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41 LOE - Ley Orgánica de Educación (2006)
This Spanish reform established four stages of pre-university education: non-compulsory educación infantil (↑ educación a1), from birth to six years; compulsory primary education, Primaria (↑ primario a1), from six to twelve; compulsory secondary education, ESO - Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (↑ ESO a1), from twelve to sixteen; and either two years of Bachillerato (↑ bachillerato a1), leading to university entrance, or two years of Formación Profesional Específica de Grado Medio, vocational training that can lead to Formación Profesional Específica de Grado Superior. The LOE superseded the LOGSE Ley Orgánica de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo of 1990. The major change was a reduction in humanities subjects in the curriculum, while citizenship classes Educación para la Ciudadanía were introduced. The latter have been controversial in some quarters.Spanish-English dictionary > LOE - Ley Orgánica de Educación (2006)
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42 LRU - Ley de Reforma Universitaria
This Spanish law of 1983 upheld the principle of university autonomy and divided responsibility for universities between the state, the autonomous regions, and the universities themselves. It gave universities academic independence and responsibility for hiring and promoting staff. It shortened degree courses from five to four years. Subjects offered were changed to meet the needs of the labor market.Spanish-English dictionary > LRU - Ley de Reforma Universitaria
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43 La Concertación
A multi-party, pro-democracy coalition founded in Chile in 1988 to oppose the then president Augusto Pinochet. Its specific aim was to present a united front at the plebiscite on whether Pinochet should continue as president. Pinochet lost the plebiscite and since then it has facilitated Chile's peaceful transition to democracy after the years of dictatorship. -
44 La Tirana
A spectacular yearly festival in La Tirana, Chile. The high point is on July 16, the day of La Virgen del Carmen, Chile's patron saint. Many thousands of people come to the village to watch three days of non-stop dancing by costumed dancers before a richly adorned statue of the Virgin. Some of the dances are fantastic, others are religious allegories, such as the diabladas, performed by dancers wearing devil masks. -
45 La Vanguardia
La Vanguardia, founded in Barcelona in 1881, is one of Spain's most prestigious newspapers (circulation: over 191,000). Published daily in Barcelona, it can also be accessed on the Internet (www.lavanguardia.es). La Vanguardia has a reputation as a serious and objective paper and is most influential in Catalonia. -
46 Lotería Primitiva or Loto
Lotería Primitiva or LotoA Spanish state lottery founded in 1985. It works like the bonoloto (↑ bonoloto a1): players mark six numbers on a ticket containing 49 numbers and win the main prize if all their numbers come up in the draw. There are "ordinary" draws on Thursdays and Saturdays, and a draw for a larger prize on the last Sunday of each month, known as El Gordo (↑ gordo a1), or El Gordo de la Primitiva. -
47 Machu Picchu
An Inca fortress and sacred city in the southern Peruvian Andes. The site covers an area of around five square miles (thirteen square kilometers) at an altitude of 7,874 feet (2,400 meters). It includes a temple and citadel and is surrounded by terraces. It was rediscovered in 1911 by the American, Hiram Bingham./ˈmatʃuː ˈpiːtʃuː/Machu Picchu (↑ machucón A1)* * *Machu Picchu, Machu Pichu nMachu Picchu -
48 Mayas
The Mayas, possibly of North American origin, settled in the Yucatán Peninsula around 2600 BC, and established a civilization which spread through Southern Mexico, into Guatemala, Belize, parts of Honduras and El Salvador, flourishing until the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Their society was organized on the basis of city states grouped into confederations. Though lacking metal tools, the Mayas built stepped pyramids and other stone monuments such as those at Chichén Itzá, Uxmal, Petén and Palenque. -
49 Mossos d'Esquadra
The police force of the Catalan autonomous region. It has a wide range of responsibilities but the Guardia Civil (↑ guardia a1) and Policía Nacional (↑ policía a1) also operate in Catalonia.Mossos d'Esquadra Mossos d'Esquadra (↑mossos 1) -
50 NIF - Número de identificación fiscal
Tax identification code that all residents of Spain must have. People must give it when applying for a loan, opening a bank account, sending invoices, etc. It is the same as a person's identity number, with an additional letter.Spanish-English dictionary > NIF - Número de identificación fiscal
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51 Nochevieja y Año Nuevo
In Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries, it is customary to see the New Year in by eating twelve grapes for good luck, one on each chime of the clock at midnight. -
52 ONCE - Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles
ONCE was founded in 1938 to create employment for the blind. The organization started fund-raising lotteries, for which blind people sold tickets throughout Spain.In 1981 ONCE launched a national lottery which is drawn every day except Saturday. Money raised is invested in training and social centers for blind people. The biggest of its prizes is the cuponazo.Spanish-English dictionary > ONCE - Organización Nacional de Ciegos Españoles
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53 Onda Cero
A radio network broadcasting on AM and FM. It is owned by Telefónica, Spain's most important telecommunications group. See also la radio española (↑ radio a1) -
54 PAN - Partido de Acción Nacional
The political party that won the Mexican general elections in 2000, breaking the Partido Revolucional Institucional's record of 71 years in power. PRI - Partido Revolucionario Institucional (↑ PRI a1) PAN was founded in 1939 as a conservative alternative to President, Lázaro Cárdenas. It presents an image of being a defender of popular causes, but takes an individualistic approach to matters of education and property. Its traditional policies include limiting state intervention in the economy to a minimum and bringing about a greater rapprochement between the government and the church.Spanish-English dictionary > PAN - Partido de Acción Nacional
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55 PNV - Partido Nacionalista Vasco
The main Basque nationalist party. The PNV 's influence on Spanish politics was considerable while the PSOE was in power in Madrid, through pacts to ensure the central government's parliamentary majority. Relations have been far less cordial with the conservative PP under José María Aznar. Following the Basque parliamentary elections of 2001, the PNV was only able to form a government by forming a coalition with the progressive autonomists of Eusko Alkartasuna (Basque Alliance) and the communist Izquierda Unida-Ezker Batua (United Left).Spanish-English dictionary > PNV - Partido Nacionalista Vasco
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56 PP - Partido Popular
One of Spain's two main national political parties, the other being the PSOE - Partido Socialista Obrero Español (↑ PSOE a1). The PP defines itself as a party of the center right.The PP won the Spanish general elections for the first time in 1996, but without an absolute majority. It won in 2000 with an absolute majority, but lost power in 2005. In the 2008 general elections it increased its share of the vote, but remained the main opposition party. It aims to make the economy more flexible, defeat Basque terrorism and support the European Union. -
57 PSOE - Partido Socialista Obrero Español
One of Spain's two main national political parties, the other being the PP - Partido Popular (↑ PP a1). The PSOE was transformed from a democratic Marxist party to a liberal democratic party in 1978. It came to power in 1982 and remained in government until 1996. Under the leadership of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero it returned to power in 2005 and increased its share of the vote in the 2008 general elections.Spanish-English dictionary > PSOE - Partido Socialista Obrero Español
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58 Palacio de Oriente
also known as the Palacio Real is the official residence of the Spanish Royal Family. The Royal Family now lives in the Palacio de la Zarzuela, on the outskirts of Madrid. -
59 Premio Cervantes
A prize given in Spain for literary achievement. It is Spain's most prestigious literary prize. -
60 Premio Josep Pla
An annual prize awarded each Epiphany ( día de Reyes) in Barcelona by the Spanish publisher Destino for the best prose work in Catalan.
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