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21 at one's earliest convenience
Общая лексика: когда удобноУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > at one's earliest convenience
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22 let somebody know at (one's) earliest convenience
Общая лексика: проинформировать (кого-л.) как можно быстрее, сообщить (кому-л.) как можно быстрееУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > let somebody know at (one's) earliest convenience
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23 at one's earliest convenience
secepat mungkinEnglish-Indonesian dictionary > at one's earliest convenience
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24 At one's earliest convenience
При первой возможностиDifficulties of the English language (lexical reference) English-Russian dictionary > At one's earliest convenience
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25 flag
̈ɪflæɡ I
1. сущ.
1) знамя, стяг, флаг to display, fly, hangout a flag ≈ вывешивать флаг to hoist, raise, run up, unfurl a flag ≈ поднимать флаг to dip, lower, strike a flag ≈ спускать флаг to wave a flag ≈ махать флагом a flag flies, flutters ≈ флаг трепещет, развевается under a flag ≈ под флагом, под знаменем garrison flag ≈ гарнизонный флаг holiday flag ≈ праздничный/парадный флаг national flag ≈ национальный флаг white flag, flag of truce ≈ белый флаг, флаг парламентера (сигнал о капитуляции) Syn: ensign, banner
2) а) хвост( сеттера и ньюфаундленда) б) шерсть, которой покрыт хвост (сеттера или ньюфаундленда) в) олений хвост
3) полигр. корректурный знак пропуска
4) а) флагман, флагманский корабль Syn: flagship б) национальная принадлежность( воздушного или морского судна) Syn: nationality ∙ to lower/strike flag мор. ≈ сдаваться to hoist one's flag мор. ≈ принимать командование to strike one's flag ≈ сдавать командование to show/wave the flag ≈ демонстрировать свой патриотизм
2. гл.
1) а) подавать сигналы, сигнализировать б) спец. попросить остановиться (напр., автотранспорт на дороге), 'голосовать'
2) отмечать, обозначать флажками
3) налагать штраф, наказывать (часто в спорт. терминологии) At that very moment a lineman flagged for being offside. ≈ И в этот самый момент судья на линии поднял флажок, означающий положение вне игры. Syn: penalize ∙ flag down II сущ.;
бот. касатик Syn: darling III
1. сущ.
1) диал. а) дерн, слой дерна б) срез земли, образуемой при прохождении по ней плуга
2) а) плита (для мощения) ;
плитняк б) мн. тротуар или мостовая, вымощенные плитами
2. гл. выстилать мостовую или тротуар плитами to flag over ≈ строить мостовую Syn: pave IV гл.
1) повиснуть, поникнуть
2) а) стать менее интересным, стать менее привлекательным б) ослабевать, слабеть;
потерять стабильность;
перен. пасть духом флаг - * of truce, white * (белый) флаг парламентера - to hang out /to show/ the white * вывесить белый флаг;
сдаваться - black * черный /пиратский/ флаг;
(историческое) флаг, поднимаемый над тюрьмой в знак совершившийся казни - house * (морское) вымпел судоходной компании - to dip the * приспустить флаг для салюта - ships of all *s (образное) суда всех стран флажок (у такси и т. п.) - a taxi with the * up свободное такси (морское) флагман, флагманский корабль (сленг) передник (полиграфия) корректорский знак пропуска( компьютерное) признак, флаг;
разделитель кадров, ограничитель кадра - * field поле признака (охота) хвост (сеттера, ньюфаундленда и др.) (спортивное) ворота в слаломе - blind *s вертикальные ворота в слаломе (кинематографический) (телевидение) "флаг", экран или затенитель для регулирования освещения > to show the * появиться на минуту > we won't stay long, we'll just show the * and then leave мы там долго не останемся, покажемся и уйдем > to fly one's * (морское) командовать соединением > to get one's * (морское) стать адмиралом > to hoist one's /the/ * (морское) принимать командование > to strike one's /the/ * (морское) сдавать командование;
сдаваться, покоряться, прекращать сопротивление > with *s flying с развевающимися знаменами, с победой > to keep the * flying высоко держать знамя( чего-л.) ;
быть воинственно настроенным, не сдаваться > to drop the * (спортивное) махнуть флажком (сигнал в состязании) украшать флагами;
вывешивать флаги - to * a house вывесить флаги на доме сигнализировать флагами или флажками;
(морское) тж. передавать флажными сигналами - to * an order передать флажками приказ делать знаки, сигнализировать - to * a taxi остановить /поймать/ такси (тж. to * down) (спортивное) отмечать флажками (трассу и т. п.) - to * a course обозначить флажками трассу соревнований (компьютерное) размечать, помечать, метить заманить (дичь), размахивая флажком и т. п. (ботаника) ирис( Iris gen.) (ботаника) удлиненный лист каменная плита;
плитняк вымощенный плитняком тротуар (геология) тонкий слой породы мостить, выстилать плитняком повиснуть, поникнуть - the sails were *ging паруса обвисли - plants *ging from drought растения, поникшие от засухи ослабевать, уменьшаться( об интересе, энтузиазме и т. п.) - the conversation was *ging разговор не клеился - his strength was *ging силы его убывали (редкое) ослаблять, расслаблять - to * the spirits действовать угнетающе, портить настроение перья (на крыле птицы) (собирательнле) перья на лапах (совы, ястреба) busy ~ вчт. признак занятости carry ~ вчт. признак переноса carry ~ вчт. признак переполнения done ~ вчт. флаг готовности emergency ~ сигнал бедствия error ~ вчт. признак ошибки event ~ вчт. признак события flag pl вымощенный плитами тротуар flagstone: flagstone =flag ~ украшать флагами;
flag down разг. сигнализировать водителю с требованием остановить машину ~ флаг, знамя, стяг;
flag of truce парламентерский флаг ~ выстилать плитами ~ бот. касатик ~ полигр. корректурный знак пропуска;
to lower (или to strike) flag мор. сдаваться ~ ослабевать, уменьшаться;
our conversation was flagging наш разговор не клеился ~ плита (для мощения) ;
плитняк ~ повиснуть, поникнуть ~ вчт. пометить ~ вчт. помечать ~ вчт. признак ~ сигнализировать флагами ~ украшать флагами;
flag down разг. сигнализировать водителю с требованием остановить машину ~ флаг, знамя, стяг;
flag of truce парламентерский флаг ~ вчт. флаг ~ флаг ~ хвост (сеттера и ньюфаундленда) ~ of convenience суд. выгодный флаг ~ of convenience (мор.) "удобный флаг", флаг (обыкн. малого государства), плавание под которым является наиболее выгодным( по соображениям налогообложения) ~ of convenience суд. удобный флаг ~ of distress( мор.) флаг бедствия (полуспущенный или перевернутый) ~ of ship суд. флаг корабля to hoist (to strike) one's ~ мор. принимать (сдавать) командование ~ полигр. корректурный знак пропуска;
to lower (или to strike) flag мор. сдаваться merchant ~ торговый флаг national ~ государственный флаг national ~ национальный флаг official ~ государственный флаг ~ ослабевать, уменьшаться;
our conversation was flagging наш разговор не клеился parity ~ вчт. признак четности ready ~ вчт. флаг готовности signal ~ сигнальный флаг single-bit ~ вчт. одноразрядный флаг skip ~ вчт. признак пропуска state ~ государственный флаг status ~ вчт. флаг состояния yellow ~ карантинный флаг zero ~ вчт. признак нуля -
26 at
-თან, -ში, -ზეat home სახლში, შინat first თავდაპირველად / ჯერat the same time 2 იმავდროულად / ერთდროულადat the present time 2 ჩვენს დროში / ამჟამადan athletic figure ათლეტური ფიგურა / აღნაგობაI`m not at all tired სულაც არა ვარ დაღლილიI don`t know him at all სულ არ ვიცნობI’ll go today if at all თუ საერთოდ წავალ, დღეს წავალat the approaches to the town ქალაქის მისადგომებთან / მისადგომებზეthey arrived at a decision გადაწყვეტილებამდე მივიდნენ // გადაწყვეტილება მიიღესto be at daggers drawn / at daggers points with smb. ვინმესთან დანასისხლად ყოფნაat one / a single blow ერთი დარტყმითat bottom ბუნებით, გულითat bottom he is a kind man ბუნებით / გულით კეთილი კაციაat the close of the play პიესის ბოლოს / დასასრულსat / in one gulp ერთ ყლუპადat a given time დათქმულ / აღთქმულ დროსat the distance შორს, მოშორებითat the end of the world გადაკარგულში // ცხრა მთას იქითat all events // in any event ყოველ შემთხვევაშიat first sight/glance პირველივე შეხედვითat heart გულში, გუნებაშიat such an early / late hour ასე ადრე / გვიანat the very moment სწორედ იმ დროს/იმ მომენტშიat full throttle სრული სვლით // მაქსიმალური სიჩქარითat the top of one's voice / speed მთელი ხმით / სისწრაფითat the top of the page / list გვერდის / სიის თავშიat a touch შეხებისას // ერთი შეხებითat the last minute ბოლო წუთში / წუთსat the (present) moment ამჟამად, ახლაat / by / in the night ღამეat night-time ღამე / ღამთat close range ახლოს / ახლოდანat that rate ასეთ / ამ შემთხვევაშიat rest გაჩერებული, უმოძრაო, დაწყნარებულიat this point… ამ დროს // ამ ადგილზე / ადგილასat any point ნებისმიერ მომენტში // ნებისმიერ ადგილასat length 1 ბოლოს, დასადრულსat length 2 გრძლად / დიდხანსat last ბოლოს, დასასრულს, როგორც იქნაit's no bother at all სულაც არ მაწუხებ / არ ვწუხდებიI'm at your disposal თქვენს განკარგულებაში ვარ / მზად ვარ გემსახუროთit catches the eye at once მაშინვე თვალში გხვდება / გეცემაto be / feel at home in (on, with) რისამე კარგად ცოდნა / ფლობაhe is at home on any subject / topic ყველაფერშია გარკვეული // ყველაფერზე შეუძლია საუბარიI'm completely at sea აზრზე / ბაიბურში არა ვარ // წარმოდგენა არა მაქვსI'll stay at home / in bed შინ დავრჩები // ლოგინიდან არ ავდგები, ვიწვები●●he'll stop at nothing ყოველ ღონეს იხმარს // არაფერზე უკან არ დაიხევს // ყველაფერს იკადრებსto snap at 2 უკმეხად / მკვახედ პასუხიall at once უვებ / უცბად / მოულოდნელადto poke fun at smb. დაცინვაkeep at it! განაგრძე! / არ მოეშვა!to let out at smb. შეტევა, მივარდნა, ცემა (ეცემა)●●to be at liberty უფლების / ნების ქონაlook at me! შემომხედე, მიყურე! -
27 early
{'ə:li}
I. a ран (ен)
to be EARLY идвам рано/навреме
the EARLY cock първи петли
the EARLY quiet тишината на ранното утро
in the EARLY afternoon рано след обед
EARLY bird/riser ранобудник
EARLY bird съкр. Е. В. телевизионен транслационен спътник
it's the EARLY bird that catches/gets the worm рано пиле рано пее
in (the) EARLY summer/winter в началото на лятото/зимата
EARLY door театр. влизане в театъра рано преди представлението (срещу допълнително заплащане)
EARLY closing day търг. ден, в който магазините се затварят рано
it's EARLY days yet to още е рано да, би било прибързано да
EARLY ages далечни времена
in the EARLY thirties в началото на 30-те години
of an EARLY date стар, отдавнашен
EARLY errors младежки грешки
one'sEARLY education първоначалното си образование
at an EARLY date скоро
at the earliest possible convenience/opportunity при първа възможност
II. adv рано, преждевременно, в началото
EARLY in life докато съм още млад
EARLY enough навреме
as EARLY as the 15th century още през XV век
what is the earliest you can come? кога най-рано можеш да дойдеш? EARLY on още в началото, още в най-ранен стадий* * *{'ъ:li} а ран(ен); to be early идвам рано/навреме; the early cock първи(2) {'ъ:li} adv рано; преждевременно; в началото; early in life док* * *ран; ранен; рано;* * *1. as early as the 15th century още през xv век 2. at an early date скоро 3. at the earliest possible convenience/opportunity при първа възможност 4. early ages далечни времена 5. early bird съкр. Е. В. телевизионен транслационен спътник 6. early bird/riser ранобудник 7. early closing day търг. ден, в който магазините се затварят рано 8. early door театр. влизане в театъра рано преди представлението (срещу допълнително заплащане) 9. early enough навреме 10. early errors младежки грешки 11. early in life докато съм още млад 12. i. a ран (ен) 13. ii. adv рано, преждевременно, в началото 14. in (the) early summer/winter в началото на лятото/зимата 15. in the early afternoon рано след обед 16. in the early thirties в началото на 30-те години 17. it's early days yet to още е рано да, би било прибързано да 18. it's the early bird that catches/gets the worm рано пиле рано пее 19. of an early date стар, отдавнашен 20. one'searly education първоначалното си образование 21. the early cock първи петли 22. the early quiet тишината на ранното утро 23. to be early идвам рано/навреме 24. what is the earliest you can come? кога най-рано можеш да дойдеш? early on още в началото, още в най-ранен стадий* * *early[´ə:li] I. adj ранен; to be \early пристигам рано (навреме); the \early cock първи петли; the \early quiet тишината на ранното утро; the \early stages of pregnancy ранните етапи на бременността; to keep \early hours лягам си рано, имам обичай да си лягам рано, водя редовен живот; \early door театр. пускане в театъра рано преди представлението (срещу допълнително заплащане); the earliest times най-ранните (най-отдалечените) времена; the E. Church първата (ранната) Християнска църква; in the \early twenties of the last century в началото на 20-те години на миналия век; of an \early date стар; o.'s \early education началното си образование; at an \early date скоро, не след дълго; at the earliest possible convenience при първа възможност; II. adv рано; преждевременно; в началото; \early in life докато съм още млад; \early enough навреме; \early in the season в началото на сезона; \early in the list в началото на списъка; as \early as possible колкото е възможно по-рано; as \early as the 15th century още през ХV в.; an incident which occurred earlier in the game инцидент, който стана в началото на играта; it's \early days yet to say рано е още да се каже. -
28 flag
{flæg}
I. 1. перуника, ирис (Iris)
2. дълъг, мечовиден лист (като на перуника)
3. вид груба трева (Typha) (и рl)
II. 1. плоча (за настилка)
2. шиста
3. рl каменна настилка, тротоар, плочник
III. v (-gg-) настилам с плочи/павета, павирам
IV. 1. знаме, флаг, флагче, байрак
2. знаме на флагман
to hoist one's/the FLAG поема командуването
3. печ. коректорски знак за нещо изпуснато
to lower/strike the FLAG предавам се
to drop the FLAG сп. давам знак за начало/край на състезание
to keep the FLAG flying държа високо знамето, не се предавам
to put the FLAG out празнувам победа и пр.
to show the FLAG правя официално посещение в чуждо пристанище, разг. появявам се, обръщам внимание върху себе си/фирма, която представлявам и пр.
FLAG of convenience чуждо знаме, под което плува даден кораб (обик. за избягване на високите такси в собствената си страна)
V. 1. слагам знаме на
2. украсявам/означавам със знамена
3. сигнализирам с флагче
давам сигнал (на превозно средство, водач) да спре (и с down)
VI. n pl зоол. крилни пера, пера по краката на бухал и пр
VII. 1. увисвам, провисвам
2. отпускам се, клюмвам, падам духом
3. намалявам, спадам (за интерес, напрежение в разказ), ставам безинтересен
замирам (за разговор) (и begin to FLAG)
FLAGging economy западаща икономика* * *{flag} n 1. плоча (за настилка); 2. шиста; 3. рl каменна нас{3} {flag} v (-gg-) настилам с плочи/павета, павирам.{4} {flag} n 1. знаме, флаг, флагче, байрак; 2. знаме на флагман{5} {flag} v (-gg-) 1. слагам знаме на; 2. украсявам/означавам с{6} {flag} n pl зоол. крилни пера; пера по краката на бухал и пр {7} {flag} v (-gg-) 1. увисвам, провисвам; 2. отпускам се, клюмв<BR>* * *флаг; стрък; увисвам; слабея; отпадам; провисвам; байрак; знаме; клюмвам;* * *1. flag of convenience чуждо знаме, под което плува даден кораб (обик. за избягване на високите такси в собствената си страна) 2. flagging economy западаща икономика 3. i. перуника, ирис (iris) 4. ii. плоча (за настилка) 5. iii. v (-gg-) настилам с плочи/павета, павирам 6. iv. знаме, флаг, флагче, байрак 7. pl каменна настилка, тротоар, плочник 8. to drop the flag сп. давам знак за начало/край на състезание 9. to hoist one's/the flag поема командуването 10. to keep the flag flying държа високо знамето, не се предавам 11. to lower/strike the flag предавам се 12. to put the flag out празнувам победа и пр 13. to show the flag правя официално посещение в чуждо пристанище, разг. появявам се, обръщам внимание върху себе си/фирма, която представлявам и пр 14. v. слагам знаме на 15. vi. n pl зоол. крилни пера, пера по краката на бухал и пр 16. vii. увисвам, провисвам 17. вид груба трева (typha) (и pl) 18. давам сигнал (на превозно средство, водач) да спре (и с down) 19. дълъг, мечовиден лист (като на перуника) 20. замирам (за разговор) (и begin to flag) 21. знаме на флагман 22. намалявам, спадам (за интерес, напрежение в разказ), ставам безинтересен 23. отпускам се, клюмвам, падам духом 24. печ. коректорски знак за нещо изпуснато 25. сигнализирам с флагче 26. украсявам/означавам със знамена 27. шиста* * *flag[flæg] I. n 1. флаг, знаме, флагче, байрак; to hang out ( show) the white \flag предавам се; red \flag сигнал за опасност; yellow \flag жълто (карантинно) знаме; a \flag of convenience (плаване под) чужд флаг във свои води, за избягване на данъци; \flag of truce бяло (парламентьорско) знаме; with \flags flying с развени знамена, победоносно, с чест и слава; to show the \flag появявам се (присъствам) на мероприятие, за да напомня за съществуването си; to dip the \flag свалям знамето (за салютиране); to lower ( strike) the \flag предавам се; to drop the \flag давам знак за начало (край) на състезание; to fly a \flag вдигам, развявам знаме; put the \flags out празнувам победа; wrap ( drape) o.s. in the \flag парадирам с патриотизъм, като в същото време гоня лични облаги (за политик); to fly a \flag at half-mast спускам знаме наполовина (в знак на траур); to keep the \flag flying държа високо знамето, не се предавам; 2. знаме на флагман; to hoist o.'s ( the) \flag поемам командването, обявявам за своя територия; 3. опашка (на ловджийско, нюфаундлендско куче); 4. ам. печ. коректорски знак за нещо пропуснато; 5. pl крилни пера; II. v 1. сигнализирам с флагче; to \flag a train спирам влак (чрез сигнализиране с флагче); \flag down сигнализирам (на шофьор, превозно средство) да спре; 2. слагам знаме на; украсявам (означавам) със знамена. III. n 1. плоча (за настилане); 2. шиста; 3. pl каменна настилка, тротоар, плочник; VI. v настилам с плочи, павирам. V. n 1. перуника, ирис Iris; 2. стрък; 3. буренак, треволяк (и pl). VI. v 1. увисвам, провисвам; 2. отпускам се, клюмвам, падам духом; отслабвам, отпадам, намалявам се, слабея, линея, крея, гасна; the story \flags towards the end напрежението спада към края. -
29 early
ˈə:lɪ
1. прил.
1) а) ранний (в начале дня, недели, года, возраста и т. п.) in the 1970s and the early 1980s ≈ в 70-х и начале 80-х годов a few weeks in early summer ≈ несколько недель в начале лета He was in her early teens. ≈ Он был в раннем юношеском возрасте. the early hours of Saturday morning ≈ ранние часы в субботу утром early bird ≈ ранняя пташка early days ≈ юность Ant: late б) начальный, ранний ( о деятельности, развитии и т. п.) Fassbinder's early films ≈ ранние фильмы Фасбиндера the early days of the occupation ≈ первые дни оккупации The man who is to be good at anything must have early training. ≈ Человек, который в любом деле хочет добиться успеха, должен начинать обучение с ранних лет. в) предыдущий the book's early chapters ≈ предыдущие главы книги
2) преждевременный;
с.-х. скороспелый an early peach ≈ ранний, скороспелый персик her husband's early death ≈ преждевременная смерть ее мужа I'm always early. ≈ Я всегда прихожу раньше.
3) заблаговременный;
своевременный Syn: preliminary, timely
4) близкий, ближайший at an early date ≈ в ближайшем будущем at your earliest convenience ≈ самое раннее, когда вам будет удобно
5) старинный two large and finely painted early dishes ≈ два больших прекрасно расписанных старинных блюда Syn: ancient
1.
6) геол. нижний( о свитах) ;
древний
2. нареч.
1) рано, в начале early in the year ≈ в начале года early in the day ≈ рано утром;
перен. заблаговременно I knew I had to get up early. ≈ Я знал, что мне придется рано вставать. We'll hope to see you some time early next week. ≈ Мы надеемся увидеть вас в начале следующей недели. an incident which occurred much earlier in the game ≈ инцидент, который произошел в игре гораздо раньше early in life ≈ в молодости
2) заблаговременно, своевременно She arrived early to secure a place at the front. ≈ Она приехала заранее, чтобы занять место впереди. Syn: beforehand, in time
3) преждевременно, досрочно This early flowering gladioulus is not very hardy. ≈ Этот досрочно распустившийся гладиолус не очень морозоустойчив.
4) скоро, в ближайшее время ∙ early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise посл. ≈ кто рано ложится и рано встает, здоровье, богатство и ум наживет ранний - * morning раннее утро - in * spring ранней весной - * breakfast ранний завтрак - at an * hour рано утром, в ранний час - he is an * riser он рано встает - * delivery первая /утренняя/ доставка( почты) - * edition утренний выпуск( газеты) ;
одно из первых изданий (книги) - to be too * прийти раньше назначенного /нужного/ времени - it's too * to go in, the doors don't open till 8 o'clock еще не пускают, двери открываются только в 8 часов - to keep * hours рано ложиться и рано вставать ранний, раннеспелый, скороспелый - * fruit скороспелка, скороспелый сорт - * tomatoes ранние помидоры в сравнит. ст. предыдущий - earlier studies ранее проведенные исследования - in the earlier chapters в предыдущих главах начальный - the * Middle Ages раннее средневековье - in the * 20th century в начале XX века - in the * forties в начале сороковых годов - a man in his * forties человек сорока лет с небольшим - man's experience впечатления раннего детства - in the earliest days of our history на заре нашей истории - * Rembrandt ранний Рембрандт - * stage ранняя фаза, начальная стадия - * cancer (медицина) начальный рак заблаговременный, своевременный - * warning заблаговременное предупреждение - * diagnosis ранний диагноз, раннее распознавание болезни - * sheet (полиграфия) пробный оттиск, пробный набор близкий, ожидаемый в ближайшем будущем, скорейший - at an * date в ближайшее время - at the earliest opportunity при первой возможности - at your earliest convenience как только вы сможете - prospects of an * peace надежды на скорое установление мира - demands for * independence требования незамедлительного предоставления независимости преждевременный, досрочный - * election досрочные выборы - * closing закрытие магазинов и учреждений раньше обычного (в один из дней недели) - * death безвременная смерть старинный, древний - * manuscript старая /древняя/ рукопись - * philosophers древние философы - * printed book старопечатная книга - E. English (style) (архитектура) раннеанглийский стиль( техническое) происходящий ранее заданного момента времени - * timing опережение зажигания( двигателя) (геология) нижний (о свитах) ;
древний рано - to be up * рано вставать - to wed * рано вступать в брак - in June, at the earliest самое раннее в июне - he died * in life он рано умер, он умер молодым в начале (чего-л.) - * (in) this year в начале этого года - * next month в начале будущего месяца своевременно, заблаговременно - to arrive * at a meeting явиться на собрание своевременно /заблаговременно/ скоро, в ближайшее время > as * as possible как можно скорее > * to bed and * to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise (пословица) кто рано ложится и рано встает, здоровье, богатство и ум наживет ~ ранний;
the early bird шутл. ранняя пташка;
at an early date в ближайшем будущем;
it is early days yet еще слишком рано, время не настало;
one's early days юность early близкий, скорый( о сроке) ;
early post-war years первые послевоенные годы ~ досрочный ~ заблаговременно;
своевременно ~ заблаговременный;
своевременный;
early diagnosis раннее распознавание болезни ~ заблаговременный ~ геол. нижний (о свитах) ;
древний ~ преждевременно;
early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise посл. кто рано ложится и рано встает, здоровье, богатство и ум наживет ~ преждевременный;
с.-х. скороспелый ~ преждевременный ~ ранний;
the early bird шутл. ранняя пташка;
at an early date в ближайшем будущем;
it is early days yet еще слишком рано, время не настало;
one's early days юность ~ ранний ~ рано;
early in the year в начале года;
early in life в молодости;
early in the day рано утром;
перен. заблаговременно ~ ранний;
the early bird шутл. ранняя пташка;
at an early date в ближайшем будущем;
it is early days yet еще слишком рано, время не настало;
one's early days юность ~ заблаговременный;
своевременный;
early diagnosis раннее распознавание болезни ~ рано;
early in the year в начале года;
early in life в молодости;
early in the day рано утром;
перен. заблаговременно ~ рано;
early in the year в начале года;
early in life в молодости;
early in the day рано утром;
перен. заблаговременно early близкий, скорый (о сроке) ;
early post-war years первые послевоенные годы ~ преждевременно;
early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise посл. кто рано ложится и рано встает, здоровье, богатство и ум наживет ~ ранний;
the early bird шутл. ранняя пташка;
at an early date в ближайшем будущем;
it is early days yet еще слишком рано, время не настало;
one's early days юность ~ преждевременно;
early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise посл. кто рано ложится и рано встает, здоровье, богатство и ум наживет -
30 early
['ɜːlɪ] 1.1) (one of the first) [attempt, role, play] primo2) (sooner than usual) [ death] prematuro; [delivery, settlement] rapido; [vegetable, fruit] precoce, primaticcioto have an early lunch, night — pranzare, andare a letto presto
at your earliest convenience — form. non appena possibile, con cortese sollecitudine
to make an early start — partire presto o di buonora
2.at an early date — (in future) in data vicina, prossimamente
1) (in period of time) [arrive, book] presto, per tempo; [get up, go to bed] presto, di buonoraearly next year, in the film — all'inizio del prossimo anno, del film
(very) early on — agli inizi o albori
2) (before expected) [arrive, ripen] in anticipoto do sth. two days early — fare qcs. con due giorni di anticipo
••it's early days yet — è solo l'inizio, è presto per dirlo
it's the early bird that catches the worm! — prov. chi dorme non piglia pesci!
* * *['ə:li] 1. adverb1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) presto2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) presto2. adjective1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) presto, all'inizio di2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) primitivo, antico3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) prematuro; presto4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) pronto•- early bird* * *['ɜːlɪ] 1.1) (one of the first) [attempt, role, play] primo2) (sooner than usual) [ death] prematuro; [delivery, settlement] rapido; [vegetable, fruit] precoce, primaticcioto have an early lunch, night — pranzare, andare a letto presto
at your earliest convenience — form. non appena possibile, con cortese sollecitudine
to make an early start — partire presto o di buonora
2.at an early date — (in future) in data vicina, prossimamente
1) (in period of time) [arrive, book] presto, per tempo; [get up, go to bed] presto, di buonoraearly next year, in the film — all'inizio del prossimo anno, del film
(very) early on — agli inizi o albori
2) (before expected) [arrive, ripen] in anticipoto do sth. two days early — fare qcs. con due giorni di anticipo
••it's early days yet — è solo l'inizio, è presto per dirlo
it's the early bird that catches the worm! — prov. chi dorme non piglia pesci!
-
31 flag
[̈ɪflæɡ]busy flag вчт. признак занятости carry flag вчт. признак переноса carry flag вчт. признак переполнения done flag вчт. флаг готовности emergency flag сигнал бедствия error flag вчт. признак ошибки event flag вчт. признак события flag pl вымощенный плитами тротуар flagstone: flagstone =flag flag украшать флагами; flag down разг. сигнализировать водителю с требованием остановить машину flag флаг, знамя, стяг; flag of truce парламентерский флаг flag выстилать плитами flag бот. касатик flag полигр. корректурный знак пропуска; to lower (или to strike) flag мор. сдаваться flag ослабевать, уменьшаться; our conversation was flagging наш разговор не клеился flag плита (для мощения); плитняк flag повиснуть, поникнуть flag вчт. пометить flag вчт. помечать flag вчт. признак flag сигнализировать флагами flag украшать флагами; flag down разг. сигнализировать водителю с требованием остановить машину flag флаг, знамя, стяг; flag of truce парламентерский флаг flag вчт. флаг flag флаг flag хвост (сеттера и ньюфаундленда) flag of convenience суд. выгодный флаг flag of convenience (мор.) "удобный флаг", флаг (обыкн. малого государства), плавание под которым является наиболее выгодным (по соображениям налогообложения) flag of convenience суд. удобный флаг flag of distress (мор.) флаг бедствия (полуспущенный или перевернутый) flag of ship суд. флаг корабля to hoist (to strike) one's flag мор. принимать (сдавать) командование flag полигр. корректурный знак пропуска; to lower (или to strike) flag мор. сдаваться merchant flag торговый флаг national flag государственный флаг national flag национальный флаг official flag государственный флаг flag ослабевать, уменьшаться; our conversation was flagging наш разговор не клеился parity flag вчт. признак четности ready flag вчт. флаг готовности signal flag сигнальный флаг single-bit flag вчт. одноразрядный флаг skip flag вчт. признак пропуска state flag государственный флаг status flag вчт. флаг состояния yellow flag карантинный флаг zero flag вчт. признак нуля -
32 public
(of, for, or concerning, the people (of a community or nation) in general: a public library; a public meeting; Public opinion turned against him; The public announcements are on the back page of the newspaper; This information should be made public and not kept secret any longer.) público- publicly- publicity
- publicize
- publicise
- public holiday
- public house
- public relations
- public service announcement
- public spirit
- public-spirited
- public transport
- in public
- the public
- public opinion poll
public1 adj públicopublic2 n públicotr['pʌblɪk]1 público,-a1 el público\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin public en públicoto be in the public eye ser objeto de interés públicoto be public knowledge ser del dominio públicoto go public SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL salir a bolsato make public hacer público,-apublic company empresa pública, sociedad nombre femenino anónimapublic holiday fiesta nacionalpublic opinion opinión nombre femenino públicapublic relations relaciones nombre femenino plural públicaspublic school SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL colegio privado 2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL colegio públicopublic sector sector nombre masculino públicopublic speaker orador,-rapublic speaking oratoriapublic transport transporte nombre masculino públicopublic utility servicio públicopublic ['pʌblɪk] adj: público♦ publicly advpublic n: público madj.• paladino, -a adj.• placero, -a adj.• público, -a adj.n.• público s.m.
I 'pʌblɪka) ( of people) públicoit wouldn't be in the public interest — no beneficiaría a la ciudadanía; eye I 1) c)
b) ( concerning the state) públicopublic body — organismo m estatal or público
public works — obras fpl públicas
c) <library/garden/footpath> públicod) (open, not concealed) <announcement/protest> públicoa well-known public figure — un personaje conocido, una persona muy conocida
to make something public — hacer* algo público
to go public — (journ) revelar algo a la prensa
e)to go public — \<\<company\>\> salir* a bolsa
II
noun (+ sing or pl vb)a) u ( people in general)b) c ( audience) público mc)['pʌblɪk]1. ADJ1) (=of the State) público•
they can hire expensive lawyers at public expense — pueden contratar abogados caros a costa de los contribuyentes•
to run for/hold public office — presentarse como candidato a/ostentar un cargo público2) (=of, for, by everyone) público•
they want to deflect public attention from the real issues — quieren desviar la opinión pública de los verdaderos problemashe has kept his family out of the public eye — ha mantenido a su familia alejada de la atención pública
•
I have decided to resign in the public interest — en el interés de los ciudadanos, he decidido dimitir3) (=open, not private) [statement, meeting] público; [appearance] en públicoit's too public here — aquí estamos demasiado expuestos al público, aquí no tenemos intimidad
can we talk somewhere less public? — ¿podemos hablar en algún sitio más privado or menos expuesto al público?
•
to go public — (Comm) empezar a cotizar en bolsathey decided to go public about their relationship * — decidieron revelar su relación a la prensa or al público
•
to make sth public — hacer público algo, publicar algo4) (=well-known)2. N1) (=people)•
the general public — el gran público•
a member of the public — un ciudadano2) (=open place)3) (=devotees) público m•
the reading/ sporting public — los aficionados a la lectura/al deporte•
the viewing public — los telespectadores3.CPDpublic access television N — (US) televisión abierta al público
public address system N — (sistema m de) megafonía f, altavoces mpl, altoparlantes mpl (LAm)
public affairs NPL — actividades fpl públicas
public assistance N — (US) asistencia f pública
public bar N — bar m
public body N — organismo m público
public company N — empresa f pública
public convenience N — (Brit) frm servicios mpl, aseos mpl públicos
public debt N — deuda f pública, deuda f del Estado
public defender N — (US) defensor(a) m / f de oficio
public enemy N — enemigo m público
- be Public Enemy No 1 or number onepublic enquiry N (Brit) — = public inquiry
public expenditure N — gasto m (del sector) público
public gallery N — (in parliament, courtroom) tribuna f reservada al público
public health N — salud f pública, sanidad f pública
public health inspector N — inspector(a) m / f de salud or sanidad pública
Public Health Service N — (US) ≈ Seguridad f Social, servicio público de asistencia sanitaria
public holiday N — fiesta f nacional, fiesta f oficial, (día m) feriado m (LAm)
public house N — (Brit) frm bar m
public housing N — (US) viviendas mpl de protección oficial
public housing project N — (US) proyecto f de viviendas de protección oficial
public inquiry N — investigación f oficial
public lavatory N — aseos mpl públicos
public law N — (=discipline, body of legislation) derecho m público; (US) (=piece of legislation) ley f pública
public library N — biblioteca f pública
public limited company N — sociedad f anónima
public money N — fondos mpl públicos
public nuisance N — (Jur) molestia f pública
he's a public nuisance — siempre está causando problemas or molestias
public opinion N — opinión f pública
public opinion poll N — sondeo m (de la opinión pública)
public ownership N —
•
to be taken into public ownership — pasar a ser propiedad del estado(fig)public property N — (=land, buildings) dominio m público
public prosecutor N — fiscal mf
See:Public Record Office N — (Brit) archivo m nacional
public relations NPL — relaciones fpl públicas
the police action was a public relations disaster — la actuación de la policía fue desastrosa para su imagen
it's just a public relations exercise — es solo una operación publicitaria or de relaciones públicas
public relations officer N — encargado(-a) m / f de relaciones públicas
public school N — (Brit) colegio m privado; (=boarding school) internado m privado; (US) escuela f pública
60,000 public-sector jobs must be cut — se deben eliminar 60.000 puestos de funcionario, se deben eliminar 60.000 puestos en el sector público
public sector borrowing requirement N — necesidades fpl de endeudamiento del sector público
public servant N — funcionario(-a) m / f
public service N — (=Civil Service) administración f pública; (usu pl) (=community facility) servicio m público
she will be remembered for a lifetime of public service — se la recordará por cómo entregó su vida al servicio de la comunidad
in doing this they were performing a public service — con esto estaban haciendo un servicio a la comunidad
public service announcement — comunicado m de interés público
public service jobs — puestos mpl de funcionario or en el sector público
public service vehicle — vehículo m de servicio público
public service worker — funcionario(-a) m / f
public service broadcasting N — servicio m público de radio y televisión
public speaker N — orador(a) m / f
she is a good public speaker — habla muy bien en público, es una buena oradora
public speaking N — oratoria f
public spending N — gasto m (del sector) público
public television N — (US) cadenas fpl públicas (de televisión)
public transport, public transportation (US) N — transporte(s) m(pl) público(s)
public utility N — empresa f del servicio público
PUBLIC ACCESS TELEVISION En Estados Unidos, el término Public Access Television hace referencia a una serie de cadenas no comerciales de televisión por cable que emiten programas de ámbito local o programas dedicados a organizaciones humanitarias sin ánimo de lucro. Entre sus emisiones se incluyen charlas sobre actividades escolares, programas sobre aficiones diversas e incluso discursos de organizaciones racistas. Estas emisiones de acceso público se crearon para dar cabida a temas de interés local e impedir que los canales por cable estuvieran dominados por unos cuantos privilegiados. En virtud de la Ley de Emisiones por Cable, el Cable Act de 1984, cualquier población en que haya algún canal por cable puede obligar a los propietarios de dicho canal a que instalen una cadena adicional de acceso público y provean el equipo, el estudio, los medios técnicos y el personal necesarios para la emisión.public works NPL — obras fpl públicas
* * *
I ['pʌblɪk]a) ( of people) públicoit wouldn't be in the public interest — no beneficiaría a la ciudadanía; eye I 1) c)
b) ( concerning the state) públicopublic body — organismo m estatal or público
public works — obras fpl públicas
c) <library/garden/footpath> públicod) (open, not concealed) <announcement/protest> públicoa well-known public figure — un personaje conocido, una persona muy conocida
to make something public — hacer* algo público
to go public — (journ) revelar algo a la prensa
e)to go public — \<\<company\>\> salir* a bolsa
II
noun (+ sing or pl vb)a) u ( people in general)b) c ( audience) público mc) -
33 flag
I nounkeep the flag flying — (fig.) die Fahne hochhalten
Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/87072/flag_down">flag downII intransitive verb,- gg- [Person:] abbauen; [Kraft, Interesse, Begeisterung:] nachlassen* * *I [flæɡ] noun(a piece of cloth with a particular design representing a country, party, association etc: the French flag.) die Fahne- flag-pole / flagstaff- flag down II [flæɡ] past tense, past participle - flagged; verb(to become tired or weak: Halfway through the race he began to flag.) nachlassen* * *flag1[flæg]II. vt▪ to \flag sth (pave) etw mit Steinplatten belegen; (also for floor) etw fliesen, etw akk plätteln [o SCHWEIZ kacheln] [o mit Fliesen belegen]flag2[flæg]flag3[flæg]I. n\flag of truce Parlamentärflagge fto raise [or hoist] a \flag (raise a pennant) eine Fahne hissen; (raise a national flag) eine Flagge hissento wave a \flag eine Fahne schwenken [o SCHWEIZ schwingen4.we won — let's put out the \flags and party wir haben gewonnen — jetzt können wir aufatmen und feiernII. vt<- gg->we'll \flag the records of interest in the database wir markieren die betreffenden Datensätze in der Datenbank2. (signal to)to \flag a taxi ein Taxi anhaltenIII. vi<- gg->enthusiasm abflauen; interest, strength nachlassen, abnehmen; child, person ermüden; vigour erlahmen* * *I [flg]1. n1) Fahne f; (small, on map, chart etc) Fähnchen nt; (national) Fahne f, Flagge f; (NAUT) Flagge f; (for semaphore) Signalflagge or -fahne fto show the flag — seine Präsenz or (fig also)
3)he put the flag down — er stellte auf "besetzt"
4) (= paper marker) Kennzeichen nt2. vtbeflaggen IIvierlahmen; (interest, enthusiasm, strength etc also) nachlassen IIIn (BOT)Schwertlilie f; (= sweet flag) Kalmus m IV1. nSteinplatte f; (for floor also) Fliese f2. vtmit Steinplatten/Fliesen belegen; floor also fliesen* * *flag1 [flæɡ]A s1. Fahne f, Flagge f:flag of convenience SCHIFF Billigflagge;flag of truce MIL Parlamentärflagge;keep the flag flying fig die Fahne hochhalten;show the flag figa) Flagge zeigen,b) sich zeigen, sich sehen lassen2. SCHIFF (Admirals)Flagge f:hoist (strike) one’s flag das Kommando übernehmen (abgeben)4. SPORT (Markierungs)Fähnchen n5. a) (Kartei)Reiter mb) allg Markierung(szeichen) f(n)c) Lesezeichen n7. JAGD Fahne f (Schwanz eines Vorstehhundes oder Rehs)8. TYPO Druckvermerk m, Impressum n (einer Zeitung)9. MUS Fähnchen n (einer Note)10. TV (Licht)Blende fB v/t1. beflaggenflag offside (Fußball) Abseits winkenflag down a taxi ein Taxi herbeiwinken5. eine Buchseite etc markierenflag2 [flæɡ] s BOTa) Gelbe Schwertlilieb) (eine) blaue Schwertliliec) Breitblättriger Rohrkolbenflag3 [flæɡ] v/i1. schlaff herabhängen3. langweilig werdenflag4 [flæɡ]A s1. (Stein)Platte f, (Fußbodenbelag) Fliese f* * *I nounFahne, die; (small paper etc. device) Fähnchen, das; (national flag, on ship) Flagge, diekeep the flag flying — (fig.) die Fahne hochhalten
Phrasal Verbs:II intransitive verb,- gg- [Person:] abbauen; [Kraft, Interesse, Begeisterung:] nachlassen* * *(flagstone) n.Platte -n f. n.Fahne -n f.Flagge -n f. v.beflaggen v.kennzeichnen v. -
34 standardise
-
35 standardize
-
36 sacrifice
1. IIIsacrifice smb. sacrifice children (one's son, sheep, etc.) приносить в жертву детей и т.д.; sacrifice oneself жертвовать собой; sacrifice smth. sacrifice one's life (an eye, a limb, a leg, etc.) (пожертвовать жизнью и т.д.; sacrifice a hundred pounds пожертвовать сто фунтов; sacrifice one's interests (one's pleasures, one's career, etc.) отказаться от своих интересов и т.д., пожертвовать /поступиться/ своими интересами и т.д.2. IVsacrifice smb., smth. in some manner sacrifice smb., smth. deliberately (heroically, patriotically, etc.) намеренно и т.д. жертвовать кем-л., чем-л. /приносить кого-л., что-л. в жертву/3. VIIsacrifice smth. to do smth. sacrifice one's life to save the drowning child (one's time to help her, one's prospects to stay with one's sick mother, etc.) пожертвовать своей жизнью, чтобы спасти тонущего ребенка и т.д.4. XIbe sacrificed to do smth. beautiful old houses had to be sacrificed to make room for modern buildings пришлось пожертвовать прекрасными старыми домами, чтобы освободить место для современных зданий5. XVIsacrifice to smb. sacrifice to the goddess (to idols, to a deity, to one's ambition, etc.) приносить жертву богине и т.д.6. XXI1sacrifice smth. for smb., smth. sacrifice one's life for one's children (oneself for the country, one's life for the good of humanity, etc.) пожертвовать жизнью /не щадить жизни/ ради детей и т.д.; sacrifice one's personal interests for public good (business for pleasure, one's whole career for a passing whim, an inheritance for a principle, etc.) отказаться от своих личных интересов ради общественного блага и т.д.; sacrifice smth. to smth. sacrifice appearance to comfort (everything to his interests, one's career to her welfare, beauty to accuracy, orderliness to convenience, clearness to terseness, accuracy to vividness, etc.) поступиться внешним видом ради удобствам т.д.; sacrifice one's time to the study of the subject (an inclination to smb.'s happiness, etc.) отдать все свое свободное, время на изучение этого предмета и т.д.; sacrifice smb., smth. to smth., smb. sacrifice one's friends to one's ambition не (по)щадить друзей ради своего честолюбия; smb., smth. to the gods приносить кого-л., что-л. в жертву богам -
37 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
38 direct
dɪˈrekt
1. [dai'rekt] прил.
1) противоположный кривому а) прямой The streets are in a direct line, and of a convenient breadth. ≈ Улицы прямые и достаточной ширины. б) прямой, непосредственный;
непрерывный No direct evidence had as yet appeared against Bothwell. ≈ Никаких прямых свидетельств против Ботвелла пока не приводилось. There is no man in England who has a more direct interest in it than I have. ≈ В Англии нет человека, более непосредственно заинтересованного в этом, чем я. direct descendant direct influence direct drive direct laying fire direct hit direct pointing direct vision direct viewfinder в) грам. прямой A direct question is put in the indicative mood. ≈ Прямой вопрос должен стоять в индикативе. direct speech г) откровенный;
неприкрытый If he was bitter, he was still direct. ≈ Хотя его слова были и горьки, но зато, как и раньше, откровенны. Syn: upright, downright, outright ∙ direct action direct tax direct address Syn: straight, straightforward, uninterrupted, immediate
2) противоположный обратному а) абсолютный, полный Is not this the direct contrary of what was admitted before? ≈ Не прямо ли это противоречит сказанному ранее? б) прямой, открытый;
ясный;
правдивый в) астр. движущийся с запада на восток Ant: retrograde г) мат. прямой In the direct ratio of the arms of the lever. ≈ Прямое соотношение плеч рычага. Ant: inverse д) последовательный His conduct in the revolution has been direct and manly. ≈ Во время революции он вел себя последовательно и по-мужски.
3) электр. постоянный (главным образом в сочетании direct current) direct current DC direct coupling
2. нареч. непосредственно, прямо His orders have come down to him direct from on high. ≈ Приказ пришел непосредственно сверху. Syn: straight, immediately, absolutely, exactly
3. гл.
1) адресовать, писать куда-л. Direct to me at Mr. Hipkis's, ironmonger in Monmouth. ≈ Пишите мне на адрес мистера Хипкиса, кузнеца в Монмуте. Syn: address
2) об отношениях субординации а) руководить, управлять Wisdom is profitable to direct. ≈ Мудрость помогает управлять. Syn: control, guide, order б) приказывать, указывать;
предписывать Cast their anchors as chance or convenience directed. ≈ Вставали на якорь там, где указывала им судьба или соображения удобства. Syn: order, ordain, appoint, prescribe в) муз. дирижировать The music was composed and directed by Handel. ≈ Автор и дирижер этой вещи был Гендель. Syn: conduct г) театр. ставить пьесу, спектакль, сцену, мизансцену, фильм( о режиссере, постановщике) The remedy of course is for the author to direct his own play. ≈ Выход, конечно, если автор сам ставит свою пьесу. ∙ regulate, control, govern
3) о действиях а) прям. направлять Our efforts were directed towards the elimination of poverty. ≈ Наши усилия были направлены на искоренение бедности. To direct attention to an extremely curious fact. ≈ Обратить внимание на престранный факт. direct one's eyes direct one's steps б) направлять, побуждать, подсказывать In love it is heart that directs you. ≈ В любви тебе все подскажет сердце. Syn: guide, conduct, lead в) суж. указывать дорогу Can you direct me to the nearest railway station? ≈ Не подскажете дорогу к ближайшей железнодорожной станции? Syn: inform, instruct, guide г) прям. перен. целить(ся), нацеливать(ся), направлять (against, at) They directed the attacks against the enemy's seaports. ≈ Они направили свои удары на вражеские порты. ∙ Syn: point, address, aim, turn прямой - * road прямая дорога - in the * line по прямой линии - in a * line with smth. на одной линии с чем-л. - * motion( музыкальное) параллельное голосоведение прямой, открытый;
правдивый;
ясный, недвусмысленный - * person прямой человек - * statement ясное /недвусмысленное/ заявление - * charge открытое обвинение очевидный, явный - * lie явная ложь - * contradiction явное /очевидное/ противоречие прямой, непосредственный - * influence непосредственное влияние - * contact непосредственный контакт - * knowledge сведения из первоисточника - * communication непосредственная связь - * tax прямой налог - * method прямой метод( в педагогике) - * action прямые действия (забастовка, демонстрация и т. п.) - to take * action объявлять забастовку, бастовать - * evidence (юридическое) прямые доказательства - * reading( техническое) прямой отсчет - * drive( техническое) прямая передача - * process процесс непосредственного получения железа из руд, бездоменный процесс - * hit (военное) прямое попадание - * fire (военное) огонь прямой наводкой, огонь с открытых позиций - * laying( военное) прямая наводка - * position( военное) открытая( огневая) позиция - * pressure /pursuit/ (военное) фронтальное преследование - * access( компьютерное) прямой доступ - * stroke прямой удар молнии - to have a * interest in smth. быть непосредственно заинтересованным в чем-л. - he had * charge of the laboratory лаборатория находилась в его непосредственном подчинении происходящий по прямой линии - * ancestor прямой предок - he was a * descendant of duke Wellington он происходил по прямой линии от герцога Веллингтонского (усилительно) полный, абсолютный - * opposite /contrary/ полная /диаметральная/ противоположность вертикальный;
отвесный;
перпендикулярный к данной плоскости - * sun отвесно падающие лучи солнца прямой - * speech прямая речь (математика) прямой - * ratio прямая пропорциональность - in * ratio to distance прямо пропорциональный расстоянию (астрономия) движущийся с запада на восток (электротехника) постоянный - * current постоянный ток - * voltage постоянное напряжение прямо;
сразу, непосредственно - to go * to London поехать прямо в Лондон - I shall communicate with you * я сразу же свяжусь с вами - the concert will be transmitted * from Paris концерт будет транслироваться непосредственно из Парижа направлять, наводить - to * a telescope towards the Moon направить телескоп на Луну направлять, обращать, устремлять - to * one's steps to a house направляться к дому - to * attention to an interesting fact обратить внимание на интересный факт - to * one's efforts /energies/ to smth. отдавать силы /энергию/ чему-л. - to * measures against smth. принять меры против чего-л. - to * the fire on a target( военное) направлять огонь на цель руководить, управлять;
контролировать - to * a business руководить предприятием предписывать;
давать указание, распоряжение - to * smb. to come предписать /дать указание, предложить/ кому-л. явиться - as *ed в соответствии с указаниями /с предписанием/ - to * John to drive to New York распорядиться, чтобы Джон ехал в Нью-Йорк - he is *ed by his conscience он следует велениям своей совести решать - the judge *ed the verdict for the defendant судья решил дело в пользу ответчика наставлять;
давать советы, учить;
инструктировать - to * the jury проводить инструктаж судей - to * smb. in matters of diplomacy быть чьим-л. наставником в вопросах дипломатии показывать дорогу - can you * me to the railway station? не скажете ли вы (мне), как пройти на вокзал? обращать, предназначать - to * words to smb. обращаться к кому-л. со словами - he never heard the words the judge *ed to him он не слышал обращенных к нему слов судьи адресовать - to * a letter to smb. адресовать кому-л. письмо направлять, посылать - they were *ed to work at the archives они были направлены на работу в архив дирижировать - to * an orchestra дирижировать оркестром - who *ed at yesterday's concert? кто вчера дирижировал? режиссировать, ставить кинофильм ~ указывать дорогу;
can you direct me to the post-office? не скажете ли вы мне, как пройти на почту? direct адресовать;
to direct a parcel адресовать посылку ~ вертикальный ~ давать распоряжения ~ давать советы ~ давать указания ~ астр. движущийся с запада на восток ~ дирижировать (оркестром, хором) ~ инструктировать ~ контролировать ~ направлять, наводить ~ направлять;
to direct one's remarks( efforts, attention) (to) направлять свои замечания (усилия, внимание) (на) ;
to direct one's eyes обратить свой взор ~ направлять ~ направлять деятельность ~ наставлять, инструктировать ~ наставлять ~ нацеливать(ся) ~ недвусмысленный ~ непосредственный ~ обращать ~ открытый ~ подсказывать, побуждать, направлять;
duty directs my actions всеми моими поступками руководит чувство долга ~ полный, абсолютный;
direct opposite полная (диаметральная) противоположность ~ полный ~ эл. постоянный;
direct current постоянный ток ~ посылать ~ правдивый ~ предназначать ~ предписывать ~ приказывать;
do as you are directed делайте, как вам приказано ~ прямо, непосредственно ~ прямо, сразу, непосредственно ~ грам. прямой;
direct speech прямая речь ~ прямой, открытый;
ясный;
правдивый;
direct answer прямой, неуклончивый ответ ~ прямой, непосредственный, личный;
direct descendant потомок по прямой линии ~ прямой;
direct road прямая дорога ~ прямой ~ руководить;
управлять;
to direct a business руководить предприятием, фирмой ~ руководить ~ театр. ставить (о режиссере) ~ указывать дорогу;
can you direct me to the post-office? не скажете ли вы мне, как пройти на почту? ~ устремлять ~ учить ~ ясный ~ руководить;
управлять;
to direct a business руководить предприятием, фирмой direct адресовать;
to direct a parcel адресовать посылку ~ прямой, открытый;
ясный;
правдивый;
direct answer прямой, неуклончивый ответ ~ эл. постоянный;
direct current постоянный ток ~ drive прямая передача ~ (laying) fire воен. огонь, стрельба прямой наводкой ~ hit воен. прямое попадание ~ influence непосредственное влияние ~ inquiries to наводить справки ~ inquiries to направлять запросы ~ investment income доход от прямых капиталовложений ~ направлять;
to direct one's remarks (efforts, attention) (to) направлять свои замечания (усилия, внимание) (на) ;
to direct one's eyes обратить свой взор ~ направлять;
to direct one's remarks (efforts, attention) (to) направлять свои замечания (усилия, внимание) (на) ;
to direct one's eyes обратить свой взор to ~ one's steps направляться ~ полный, абсолютный;
direct opposite полная (диаметральная) противоположность opposite: ~ противоположность;
direct (или exact) opposite прямая противоположность ~ pointing амер. воен. прямая наводка ~ прямой;
direct road прямая дорога ~ грам. прямой;
direct speech прямая речь ~ приказывать;
do as you are directed делайте, как вам приказано ~ подсказывать, побуждать, направлять;
duty directs my actions всеми моими поступками руководит чувство долга -
39 flag
I flæɡ noun(a piece of cloth with a particular design representing a country, party, association etc: the French flag.) flagg- flag down II flæɡ past tense, past participle - flagged; verb(to become tired or weak: Halfway through the race he began to flag.) bli slapp, begynne å henge, gå trettflaggIsubst. \/flæɡ\/1) flagg, fane2) ( sjøfart) admiralsflagg3) ledigskilt (på drosje)4) ( i avis) hode (med opplysninger om redaksjonen)5) ( musikk) fane6) ( EDB) flagg7) (sjøfart, militærvesen) flaggskipbreak a flag ( sjøfart) brekke ut et flaggdip the flagg hilse med flaggetdrop the flag ( sport) senke flagget, gi startsignalflag of convenience ( sjøfart) bekvemmelighetsflagg(swallow-tailed) flag with a tongue flagg med splitt og tungefly a flag eller carry a flag føre et flaggfly the flag at half mast flagge på halv stangkeep the flag flying ( overført) holde fanen høyt hevet, ikke gi opplower one's flag eller strike one's flag eller lower the flag eller strike the flag ( også overført) stryke flaggetput out flags flaggerun up the flag heise flaggetshow the flag ( om fartøy) være på offisielt besøk (i utenlandsk havn) ( hverdagslig) gjøre sitt nærvær kjent, markere seg, vise segsplit flag splittflaggstrike the flag eller strike one's flag eller strike one's colours stryke flagg ( overført) kapitulerewith all (the) flags flying ( overført) med flagget til topps, for full musikkIIsubst. \/flæɡ\/1) helle, gulvflis, fortaushelle2) sandsten (lagvis)flags flislagt område, hellelagt områdeIIIsubst. \/flæɡ\/1) forklaring: en av flere plantearter i sverdliljefamilien, Iridaceae2) ( botanikk) forklaring: langt og spisst blad eller strå3) ( botanikk) vissent blad på frisk plante, død gren på friskt treyellow flag ( plantearten Iris pseudacorus)sverdliljeIVsubst. \/flæɡ\/ ( zoologi)1) svingfjær (hos fugl)2) fjærkledning (på fugleben)3) fane (hale på hund)4) hale (på hjort)Vverb \/flæɡ\/1) heise flagg på, pynte med flagg2) merke (opp) med flagg3) signalisere med flagg, sende flaggsignalflag (down) stanse ved å vifte med flagg, praieflag (out) merke med flaggde offentlige bygningene flagget \/ det ble flagget på de offentlige bygningeneVIverb \/flæɡ\/flislegge, helleleggeVIIverb \/flæɡ\/1) (om seil, vinger e.l.) bli slapp, begynne å henge, henge slapt ned2) ( om planter) visne, henge3) forta seg, tape seg, avta, svekkes, sakke akterut, begynne å gå tregtflagging courage se ➢ courageflagging interest se ➢ interest, 1 -
40 туалет
муж.
1) dress (одежда) ;
(тж. роскошный) toilet;
attire (наряд) бальный туалет ≈ evening dress, formal dress вечерний туалет
2) toilet, dressing (одевание) заниматься своим туалетом ≈ to dress совершать туалет ≈ to make one's toilet
3) dressing-table, toilet-table (стол)
4) (уборная) lavatory, w.c.;
public convenience;
loo разг.;
toilet амер. дамский туалет мужской туалетм.
1. (платье) dress;
2. (стол) dressing-table;
3. (уборная) lavatory, toilet;
общественный ~ public convenience, rest room;
~ный toilet attr. ;
~ный столик dressing-table;
~ное мыло toilet soap.
См. также в других словарях:
at one's convenience — ► at one s convenience when or where it suits one. Main Entry: ↑convenience … English terms dictionary
at one's convenience — when or where it suits one. → convenience … English new terms dictionary
at one's convenience — at a time or place that suits one … Useful english dictionary
convenience — ► NOUN 1) freedom from effort or difficulty. 2) a useful or helpful device or situation. 3) Brit. a public toilet. ● at one s convenience Cf. ↑at one s convenience ● at one s earliest convenience Cf. ↑ … English terms dictionary
Convenience — Con*ven ience (?; 106), Conveniency Con*ven ien*cy, n. [L. convenientia agreement, fitness. See {Convenient}.] 1. The state or quality of being convenient; fitness or suitableness, as of place, time, etc.; propriety. [1913 Webster] Let s further… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
convenience — [kən vēn′yən sē] n. pl. conveniencies [kən vēn′yəns] n. [ME < L convenientia < convenire,CONVENE] 1. the quality of being convenient; fitness or serviceability 2. personal well being; comfort 3. a condition personally favorable or suitable; … English World dictionary
convenience — n. 1 the quality of being convenient; suitability. 2 freedom from difficulty or trouble; material advantage (for convenience). 3 an advantage (a great convenience). 4 a useful thing, esp. an installation or piece of equipment. 5 Brit. a lavatory … Useful english dictionary
convenience — n. comfort 1) a convenience to + inf. (it s a great convenience to live in town = it s a great convenience living in town) 2) at one s convenience (answer at your convenience) device that adds to comfort 3) modern conveniences 4) (BE) a public… … Combinatory dictionary
convenience — noun 1》 freedom from effort or difficulty. ↘a useful or helpful device or situation. 2》 Brit. a public toilet. Phrases at one s convenience when or where it suits one. at one s earliest convenience as soon as one can without difficulty.… … English new terms dictionary
convenience — /kənˈviniəns / (say kuhn veeneeuhns) noun 1. the quality of being convenient; suitability. 2. a situation of affairs or a time convenient for one: to await one s convenience. 3. advantage, as from something convenient: a shelter for the… …
convenience — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) n. accessibility, handiness, availability, suitability; advantage, accommodation, comfort, opportunity, ease. See utility, expedience.Ant., inconvenience, unsuitability. II (Roget s IV) n. 1. [The… … English dictionary for students