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41 Morsezeichen
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42 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
43 code
1. код; шифр || кодировать; шифровать2. pl. кодекс; нормы3. pl. характеристикиground-air visual signal code — код визуального сигнала «земля — воздух»
to submit in code — представлять в закодированном виде (напр. информацию об авиационном происшествии)
— synchronization Barker code -
44 телеграфный сигнал
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45 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
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46 code
1. n2) код; шифр3) рі кодекс; норми5) програма2. v1) кодувати; шифрувати2) програмувати◊•- aerodrome reference code - aeronautical code - aeronautical meteorological code - air codes - airworthiness codes - alphanumeric code - altitude code - assigned address code - bar code - Baudot code - binary code - binary decimal code - check code - decimal code - dot-and-dash code - elapsed time code - figure code - five-unit code - ground-air visual signal code - identification code - identity code - individual identification code - manufacturer's code - meteorological code - Morse code - NOTAM code - organization code - performance codes - personality code - pulse code - radio station code - reply code - self-evident code - seven-unit code - signal code - synchronization Barker code - synchronization code - SSR code - start-stop code - three-condition code - two-condition code - unique address code - vendor code - weather code - zip code -
47 read
̈ɪri:d I
1. гл.
1) читать, прочитать Can you read French? ≈ Ты умеешь читать по-французски? It was sad to read of the death of the famous old actress. ≈ Было очень грустно узнать о смерти этой знаменитой старой актрисы. read to oneself
2) понимать, разгадывать( что-л.), находить объяснение( чему-л.) read a riddle read the cards read smb.'s mind read smb.'s hand
3) содержать( какой-л.) смысл, гласить a telegram reading as follows ≈ телеграмма следующего содержания
4) а) показывать( о приборе и т. п.) What does the speedometer read? ≈ Каковы показания спидометра? б) снимать показания( прибора), измерять( что-л.) to read an angle ≈ измерить угол
5) изучать to read history ≈ изучать историю ∙ read back read for read in read into read off read out read over read up read with read a lesson read between the lines read the time read the clock
2. сущ. чтение;
время, проведенное в чтении II прил. грамотный, знающий, начитанный, образованный, сведущий he is poorly read in history ≈ он слабо знает историю Syn: expert, versed( разговорное) чтение, время, проведенное за чтением - to enjoy a good * наслаждаться чтением интересной книги - to take a quick * at a book бегло просмотреть книгу - time for a long * время, чтобы всласть почитать( компьютерное) считывание (данных) (часто in) начитанный, сведущий (в какой-л. области), имеющий какую-л. подготовку - a widely * man широко образованный человек - to be well * in a subject иметь хорошую подготовку в какой-л. области прочитанный - to hear a * speech выслушать речь, которая читалась по тексту - the most * of all books книга, у которой больше всего читателей > to take as * утвердить без зачитывания;
принимать на веру, считать само собой разумеющимся > the minutes were taken as * протокол предыдущего заседания был утвержден без его оглашения > we'll take this as * это так, и нечего об этом толковать читать - to * a book читать книгу - to * smth. out of /from/ a book вычитать что-л. в книге;
процитировать что-л. из книги - to * to oneself читать про себя - * the letter to yourself прочтите письмо про себя - to * smth. over прочитать (с начала до конца) ;
перечитывать - to * smth. over and over снова и снова перечитывать что-л. - to * smth. through прочитать от начала до конца;
пробегать глазами (текст) - he read the letter through six times он прочитал все письмо шесть раз - to * through the contract просмотреть соглашение - to * of smb.'s death прочитать о чьей-л. смерти - to * aloud читать вслух - to * out /loud/ прочитать вслух - to * round the class (школьное) поочередно читать вслух (в классе) - he can * several languages он умеет читать на нескольких языках - to * oneself hoarse дочитаться до хрипоты - to * smb. to sleep усыпить кого-л. чтением - the boy has been read the story of Cinderella мальчику прочли сказку о Золушке - the invalid is read to for several hours daily больному каждый день читают вслух по нескольку часов - * "of" instead of "for" вместо "of" следует читать "for" - did he speak extempore or *? он говорил (без подготовки) или читал? - he does not * or write он не умеет не читать, ни писать - I have read somewhere that... я где-то прочел, что... - I have read of it я читал об этом читаться - the play *s better than it acts пьеса читается лучше, чем звучит со сцены - the book *s like a translation книга читается /воспринимается/ как перевод - the sentence *s oddly это предложение странно звучит - this doesn't * like a child's composition не похоже, чтобы это сочинение написал ребенок зачитывать (публично), оглашать - to * a report to the meeting огласить отчет на заседании;
сделать доклад на собрании - read and approved заслушано и одобрено (о протоколе, плане и т. п.) - after the will had been read после оглашения завещания гласить - the document *s as follows документ гласит следующее - the paragraph *s to the effect that all men are equal в этом абзаце говорится /провозглашается/, что все люди равны - how does the sentence * now? как теперь звучит /сформулировано/ это предложение? - this ticket *s to Boston в билете сказано "до Бостона" - the passage *s thus in early manuscripts в ранних манускриптах это место читается так разбирать, расшифровывать;
прочитать - to * hieroglyphs разбирать /расшифровывать/ иероглифы - to * the Morse system знать азбуку Морзе - to * a map читать карту - to * music at sight читать ноты с листа - to * a piece of music разобрать музыкальную пьесу - the first letter on the coin is so rubbed that I cannot * it первая буква на монете так стерлась, что я не могу разобрать ее - to * a signal( военное) (радиотехника) расшифровать сигнал - do you * me? как поняли? толковать, интерпретировать - (it is intended) to be read... это надо понимать в том смысле, что... - clause that may be read several ways статья, допускающая несколько толкований - my silence is not to be read as consent мое молчание не следует считать согласием толковаться, подаваться в той или иной интерпретации - the clause *s both ways статью можно понимать /толковать/ двояко (биология) "считывать" или декодировать генетическую информацию( компьютерное) считывать информацию( с носителя) показывать (о приборе и т. п.) - thermometer *s 33 degrees термометр показывает 33 градуса - what does the speedometer *? что на спидометре?;
какая у нас сейчас скорость? снимать, считывать ( показания прибора) - to * a thermometer снимать показания термометра - to * smb.'s blood pressure измерять кому-л. кровяное давление - to * an angle (топография) измерять угол изучать (какой-л. предмет), заниматься( какой-л. отраслью знания) - to * law изучать право - to * for the law учиться на юридическом факультете - you must * harder next term вам надо больше заниматься в будущем семестре (for) готовиться( к экзамену и т. п.) - he spent three years *ing for a degree in history он потратил три года на подготовку к получению степени по истории (парламентское) обсуждать и утверждать (законопроект) - the bill was read the first time законопроект был принят в первом чтении разгадывать (загадку) - to * a riddle разгадать загадку - to * dreams толковать /разгадывать/ сны - to * an omen истолковать примету - to * men's hearts читать в людских сердцах - to * the signs of the times угадывать знамения времени - you (can) * a person's character in his face по лицу можно определить характер человека предсказывать( судьбу, будущее) - to * smb.'s fortune предсказывать чью-л. судьбу;
гадать кому-л. - to * futurity /the future/ предсказывать будущее - to * smb.'s hand /smb.'s palm/ гадать кому-л. по руке - to * the cards гадать на картах - to * the sky предсказывать судьбу по звездам;
составлять гороскоп;
предсказывать погоду;
составлять прогноз погоды (полиграфия) держать( корректуру) ;
вычитывать( текст) - to * proofs читать /держать, править/ корректуру to read smth. into smth. вкладывать особый смысл во что-л.;
по-своему интерпретировать, толковать что-л. - to * a compliment into what was intended as a rebuke истолковать как комплимент то, что было задумано как упрек - to * into a sentence what is not there видеть в предложении то, чего в нем нет;
произвольно вносить в предложение свой смысл - you are *ing more into what I said than was intended вы вкладываете в мои слова больше, чем я имел в виду - you read too much into the text вы вычитали из текста то, чего в нем нет - we sometimes * our own thoughts into a poet's words мы иногда склонны видеть в словах поэта то, что сами думаем - to read smb. out of smth. исключить кого-л. (из организации и т. п.;
первоначально путем зачитывания решения об исключении) - to be read out of smth. быть исключенным, изгнанным откуда-л., быть отлученным от чего-л. - to read oneself into smth. вчитываться во что-л. - to * oneself into a langauge овладеть языком путем чтения - to read smth. into the record( парламентское) заносить что-л. в протокол, приобщать что-л. к протоколу > to * smb. sa lesson /a lecture/ прочитать кому-л. нотацию, сделать внушение > to * between the lines читать между строк > you wouldn't * about it (австралийское) (разговорное) вы представить себе не можете, что это такое (выражает недоверие или отвращение) amount ~ is less than size in header вчт. объем считанных данных меньше указанного взаголовке backward ~ вчт. чтение в обратном направлении to ~ a piece of music муз. разобрать пьесу;
the bill was read парл. законопроект был представлен на обсуждение check ~ вчт. котнтрольное считывание concurrent ~ вчт. параллельное чтение destructive ~ вчт. считывание с разрушением exclusive ~ вчт. монопольное чтение ~ чтение;
время, проведенное в чтении;
to have a quiet read почитать в тишине ~ в сочетаниях) начитанный, сведущий, знающий, образованный;
he is poorly read in history он слабо знает историю ~ изучать;
he is reading law он изучает право;
to read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре;
read off разг. объяснять, выражать his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
read out исключать из организации;
read up специально изучать;
to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам it is intended to be ~... это надо понимать в том смысле, что..., to read one's thoughts into a poet's words вкладывать собственный смысл в слова поэта ~ толковать;
объяснять;
my silence is not to be read as consent мое молчание не следует принимать за согласие nondestructive ~ вчт. считывание без разрушения ~ гласить;
the passage quoted reads as follows в цитате говорится ~ with заниматься (с кем-л.) ;
to read (smb.) a lesson сделать выговор, внушение ( кому-л.) to ~ a piece of music муз. разобрать пьесу;
the bill was read парл. законопроект был представлен на обсуждение to ~ a riddle разгадать загадку;
to read the cards гадать на картах ~ (~) читать;
to read aloud, to read out (loud) читать вслух;
to read (smb.) to sleep усыплять( кого-л.) чтением ~ as follows гласит следующее ~ снимать показания (прибора и т. п.) ;
to read the electric meter снимать показания электрического счетчика;
to read (smb.'s) blood pressure измерять кровяное давление ~ изучать;
he is reading law он изучает право;
to read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре;
read off разг. объяснять, выражать to ~ (smb.'s) mind (или thoughts) читать чужие мысли;
to read (smb.'s) hand (или palm) гадать по руке ~ изучать;
he is reading law он изучает право;
to read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре;
read off разг. объяснять, выражать it is intended to be ~... это надо понимать в том смысле, что..., to read one's thoughts into a poet's words вкладывать собственный смысл в слова поэта to ~ oneself hoarse (stupid) дочитаться до хрипоты (одурения) ;
to read to oneself читать про себя ~ (~) читать;
to read aloud, to read out (loud) читать вслух;
to read (smb.) to sleep усыплять (кого-л.) чтением his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
read out исключать из организации;
read up специально изучать;
to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам to ~ a riddle разгадать загадку;
to read the cards гадать на картах ~ снимать показания (прибора и т. п.) ;
to read the electric meter снимать показания электрического счетчика;
to read (smb.'s) blood pressure измерять кровяное давление to ~ between the lines читать между строк;
to read the time (или the clock) уметь определять время по часам( о ребенке) to ~ oneself hoarse (stupid) дочитаться до хрипоты (одурения) ;
to read to oneself читать про себя ~ (~) читать;
to read aloud, to read out (loud) читать вслух;
to read (smb.) to sleep усыплять (кого-л.) чтением his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
read out исключать из организации;
read up специально изучать;
to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам his face doesn't ~ off его лицо ничего не выражает;
read out исключать из организации;
read up специально изучать;
to read up for examinations готовиться к экзаменам ~ with заниматься (с кем-л.) ;
to read (smb.) a lesson сделать выговор, внушение (кому-л.) the ~s вчт. прочитанное ~ показывать (о приборе и т. п.) ;
the thermometer reads three degrees above freezing-point термометр показывает три градуса выше нуля -
48 read
1. [ri:d] n1. разг. чтение; время, проведённое за чтениемtime for a long read - время, чтобы всласть почитать
2. вчт. считывание ( данных)2. [red] a1. ( часто in) начитанный, сведущий (в какой-л. области), имеющий какую-л. подготовкуto be well [deeply, slightly, little] read in a subject - иметь хорошую [глубокую, некоторую, слабую] подготовку в какой-л. области
2. прочитанныйto hear a read speech - выслушать речь, которая читалась по тексту
the most read of all books - книга, у которой больше всего читателей
♢
to take as read - а) утвердить без зачитывания; the minutes were taken as read - протокол предыдущего заседания был утверждён без его оглашения; б) принимать на веру, считать само собой разумеющимся3. [ri:d] v (read [red])we'll take this as read - ≅ это так, и нечего об этом толковать
I1. 1) читатьto read a book [a letter, Shakespeare] - читать книгу [письмо, Шекспира]
to read smth. out of /from/ a book - а) вычитать что-л. в книге; б) процитировать что-л. из книги
to read smth. over - а) прочитать (с начала до конца); б) перечитывать
to read smth. over and over - снова и снова перечитывать что-л.
to read smth. through - а) прочитать от начала до конца; he read the letter through six times - он прочитал всё письмо шесть раз; б) пробегать глазами ( текст)
to read of smb.'s death [about a disaster] - прочитать о чьей-л. смерти [о катастрофе]
to read round the class - школ. поочерёдно читать вслух ( в классе)
to read oneself hoarse [stupid] - дочитаться до хрипоты [до одурения]
to read smb. [oneself] to sleep - усыпить кого-л. [себя] чтением
the boy has been read the story of Cinderella - мальчику прочли сказку о Золушке
the invalid is read to for several hours daily - больному каждый день читают вслух по нескольку часов
read❝of❞ instead of ❝for❞ - вместо of следует читать for
did he speak extempore or read? - он говорил (без подготовки) или читал?
I have read somewhere that... - я где-то прочёл, что...
2) читатьсяthe play reads better than it acts - пьеса читается лучше, чем звучит со сцены
the book reads like a translation - книга читается /воспринимается/ как перевод
this doesn't read like a child's composition - не похоже, чтобы это сочинение написал ребёнок
2. зачитывать ( публично), оглашатьto read a report to the meeting - а) огласить отчёт на заседании; б) сделать доклад на собрании
read and approved - заслушано и одобрено (о протоколе, плане и т. п.)
3. гласитьthe paragraph reads to the effect that all men are equal - в этом абзаце говорится /провозглашается/, что все люди равны
how does the sentence read now? - как теперь звучит /сформулировано/ это предложение?
this ticket reads to Boston - в билете сказано «до Бостона»
the passage reads thus in early manuscripts - в ранних манускриптах это место читается так
4. разбирать, расшифровывать; прочитатьto read hieroglyphs [shorthand] - разбирать /расшифровывать/ иероглифы [стенограмму]
the first letter on the coin is so rubbed that I cannot read it - первая буква на монете так стёрлась, что я не могу разобрать её
to read a signal - воен., радио расшифровать сигнал
do you read me? - как поняли?
5. 1) толковать, интерпретировать(it is intended) to be read... - это надо понимать в том смысле, что...
clause that may be read several ways - статья, допускающая несколько толкований
my silence is not to be read as consent - моё молчание не следует считать согласием
2) толковаться, подаваться в той или иной интерпретацииthe clause reads both ways - статью можно понимать /толковать/ двояко
6. биол. «считывать» или декодировать генетическую информацию7. вчт. считывать информацию ( с носителя)II А1. 1) показывать (о приборе и т. п.)what does the speedometer read? - что на спидометре?; какая у нас сейчас скорость?
2) снимать, считывать ( показания прибора)to read a thermometer [a barometer, an electric meter] - снимать показания термометра [барометра, электросчётчика]
to read smb.'s blood pressure - измерять кому-л. кровяное давление
to read an angle - топ. измерять угол
2. 1) изучать (какой-л. предмет), заниматься (какой-л. отраслью знания)to read law [physics] - изучать право [физику]
you must read harder next term - вам надо больше заниматься в будущем семестре
2) (for) готовиться (к экзамену и т. п.)he spent three years reading for a degree in history - он потратил три года на подготовку к получению степени по истории
3. парл. обсуждать и утверждать ( законопроект)the bill was read the first [the third] time - законопроект был принят в первом [в третьем] чтении [ср. reading 1 9]
4. 1) разгадывать ( загадку)to read dreams - толковать /разгадывать/ сны
to read men's hearts [men's thoughts] - читать в людских сердцах [чьи-л. мысли]
you (can) read a person's character in his face - по лицу можно определить характер человека
2) предсказывать (судьбу, будущее)to read smb.'s fortune - предсказывать чью-л. судьбу; гадать кому-л.
to read futurity /the future/ - предсказывать будущее
to read smb.'s hand /smb.'s palm/ - гадать кому-л. по руке
to read the sky - а) предсказывать судьбу по звёздам; составлять гороскоп; б) предсказывать погоду; составлять прогноз погоды
to read proofs - читать /держать, править/ корректуру
II Б1. to read smth. into smth. вкладывать особый смысл во что-л.; по-своему интерпретировать, толковать что-л.to read a compliment into what was intended as a rebuke - истолковать как комплимент то, что было задумано как упрёк
to read into a sentence what is not there - видеть в предложении то, чего в нём нет, произвольно вносить в предложение свой смысл
you are reading more into what I said than was intended - вы вкладываете в мои слова больше, чем я имел в виду
you read too much into the text - вы вычитали из текста то, чего в нём нет
we sometimes read our own thoughts into a poet's words - мы иногда склонны видеть в словах поэта то, что сами думаем
2. 1) to read smb. out of smth. исключить кого-л. (из организации и т. п.; первоначально путём зачитывания решения об исключении)2) to be read out of smth. быть исключённым, изгнанным откуда-л., быть отлучённым от чего-л.3. to read oneself into smth. вчитываться во что-л.4. to read smth. into the record парл. заносить что-л. в протокол, приобщать что-л. к протоколу♢
to read smb. a lesson /a lecture/ - прочитать кому-л. нотацию, сделать внушение
you wouldn't read about it - австрал. разг. вы представить себе не можете, что это такое ( выражает недоверие или отвращение)
-
49 ондулятор
1) Military: ondulator, signal registration undulator2) Engineering: Morse ink recorder, ink recorder, syphon-recorder, telegraph ink recorder, telegraphic register3) Electronics: undulator -
50 dot
1. noun1) Punkt, der; (smaller) Pünktchen, das2)2. transitive verb,- tt-1) (mark with dot) mit Punkten/einem Punkt markieren2)dot one's i's/j's — i-/j-Punkte machen
3) (mark as with dots) [be]sprenkelnthe sky was dotted with stars — der Himmel war von Sternen übersät
4) (scatter) verteilen* * *[dot](a small, round mark: She marked the paper with a dot.) der Punkt- academic.ru/115924/dotted">dotted* * *[dɒt, AM dɑ:t]I. nthe plane landed on the \dot of two o'clock das Flugzeug landete auf die Sekunde genau um zwei Uhr\dots and dashes (morse code) kurze und lange Signale4.II. vt<- tt->1. (make a dot)to \dot one's [or the] i's and cross one's [or the] t's [or to \dot every i and cross every t] sehr penibel [o peinlich genau] seinthe countryside is \dotted with beautiful ancient churches überall auf dem Land findet man schöne alte Kirchen* * *(US) abbr Verkehrsministerium nt* * *dot1 [dɒt; US dɑt] s JUR Dos f, Mitgift fdot2 [dɒt; US dɑt]A s1. Punkt m ( auch MUS und Morsen), Pünktchen n, Tüpfelchen n: the car moved away until it became only a dot in the distance bis er nur noch als Punkt zu sehen war;come on the dot umg auf die Sekunde pünktlich kommen;2. Tupfen m, kleiner FleckB v/t1. punktieren, pünkteln:dotted line punktierte Linie (für Unterschrift);a) unterschreiben,b) (formell oder bedingungslos) zustimmen3. fig sprenkeln, übersäen:4. verstreuen* * *1. noun1) Punkt, der; (smaller) Pünktchen, das2)2. transitive verb,- tt-1) (mark with dot) mit Punkten/einem Punkt markieren2)dot one's i's/j's — i-/j-Punkte machen
3) (mark as with dots) [be]sprenkeln4) (scatter) verteilen* * *(.) n.Punkt -e m. v.stricheln v. -
51 morselampe
subst. signal lamp, Morse lamp -
52 function
1) функция2) функционировать; находиться в работоспособном состоянии3) выполнять функцию; играть роль4) (дополнительное) функциональное устройство, проф. функция ( в стандарте USB)5) вчт. отображение || отображать•- actuating transfer function
- additive function
- additive/multiplicative function
- admittance function
- advanced communication function
- affine Boolean function
- aggregate function
- algebraic function
- all-pass transfer function
- all-pole function
- all-zero function
- alternating function
- ambiguity function
- amplitude distribution function
- amplitude function
- AM-tive function additive/multiplicative function
- anode work function
- aperture phase function
- apodizing function
- application program function
- autocorrelation function
- automatic azimuth alignment function
- band-limited function
- base station control function
- basis function
- Bellman function
- bent function
- Bessel function of imaginary argument
- Bessel function
- beta function
- bijection function
- bijective function
- binary activation function
- binary sigmoid function
- binate function
- bipolar sigmoid function
- bi-state function
- bivariate distribution function
- Boolean function
- Bose-Einstein distribution function
- bounded function
- boxcar function
- Brillouin function
- built-in function
- Butterworth function
- carpet function
- carrier function
- cathode work function
- characteristic function
- circular function
- closed function
- closed-loop transfer function
- clutching function
- coherence function
- color matching functions
- comb function
- combination function
- combining function
- competitive function
- complementary error function
- complementary function
- composite function
- computable function
- concentrated likelihood function
- continuous function
- contrast transfer function
- control function
- convolution function
- correlation function
- cost function
- covariance generating function
- criterion function
- cross-correlation function - current potential function
- current transfer function
- curried function
- data communications function
- data-path function
- decision function
- degate function
- degating function
- delta function
- demand function
- density function
- descrambling function
- describing function
- difference transfer function
- differentiable function
- digamma function
- Dirac delta function
- Dirac function
- disconnect-reconnect function
- discriminant function
- distribution function
- driving-point function
- eikonal function
- electron wave function
- embedding function
- encryption function
- ergodic function
- error function
- excitation function
- explicit function
- exponential function
- extensional function
- external function
- failure density function
- feedback transfer function
- Fermi function
- Fermi-Dirac distribution function
- force function
- forward transfer function
- frequency function
- frequency-generating function
- frequency-response function
- friend function
- FS function
- full-speed function
- fuzzy function
- fuzzy objective function
- fuzzy utility function
- gage function
- Gaussian function
- Gaussian radial basis function
- generalized function
- generic function
- global implicit function
- global inverse function
- Green functions
- Green's function
- Hamilton function
- Hankel function
- hard limit activation function - hazard function
- head-related transfer function
- Heaviside step function
- Huber function
- hyperbolic function
- hyperbolic tangent activation function
- idempotent function
- image function
- impedance function
- implicit function
- injection function
- injective function
- inline function
- intensional function
- interference function
- interworking function
- inverse distribution function
- inverse function
- invertible mapping function
- inverting function
- kernel function
- Lagrange's function
- Langevin function
- latent function
- Legendre associated function of the first kind
- Legendre associated function of the second kind
- Legendre function of the first kind
- Legendre function of the second kind
- lexical function
- likelihood function
- line search function
- linear function
- linear logic function
- logic function
- logistic function
- logistic sigmoid function
- log-likelihood function
- log-linear function
- log-log function
- look-up function
- loss function
- low-speed function
- LS function
- luminosity function
- macro function
- main function
- maintenance entity function
- majorized function
- majorizing function
- mapping function
- Markov function
- mathematical function
- member function
- membership function
- memo function
- memoised function
- memoized function
- minorized function
- minorizing function
- modified Bessel function
- modular hash-function
- modulating function
- modulation transfer function
- moment-generating function
- monotonic function
- Morse function
- multi-input multi-output transfer function
- multi-valued function
- multivariate distribution function
- mutual coherence function
- natural trigonometric function
- never-decreasing function
- never-increasing function
- non-decreasing function
- non-increasing function
- nonlinear function
- normalized Gaussian radial basis function
- normalized radial basis functions with equal heights
- normalized radial basis functions with equal volumes
- normalized radial basis functions with equal widths and heights
- normalized radial basis functions with equal widths
- normalized radial basis functions with unequal widths and heights
- objective function
- one-one function
- one-to-one function
- one-way function
- one-way hash function
- open-loop transfer function
- optical transfer function
- ordinary Gaussian radial basis function
- ordinary radial basis functions with equal widths
- ordinary radial basis functions with unequal widths
- orthogonal functions
- overlapped functions
- partial autocorrelation function
- penalty function
- perfect hash-function
- phase transfer function
- photoelectric work function
- photopic response function
- piecewise constant function
- piecewise linear function
- piecewise polynomial function
- Pierce function
- point-spread function
- polynomial function
- positive linear function
- postsynaptic potential function
- power function of test
- power function
- predefined function
- predicate function
- probability density function
- probability function
- probability mass function
- production function
- projection function
- projective function
- propagation function
- propositional function
- PSP function
- pulsating function
- pure virtual function
- quadratic error function
- radial basis function
- radial combination function
- ramp function
- range weighting function
- reactance function
- register function
- regression function
- resolvent function
- response function
- restricted function
- risk function
- saturating linear function
- scalar function
- scaling function
- scattering function
- scedastic function
- Schrödinger wave function
- scrambling function
- screen size-viewing distance function
- self-inverse function
- semilinear function
- sensing function
- sentential function
- shape function
- sigmoid activation function
- sigmoid function
- sign function
- signal function
- signum activation function
- signum function
- smooth function
- socket library function
- softmax activation function
- spectral density function
- spectral function
- spectral radiance function
- spline function
- spot function
- spread function
- square-integrable function
- square-law transfer function
- squashed sign function
- squashing function
- state function
- state query function
- steering function
- step function
- stream function
- summing function
- support entity function
- support function
- supported function
- surjection function
- surjective function
- survival function
- switch function
- switching function
- switch-type function
- symmetric saturating linear function
- tame function
- tan-sigmoid activation function
- target function
- tensor function
- tesseral function
- testing function
- tetragamma function
- thermionic work function
- threshold function
- through transfer function
- transcendental function
- transfer function
- trial function
- trigamma function
- trigonometric function
- tri-state function
- typematic function
- unate function
- uncurried function
- unit impulse function
- unit step function
- unsupported function
- user-defined function
- utility function
- vector function
- virtual function
- visibility function
- voltage potential function
- voltage transfer function
- Walsh functions
- wave function
- wave-number limited function
- weighting function
- window function
- work functionThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > function
-
53 dot
[dɒt, Am dɑ:t] nthe plane landed on the \dot of two o'clock das Flugzeug landete auf die Sekunde genau um zwei Uhr\dots and dashes ( Morse code) kurze und lange SignalePHRASES:1) ( make a dot)to \dot sth etw mit einem Punkt versehen, einen Punkt auf etw akk setzen;to \dot one's [or the] i's and cross one's [or the] t's, to \dot every i and cross every t sehr penibel [o peinlich genau] seinto be \dotted with sth mit etw dat übersät sein;the countryside is \dotted with beautiful ancient churches überall auf dem Land findet man schöne alte Kirchen -
54 code
1) код || кодировать3) (машинная) программа || программировать4) код, (машинное) слово (напр., команда)•- absolute code
- abstract code
- access code - address code
- alphanumeric code
- alphameric code
- alphabetical code
- alphabetic code
- amplitude code
- ASA code
- attribute-control code
- augmented operation code - balanced code
- bar code
- baseline code
- basic code
- basic order code
- Baudot code
- binary code
- binary decimal code
- binary-coded decimal code
- biquinary code
- block code
- block structured code
- Bose-Chaudhuri code
- brevity code
- bug-arresting code
- burst error correcting code
- cable code
- call directing code
- call direction code- cap code- character code
- check code
- checkable code
- Chinese binary code
- color code
- column binary code
- comma-free code
- command code
- compiler-produced code
- completion code
- computer code
- conditional code
- condition code
- constant ratio code
- continuous progressive code - convolution code
- convolutional code
- correcting code- CP code- cyclic code
- cyclic permuted code
- data code
- data conversion code
- data link code - dense binary code
- deposited source code
- destination code
- device code
- digital code
- direct code
- directing character code
- dot-and-dash code
- double-error correcting code
- eight channel code
- entry code - error-checking code
- error-control code
- error-correcting code
- error-detecting code
- error-detection code
- error-limited code
- escape code - executable code
- exit code
- exponent code
- extended mneminic code
- external readable code
- factorable code
- false code
- fault code
- feature code
- Fire code
- five bit code
- five channel code
- forbidden-character code
- forbidden code
- format code
- four-adress code
- fragile code
- frequency code
- function code
- Gray code
- group code
- Hamming code
- hash code - Huffman code
- identification code
- identifying code
- illegal code
- improper code
- in-line code
- inner code
- instantaneously decodable code
- instruction code
- internal code
- interpretive code
- inverted code - line code
- linear code
- line-feed code
- lock code
- machine code
- machine-instruction code
- machine-language code
- machine-operation code
- machine-readable code
- machine-treatable code
- magnetic bar code
- magnetic tape code
- Manchester code
- message-format code
- micro code
- minimum-access code
- minimum-delay code
- minimum-distance code
- minimum-latency code
- minimum-redundance code
- mnemonic code
- modified binary code
- modular code
- modulation code - Muller code
- multiple-address code
- multiple-error correcting code
- N-adjacent code
- name code
- N-ary code
- native code
- natural binary code
- N-bit code
- N-error correcting code
- N-level code
- noise combating code
- nonconsistently based code
- nonexistent code
- nonprint code
- nonreproducing code
- non-return-to-zero code
- nonsystematic code
- nonweighted code
- N-place code
- number address code
- number code
- numerical code
- numeric code
- N-unit code
- object code
- one-address code
- one-dimensional code
- one-level code
- one-out-of-ten code
- op code
- operand code
- operation code
- optimum code
- order code
- outer code
- own code
- paired-disparity code
- paper tape code
- parallel code
- parity-checking code
- parity-check code
- perforated tape code
- permutation code
- permuted code
- personal-identification code
- phonetic code
- physical-hardware-dependent code- positional code- position code
- position-independent code
- precedence code
- print restore code - pseudocyclic code
- pseudorandom code
- pulse code
- punched card code
- punched tape code
- pure code
- quibinary code
- ready-to-run code
- recurrent code
- redundant code
- Reed-Muller code
- Reed-Solomon code
- reenterable code
- reentrant code
- reflected binary code
- reflected code
- relative code
- relocatable code
- repertory code
- reproducing code
- residual class code
- residue code
- restricted-magnitude-error correcting code
- retrieval code
- return code
- return-to-zero code
- routing code
- row-binary code
- safety code - self-checking code
- self-complementaring code
- self-complementing code
- self-correcting code
- self-demarcating code
- separable code
- serial code - severity code
- Shannon code
- short computer code
- short code
- sign code
- signal code
- significant-digit subset code - single-address code
- single-error correcting and double-error detecting code
- single-error correcting code
- single-error detecting code
- single-parity code - skip code
- source code
- space code
- space-efficient code
- specific code - status code
- Stone's code
- stop code
- straight binary code
- straight-line code
- strip code
- syllable code
- symbol code
- symbolic code
- systematic error checking code
- tape code
- task code
- telecommunication code
- telegraph code
- teleprinter code
- teletype code
- ternary code
- threaded code
- three-adress code
- throw-away code
- time code
- timing code
- trace back code
- transmission code
- transmitter-start code
- triple-error correcting code
- two-address code
- two-out-of-five code
- two-rail code
- uniquely decipherable code
- uniquely decodable code
- unitary code
- unit-distance code
- unused code
- variable-length code
- viral code - weighted code
- weighted-checksum code - zero-address code
- zone codeEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > code
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55 KA
[start-of-message signal in Morse telegraphy]сигнал начала передачи ключем (азбукой Морзе) -
56 code
1) код, шифр || кодировать3) кодекс; свод4) вчт программа || программировать, писать программу5) нормы и правила; правила эксплуатации•to translate the code — преобразовывать код; транслировать программу
- sum code -
57 marker lamp
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58 morsemerkki
xxxsignal en morse m -
59 code
код; шифр; кодировать; шифровать; условно обозначать— map code -
60 Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo
[br]b. 25 April 1874 Bologna, Italyd. 20 July 1937 Rome, Italy[br]Italian radio pioneer whose inventiveness and business skills made radio communication a practical proposition.[br]Marconi was educated in physics at Leghorn and at Bologna University. An avid experimenter, he worked in his parents' attic and, almost certainly aware of the recent work of Hertz and others, soon improved the performance of coherers and spark-gap transmitters. He also discovered for himself the use of earthing and of elevated metal plates as aerials. In 1895 he succeeded in transmitting telegraphy over a distance of 2 km (1¼ miles), but the Italian Telegraph authority rejected his invention, so in 1896 he moved to England, where he filed the first of many patents. There he gained the support of the Chief Engineer of the Post Office, and by the following year he had achieved communication across the Bristol Channel.The British Post Office was also slow to take up his work, so in 1897 he formed the Wireless Telegraph \& Signal Company to work independently. In 1898 he sold some equipment to the British Army for use in the Boer War and established the first permanent radio link from the Isle of Wight to the mainland. In 1899 he achieved communication across the English Channel (a distance of more than 31 miles or 50 km), the construction of a wireless station at Spezia, Italy, and the equipping of two US ships to report progress in the America's Cup yacht race, a venture that led to the formation of the American Marconi Company. In 1900 he won a contract from the British Admiralty to sell equipment and to train operators. Realizing that his business would be much more successful if he could offer his customers a complete radio-communication service (known today as a "turnkey" deal), he floated a new company, the Marconi International Marine Communications Company, while the old company became the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.His greatest achievement occurred on 12 December 1901, when Morse telegraph signals from a transmitter at Poldhu in Cornwall were received at St John's, Newfoundland, a distance of some 2,100 miles (3,400 km), with the use of an aerial flown by a kite. As a result of this, Marconi's business prospered and he became internationally famous, receiving many honours for his endeavours, including the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. In 1904, radio was first used to provide a daily bulletin at sea, and in 1907 a transatlantic wireless telegraphy service was inaugurated. The rescue of 1,650 passengers from the shipwreck of SS Republic in 1909 was the first of many occasions when wireless was instrumental in saving lives at sea, most notable being those from the Titanic on its maiden voyage in April 1912; more lives would have been saved had there been sufficient lifeboats. Marconi was one of those who subsequently pressed for greater safety at sea. In 1910 he demonstrated the reception of long (8 km or 5 miles) waves from Ireland in Buenos Aires, but after the First World War he began to develop the use of short waves, which were more effectively reflected by the ionosphere. By 1918 the first link between England and Australia had been established, and in 1924 he was awarded a Post Office contract for short-wave communication between England and the various parts of the British Empire.With his achievements by then recognized by the Italian Government, in 1915 he was appointed Radio-Communications Adviser to the Italian armed forces, and in 1919 he was an Italian delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. From 1921 he lived on his yacht, the Elettra, and although he joined the Fascist Party in 1923, he later had reservations about Mussolini.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics (jointly with K.F. Braun) 1909. Russian Order of S t Anne. Commander of St Maurice and St Lazarus. Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (i.e. Knight) of Italy 1902. Freedom of Rome 1903. Honorary DSc Oxford. Honorary LLD Glasgow. Chevalier of the Civil Order of Savoy 1905. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal. Honorary knighthood (GCVO) 1914. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1920. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1924. Created Marquis (Marchese) 1929. Nominated to the Italian Senate 1929. President, Italian Academy 1930. Rector, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1934.Bibliography1896, "Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and in apparatus thereof", British patent no. 12,039.1 June 1898, British patent no. 12,326 (transformer or "jigger" resonant circuit).1901, British patent no. 7,777 (selective tuning).1904, British patent no. 763,772 ("four circuit" tuning arrangement).Further ReadingD.Marconi, 1962, My Father, Marconi.W.J.Baker, 1970, A History of the Marconi Company, London: Methuen.KFBiographical history of technology > Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo
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