno. 2 devolução, restituição. 3 retribuição, paga, compensação, favor ou serviço recíproco. 4 o que é restituído ou devolvido. 5 relatório, relação. 6 tabela, quadro. 7 recorrência, repetição. 8 declaração de resultado de eleição. 9 returns lucro, proveito, retorno. 10 Archit parede lateral. 11 Sport rebatida. 12 reenvio, remessa, reentrada. 13 réplica, resposta. 14. passagem de volta. 15 Cards seguimento de naipe. 16 notícia, informação, aviso. 17 declaração de imposto de renda. 18 Brit passagem de ida e volta. 19 recaída (de uma doença). • vt+vi 1 voltar, regressar, retornar. 2 repetir-se, recorrer. 3 replicar, responder, retorquir. 4 devolver, restituir. 5 reverter. 6 volver para trás (os olhos, etc.). 7 retribuir, recompensar, reciprocar. 8 eleger. 9 render, lucrar. 10 dar notícia ou informação, relatar. 11 pronunciar, anunciar (uma sentença). 12 recair. 13 rebater (uma bola). 14 quebrar, dobrar-se, formar ângulo. 15 Cards seguir naipe. 16 apresentar (relatório). 17 declarar oficialmente (uma quantia em dinheiro). • adj 1 em devolução. 2 de regresso. by return of post à volta do correio, pelo primeiro correio. in return for em troca de. many happy returns of the day! (aniversário) que a data se repita ainda muitas vezes! felicitações cordiais! on his return por ocasião de seu regresso. on sale or and return Com em consignação. return of payment reembolso. to make good returns ser lucrativo. to return a favour retribuir um favor. to return thanks agradecer, dar agradecimentos. to yield quick returns Com ter grande saída.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > return

  • 13 word *****

    [wɜːd]
    1. n
    1) (gen) parola

    what's the word for "pen" in Italian? — come si dice "pen" in italiano?

    the word "ginseng" is Chinese — la parola "ginseng" è cinese words npl, (of song) parole fpl, testo

    word for word — parola per parola, testualmente

    in other words — in altre parole, in altri termini

    don't say or breathe a word about it — non farne parola

    to have words with sb (quarrel with) venire a parole con qn

    2) (news) notizia, notizie fpl

    word came from headquarters that... — il quartiere generale ci ha fatto sapere che...

    to bring/send word of sth to sb — portare/dare la notizia di qc a qn

    to leave word (with sb, for sb) that... — lasciare detto (a qn) che...

    3) (promise) parola

    to be as good as one's word; keep one's word — essere di parola, tenere fede alla parola data

    to give sb one's word (that...) — dare a qn la propria parola (che...)

    4)

    (gospel) the Word — il Verbo, la parola di Dio

    2. vt
    (document, protest) formulare

    English-Italian dictionary > word *****

  • 14 return

    adj. återkommen; återvänd; återbetalad; tur och retur-; återsänd; återlämnad
    --------
    n. ngt. el. ngn. som kommer el. går tillbaka; besvara; replikera; förklara; avkasta; återkomma; återvändande; returbiljett; returförsändelse; vedergällning; ett annat namn för RETUR-tangenten (data)
    --------
    v. returnera, återlämna; besvara; förkunna, deklarera
    * * *
    [rə'tə:n] 1. verb
    1) (to come or go back: He returns home tomorrow; He returned to London from Paris yesterday; The pain has returned.) återvända
    2) (to give, send, put etc (something) back where it came from: He returned the book to its shelf; Don't forget to return the books you borrowed.) ge (lämna, ställa) tillbaka
    3) (I'll return to this topic in a minute.) återvända, komma tillbaka
    4) (to do (something) which has been done to oneself: She hit him and he returned the blow; He said how nice it was to see her again, and she returned the compliment.) besvara, återgälda
    5) ((of voters) to elect (someone) to Parliament.) välja []
    6) ((of a jury) to give (a verdict): The jury returned a verdict of not guilty.) avkunna
    7) ((in tennis etc) to hit (a ball) back to one's opponent: She returned his serve.) returnera
    2. noun
    1) (the act of returning: On our return, we found the house had been burgled; ( also adjective) a return journey.) återkomst; åter-
    2) (especially in United Kingdom, a round-trip ticket, a return ticket: Do you want a single or a return?) returbiljett
    - return match
    - return ticket
    - by return of post
    - by return
    - in return for
    - in return
    - many happy returns of the day
    - many happy returns

    English-Swedish dictionary > return

  • 15 ■ come away

    ■ come away
    v. i. + avv.
    1 venire via; allontanarsi (da qc.): Come away from the window, vieni via dalla finestra
    2 ( di oggetto) venire via; staccarsi: The handle came away in my hand, la maniglia (è venuta via e) mi è rimasta in mano
    3 to come away with, andarsene con; ottenere; riportare; portare a casa (fam.): to come away with a promise, andarsene con (o ottenere) una promessa; to come away with a victory, portare a casa una vittoria
    4 to come away with, restare, rimanere ( con una data impressione), I came away with a sense of dissatisfaction, mi restò dentro un senso di insoddisfazione.

    English-Italian dictionary > ■ come away

  • 16 form

    fɔ:m
    1. сущ.
    1) форма;
    внешний вид;
    очертание to assume, take the form of smth. ≈ принимать форму чего-л. to assume human form ≈ принимать человеческий вид a fiend in human form ≈ волк в овечьей шкуре The cookies were in the form of squares. ≈ Булочки были квадратной формы. Syn: configuration, contour, figure, outline, shape, structure
    2) фигура( особ. человека) This coat really fits one's form. ≈ Это пальто действительно хорошо сидит на фигуре. Syn: body, figure, shape, build, physique
    3) форма, вид abridged, condensed formсокращенная форма, сокращенный вариант concise form ≈ краткая форма convenient form, handy form ≈ удобная форма revised form ≈ исправленная форма The book came out in abridged form. ≈ Книга издана в сокращенной форме. Ice is water in another form. ≈ Лед - это вода только в другом виде. Syn: appearance, phase, aspect, manifestation
    4) вид, разновидность The ant is a form of insect. ≈ Муравей - это вид насекомых. Syn: type, variety, kind, sort;
    genus, species, genre, class
    5) порядок;
    общепринятая форма in due formв должной форме, по всем правилам
    6) бланк, образец, форма;
    анкета to fill in a form брит., to fill out a form амер., to fill up a form уст. ≈ заполнить бланк tax formдекларация о доходах tax return form ≈ бланк декларации о доходах application form
    7) формальность;
    церемония, этикет, установленный порядок They didn't follow the traditional form of the marriage service. ≈ Они не придерживались традиционных форм бракосочетания. Syn: prescribed method, rule, habit, proceeding, practice, ritual;
    etiquette, conventionality
    8) манеры, поведение good form, proper form ≈ хороший тон, хорошие манеры bad formдурной тон, плохие манеры It's bad form to come late to a formal reception. ≈ На официальную встречу опаздывать неприлично. Syn: social behavior, manner, deportment, conduct, style, mode;
    way, manner
    9) готовность, состояние;
    хорошая спортивная форма The horse is in form. ≈ Лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам. off form ≈ не в форме She was in superb form today. ≈ Она была сегодня в превосходной форме. If she's in form, she can win the match easily. ≈ Если она будет сегодня в форме, она легко выиграет матч. Syn: trim, fettle, fitness, shape, top condition, healthy condition
    10) скамья
    11) класс( в школе) in the fourth form ≈ в четвертом классе
    12) нора( зайца)
    13) грам. форма bound form colloquial form combining form diminutive form free form inflectional form obsolete form plural form singular form surface form underlying form
    14) иск. вид, форма;
    композиция You paint well, but your work lacks form. ≈ С красками у тебя все в порядке, но в твоей картине нет формы. Syn: order, system, structure, harmony, arrangement;
    shapeliness, proportion, symmetry
    15) тех. модель, форма When the cement has hardened, the form is removed. ≈ Когда цемент затвердеет, форма удаляется. Syn: mold, cast, frame, framework, matrix
    16) полигр. печатная форма
    17) строит. опалубка
    18) ж.-д. формирование( поездов)
    19) расписание racing form ≈ расписание скачек, программа скачек
    2. гл.
    1) а) придавать форму, вид to form chopped beef into pattiesделать лепешки из кусков говядины б) принимать форму, вид
    2) а) составлять, образовывать The sofa is formed of three separate sections. ≈ Диван составлен из трех отдельных секций. б) включать в себя, содержать ∙ Syn: compose, comprise, make up, constitute;
    serve to make up
    3) а) создавать;
    формулировать( идею, план и т. п.) б) создаваться, возникать
    4) воспитывать, вырабатывать, формировать (характер, качества и т. п.) ;
    дисциплинировать;
    приобретать He formed the habit of peering over his glasses. ≈ У него выработалась привычка смотреть поверх очков. Syn: develop, acquire, contract, pick up
    5) а) формировать, образовывать;
    воен. формировать (части) ;
    ж.-д. формировать (поезда) They formed an army out of rabble. ≈ Они сформировали армию из толпы. б) формироваться, образовываться;
    строиться
    6) тех. формовать Syn: mould
    7) забираться в нору (о зайце) ∙ form up форма;
    внешний вид;
    очертание - without shape or * бесформенный - in any shape or * в любом виде - in the * of a cube в форме куба - to take * принять должную форму - to take the * of smth. принимать вид /форму/ чего-л. - the cloud was changing its * облако меняло очертания фигура (человека) - well-proportioned * пропорциональное сложение, хорошая фигура - fair of face and * с прекрасным лицом и фигурой - I saw a well-known * standing before me я увидел перед собой хорошо знакомую фигуру обличье - Proteus was able to appear in the * of any animal Протей мог являться в обличье любого животного стать (лошади) форма, вид - literary * литературная форма - in tabular * в виде таблицы - in the * of a sonnet в форме сонета - in the * of a drama в драматической форме - * and substance форма и содержание - a sense of * чувство формы вид, разновидность;
    тип - *s of animal and vegetable life формы животной и растительной жизни - it's a * of influenza это особая форма гриппа - a * of activity род деятельности стиль, манера - his * in swimming is bad он плавает плохо /плохим стилем/ - bad * дурной тон;
    плохие манеры - the rules of good * правила хорошего тона состояние;
    форма (часто спортивная) ;
    готовность - to be in( good) * быть в хорошем состоянии;
    быть в хорошей спортивной форме;
    быть в ударе - to be in bad *, to be out of * быть в плохом состоянии;
    быть в плохой( спортивной) форме;
    быть не в ударе, "не в форме" - to round into * (спортивное) приобретать спортивную форму настроение, душевное состояние - Jack was in great * at the dinner party Джек был в приподнятом настроении на званом обеде формальность;
    проформа - as a matter of *, for *'s sake для проформы, формально - to attach importance to *s придавать значение формальностям церемония, порядок - in due * по всем правилам - found in good and due * (дипломатическое) найденные в должном порядке и надлежащей форме (о полномочиях) - * of action (юридическое) процессуальная форма установившаяся форма выражения;
    формула - the * of greeting формула приветствия класс (в школе) - upper *s старшие классы - first * младший класс форма, бланк, образец;
    анкета - printed * печатный бланк - a * for a deed бланк /форма/ для соглашения - a * of application форма заявления - to fill in /up/ a * заполнить бланк /анкету и т. п./ длинная скамья, скамейка нора (зайца) (грамматика) форма слова( специальное) форма исполнения (машины) модель, тип, образец;
    торговый сорт( металла и т. п.) (техническое) форма для литья (полиграфия) печатная форма (строительство) форма;
    опалубка - * removal распалубка( математическое) выражение придавать форму, вид - to * a piece of wood into a certain shape придавать куску дерева определенную форму - to * smth. after /upon, from, by, in accordance with/ a pattern создавать /делать/ что-л. по определенному образцу - state *ed after the Roman republic государство, созданное по образцу Римской республики принимать форму, вид составлять, образовывать;
    формировать - these parts together * a perfect whole эти части образуют вместе гармоничное целое - the rain *ed large pools on the lawn от дождя на газоне образовались большие лужи - the clouds *ed a veil over the mountain-top облака затянули вершину горы - the baby is beginning to * short words ребенок начинает произносить короткие слова образовываться;
    формироваться - crystals *ed in the retort в реторте образовались кристаллы - clouds are *ing on the hills на вершинах холмов сгущаются облака (грамматика) образовывать - to * the plural of the noun образовать множественное число существительного создавать, составлять;
    формулировать - to * an idea создавать себе представление - to * an opinion составить мнение - to * a plan создать /выработать/ план - to * a habit приобрести привычку, привыкнуть( к чему-л.) возникать, оформляться - the idea slowly *ed in my mind эта мысль постепенно становилась у меня более отчетливой представлять собой;
    являться - chocolate *s a wholesome substitute for staple food шоколад является полноценным заменителем основных продуктов питания - bonds *ed the bulk of his estate основную часть его состояния представляли облигации тренировать, дисциплинировать;
    воспитывать;
    развивать - to * the mind развивать ум - to * the character воспитывать характер - to * a child by care воспитывать ребенка заботливо - to * good habits прививать хорошие привычки /навыки хорошего поведения/ формировать, организовывать;
    образовывать, создавать - to * a class for beginners создать группу начинающих - to * an army формировать армию - to * a government формировать правительство - to * a society организовывать общество - the children were *ed into small groups дети были разбиты на небольшие группы - they *ed themselves into a committee они сорганизовались в комитет( военное) строить - to * a column вытягиваться в колонну (военное) строиться( специальное) формировать (специальное) формовать (садоводчество) обрезать, подвергать обрезке;
    формировать крону забираться, забиваться в нору (о зайце) форма (таксономическая единица) account ~ документ бухгалтерского учета adjustment ~ схема регулирования bill ~ бланк векселя bill ~ бланк счета bill ~ вексельный формуляр blank ~ чистый бланк business tax ~ бланк налоговой декларации для предпринимателя charge ~ форма платежа cheque ~ бланк чека claim ~ бланк заявления о выплате страхового возмещения clausal ~ вчт. стандартная форма coding ~ вчт. бланк программирования company ~ форма компании complete a ~ заполнять бланк contract ~ форма контракта customs declaration ~ бланк таможенной декларации customs ~ таможенный формуляр data collection ~ вчт. форма для сбора данных deposit ~ депозитный бланк draft ~ эскиз бланка due ~ установленная форма due ~ установленный образец entry ~ вчт. бланк ввода информации export ~ экспортный формуляр form анкета ~ бланк ~ вид, разновидность ~ воспитывать, вырабатывать (характер, качества и т. п.) дисциплинировать;
    тренировать ~ заключать (договор) ~ класс (в школе) ~ нора (зайца) ~ образец, бланк;
    анкета ~ образовывать ~ стр. опалубка ~ основывать ~ полигр. печатная форма ~ порядок;
    общепринятая форма;
    in due form в должной форме, по всем правилам ~ придавать или принимать форму, вид;
    to form a vessel out of clay вылепить сосуд из глины ~ скамья ~ создавать(ся), образовывать(ся) ;
    I can form no idea of his character не могу составить себе представления о его характере ~ создавать ~ составить ~ составлять;
    parts form a whole части образуют целое ~ составлять ~ состояние, готовность;
    the horse is in form лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам ~ сформировать ~ установленный образец, проформа, бланк, формуляр, анкета ~ установленный образец ~ утверждать ~ учреждать, образовывать, основывать ~ фигура (особ. человека) ~ тех. форма, модель ~ иск. форма, вид;
    literary form литературная форма ~ грам. форма ~ форма;
    внешний вид;
    очертание;
    in the form of a globe в форме шара;
    to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) ~ вчт. форма ~ форма ~ формальность, этикет, церемония;
    good (bad) form хороший( дурной) тон, хорошие (плохие) манеры ~ ж.-д. формирование (поездов) ~ воен. формирование, построение ~ ж.-д. формировать (поезда) ~ воен. формировать (части) ~ формировать(-ся), образовывать(ся) ;
    строиться ~ формировать ~ тех. формовать ~ формуляр forme: forme =form ~ придавать или принимать форму, вид;
    to form a vessel out of clay вылепить сосуд из глины ~ for advance statement форма заявления об авансовых платежах ~ for estimating future income форма для оценки будущего дохода ~ of a summons бланк судебной повестки ~ of a writ форма искового заявления ~ of borrowing форма займа ~ of cooperation форма кооперации ~ of government форма правительства ~ of government форма правления ~ of organization форма организации ~ of request бланк заявки ~ of request форма запроса ~ of request форма требования ~ of sales форма продажи ~ of saving форма сбережения ~ of taxation форма налогообложения ~ of tender форма заявки ~ of tender форма предложения giro in-payment ~ бланк для платежа в системе жиросчетов giro transfer ~ бланк для жироперевода ~ формальность, этикет, церемония;
    good (bad) form хороший (дурной) тон, хорошие (плохие) манеры horizontal ~ выч. бланк счета ~ состояние, готовность;
    the horse is in form лошадь вполне подготовлена к бегам ~ создавать(ся), образовывать(ся) ;
    I can form no idea of his character не могу составить себе представления о его характере in (good) ~ в ударе in (good) ~ "в форме" (о спортсмене) ~ форма;
    внешний вид;
    очертание;
    in the form of a globe в форме шара;
    to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) in-payment ~ форма платежа income tax ~ бланк декларации на подоходный налог inquiry ~ анкета legal ~ правовая форма legal ~ юридическая форма letter ~ образец письма linguistic ~ лингвистическая форма ~ иск. форма, вид;
    literary form литературная форма market ~ форма рынка missing letter ~ утерянный бланк письма model ~ типовая форма money order ~ бланк денежного перевода mortgage deed ~ бланк залогового сертификата mortgage deed ~ бланк ипотечного свидетельства narrative ~ форма отчета order ~ бланк заказа order ~ бланк требования order ~ форма приказа outpayment ~ форма выплаты ~ составлять;
    parts form a whole части образуют целое payment notification ~ бланк уведомления о платеже postal note ~ бланк почтового перевода на сумму до 5 долл. (США) postal order ~ бланк денежного перевода printed ~ печатный бланк proposal ~ бланк заявки на торгах receipt ~ бланк квитанции receipt ~ образец расписки reduced ~ вчт. приведенная форма registration ~ регистрационный бланк reply ~ бланк для ответа report ~ анкета report ~ опросный лист report ~ переписной бланк report ~ форма статистического опросного листа requisition ~ бланк заявки requisition ~ форма заявки screen ~ file вчт. файл экранных форм sentential ~ вчт. сентенциальная форма share transfer ~ форма передачи права собственности на акции signature ~ образец подписи stamped ~ бланк со штампом standard ~ вчт. стандартная форма statement ~ форма заявления table ~ вчт. табличная форма tabular ~ полигр. плоская печатная форма tabular ~ вчт. табличная форма ~ форма;
    внешний вид;
    очертание;
    in the form of a globe в форме шара;
    to take the form (of smth.) принять форму (чего-л.) tax ~ бланк налоговой декларации transfer ~ бланк перевода

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > form

  • 17 find

    1. I
    seek, and уе shall find bibl. ищите и обрящите
    2. III
    1) find smth., smb. find a misplaced letter (one's gloves, her hat, one's lost dog, the lost child, etc.) находить /отыскивать/ затерявшееся письме и т. д.', I ran to find a doctor я побежал за врачом; I don't know where to find time не знаю, где взять время; find a new method (a new island, America, etc.) открывать новый метод и т.д; find the means (ways, data, a market, etc.) изыскивать /находить/ средства и т. д.; where shall I find the money? где мне (раздобыть деньги?, где я возьму деньги?; put the book back where you found it положите книгу обратно на место; leave the windows (the papers, her things, etc.) as one finds them оставить окна и т. д. как есть; we must leave everything as we find it мы ничего не должны трогать; take us as you find us принимайте нас такими, какие мы есть; the book found very few readers книга не была популярна у читателей, на книгу почти не было спроса; the anchor found bottom якорь коснулся дна; the bullet found its mark пуля попала в цель
    2) find smth. find the sum (the actual figures, the result, etc.) находить /определять, вычислять/ сумму и т. д.; find the sum of several numbers (the cube root of 71, the value of the unknown quantity, etc.) определить /вычислить/ сумму нескольких чисел и т. д.', what did you find the total? какой у вас получился итог?
    3. IV
    find smth., smb., in some manner find smth., smb. easily (promptly, suddenly, unexpectedly, by chance, intuitively, etc.) легко и т. д. находить что-л., кого-л.; find smth., smb. somewhere find one's way home (in, there, etc.) находить дорогу домой и т. д.', find smb. in (out) (не) заставать кого-л. дома; I can't find my keys anywhere [я] нигде не могу отыскать свой ключи; find smth., smb. at some time at last he found his way наконец он выбрался на [правильную] дорогу; at last he finds a wife for himself наконец он нашел себе жену
    4. V
    1) find smb. smth. find her a taxi (him his hat, them a boat, me a good book, etc.) найти ей такой и т. д.; I found him a job я подыскал ему работу
    2) find smb., smth. smb., smth. find him a trustworthy man (her a clever girl, it an offence, it a shame, etc.) считать /находить/ его надежным человеком и т. д.', I found him an agreeable person он показался мне приятным человеком, у меня сложилось о нем мнение как о приятном человеке; I find it my duty я считаю это своим долгом
    5. VI
    1) find smb. in some state find smb. gloomy (fretful, despondent, etc.) застать кого-л. в мрачном и т. д. настроении; I came and found her ill я пришел и увидел, что она больна; find smb. dead обнаружить, что кто-л. умер /мертв/, найти кого-л. мертвым, не застать кого-л. в живых
    2) find smb., smth. possessing some quality find smb. funny (ridiculous, foolish, very clever, pleasant, dishonest, etc.) находить /считать/ кого-л. смешным и т. д.; I find him strange today он мне кажется странным сегодня; find smb. guilty (innocent, insane. etc.) признавать кого-л. виновным и т.д., find smth. easy (the translation difficult, the remark helpful, the terms reasonable the bed comfortable, the story boring, it very annoying, etc.) находить /считать/ что-л. легким и т. д.; I find the weather pleasant today сегодня мне погода нравится; find it difficult (impossible, easy, etc.) to understand him (to make her come on time, to remember these figures, etc.) трудно и т. д. понять его и т. д.; we may find it necessary to leave early нам может быть придется рано уйти
    6. VII
    1) find smth. to do smth. find time to read (place to put it, courage to contradict him, a way to do so, one's way to make both ends meet, etc.) находить время [.чтобы] читать и т. д., he found nothing new to say он ничего нового не мог сказать; find the case to contain a pearl necklace обнаружить, что в футляре лежит жемчужное ожерелье
    2) find smth. to possess some quality find smth. to be true (to be false, to be funny, to be unusual, etc.) находить /убеждаться в том/, что это правильно /правда/ и т. д.
    7. VIII
    find smb. doing smth. find the girl waiting (her crying, the children gathering flowers, etc.) обнаружить /увидеть/. что девушка ждет и т. д.; I found myself disagreeing я вдруг [неожиданно для себя] начал спорить; понял, что я не согласен
    8. IX
    find smth., smb. in some state find the room locked (the event forgotten, the glass broken, the book borrowed, them gone, him arrested, her beaten up, the child taken from him, etc. обнаружить, что комната заперта и т. д.; find one self surrounded by children оказаться окруженным детьми; I found myself obliged to leave мне пришлось уйти
    9. XI
    I. be found in some place hares are found in woods зайцы водятся в лесах; pin-trees are found in most European countries сосны растут в большинстве европейских стран; it is found everywhere это можно найти где угодно. be found at some time these qualities are not often found такие качества нечасто встречаются
    2)
    be found smth. he was found a situation out of tow; ему нашли работу за городом; be found in some state he was found wounded (injured, beaten up, etc.) когда его нашли, увидели /обнаружили/. что он ранен и т. д.; be found somewhere a dagger was found on him when he was searched при обыске у него обнаружили кинжал; be found with smth. that is the only fault to be found with him это его единственный недостаток; it is not the only fault to be found with the play это отнюдь не единственный недостаток пьесы
    3)
    be found possessing some quality be found useful /of use (invaluable, of interest, etc.) быть признанным /считаться/ полезным и т. д.; he was found guilty его признали виновным; be found that it has been found that... было установлено, что...
    10. XVIII
    find oneself (at some time/ this author hasn't fount himself yet этот писатель еще не нашел себя
    11. XXI1
    1) find smth. in (through, etc.) smth. find mistakes in a composition (the required page in the book, a nickel in the street, copper in the mountains, one's way through the forest, etc.) находить ошибки в сочинении и т. д.; find ten stamps in that drawer найти десять марок в том ящике; find smth. in some state find the room in perfect order (the house in a filthy state, my papers in a mess, etc.) находить комнату в полном порядке и т. д. find smth. for smb., smth. find a post for him (time for almost anything, money for his education, etc.) найти ему место / должность / и т. д.; find smth. after smth. find smth. after a careful search найти / обнаружить / что-л. после тщательных поисков
    2) find smth. to(about, etc.) smth. find an answer to the problem (all about it, information on the subject, etc.) выяснить / найти / ответ на вопрос и т. д.
    3) find smb., smth. in / at, on / some place find smb. at home (in the garden, in the camp, at table, etc.) застать / найти / кого-л. дома и т. д.; I found him still in bed я застал его еще в постели; find oneself in hospital (in prison, on board the ship, etc.) оказаться в больнице и т. д.
    4) find its / one's / way (in)to (out of) smth. the river finds its way to the sea река впадает в море; how did it find its way into print? как это попало в печать?; I'll find my way out of these difficulties я сумею найти выход из этих трудностей
    5) find smth., smb. in smth., smb. find expression in smth. найти свое выражение в чём-л.; find a true friend in her (a warm supporter in him. etc.) обрести истинного друга в ней и т. д.; I can find по faults in him я не замечаю у него никаких недостатков; find smth. with smb. find happiness with smb. обрести счастье с кем-л.; find smth. for smth. find no reason for smth. не видеть / не находить / [никаких] причин для чего-л.; I can find по excuse for his behaviour я не представляю, как можно оправдать его поведение
    12. XXII
    find smth. in doing smth. find pleasure in gardening ( joy in dancing, difficulty in speaking aloud, etc.) с удовольствием заниматься садоводством и т. д.
    13. XXV
    find [that]... find that I was mistaken понять, что я ошибался; find that he could not swim обнаружить, что он не умеет плавать; this letter, I find, arrived yesterday письмо, я вижу / я обнаружил /, пришло вчера

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > find

  • 18 point

    • ojentaa
    • olla suunnattuna
    • ominaisuus
    • osoitella
    • paikka
    • osoittaa
    • saada pontta
    • nokka
    • näkökohta
    • niemi
    • näyttää
    • juju
    • tähdätä
    • tunnus
    • tärkein kohta
    • tähdätä huomauttaa
    automatic data processing
    • tutkain
    • huippu
    • viitoittaa
    • vitsi
    • viittoa
    • viitata
    • esittää näkökohta
    • erityisseikka
    • sijainti
    • ajankohta
    • aihe
    • asema
    • antaa kärkeä
    • asia
    • aste
    • vaihde
    • vaihe
    physics
    • ydin
    • ydinkohta
    • puoli
    • puoltoääni
    • pää
    • pyrkiä
    • teroittaa
    • kohta
    • merkitys
    physics
    • momentti
    • nenä
    • seisoa
    • saumata
    • sakara
    • seikka
    • suunnata
    • syövytysneula
    • tarkoitus
    • yksityiskohta
    • kärki
    • kysymys
    • pluspiste
    • pointti
    • pointsi
    • pilkku
    • piste (arvost.)
    • piste
    • pinna
    • piste(kilpailussa)
    • piiru
    • piikki
    • kompassipiiru
    * * *
    point 1. noun
    1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) kärki
    2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) niemi
    3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) piste
    4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) kohta
    5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) hetki
    6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) piste
    7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) ilmansuunta
    8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) piste
    9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) asia, näkökohta, ydin
    10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) itu
    11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) ominaisuus
    12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) pistorasia
    2. verb
    1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) suunnata
    2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) osoittaa
    3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) paikata
    - pointer
    - pointless
    - pointlessly
    - points
    - be on the point of
    - come to the point
    - make a point of
    - make one's point
    - point out
    - point one's toes

    English-Finnish dictionary > point

  • 19 ♦ good

    ♦ good (1) /gʊd/
    (compar. better, superl. relat. best), a.
    1 buono; bello; dabbene; genuino; onesto; giusto; valido; in vigore: good health, buona salute; good humour, buonumore; bonomia, amabilità, benignità; a good fire, un buon (o bel) fuoco; good eggs, uova buone (non andate a male); good money, denaro buono, genuino; good eyesight, vista buona; to be of a good family, essere di buona famiglia; good looks, bellezza ( d'una persona); good luck, fortuna; buona sorte; to have a good cry, farsi un bel pianto; to get a good scolding, ricevere una buona lavata di capo; good sense, buon senso: With all this fog, you should have the good sense to go by train, con una simile nebbia, dovresti avere il buon senso di andare in treno; to fight for a good cause, battersi per una causa giusta; to have good reasons for doing st., avere validi motivi per fare qc.; This ticket is good for three days, questo biglietto è valido per tre giorni; my good man (o sir)!, buon uomo!; DIALOGO → - Greeting a guest- Good to see you!, che bello vederti!; DIALOGO → - New member of staff 2- Good to meet you Martin, my name's John, piacere di conoscerti Martin, mi chiamo John; a good swimmer, un buon nuotatore; good manners, belle maniere; buona educazione; Life is good!, la vita è bella!; DIALOGO → - Discussing university- Manchester is good for bands, Manchester è un buon posto per i gruppi musicali NOTA D'USO: - bello e beautiful-
    2 bravo; capace: to be good at Latin, essere bravo in latino; to be good at doing st., essere bravo (o abile) a fare qc.
    3 felice; piacevole: Life is good here, la vita è piacevole qui
    4 attraente; bello: That girl has a good figure, quella ragazza ha una bella figura (fam.: un bel fisico)
    5 considerevole; notevole; ragguardevole: a good crowd, una folla considerevole; to go a good way, fare un bel pezzo di strada
    6 ( di un arto) sano; buono (fam.): He leans on his good leg, si appoggia sulla gamba sana
    7 ben fatto; ben tornito
    8 (fam.) serio; bravo: good girls, ragazze serie; Girls, be good!, ragazze, fate le brave!
    9 a good (enfat. o rafforzativo), ben; la bellezza di; bel: We waited a good twenty minutes, abbiamo aspettato ben venti minuti; I paid a good 1,000 pounds for it, l'ho pagato la bellezza di 1000 sterline; It happened a good while ago, è successo un bel po' di tempo fa; It's a good mile to the station, c'è più di un miglio per andare in stazione
    10 (fin.) buono; sicuro; esigibile: a good investment, un buon investimento; good bonds, titoli sicuri; good debts, crediti esigibili
    11 (arc.) conveniente; opportuno
    12 ( slang USA) bene; in buona salute: ‘How are you?’ ‘Oh, I'm good, real good!’, ‘Come stai?’ ‘Oh, sto bene, benone!’
    ● (relig.) the good, i buoni; gli eletti □ to be good and ready, essere bell'e pronto (o già pronto) □ good appearance, bella presenza □ good breeding, buona educazione; buone maniere □ a good buy, un buon acquisto; un affarone □ good cheer, buonumore; allegria, festa; ( anche) buona cucina, buona tavola □ (leg.) good consideration, prestazione lecita □ a good deal, molto: He's a good deal better off now, adesso se la passa molto meglio □ good day, buongiorno! □ a good deal of, una buona (o grande) quantità di □ (fam. USA) good egg = good fellow ► sotto □ good enough, soddisfacente; sufficiente; che va bene: a good enough reason, un motivo sufficiente; It's good enough for me, per me va bene □ good evening, buonasera! □ ( anche leg.) good faith, buona fede □ good fellow, brava persona; tipo perbene; persona cordiale (o gioviale, socievole) □ good fellowship, cordialità; giovialità; socievolezza □ a good few, molti, molte; parecchi, parecchie □ a good-for-nothing, un buono a nulla; un inconcludente □ ( di persona) to be good for st., essere capace (fam., dial.: buono) di fare qc.; essere disposto a sborsare ( una data somma): His grandfather is always good for a pound or two, il nonno è sempre pronto ad allungargli un paio di sterline □ ( di cose) to be good for sb., fare bene a q.: Wine is not good for you, il vino non ti fa bene □ ( di cose) to be good for doing st., essere utile, andare bene per fare qc.: A stain remover is good for removing ink, uno smacchiatore va bene per eliminare le macchie d'inchiostro □ to be good for sb. 's health, fare bene alla salute di q.Good for…!, buon per…!; bravo!; ben fatto! □ (relig.) Good Friday, Venerdì Santo □ good-hearted, che ha buon cuore; di buon cuore □ good heartedness, bontà di cuore (o d'animo) □ good God! (o good heavens!, good gracious!), buon Dio!; Dio buono! □ (fam., spec. USA) good guy, (il) buono ( in un film, ecc.) □ a good hour, un'ora buona: We played for a good hour, abbiamo giocato per un'ora buona □ good-humoured, di buon cuore; bonario, amabile, benigno □ a good job, un buon posto ( di lavoro); (fam.) una cosa buona: It's a good job you kept the receipt, meno male che hai conservato la ricevuta □ good life, vita morigerata, virtuosa; ( anche) vita comoda, piena di agi, agiata □ (ass.) a good life, una persona sana, che promette di vivere a lungo □ (fam.) good-looker, persona di bell'aspetto; bell'uomo, bella donna □ good-looking, bello, di bell'aspetto; ( anche) buono, onesto all'aspetto □ (comm., arc.) a good man, un uomo solvibile, reputato solido □ (spreg.) the good man, il buon uomo; il pover'uomo; il poveretto □ a good many, molti, molte; moltissimi, moltissime □ good nature, cortesia; gentilezza d'animo; benignità □ good-natured, cortese, gentile; di buon cuore; benigno □ good-neighbourhood (o good-neighbourliness, good neighbourship), cordialità; amichevolezza; amabilità □ good offices, buoni uffici; interessamento □ ( slang) a good old boy, un amicone □ the good old times, i bei tempi passati; il buon tempo andato □ Good on…! = Good for…! ► sopra □ ( nelle fiabe) the good people, le fate □ good-sized, ampio; vasto: a good-sized garden, un ampio giardino □ good standing, buona posizione sociale; buona reputazione □ good temper, amabilità; pazienza □ good-tempered, amabile; paziente □ a good thing, una cosa buona; un affare vantaggioso □ good things, cose buone; cibi raffinati □ (leg.) good title, titolo valido; diritto inoppugnabile □ good turn, cortesia; favore; piacere: He has done me several good turns, mi ha fatto parecchi favori □ to be good to sb., essere gentile con q. to be good with one's hands, essere bravo con le mani, avere una buona manualità □ as good as, praticamente; come se; quasi: He is as good as dead, è come (se fosse) morto; Our work is as good as done, il nostro lavoro è quasi finito □ as good as gold, buonissimo: This child is as good as gold, questo bimbo è un angelo! □ as good as new, come nuovo: My motorbike is as good as new, la mia moto è come nuova □ (antiq.) as good as a play, divertentissimo □ to be as good as one's promise (o one's word), essere di parola; mantenere le promesse □ (fam.) to come good, riprendersi (fig.): After a bad start, the runner came good, dopo una brutta partenza, il corridore si riprese □ to do sb. a good turn (o a good office), fare un favore (o rendere un servizio) a q. to have a good appetite, avere un bell'appetito □ to have a good mind to do st., avere una gran voglia da fare qc. to have a good night, dormire bene □ to have a good time, divertirsi; spassarsela □ (fam. ingl.) to give as good as one gets, rendere pan per focaccia (fig.); rispondere per le rime □ to have a good year, avere un'annata favorevole ( finanziariamente, ecc.) □ to be in good spirits, essere di buon umore; stare di buon animo □ to lead (o to live) a good life, fare (o condurre) una vita intemerata, onesta □ to make good, avere successo, fare fortuna: He went out to Australia and made good there, emigrò in Australia e là fece fortuna □ to make good (st.), mettere in atto, attuare ( una minaccia, ecc.); mantenere ( una promessa, ecc.); risarcire ( un danno, una spesa, ecc.); (edil., ecc.) risanare, ripristinare, rimediare a ( un inconveniente, un danneggiamento, ecc.); provare, dimostrare la fondatezza di ( un'accusa); rafforzare ( una posizione) □ (form.) to be so good as to do st., essere tanto gentile da fare qc.: Be so good ( o good enough) as to take me home, abbia la bontà di accompagnarmi a casa □ to say a good word ( for sb.), dire (o mettere) una buona parola (per q.) □ too good for words, d'indicibile bontà (bellezza, ecc.) □ too good to be true, troppo bello per essere vero □ very good, assai buono; ottimo: He speaks very good English, parla un inglese ottimo □ ( anche iron.) My good friend!, mio buon amico!; amico mio!; bello mio! □ Good luck to you!, buona fortuna!; tanti auguri! □ How good of you!, molto gentile da parte tua! □ DIALOGO → - Discussing football- That would be good of you, sarebbe molto gentile da parte tua □ That's a good one!, questa sì ch'è bella! □ His word is as good as his bond, è un uomo di parola □ All in good time, abbi pazienza, dai tempo al tempo!; a suo tempo!; al momento giusto! □ «He's just won 10,000 pounds on the pools» «Good for him!», «Ha vinto 10 000 sterline al totocalcio» «Meglio per lui!» (o «Beato lui!») □ (prov.) One can have too much of a good thing, il troppo stroppia.
    NOTA D'USO: - to be good in o to be good at?- good (2) /gʊd/
    n.
    1 [u] bene; beneficio; profitto; utilità; vantaggio; (del) buono: to separate good from evil, separare il bene dal male; He does a lot of good for his country, fa molto a vantaggio del suo paese; There's good in him, c'è del buono in lui; the common good, il bene comune
    2 (econ.) bene: a fungible good, un bene fungibile
    3 (pl.) ► goods
    4 (pl.) the good, i buoni (collett.)
    to come to no good, ( di persona) finir male; fare una brutta fine □ to do good, fare del bene, compiere opere buone (o buone azioni) □ It did no good, non è servito a niente □ What good will it do?, a che servirà?; a che pro? □ Will it do any good?, servirà a qualcosa? □ to do sb. good, fare bene ( alla salute, ecc.): This medicine will do you good, questa medicina ti farà bene □ (iron.) Much good may it do you!, buon pro ti faccia! □ to do good for sb., fare del bene a q. for good ( and all), per sempre; definitivamente: to leave for good, andarsene per sempre; This skirt is ruined for good, questa gonna è rovinata senza rimedio; He's back for good, è tornato per restare □ (fam.) to be in good with sb., essere nelle grazie di (o in buoni rapporti con) q. a power for good, una potenza che ha un effetto benefico; un influsso benefico □ to the good, in vantaggio, in attivo: After this sale, I'll be 2,000 pounds to the good, con questa vendita, avrò guadagnato 2000 sterline □ It's all to the good!, tanto di guadagnato!; So much to the good!, tanto di guadagnato! □ It's no good, non serve a nulla; è inutile □ (iron.) And a lot of good that does!, per quel che serve!; bella roba!; tempo perso! □ Is your new dentist any good?, vale qualcosa (o è bravo) il tuo nuovo dentista? □ What's the good of…?, a che serve?; a che pro? □ up to no good, che sta combinando qualcosa (o qualche guaio); che ne sta combinando una NOTA D'USO: - good o goods?-.
    good (3) /gʊd/
    inter.
    1 bene!; bravo!; ben fatto!
    good (4) /gʊd/
    avv.
    (fam.) bene: You did good, hai fatto bene; sei stato bravo; Cook it good!, cuocilo bene!

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ good

  • 20 point

    n. punkt; prick; ställe; poäng; ämne; (huvud) sak; sida; udd; (elektron.) vägguttag; rikta; (byggn.) fogstyrka; peka; måttenhet för ett typsnitt (data)
    --------
    v. peka; betona, poängtera; vässa; visa, peka mot
    * * *
    [point] 1. noun
    1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) spets, udd, mynning
    2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) udde
    3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) punkt, tecken, komma
    4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) punkt
    5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) tidpunkt, ögonblick
    6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) punkt
    7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) streck
    8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) poäng
    9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) punkt, detalj, poäng, synpunkt, kärnpunkt, huvudsak
    10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) mening, nytta
    11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) sida, egenskap
    12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) vägguttag
    2. verb
    1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) rikta
    2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) peka mot (på)
    3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) fogstryka
    - pointer
    - pointless
    - pointlessly
    - points
    - be on the point of
    - come to the point
    - make a point of
    - make one's point
    - point out
    - point one's toes

    English-Swedish dictionary > point

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