jurisprudence

* * *

* * *

ars, artis, f. [v. arma], skill in joining something, combining, working it, etc., with the advancement of Roman culture, carried entirely beyond the sphere of the common pursuits of life, into that of artistic and scientific action, just as, on the other hand, in mental cultivation, skill is applied to morals, designating character, manner of thinking, so far as it is made known by external actions (syn.: doctrina, sollertia, calliditas, prudentia, virtus, industria, ratio, via, dolus).

Skill in producing any material form, handicraft, trade, occupation, employment (technê).

Lit.:

Zeno censet artis proprium esse creare et gignere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 22, 57:

quarum (artium) omne opus est in faciendo atque agendo,

id. Ac. 2, 7, 22; id. Off. 2, 3, 12 sq.—

Transf.

With the idea extended, any physical or mental activity, so far as it is practically exhibited; a profession, art ( music, poetry, medicine, etc.); acc. to Roman notions, the arts were either liberales or ingenuae artes, arts of freemen, the liberal arts; or artes illiberales or sordidae, the arts, employments, of slaves or the lower classes.

In gen.:

Eleus Hippias gloriatus est nihil esse ullā in arte rerum omnium, quod ipse nesciret: nec solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, litterarum cognitionem et poëtarum, atque illa, quae de naturis rerum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de rebus publicis dicerentur, sed anulum, quem haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se suā manu confecisse,

Cic. de Or. 3, 32, 127:

Jam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, haec fere accepimus. Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut feneratorum. Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercenariorum omniumque, quorum operae, non artes emuntur: est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis... Opificesque omnes in sordidā arte versantur... Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia major inest aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, hae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae,

Cic. Off. 1, 42, 150 sq.; cf. id. Fam. 4, 3:

artes elegantes,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 4:

laudatae,

id. de Or. 1, 3, 9:

bonae,

Ov. Tr. 3, 7, 32:

optimae,

Cic. Fin. 2, 34, 111:

magnae,

id. Or. 1, 4:

maximae,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

gravissimae,

id. Fin. 2, 34, 112:

leviores artes,

id. Brut. 1, 3:

mediocres,

id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

omnis artifex omnis artis,

Vulg. Apoc. 18, 22:

artifices omnium artium,

ib. 1 Par. 22, 15.—

Esp., of a single art, and,

With an adj. designating it:

ars gymnastica,

gymnastics, Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 73:

ars duellica,

the art of war, id. Ep. 3, 4, 14:

ars imperatoria,

generalship, Quint. 2, 17, 34:

(artes) militares et imperatoriae,

Liv. 25, 9, 12:

artes civiles,

politics, Tac. Agr. 29:

artes urbanae,

i. e. jurisprudence and eloquence, Liv. 9, 42:

ars grammatica,

grammar, Plin. 7, 39, 40, § 128:

rhetorica,

Quint. 2, 17, 4:

musica,

poetry, Ter. Hec. prol. 23:

musica,

music, Plin. 2, 25, 23, § 93:

medicae artes,

the healing art, medicine, Ov. H. 5, 145; so,

ars Apollinea,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 10:

magica,

Verg. A. 4, 493, and Vulg. Sap. 17, 7; so,

maleficis artibus inserviebat,

he used witchcraft, ib. 2 Par. 33, 6 al.—

With a gen. designating it:

ars disserendi,

dialectics, Cic. de Or. 2, 38, 157:

ars dicendi,

the art of speaking, id. ib. 1, 23, 107, and Quint. 2, 17, 17; so,

ars eloquentiae,

id. 2, 11, 4:

ars medendi,

Ov. A. A. 2, 735:

ars medentium,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 158:

medicorum ars,

Vulg. 1 Par. 16, 12:

pigmentariorum ars,

the art of unguents, ib. 2 Par. 16, 4:

ars armorum,

the art of war, Quint. 2, 17, 33:

ars pugnae,

Vulg. Judith, 5, 27; so in plur.:

belli artes,

Liv. 25, 40, 5:

ars gubernandi,

navigation, Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24; Quint. 2, 17, 33; so,

ars gubernatoris,

Cic. Fin. 1, 13, 42.—Sometimes the kind of art may be distinguished by the connection, so that ars is used absol. of a particular art:

instruere Atriden num potes arte meā? i. e. arte sagittandi,

Ov. H. 16, 364:

tunc ego sim Inachio notior arte Lino, i. e. arte canendi,

Prop. 3, 4, 8:

fert ingens a puppe Notus: nunc arte (sc. navigandi) relictā Ingemit,

Stat. Th. 3, 29; so Luc. 7, 126; Sil. 4, 715:

imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte (sc. rhetoricā) viros,

Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 16:

ejusdem erat artis, i. e. artis scaenofactoriae,

Vulg. Act. 18, 3.—

Science, knowledge:

quis ignorat, ii, qui mathematici vocantur, quantā in obscuritate rerum et quam reconditā in arte et multiplici subtilique versentur,

Cic. de Or. 1, 3, 10:

nam si ars ita definitur, ex rebus penitus perspectis planeque cognitis atque ab opinionis arbitrio sejunctis, scientiāque comprehensis, non mihi videtur ars oratoris esse ulla,

id. ib. 1, 23, 108: nihil est quod ad artem redigi possit, nisi ille prius, qui illa tenet. quorum artem instituere vult, habeat illam scientiam (sc. dialecticam), ut ex iis rebus, quarum ars nondum sit, artem efficere possit, id. ib. 1, 41, 186:

ars juris civilis,

id. ib. 1, 42, 190:

(Antiochus) negabat ullam esse artem, quae ipsa a se proficisceretur. Etenim semper illud extra est, quod arte comprehenditur... Est enim perspicuum nullam artem ipsam in se versari, sed esse aliud artem ipsam, aliud, quod propositum sit arti,

id. Fin. 5, 6, 16; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9; id. Cael. 30, 72; id. Or. 1, 4:

vir bonus optimisque artibus eruditus,

Nep. Att. 12, 4: ingenium docile, come, ap-tum ad artes optimas, id. Dion, 1, 2 al.—

The theory of any art or science: ars est praeceptio, quae dat certam viam rationemque faciendi aliquid, Auct. ad Her. 1, 1;

Asper, p. 1725 P.: non omnia, quaecumque loquimur, mihi videntur ad artem et ad praecepta esse revocanda,

not every thing is to be traced back to theory and rules, Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 44: res mihi videtur esse facultate ( in practice) praeclara, arte ( in theory) mediocris;

ars enim earum rerum est, quae sciuntur: oratoris autem omnis actio opinionibus, non scientiā continetur,

id. ib. 2, 7, 30; id. Ac. 2, 7, 22.—In later Lat. ars is used,

Absol. for grammatical analysis, grammar:

curru non, ut quidam putant, pro currui posuit, nec est apocope: sed ratio artis antiquae, etc.,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 156; 1, 95: et hoc est artis, ut (vulgus) masculino utamur, quia omnia Latina nomina in us exeuntia, si neutra fuerint, tertiae sunt declinationis, etc., id. ad eund. ib. 1, 149: secundum artem dicamus honor, arbor, lepor: plerumque poëtae r in s mutant, id. ad eund. ib. 1, 153 al.—Hence also,

As a title of books in which such theories are discussed, for rhetorical and, at a later period, for grammatical treatises.

Rhetorical:

quam multa non solum praecepta in artibus, sed etiam exempla in orationibus bene dicendi reliquerunt!

Cic. Fin. 4, 3, 5:

ipsae rhetorum artes, quae sunt totae forenses atque populares,

id. ib. 3, 1, 4: neque eo dico, quod ejus (Hermagorae) ars mihi mendosissime scripta videatur; nam satis in eā videtur ex antiquis artibus ( from the ancient works on rhetoric) ingeniose et diligenter electas res collocāsse, id. Inv. 1, 6 fin.:

illi verbis et artibus aluerunt naturae principia, hi autem institutis et legibus,

id. Rep. 3, 4, 7:

artem scindens Theodori,

Juv. 7, 177.—

Grammar:

in artibus legimus superlativum gradum non nisi genitivo plurali jungi,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 96: ut in artibus lectum est, id. ad eund. ib. 1, 535.—So Ars, as the title of the later Lat. grammars: Donati Ars Grammatica, Cledonii Ars, Marii Victorini Ars, etc.; v. the grammarians in Gothofred., Putsch., Lindem., Keil.—

The knowledge, art, skill, workmanship, employed in effecting or working upon an object (Fr. adresse):

majore quādam opus est vel arte vel diligentiā,

Cic. Ac. 2, 14 fin.:

et tripodas septem pondere et arte pares,

Ov. H. 3, 32: qui canit arte, canat;

qui bibit arte, bibat,

id. A. A. 2, 506:

arte laboratae vestes,

Verg. A. 1, 639:

plausus tunc arte carebat,

was void of art, was natural, unaffected, Ov. A. A. 1, 113.—

(Concr.) The object artistically formed, a work of art:

clipeum efferri jussit Didymaonis artis,

Verg. A. 5, 359:

divite me scilicet artium, Quas aut Parrhasius protulit aut Scopas,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 5; id. Ep. 1, 6, 17.—

Artes (personified), the Muses:

artium chorus,

Phaedr. 3, prol. 19.—

Transf. from mind to morals, the moral character of a man, so far as it is made known by actions, conduct, manner of acting, habit, practice, whether good or bad:

si in te aegrotant artes antiquae tuae,

your former manner of life, conduct, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 35; cf. Hor. C. 4, 15, 12; Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 6 Lind.:

nempe tuā arte viginti minae Pro psaltriā periere,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 24:

quid est, Quod tibi mea ars efficere hoc possit amplius?

my assiduity, id. And. 1, 1, 4:

Hac arte (i. e. constantiā, perseverantiā) Pollux et vagus Hercules Enisus arces attigit igneas,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 9:

multae sunt artes (i. e. virtutes) eximiae, hujus administrae comitesque virtutis (sc. imperatoris),

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 13; id. Fin. 2, 34, 115; id. Verr. 2, 4, 37 Zumpt:

nam imperium facile his artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est,

Sall. C. 2, 4 Kritz; so id. ib. 5, 7:

cultusque artesque virorum,

Ov. M. 7, 58:

mores quoque confer et artes,

id. R. Am. 713: praeclari facinoris aut artis [p. 167] bonae famam quaerere, Sall. C. 2, 9; so id. ib. 10, 4:

animus insolens malarum artium,

id. ib. 3, 4; so Tac. A. 14, 57.—Hence also, absol. in mal. part. as in Gr. technê for cunning, artifice, fraud, stratagem:

haec arte tractabat virum,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 125 (cf. Ov. H. 17, 142):

capti eādem arte sunt, quā ceperant Fabios,

Liv. 2, 51; 3, 35:

at Cytherea novas artes, nova pectore versat Consilia,

Verg. A. 1, 657; so id. ib. 7, 477:

ille dolis instructus et arte Pelasgā,

id. ib. 2, 152:

talibus insidiis perjurique arte Sinonis Credita res, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 195:

fraudes innectere ponto Antiquā parat arte,

Luc. 4, 449:

tantum illi vel ingenii vel artis vel fortunae superfuit,

Suet. Tit. 1:

fugam arte simulantes,

Vulg. Jud. 20, 32: regem summis artibus pellexit, pasêi mêchanêi, Suet. Vit. 2.

săpĭentĭa, ae, f. [sapiens].

(Acc. to sapiens, A.) Prop., good taste, i. e. good sense, discernment, discretion, prudence, intelligence (class.; syn. prudentia): pellitur e medio sapientia, vi geritur res, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10, 4 (Ann. v. 272 Vahl.):

non aetate verum ingenio adipiscitur sapientia,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 88; id. Mil. 4, 6, 36:

fac participes nos tuae sapientiae,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 73; cf.:

neque habet (erus meus) plus sapientiae quam lapis,

id. Mil. 2, 2, 81; id. Capt. 2, 3, 53; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 50:

sedulo Moneo, quae possum, pro meā sapientiā,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 73:

quanta mea sapientia est,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 62:

erum anteëo sapientiā,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 17:

re enim iniquum est, sed tuā sapientiā fit aequissimum,

Cic. Deiot. 2, 4:

numquam enim temeritas cum sapientiā commiscetur,

id. Marcell. 2, 7:

quid virtus et quid sapientia possit, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 17:

sapientia prima (est), stultitiā caruisse,

id. ib. 1, 1, 41; cf. id. A. P. 396:

insaniens sapientia,

id. C. 1, 34, 2.—

(Acc. to sapiens, B.) Wisdom, = sophia (so predominantly in the class. per., e. g. in Cic.): nec quisquam sophiam, sapientia quae perhibetur, In somnis vidit, etc., Enn. ap. Fest. p. 325 Müll. (Ann. v. 227 Vahl.); cf.: Sophiam vocant me Graii, vos Sapientiam, Afran. ap. Gell. 13, 8, 3; and: princeps omnium virtutum illa sapientia, quam sophian Graeci vocant, Cic. Off. 1, 43, 153:

ad sapientiam hujus nimius nugator fuit,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25:

ita fit, ut mater omnium bonarum rerum sit sapientia, a cujus amore Graeco verbo philosophia nomen invenit,

Cic. Leg. 1, 22, 58:

sapientia hominis custos,

id. Fin. 4, 1, 1; id. Lael. 2, 7; 6, 20; 9, 30:

omnem spem salutis ad clementiam victoris et sapientiam contulisse,

id. Marcell. 6, 18:

quorum vobis pro vestrā sapientiā, Quirites, habenda est ratio diligenter,

id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17:

sapientiae vocem audire,

id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

studia sapientiae,

Tac. A. 14, 56:

doctores sapientiae,

philosophers, id. ib. 14, 16. —With gen.:

admirari soleo cum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M. Cato, perfectamque sapientiam tum, etc.,

in other things, Cic. Sen. 2, 4.—In plur., sarcastically: qui (sapientes) si virtutes ebullire volent et sapientias, nihil aliud dicent, nisi, etc. (the plur. denoting their perpetual speaking of wisdom), a saying referred to Epicurus, Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 42.—

In partic., of single departments of knowledge, science, or wisdom, practical wisdom, knowledge of the world, philosophy, Lucr. 5, 10:

sapientia est, ut a veteribus philosophis definitum est, rerum divinarum et humanarum causarumque, quibus eae res continentur, scientia,

Cic. Off. 2, 2, 5:

sapientia, quae ars vivendi putanda est,

id. Fin. 1, 13, 42 (for which:

ars est philosophia vitae,

id. ib. 3, 2, 4).—Of jurisprudence:

istam oscitantem sapientiam Scaevolarum et ceterorum beatorum otio concedamus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144; cf.:

his temporibus audaciā pro sapientiā liceat uti,

id. Fam. 1, 10 init. —Of eloquence: hanc cogitandi pronunciandique rationem vimque dicendi veteres Graeci sapientiam nominabant, Cic. de Or. 3, 15, 56.—Of statesmanship, policy:

sapientia constituendae civitatis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; cf.:

qui propter ancipitem, quae non potest esse sejuncta, faciendi dicendique sapientiam florerent,

id. ib. 3, 16, 59. —Of mathematics:

sapientiae professor,

Suet. Tib. 14.

scĭentĭa, ae, f. (plur. only Vitr. 1, 1, 18; 3, praef. 1) [sciens], a knowing or being skilled in any thing, knowledge, science, skill, expertness, = cognitio, eruditio (freq. and class.).

Absol.:

aut scire istarum rerum nihil, aut, etiamsi maxime sciemus, nec meliores ob eam scientiam nec beatiores esse possumus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 32:

se a scientiae delectatione ad efficiendi utilitatem referre,

id. ib. 5, 3, 5:

Antiochus ingenio scientiāque putatur excellere,

id. Ac. 2, 2, 4:

omnes trahimur ad cognitionis et scientiae cupiditatem... omnis autem cogitatio aut in consiliis capiendis aut in studiis scientiae cognitionisque versabitur,

id. Off. 1, 6, 18 sq.; so (with cognitio) id. ib. 1, 44, 158; id. Fin. 5, 12, 34; 5, 18, 48 al.:

exercere altissimam eruditionem ac scientiam,

Quint. 1, 4, 6:

his difficultatibus duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque usus militum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 20; cf. so (with usus) infra, b:

nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, quae hujus viri scientiam fugere possit,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

notabo singulas res: etsi nullo modo poterit oratio mea satisfacere vestrae scientiae,

id. Phil. 2, 23, 57; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92: tuae scientiae excellenti ac singulari non multo plus quam nostri relictum est loci, i. e. for jurisprudence than for oratory, id. Fam. 4, 3, 4:

ars earum rerum est, quae sciuntur: oratoris autem omnis actio opinionibus, non scientiā continetur,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 30:

etsi ars, cum eā non utare, scientiā tamen ipsā teneri potest,

in theory, theoretically, id. Rep. 1, 2, 2; so (opp. ars) id. Fin. 5, 9, 26; id. Ac. 2, 47, 146:

alter (Cratippus) te scientiā augere potest, altera (urbs Athenarum) exemplis,

id. Off. 1, 1, 1; id. de Or. 1, 14, 59:

jam efficaci do manus scientiae,

Hor. Epod. 17, 1:

trivialis scientia,

Quint. 1, 4, 27: cum tanta sit celeritas animorum... tot artes tantae scientiae, tot inventa, requiring so great knowledge (scientiae is gen. sing.), Cic. Sen. 21, 78 (dub.; B. and K. bracket the words tantae scientiae); cf.:

physica ipsa et mathematica scientiae sunt eorum, qui, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 14, 61.— Plur.: disciplinarum scientiae, Vitr. 3, praef. § 1. —

With gen. obj.:

rerum magnarum atque artium scientiam consequi,

Cic. de Or. 1, 6, 20; (with cognitio rei) id. ib. 3, 29, 112:

Veneti scientiā atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antecedunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 8:

sine regionum terrestrium aut maritimarum scientiā,

Cic. de Or. 1, 14, 60:

ignoratio futurorum malorum utilior est quam scientia,

id. Div. 2, 9, 23; so (opp. ignoratio) id. Leg. 1, 6, 18; id. Sull. 13, 39; id. Rep. 1, 6, 11:

astrologiae scientia,

id. ib. 1, 14, 22:

dialecticorum,

id. Or. 32, 113:

juris,

id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:

rei militaris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28; Caes. B. G. 3, 23; 7, 57:

oppugnationis (with artificium),

id. ib. 7, 29:

linguae Gallicae,

id. ib. 1, 47:

colendorum deorum (sanctitas),

Cic. N. D. 1, 41, 116:

verborum aut faciendorum aut deligendorum,

id. de Or. 2, 9, 36: qui in alienis morbis profitentur tenere se medicinae scientiam, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 5:

fundendi aeris,

Plin. 34, 7, 18, § 46; 35, 12, 44, § 153 et saep.—

With in or de and abl. (rare):

scientia in legibus interpretandis,

Cic. Phil. 9, 5, 10:

in affectibus omnis generis movendis,

Quint. 10, 2, 27:

cujus scientiam de omnibus constat fuisse, ejus ignoratio de aliquo purgatio debet videri,

Cic. Sull. 13, 39.

secta, ae, f. [ part. perf. of seco, sc. via, v. seco, I. C. 2., and II. B. fin. ]; prop., a trodden or beaten way, a path; footsteps; hence, trop., a (prescribed) way, mode, manner, method, principles of conduct or procedure (syn.: ratio, via, etc.); most freq. in the phrase sectam (alicujus) sequi (persequi, etc.), to follow in the footsteps (of any one); hence, also, sectam (alicujus) secuti, a party, faction, sect.

In gen.:

nos, qui hanc sectam rationemque vitae, re magis quam verbis, secuti sumus,

mode of life, Cic. Cael. 17, 40; so,

vitae,

Quint. 3, 8, 38; 12, 2, 6; Plin. Pan. 45, 4; cf. id. ib. 85, 7:

horum nos hominum sectam atque instituta persequimur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 181; cf.:

cujus sectam sequi, cujus imperio parere potissimum vellet,

id. Rab. Perd. 8, 22:

sequi ejus auctoritatem, cujus sectam atque imperium secutus est,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 2:

omnis natura habet quasi viam quandam et sectam quam sequatur,

id. N. D. 2, 22, 57:

negant se pro Vitruvio sectamque ejus secutis precatum venisse,

Liv. 8, 19; cf. id. 29, 27; 35, 49; 36, 1;

42, 31: juvenes hortatur, ut illam ire viam pergant et eidem incumbere sectae,

Juv. 14, 121 sq.:

divitioris sectam plerumque secuntur Quamlibet et fortes,

follow, adhere to, Lucr. 5, 1114:

gallae sectam meam exsecutae, mihi comites, etc.,

Cat. 63, 15 et saep.—

In partic., doctrines, school, sect (not freq. until the post-Aug. per.; syn.: schola, disciplina).

In philosophic lang.:

quo magis tuum, Brute, judicium probo, qui eorum philosophorum sectam secutus es,

Cic. Brut. 31, 120; cf.:

inter Stoicos et Epicuri sectam secutos pugna perpetua est,

Quint. 5, 7, 35.— Plur.:

ad morem certas in philosophia sectas sequendi,

Quint. 3, 1, 18:

neque me cujusdam sectae velut quādam superstitione imbutus addixi,

id. 3, 1, 22:

assumptā Stoicorum arrogantiā sectāque,

Tac. A. 14, 57:

Demetrio Cynicam sectam professo,

id. H. 4, 40:

auctoritatem Stoicae sectae praeferebat,

id. A. 16, 32; 6, 22:

inter duos diversarum sectarum velut duces,

Quint. 5, 13, 59. —

In jurisprudence:

hi duo primum veluti diversas sectas fecerunt,

schools, Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 47.—

In medicine, a school:

alia est Hippocratis secta, alia Asclepiadis,

Sen. Ep. 95, 9.—

In religion, a sect, Cod. Just. 1, 9, 3:

plurimae sectae et haereses,

Lact. 4, 30, 2:

Nazaraenorum,

Vulg. Act. 24, 5.—

Rarely of a class or guild of men:

sincera et innoxia pastoriae illius sectae integritas,

Flor. 3, 12, 2.—

In Appul., a band of robbers, App. M. 4, pp. 150, 29, and 153, 22.

secta, ōrum, n. [1. seco, I. B. 1.], parts of the body operated upon:

secta recentia,

Plin. 31, 11, 47, § 126.