gustus

* * *

gustus, ūs, m. [kindred with Sanscr. ǵush, to be fond of; Gr. geuô, geuomai, geusis, taste], a tasting of food, a partaking slightly or eating a little of any thing (mostly post-Aug.; not in Cic.; cf.: gustatus, sapor).

Lit.

In gen.:

minister inferre epulas et explorare gustu solitus,

Tac. A. 12, 66:

explorare aliquid gustu,

Col. 1, 8, 18; 2, 2, 20; cf. Plin. 31, 10, 46, § 114:

gustu libata potio,

Tac. A. 13, 16:

cum ille ad primum gustum concidisset,

Suet. Ner. 33:

sine crebro salis gustu,

Plin. 31, 6, 32, § 61.—

In partic.

A light dish at the beginning of a Roman meal, an antepast, whet, relish, = gustatio, Mart. 11, 31, 4; 11, 52, 12:

gustus elementa per omnia quaerunt,

Juv. 11, 14.—Also in a neutr. form:

gustum versatile sic facies,

Apic. 4, 5, § 181 sqq.—

A draught of water:

profer ex illa amphora gustum,

Petr. 77 fin. —

Transf., taste, flavor, = sapor (post-Aug.):

attrahatur spiritu is sucus, donec in ore gustus ejus sentiatur,

Cels. 6, 8, 6; Col. 3, 2, 24; Plin. 14, 1, 3, § 12; 26, 8, 50, § 82; 27, 12, 96, § 121 sq.—

Trop. (post-Aug.).

(Acc. to I. 2. a.) A foretaste, specimen:

ad hunc gustum totum librum repromitto,

Plin. Ep. 4, 27, 5:

expetens versificationis nostrae gustum,

Col. 11, 1, 2:

gustum tibi dare volui,

Sen. Ep. 114, 18.—

(Acc. to I. B.) Taste:

urbanitas significat sermonem praeferentem in verbis et sono et usu proprium quendam gustum urbis,

Quint. 6, 3, 17.

* * *

astrictĭo ( ads-), ōnis, f. [astringo].

A power of contracting, astringency:

herba gustūs amari cum adstrictione,

Plin. 27, 10, 59, § 83.—

The act of sharpening, Cod. Th. 1, 4, 3.

astrictĭo ( ads-), ōnis, f. [astringo].

A power of contracting, astringency:

herba gustūs amari cum adstrictione,

Plin. 27, 10, 59, § 83.—

The act of sharpening, Cod. Th. 1, 4, 3.

austērus, a, um, adj. (auster, Scrib. Comp. 188; sup. austerrimus, Messala, Corv. Progen. Aug. 5), = austêros.

A.. Lit, of taste, harsh, sour, tart (not before the Aug. per.;

syn.: acer, acerbus, tristis, severus, molestus): vinum nigrum,

Cels. 3, 24:

austerior gustus,

Col. 12, 12, 2:

herba austero sapore,

Plin. 25, 5, 20, § 45:

vinum austerissimum,

Scrib. Comp. 142.—

Transf.

Of smell, pungent:

balsami sucus: odore austerus,

Plin. 12, 25, 54, § 120.—

Of color, deep, dark:

sunt autem colores austeri aut floridi,

Plin. 35, 6, 12, § 30.— Comp.:

(pictor) austerior colore et in austeritate jucundior,

Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 134.—

Trop.

Severe, rigid, strict, stern, austere (opp. mol lis, facilis, lenis;

scarcely before Cic.): illo austero more ac modo,

Cic. Cael. 14, 33; id. de Or. 3, 25, 98:

austerior et gravior esse potuisset,

id. Pis. 29, 71:

Nec gravis austeri poena cavenda viri,

Prop. 4, 13, 24:

homo austerus es,

Vulg. Luc. 19, 21; 19, 22.—Of discourse, severe, grave, serious:

ita sit noLis ornatus et suavis orator, ut suavitatem habeat austeram et solidam, non dulcem atque decoctam (the epithet borrowed from wine),

that he may have a severe and solid, not a luscious and effeminate sweetness, Cic. de Or. 3, 26, 103:

austera poëmata,

Hor. A. P. 342:

oratio,

Quint. 9, 4, 128 Spald.—Of style in statuary:

genus,

Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 66.—

As the opp. of kind, pleasant, severe, gloomy, sad, troublesome, hard, irksome (so first after the beginning of the Aug. per.):

labor,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 12:

Quaelibet austeras de me ferat urna tabellas,

Prop. 5, 11, 49:

aeger omnem austeram curationem recusans,

Plin. 24, 7, 28, § 43.— Adv.:

austērē, acc. to II., rigidly, austerely, severely: agit mecum austere et Stoice Cato, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— Comp.: cum aliquo austerius agere, * Vulg. 2 Macc. 14, 30.

ēlĕgantia, ae, f. [elegans].

A being nice or particular; exquisiteness, fastidiousness (ante-class. and very rare):

ejus elegantia meam extemplo speciem spernat,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 20.—Far more freq.,

Taste, propriety, refinement, grace, elegance (cf.: gustus, sapor, judicium).

With gen.: tu eloquentiam ab elegantia doctrinae segregandam putes, Cic. de Or. [p. 637] 1, 2, 5:

vitae,

Tac. A. 14, 19:

morum,

id. ib. 5, 8:

capilli (with venustas oris),

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 67:

ac subtilitas operum,

id. 16, 15, 26, § 66 et saep.:

verborum Latinorum,

Cic. Brut. 75, 261; cf.

scriptorum,

id. Fam. 4, 4; so,

Latini sermonis,

id. de Or. 2, 7, 28:

mira sermonis,

Quint. 10, 1, 114:

figurarum,

id. 12, 9, 6;

and transf.: Socraticorum,

id. 10, 1, 83; cf.

Secundi,

id. 12, 10, 11. —In plur.:

vocum verborumque,

Gell. 2, 9 fin. —

Absol.:

qua munditia homines! qua elegantia!

Cic. Fam. 9, 20, 2; cf. id. Sull. 28, 79; id. Leg. 3, 1:

quae (agricultura) abhorret ab omni politiore elegantia,

id. Fin. 3, 2; cf. Plin. 13, 9, 18, § 62; 14, 6, 8, § 71; Suet. Aug. 73:

elegantia modo et munditia remanebit,

Cic. Or. 23 fin.; cf. Quint. 6, 3, 20; 10, 2, 19 al.—In plur.:

laudatus propter elegantias dominus,

Petr. 34, 5; Gell. 1, 4; cf. id. 19, 4.

ē-rŭdĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, 4, v. a., qs. to free from roughness, i. e. to polish, educate, instruct, teach (freq. and class.; cf.: doceo, edoceo, praecipio, instituo).

Prop.:

studiosos discendi erudiunt atque docent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 156:

aliquem,

id. Div. 2, 2 (with docere); id. de Or. 3, 9, 35 (with instituere); id. ib. 2, 1, 12; Quint. prooem. § 1;

6 et saep.: filios ad majorum instituta (with instituere),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 69; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 26:

aliquem artibus,

id. Fam. 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Rep. 2, 19, 34:

eum ad exquisitissimam consuetudinem Graecorum erudiit,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

aliquem in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 59 fin.; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3.—With two acc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

aliquem leges praeceptaque belli,

Stat. Th. 10, 507; cf. Val. Fl. 2, 50; v. also under P. a.: aliquem, with an object-clause, Plin. 33, 11, 53, § 149; cf.

without aliquem,

Ov. F. 3, 820; Sil. 11, 352.—With a rel.-clause as object:

qua possint arte capi,

Ov. F. 3, 294:

tirones neque in ludo, neque per lanistas,

i. e. to cause to be instructed, Suet. Caes. 26:

gladiatores sub eodem magistro eruditi,

Quint. 2, 17, 33:

Athenas erudiendi gratia missus,

Just. 17, 3, 11;

once: aliquem de aliqua re, Cic.: obviae mihi velim sint tuae litterae, quae me erudiant de omni re publica,

instruct me, keep me informed of, Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

Transf., of objects not personal:

artes,

Ov. M. 8, 215:

ut flerent, oculos erudiere suos,

id. R. Am. 690; id. Am. 1, 14, 30:

Polycletus consummasse hanc scientiam judicatur et toreuticen sic erudisse, ut Phidias aperuisse,

to have cultivated, brought to perfection, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 56.— Hence, ērŭdītus, a, um, P. a., learned, accomplished, well-informed, skilled, experienced (cf.: litteratus, doctus, peritus, gnarus, scitus).

Prop.:

est non satis politus iis artibus, quas qui tenent eruditi appellantur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7 fin.:

Graeculus otiosus et loquax, et fortasse doctus atque eruditus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102:

semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines placuerunt,

id. Rep. 1, 17 fin.; id. Tusc. 1, 3:

nec sicut vulgus sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem,

id. Lael. 2, 6; cf.

opp. rusticus,

Quint. 11, 1, 45; 8, 6, 75 et saep.:

non transmarinis nec importatis artibus eruditi, sed genuinis domesticisque virtutibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15 fin.:

homines non litteris ad rei militaris scientiam, sed rebus gestis ac victoriis eruditos,

id. Font. 15, 33; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Brut. 67, 236; id. Arch. 7; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23 al.:

eruditi Socraticis disputationibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 139:

a pueris eruditi artibus militiae,

Liv. 42, 52 et saep.; cf. in the comp.:

litteris eruditior quam Curio,

Cic. Brut. 82; and in the sup.:

Scaevola, homo omnium et disciplina juris civilis eruditissimus,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 180.— With acc.:

Graecas res eruditi,

Gell. 2, 21, 3; cf. id. 19, 12, 9.—With inf.:

eruditus utilia honestis miscere,

Tac. Agr. 8.—

Transf., of inanimate and abstract subjects:

quod ceteri minus eruditis hominum seculis fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

tempora (with docti homines),

id. ib.:

aures,

id. ib. 2, 42; id. Or. 34, 119; Quint. 10, 1, 32:

animus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 14: oratio (opp. popularis), id. Par. prooem. § 4; cf. Quint. 8, 3, 17; 8, 6, 24 al.:

Graecorum copia,

fulness of Greek learning, Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7: palata, i. e. practised, fine (with docta), Col. 8, 16, 4; cf.

gustus,

Tac. A. 16, 18.—In neutr. with a subject-clause:

ex historia ducere urbanitatem, eruditum est,

Quint. 6, 3, 98; cf.:

eruditissimum longe, si, etc.,

id. 9, 2, 97.— Adv.: ērŭdītē, learnedly, eruditely. — Comp., Cic. de Sen. 1 fin.; Quint. 1, 5, 36.— Sup., Cic. Or. 52; Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 8.

ē-rŭdĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, 4, v. a., qs. to free from roughness, i. e. to polish, educate, instruct, teach (freq. and class.; cf.: doceo, edoceo, praecipio, instituo).

Prop.:

studiosos discendi erudiunt atque docent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 156:

aliquem,

id. Div. 2, 2 (with docere); id. de Or. 3, 9, 35 (with instituere); id. ib. 2, 1, 12; Quint. prooem. § 1;

6 et saep.: filios ad majorum instituta (with instituere),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 69; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 26:

aliquem artibus,

id. Fam. 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Rep. 2, 19, 34:

eum ad exquisitissimam consuetudinem Graecorum erudiit,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

aliquem in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 59 fin.; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3.—With two acc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

aliquem leges praeceptaque belli,

Stat. Th. 10, 507; cf. Val. Fl. 2, 50; v. also under P. a.: aliquem, with an object-clause, Plin. 33, 11, 53, § 149; cf.

without aliquem,

Ov. F. 3, 820; Sil. 11, 352.—With a rel.-clause as object:

qua possint arte capi,

Ov. F. 3, 294:

tirones neque in ludo, neque per lanistas,

i. e. to cause to be instructed, Suet. Caes. 26:

gladiatores sub eodem magistro eruditi,

Quint. 2, 17, 33:

Athenas erudiendi gratia missus,

Just. 17, 3, 11;

once: aliquem de aliqua re, Cic.: obviae mihi velim sint tuae litterae, quae me erudiant de omni re publica,

instruct me, keep me informed of, Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

Transf., of objects not personal:

artes,

Ov. M. 8, 215:

ut flerent, oculos erudiere suos,

id. R. Am. 690; id. Am. 1, 14, 30:

Polycletus consummasse hanc scientiam judicatur et toreuticen sic erudisse, ut Phidias aperuisse,

to have cultivated, brought to perfection, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 56.— Hence, ērŭdītus, a, um, P. a., learned, accomplished, well-informed, skilled, experienced (cf.: litteratus, doctus, peritus, gnarus, scitus).

Prop.:

est non satis politus iis artibus, quas qui tenent eruditi appellantur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7 fin.:

Graeculus otiosus et loquax, et fortasse doctus atque eruditus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102:

semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines placuerunt,

id. Rep. 1, 17 fin.; id. Tusc. 1, 3:

nec sicut vulgus sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem,

id. Lael. 2, 6; cf.

opp. rusticus,

Quint. 11, 1, 45; 8, 6, 75 et saep.:

non transmarinis nec importatis artibus eruditi, sed genuinis domesticisque virtutibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15 fin.:

homines non litteris ad rei militaris scientiam, sed rebus gestis ac victoriis eruditos,

id. Font. 15, 33; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Brut. 67, 236; id. Arch. 7; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23 al.:

eruditi Socraticis disputationibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 139:

a pueris eruditi artibus militiae,

Liv. 42, 52 et saep.; cf. in the comp.:

litteris eruditior quam Curio,

Cic. Brut. 82; and in the sup.:

Scaevola, homo omnium et disciplina juris civilis eruditissimus,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 180.— With acc.:

Graecas res eruditi,

Gell. 2, 21, 3; cf. id. 19, 12, 9.—With inf.:

eruditus utilia honestis miscere,

Tac. Agr. 8.—

Transf., of inanimate and abstract subjects:

quod ceteri minus eruditis hominum seculis fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

tempora (with docti homines),

id. ib.:

aures,

id. ib. 2, 42; id. Or. 34, 119; Quint. 10, 1, 32:

animus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 14: oratio (opp. popularis), id. Par. prooem. § 4; cf. Quint. 8, 3, 17; 8, 6, 24 al.:

Graecorum copia,

fulness of Greek learning, Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7: palata, i. e. practised, fine (with docta), Col. 8, 16, 4; cf.

gustus,

Tac. A. 16, 18.—In neutr. with a subject-clause:

ex historia ducere urbanitatem, eruditum est,

Quint. 6, 3, 98; cf.:

eruditissimum longe, si, etc.,

id. 9, 2, 97.— Adv.: ērŭdītē, learnedly, eruditely. — Comp., Cic. de Sen. 1 fin.; Quint. 1, 5, 36.— Sup., Cic. Or. 52; Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 8.

gusto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [gustus], to taste, to take a little of any thing (freq. and class.; cf.: libo, manduco, edo, etc.).

Lit.

In gen.:

cum biduum ita jejunus fuissem, ut ne aquam quidem gustarem,

Cic. Fam. 7, 26, 1:

leporem et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant,

Caes. B. G. 5, 11:

gustatus sanguis,

Plin. 8, 16, 19, § 52: celerius panis mandendus quam vinum [p. 832] gustandum, Cels. 4, 3:

gustare de potione,

Suet. Tit. 2:

herba subsalsa gustanti,

Plin. 21, 29, 103, § 175:

alypon acre gustatu ac lentum,

id. 27, 4, 7, § 22:

aliquid de sanguine,

Juv. 15, 92; 14, 85.—Prov.:

primis, ut dicitur, labris gustare physiologiam,

i. e. to have a superficial knowledge of, Cic. N. D. 1, 8, 20.—

In partic., to take a slight meal, to take a luncheon or whet; to eat a little:

Cretes, quorum nemo gustavit umquam cubans,

Cic. Mur. 35, 74:

post solem plerumque frigida lavabatur, deinde gustabat, dormiebatque minimum,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 11; Aug. ap. Suet. Aug. 76.—

Trop., to taste, partake of, enjoy:

gustaras civilem sanguinem vel potius exsorbueras,

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 71:

gustare partem ullam liquidae voluptatis,

id. Fin. 1, 18, 58:

quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro gustare possemus, tamen, etc.,

id. Arch. 8, 17:

praecepta,

id. de Or. 1, 32, 145:

summatim rerum causas et genera ipsa,

id. ib. 2, 36, 123:

Metrodorum illum,

i. e. heard, attended for a while, id. ib. 3, 20, 75:

partem aliquam rei publicae,

id. Fam. 12, 23, 3:

sermonem alicujus,

i. e. listen to, overhear, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 15:

amorem vitae,

Lucr. 5, 179:

lucellum,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 82.

gustŭlum, i, n. dim. [gustus].

A small dish of food, a whet, relish, App. M. 9, p. 232.—

Transf., a kiss:

dulcem et amarum gustulum carpis,

App. M. 2, p. 119.

mĕrus, a, um, adj. [root mar-, to gleam; cf.: marmaros, marmor, mare; hence, bright, pure], pure, unmixed, unadulterated, esp. of wine not mixed with water: merum antiqui dicebant solum: at nunc merum purum appellamus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 124 Müll.

Lit.: vinum merum, Varr. ap. Non. 4, 295:

vina,

Ov. M. 15, 331.—Of other things:

argentum merum,

Plaut. As. 1, 3, 3:

undae,

Ov. M. 15, 323:

lac,

id. F. 4, 369:

gustus,

Col. 3, 21:

claror,

clear, unclouded, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 111:

mero meridie,

Petr. 37.—Hence,

Subst.: mĕrum, i, n., pure, unmixed wine, wine not mixed with water ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

ingurgitare se in merum,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 35; Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 11; id. C. 1, 36, 13:

objecturus Antonio Cicero merum et vomitum,

Quint. 8, 4, 16:

meri veteris torrens,

Juv. 6, 319; 3, 283; Val. Fl. 5, 595:

ad merum pronior,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 145; 23, 1, 23, § 43.—

Transf.

Bare, naked, uncovered ( poet.):

pes,

Juv. 6, 158: stabat calce merā, Prud. steph. 6, 91.—

In gen., bare, nothing but, only, mere (class.):

meri bellatores gignuntur,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 85:

in medio (foro) ostentatores meri (ambulant),

id. Curc. 4, 1, 15: Diogenem postea pallium solum habuisse, et habere Ulixem meram tunicam, nothing but, only, Varr. ap. Non. 344, 10:

nihil, nisi spem meram,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 95:

mera monstra nuntiare,

Cic. Att. 4, 7, 1:

proscriptiones, meri Sullae,

id. ib. 9, 11, 3:

scelera loquuntur,

id. ib. 9, 13, 1:

bellum,

id. ib. 9, 13, 8:

nugae,

id. ib. 6, 3, 5:

adfectus,

Quint. 11, 1, 52.—

Trop., pure, true, real, genuine, unadulterated:

meri principes,

Cic. de Or. 2, 22, 94: velut ex diutinā siti nimis avide meram haurientes libertatem, immoderate, excessive, Liv. [p. 1138] 39, 26; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 43, 66; but mera libertas, in Horace, signifies true, genuine freedom, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 8:

Achaia, illa vera et mera Graecia,

Plin. Ep. 8, 24, 2:

Cecropis,

a real Athenian, Juv. 6, 187.—Hence, adv.: mĕrē, purely, without mixture, wholly, entirely (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

si semel amoris poculum accepit mere,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 22.

offensa, ae, f. [1. offendo, like repulsa, from repello], a striking or grating against any thing.

Lit. (very rare):

donec cerussae similis fiat, nulla dentium offensa,

and does not grit against the teeth, Plin. 34, 10, 22, § 104:

sine offensis fricantium,

id. 35, 15, 52, § 184.—

Trop.

Offence, disfavor, displeasure, hatred; enmity:

quin magnā in offensā sim apud Pompeium,

Cic. Att. 9, 2, a, 2: quod offensae fuerit in istā cunctatione, te subisse, to incur hatred, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

gravissimam contrahere,

to fall into disgrace, Suet. Vesp. 4:

offensam meruisse,

Ov. P. 4, 1, 16:

habere,

to cause hatred, Quint. 9, 2, 72:

ne minus gratiae quam offensae mereamur,

id. 4, 2, 39:

sinceri et sine offensā in diem Christi,

Vulg. Phil. 1, 10.—

An offending against or violating a law, an offence, crime (mostly in jurid. Lat.):

offensa edicti,

Dig. 3, 1, 6:

levis offensae contrahere culpam, Cod. Th. 4, 11, 1: sub quālibet culpae aut erroris offensā,

ib. 6, 10, 1:

offensae veteris reus atque tacendae,

Juv. 4, 105.—

An injury received, an offence, affront, wrong (perh. only since the Aug. per.):

gustus,

Col. 12, 21, 6:

offensas vindicet ense suas,

Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 40:

in offensis exorabilis,

Vell. 2, 29, 4:

per ejusmodi offensas emetiendum est confragosum hoc iter,

Sen. Ep. 18, 4, 2.—

Of a state of injury, a complaint, inconvenience, indisposition:

sine offensā corporis animique,

Petr. 131:

si quid offensae in cenā sensit,

indisposition, Cels. 1, 6; Sen. Ep. 7, 1; cf. in plur., id. Tranq. An. 2, 1.

per, prep. with acc. (by solecism with abl. PER QVO, = whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. with Gr. para; Sanscr. pāra, ulterior; Lith. pèr; cf.: parumper, paulisper; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, like the Gr. dia, motion through a space, or extension over it.

Lit., of space, through, through the midst of, throughout, all over, all along: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): inde Fert sese (equus) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine flumen, id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.):

per membranas oculorum cernere,

Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142:

coronam auream per forum ferre,

id. Att. 14, 16, 2:

iit hasta per tempus utrumque,

Verg. A. 9, 418:

se per munitiones deicere,

Caes. B. G. 3, 26:

per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46:

per ignes,

Ov. M. 8, 76:

per Averna,

id. ib. 14, 105:

per caelum,

Verg. A. 4, 700:

per vias fabulari,

in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1:

per totam urbem,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 11:

qui per provincias atque imperium tuum pecunias ei credidissent,

in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6:

invitati hospitaliter per domos,

Liv. 1, 9:

via secta per ambas (zonas),

Verg. G. 1, 238; 245:

nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias,

in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94:

per illas gentes celebratur,

throughout, Tac. A. 12, 12:

gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt,

Juv. 11, 14.—

Placed after the noun: viam per,

Lucr. 6, 1264:

transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes,

Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.

Transf.

Of time, through, throughout, during, for:

quod des bubus per hiemem,

the winter through, during the winter, Cato, R. R. 25:

nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, judicata est,

Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13:

nulla abs te per hos dies epistula... venerat,

during these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1:

per decem dies ludi facti sunt,

id. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

per idem tempus,

during, at, in the course of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10:

per noctem cernuntur sidera,

during the night, in the night-time, Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48:

per inducias,

during, Liv. 38, 2: per multa bella, id. 8, 13:

per ludos,

id. 2, 18:

per comitia,

Suet. Caes. 80:

per somnum,

id. ib. 45: per tempus, during, i. e. at the right time, = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.:

per singulas noctes,

Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.:

per haec,

meanwhile, id. Claud. 27:

per quae,

id. Tib. 52.—

To indicate the agent, instrument, or means, through, by, by means of:

statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9:

detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata,

id. de Or. 1, 9, 38:

quid ais? vulgo occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus?

by whom? and by whose command? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80:

quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur,

id. ib. 51, 149:

quod nefarium stuprum non per illum factum est,

id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed after its case:

Exerce vocem, quam per vivis et colis,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā fide): per fidem deceptus sum, through confidence, i. e. in my host who betrayed me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, through himself, by himself, of himself, etc.:

homo per se cognitus, sine ullā commendatione majorum,

Cic. Brut. 25, 96:

per me tibi obstiti, = solus,

by myself, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:

satis per te tibi consulis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1:

per se solus,

Liv. 1, 49.—With ipse:

nihil ipsos per se sine P. Sullā facere potuisse,

Cic. Sull. 24, 67:

ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua sponte laudabile,

id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. expression, in, by, through, etc.:

non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere,

by letter, Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2:

per summum dedecus vitam amittere,

in the most infamous manner, most infamously, id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30:

per iram facere aliquid,

in anger, id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79:

per commodum,

Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. supra):

per commodum rei publicae,

id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2:

per ludum et jocum,

sporting and jesting, in sport and jest, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, §

181: per vim,

forcibly, Sall. J. 23, 1:

per dolum,

id. ib. 11, 8:

per otium,

at leisure, Liv. 4, 58, 12:

ceteris copiis per otium trajectis,

id. 21, 28, 4:

cibo per otium capto,

id. 21, 55, 1:

per tumultum = tumultuose,

id. 44, 45, 14. —

To designate the reason, cause, inducement, etc., through, for, by, on account of, for the sake of:

per metum mussari,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12:

qui per virtutem perit, at non interit,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 32:

cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1:

per aetatem,

Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.:

Druso propinquanti quasi per officium obviae fuere legiones,

Tac. A. 1, 24:

ut nihil eum delectaret, quod aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret,

Cic. Mil. 16, 43:

cum per valetudinem posses, venire tamen noluisti,

id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as far as concerns me, you, etc.:

si per vos licet,

Plaut. As. prol. 12:

per me vel stertas licet,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.:

sin hoc non licet per Cratippum,

id. Off. 3, 7, 33:

fides publica per sese inviolata,

Sall. J. 33, 3:

per me ista pedibus trahantur,

Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10:

per me stetisse, quo minus hae fierent nuptiae,

Ter. And. 4, 2, 16:

si per suos esset licitum,

Nep. Eum. 10, 3:

inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat,

Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a god, by men, or by inanimate or abstract things, by:

IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol saepe peccas,

Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.:

si per plures deos juret,

Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36:

quid est enim, per deos, optabilius sapientiā?

id. Off. 2, 2, 5:

per deos atque homines,

id. Div. 2, 55, 116:

per dexteram te istam oro,

id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.:

per tuam fidem Te obtestor,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 55:

nunc te per amicitiam et per amorem obsecro,

id. ib. 2, 1, 26:

per pietatem!

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4:

per comitatem edepol, pater, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. often separated from its object:

per ego vobis deos atque homines dies, ut, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1:

per ego te deos oro,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15:

per ego te, fili... precor quaesoque, etc.,

Liv. 23, 9, 2:

per ego has lacrimas... te Oro,

Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841:

per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor,

Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of object:

per, si qua est... Intemerata fides, oro, i. e. per eam,

Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903:

per, si quid merui de te bene, perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to indicate an apparent or pretended cause or inducement, under the show or pretext of, under color of:

qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam,

Cic. Caecin. 3, 7:

naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad fauces portus prodire jussit,

under pretext of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24;

v. causa: per speciem alienae fungendae vicis suas opes firmavit,

Liv. 1, 41 fin.:

per simulationem officii,

Tac. H. 1, 74.—

In composition, it usually adds intensity to the signif., thoroughly, perfectly, completely, exceedingly, very much, very (very often in Cicero's epistolary style, and in new-formed words, as perbenevolus, percautus, percupidus, perbelle, perofficiose, pergaudeo; see these articles): pervelle, perfacilis, peramanter; sometimes it denotes the completion of an action, e. g. perorare, peragere;

sometimes it is repeated: perdifficilis et perobscura quaestio,

Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.;

but also: perexiguā et minuta,

id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30:

percautus et diligens,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It frequently occurs in tmesi:

nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda,

Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205:

per mihi mirum visum est,

id. ib. 49, 214:

per enim magni aestimo,

id. Att. 10, 1, 1:

ibi te quam primum per videre velim, = videre pervelim,

id. ib. 15, 4, 2:

Platoni per fuit familiaris,

Gell. 2, 18, 1:

per, inquit, magister optime, exoptatus mihi nunc venis,

id. 18, 4, 2.—Per quam (also perquam), very, exceedingly, extremely:

per quam breviter perstrinxi,

Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:

per quam modica civium merita,

Plin. Pan. 60:

per quam velim scire,

very much indeed, id. Ep. 7, 27, 1:

PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI,

Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one word:

illorum mores perquam meditate tenes,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16:

propulit perquam indignis modis,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 9:

erat perquam onerosum,

Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13:

perquam honorificum,

id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an intervening word:

per pol quam paucos reperias,

Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed after the word it governs; v. supra, I. fin. and II. B.

prŏbābĭlis, e, adj. [id.].

Lit., that may be assumed, believed, or proved; likely, credible, probable (class.):

probabile est id, quod fere fieri solet, aut quod in opinione positum est, aut quod habet in se ad haec quandam similitudinem, sive id falsum est, sive verum,

Cic. Inv. 1, 29, 46:

quae probabilia videantur,

id. Fin. 5, 26, 76:

est enim in his rebus aliquid probabile,

id. ib. 3, 17, 58; id. Ac. 2, 11, 33; 2, 63, 154:

nihil est tam incredibile, quod non dicendo fiat probabile, id. Par. praef. 1: ratio,

id. Off. 1, 3, 8:

conjectura et ratio,

id. Div. 2, 6, 16:

probabilis et prope vera disputatio,

id. de Or. 1, 56, 240:

causa,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 173:

mendacium,

Liv. 40, 29:

Causae,

Tac. A. 6, 14.—

Transf., in gen., worthy of approval, pleasing, agreeable, acceptable, commendable, laudable, good, fit (class.).

Of persons:

C. Licinius probabilis orator: jam vero etiam probatus,

Cic. Brut. 76, 263:

voce peracutā atque magnā, nec alia re ulla probabilis,

id. ib. 68, 241:

discipulus,

id. de Or. 1, 28, 129:

jucundior et probabilior populo orator,

id. ib. 2, 36, 153; Nep. Cat. 3, 1.—

Of things concr. and abstr.:

materia,

Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 18:

nomen,

id. Caec. 25, 71:

boves non minus probabiles animis, quam corporibus,

Col. 6, 1, 2:

aqua maxime probabilis,

Plin. 31, 3, 23, § 38:

gustus,

Col. 3, 2, 24:

soli et caeli qualitas,

id. ib. 3, 1, 10:

rosa nec odore, nec specie probabilis,

Plin. 21, 4, 10, § 18:

genus orationis,

Cic. Part. 6, 19; Liv. 2, 13:

mores,

Col. 6, 2, 14:

vir ingenio sane probabili,

Cic. Brut. 48, 180.—Hence, adv.: prŏ-bābĭlĭter.

Probably, credibly (class.):

rem breviter exponere et probabiliter,

Cic. Or. 35, 122:

rationem reddere,

id. Fin. 3, 17, 58:

dicere,

id. de Or. 2, 82, 337:

multa probabiliter argumentatus,

Liv. 33, 28:

justius et probabilius accusare,

Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 136:

defendere,

Liv. 42, 48.—

Laudably, fitly, well (post-Aug.):

consulatum gerere,

Vell. 2, 46, 4:

eleganter et probabiliter hoc dictum est,

Gell. 9, 16, 6:

recte et probabiliter dici,

id. 1, 16, 9.— Comp.:

probabilius Lutatius,

Val. Max. 2, 8, 2.

suāvis, e (sŭāves, trisyl., Sedul. 1, 274), adj. [Gr. root had-, handanô, to please; hêdus, sweet; Sanscr. svad-, taste; cf. suadeo], sweet, pleasant, agreeable, grateful, delightful (freq. and class.; cf.: dulcis, jucundus).

As affecting the senses:

quod suave est aliis, aliis fit amarum,

Lucr. 4, 658:

odor suavis et jucundus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 23:

elixus esse quam assus soleo suavior,

Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 66:

vidimus et merulas poni et sine clune palumbes, Suaves res, si, etc.,

Hor. S. 2, 8, 92:

suaviores aquae,

Plin. 20, 11, 44, § 114:

radix suavissimi gustūs et odoris,

id. 25, 9, 64, § 110:

spiritus unguenti,

Lucr. 3, 223:

tibi suavis daedala tellus Summittit flores,

id. 1, 7:

anima, Phaedr, 3, 1, 5: suavior et lenior color,

Plin. 9, 41, 65, § 140: sonus Egeriai, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 42 Müll.:

cantus,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 2:

cantatio,

id. Stich. 5, 5, 19:

sermo,

id. As. 5, 1, 8:

accentus,

Quint. 12, 10, 33:

appellatio litterarum,

id. 11, 3, 35:

vox,

Gell. 19, 9, 10:

sopor,

Lucr. 4, 453.— Poet., suave, adv., sweetly, agreeably, pleasantly:

suave locus voci resonat conclusus,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 76:

suave rubens hyacinthus,

Verg. E. 3, 63:

rubenti Murice,

id. ib. 4, 43.—

As affecting the mind or feelings (cf.: gratus, jucundus): doctus, fidelis, Suavis homo, facundus, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4 (Ann. v. 250 Vahl.); so,

homo,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 3, 64:

mea suavis, amabilis, amoena Stephanium,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 54:

comes, benigni, faciles, suaves homines esse dicuntur, qui erranti comiter monstrant viam, benigne, non gravate,

Cic. Balb. 16, 36; cf.:

suavis, sicut fuit, videri maluit quam gravis,

id. Brut. 9, 38:

amor suavissimus,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 3, 45:

amicitia,

Lucr. 1, 141:

inter nos conjunctio,

Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 1:

suavis suaviatio,

Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 12; id. Ps. 1, 1, 63:

hunc diem suavem Meum natalem agitemus amoenum,

id. Pers. 5, 1, 16:

modus,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 17.—Suave est with subj.-clause:

ut rei servire suave est!

Plaut. Truc. 2, 3, 21:

tibi porro ut non sit suave vivere,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 73:

suave, mari magno... E terrā magnum alterius spectare laborem,

Lucr. 2, 1: non quin mihi suavissimum sit... tuae memoriae dare operam, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 1.—Hence, adv.: suāvĭ-ter, sweetly, agreeably, pleasantly, delightfully (class.).

To the senses:

video quam suaviter voluptas sensibus nostris blandiatur,

Cic. Ac. 2, 45, 139:

nec tam bene quam suaviter loquendo,

id. de Or. 3, 11, 43; cf.

dicere,

id. Brut. 29, 110.— Sup.:

suavissime legere,

Plin. Ep. 3, 15, 3:

peucedanum odore suaviter gravi,

Plin. 25, 9, 70, § 118.—

To the mind, etc.:

secunda jucunde ac suaviter meminerimus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 17, 57:

epistula copiose et suaviter scripta,

id. Fam. 15, 21, 4; cf. sup.:

litterae suavissime scriptae,

id. ib. 13, 18, 1:

quid agis, dulcissime rerum? Suaviter, ut nunc est, inquam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 5; Petr. 71, 10; 75, 8:

sicut tu amicissime et suavissime optas,

Cic. Fam. 3, 12. [p. 1772]