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Hard

  • 1 edurus

    hard.

    Latin-English dictionary of medieval > edurus

  • 2 durus

    hard, harsh, tough, strong,enduring, / rough, rude, uncouth.

    Latin-English dictionary of medieval > durus

  • 3 rigida

    rĭgĭdus, a, um, adj. [rigeo], stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; cf. durus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    pruinae,

    Lucr. 2, 521; cf.:

    rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

    id. 1, 355:

    tellus,

    Verg. G. 2, 316:

    aqua,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 48:

    umbrae,

    Lucr. 5, 764:

    frigus,

    id. 1, 356:

    cervicem rectam oportet esse non rigidam aut supinam,

    Quint. 11, 3, 82; cf. id. 11, 3, 160; so,

    cervix,

    Liv. 35, 11; Suet. Tib. 68; Ov. Tr. 1, 4, 14:

    artus morte,

    Lucr. 6, 1196:

    crura,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 36, 101:

    rostrum,

    Ov. M. 5, 673:

    cornu,

    id. ib. 9, 85:

    setae,

    id. ib. 8, 428:

    capilli,

    id. ib. 10, 425:

    oculi (with extenti),

    Quint. 11, 3, 76 et saep.:

    quercus,

    Verg. E. 6, 28; cf.

    columnae,

    Ov. F. 3, 529:

    malus,

    id. H. 5, 53.—

    In mal. part.: illud,

    Petr. 134, 11; cf. Mart. 6, 49, 2.—

    Hence: custos ruris,

    i. e. Priapus, Ov. F. 1, 391; Auct. Priap. 46; and absol.: rĭgĭda, f., Cat. 56, 7:

    silices,

    hard, Ov. M. 9, 613; 225:

    saxum,

    id. ib. 4, 517:

    mons,

    hard, rocky, id. ib. 8, 797:

    Niphates,

    Hor. C. 2, 9, 20:

    ferrum,

    Ov. R. Am. 19:

    serae,

    id. F. 1, 124:

    ensis,

    Verg. A. 12, 304; Ov. M. 3, 118:

    hasta,

    Verg. A. 10, 346:

    unguis,

    Ov. Am. 2, 6, 4 et saep.—
    II.
    Trop., stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid; hardy, stern, rough (syn.:

    tristis, severus): vox,

    hard, harsh, Quint. 11, 3, 32:

    Sabini,

    rough, rude, unpolished, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 25; Ov. M. 14, 797:

    Getae,

    Hor. C. 3, 24, 11; Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 46:

    fossor,

    hardy, Mart. 7, 71, 4; cf.

    manus,

    Ov. M. 14, 647:

    virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles,

    stern, inflexible, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 17; so,

    censor,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 664:

    parens,

    id. M. 2, 813:

    senes,

    id. F. 4, 310:

    mens,

    id. H. 3, 96:

    vultus,

    id. ib. 4, 73:

    rigidi et tristes satellites,

    Tac. A. 16, 22:

    (Cato) rigidae innocentiae,

    Liv. 39, 40, 10; cf.

    of the younger Cato: rigidi servator honesti,

    Luc. 2, 389; so,

    mores,

    Ov. R. Am. 762:

    rigida duraque sententia Macri,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 19; Sen. Ep. 11, 10; 21, 3; 81, 4:

    Mars,

    rough, fierce, Ov. M. 8, 20:

    leo,

    Mart. 10, 65, 13.— Comp.:

    quis non intellegit Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

    too stiff, hard, harsh, Cic. Brut. 18, 70:

    similis in statuariis differentia... jam minus rigida Calamis fecit,

    Quint. 12, 10, 7.— Sup.:

    Abdera fatua et stoliditatis rigidissimae,

    Arn. 5, 164.—Hence, adv.: rĭgĭdē.
    a.
    Inflexibly; in a straight line, Vitr. 2, 3, 2; Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 4.—
    b.
    Rigorously, severely, Ov. Tr. 2, 251.— Comp.:

    disciplinam militarem rigidius adstringere,

    Val. Max. 9, 7 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > rigida

  • 4 rigidus

    rĭgĭdus, a, um, adj. [rigeo], stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; cf. durus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    pruinae,

    Lucr. 2, 521; cf.:

    rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

    id. 1, 355:

    tellus,

    Verg. G. 2, 316:

    aqua,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 48:

    umbrae,

    Lucr. 5, 764:

    frigus,

    id. 1, 356:

    cervicem rectam oportet esse non rigidam aut supinam,

    Quint. 11, 3, 82; cf. id. 11, 3, 160; so,

    cervix,

    Liv. 35, 11; Suet. Tib. 68; Ov. Tr. 1, 4, 14:

    artus morte,

    Lucr. 6, 1196:

    crura,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 36, 101:

    rostrum,

    Ov. M. 5, 673:

    cornu,

    id. ib. 9, 85:

    setae,

    id. ib. 8, 428:

    capilli,

    id. ib. 10, 425:

    oculi (with extenti),

    Quint. 11, 3, 76 et saep.:

    quercus,

    Verg. E. 6, 28; cf.

    columnae,

    Ov. F. 3, 529:

    malus,

    id. H. 5, 53.—

    In mal. part.: illud,

    Petr. 134, 11; cf. Mart. 6, 49, 2.—

    Hence: custos ruris,

    i. e. Priapus, Ov. F. 1, 391; Auct. Priap. 46; and absol.: rĭgĭda, f., Cat. 56, 7:

    silices,

    hard, Ov. M. 9, 613; 225:

    saxum,

    id. ib. 4, 517:

    mons,

    hard, rocky, id. ib. 8, 797:

    Niphates,

    Hor. C. 2, 9, 20:

    ferrum,

    Ov. R. Am. 19:

    serae,

    id. F. 1, 124:

    ensis,

    Verg. A. 12, 304; Ov. M. 3, 118:

    hasta,

    Verg. A. 10, 346:

    unguis,

    Ov. Am. 2, 6, 4 et saep.—
    II.
    Trop., stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid; hardy, stern, rough (syn.:

    tristis, severus): vox,

    hard, harsh, Quint. 11, 3, 32:

    Sabini,

    rough, rude, unpolished, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 25; Ov. M. 14, 797:

    Getae,

    Hor. C. 3, 24, 11; Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 46:

    fossor,

    hardy, Mart. 7, 71, 4; cf.

    manus,

    Ov. M. 14, 647:

    virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles,

    stern, inflexible, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 17; so,

    censor,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 664:

    parens,

    id. M. 2, 813:

    senes,

    id. F. 4, 310:

    mens,

    id. H. 3, 96:

    vultus,

    id. ib. 4, 73:

    rigidi et tristes satellites,

    Tac. A. 16, 22:

    (Cato) rigidae innocentiae,

    Liv. 39, 40, 10; cf.

    of the younger Cato: rigidi servator honesti,

    Luc. 2, 389; so,

    mores,

    Ov. R. Am. 762:

    rigida duraque sententia Macri,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 19; Sen. Ep. 11, 10; 21, 3; 81, 4:

    Mars,

    rough, fierce, Ov. M. 8, 20:

    leo,

    Mart. 10, 65, 13.— Comp.:

    quis non intellegit Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

    too stiff, hard, harsh, Cic. Brut. 18, 70:

    similis in statuariis differentia... jam minus rigida Calamis fecit,

    Quint. 12, 10, 7.— Sup.:

    Abdera fatua et stoliditatis rigidissimae,

    Arn. 5, 164.—Hence, adv.: rĭgĭdē.
    a.
    Inflexibly; in a straight line, Vitr. 2, 3, 2; Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 4.—
    b.
    Rigorously, severely, Ov. Tr. 2, 251.— Comp.:

    disciplinam militarem rigidius adstringere,

    Val. Max. 9, 7 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > rigidus

  • 5 dūrō

        dūrō āvī ātus, āre    [durus].    I. Trans, to make hard, harden, solidify: fumo uvam, dry, H.: calor durat (terram), V.: caementa calce durata, L.: solo nives, H.: undam in glaciem, Tb.—Fig., to harden with use, make hardy, inure: membra animumque, H.: umeros ad volnera, V.: hoc se labore, Cs.: adversus mala duratus, L.— To render hard, make insensible, dull, blunt: ferro (Iuppiter) duravit saecula, H. — To bear, endure, resist: laborem, V.: Vix durare carinae Possunt Aequor, H. —    II. Intrans, to grow hard: Tum durare solum Coeperit, V.— To be inured, be patient, wait, persevere, endure, hold out: hic, T.: in labore sub pellibus, L.: Durate et vosmet servate, V. — Pass impers.: nec durari extra tecta poterat, L. — To hold out, continue, last, remain: totidem per annos, V.: duret gentibus odium sui, Ta.: durante originis vi, Ta.: eadem horam durare probantes, H.: durando saecula vincit, V.: in hanc saeculi lucem, to survive, Ta.: durant colles, i. e. extend, Ta.
    * * *
    durare, duravi, duratus V
    harden, make hard; become hard/stern; bear, last, remain, continue; endure

    Latin-English dictionary > dūrō

  • 6 dura

    dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

    et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    silex,

    Verg. A. 6, 471:

    ferrum,

    Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

    cautes,

    Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

    bipennes,

    Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

    ligones,

    id. Epod. 5, 30:

    aratrum,

    id. S. 1, 1, 28:

    compes,

    id. Epod. 4, 4:

    pellis,

    Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

    arva,

    id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

    cutis,

    Ov. M. 8, 805:

    alvus,

    Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

    muria,

    saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

    dumeta,

    i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

    gallina,

    tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

    fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

    Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

    ladanum durissimum tactu,

    Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

    durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

    Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.
    (α).
    E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—
    (β).
    Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    As affecting the sense of taste:

    vinum, opp. suavis,

    hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

    sapor Bacchi,

    Verg. G. 4, 102:

    acetum,

    Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—
    2.
    As affecting the ear:

    vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

    aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

    Quint. 8, 6, 62:

    consonantes,

    id. 11, 3, 35:

    syllabae,

    id. 12, 10, 30:

    verba,

    id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

    compositio,

    id. 9, 4, 142.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

    Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

    Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

    Attilius poëta durissimus,

    id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

    C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

    id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

    pictor durus in coloribus,

    Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

    terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

    id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—
    2.
    But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

    fortes et duri Spartiatae,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

    Ligures, durum in armis genus,

    Liv. 27, 48:

    durum genus experiensque laborum,

    hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

    unde homines nati, durum genus,

    Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

    gens dura atque aspera cultu,

    a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

    genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

    Lucr. 5, 926:

    Dardanidae,

    Verg. A. 3, 94:

    Hannibal,

    Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

    Iberia,

    id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

    vindemiator,

    id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

    ilia messorum,

    id. Epod. 3, 4:

    juvenci,

    Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —
    B.
    Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

    quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

    Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

    quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

    id. Arch. 8:

    neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

    id. Lael. 13 fin.;

    ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

    Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

    satis pater durus fui,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

    Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

    mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

    Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

    duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

    Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

    quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

    id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

    ōs durum,

    shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

    cor,

    Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—
    C.
    Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

    opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

    servitus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

    lex,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

    condicio,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

    provincia,

    Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

    partes,

    id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

    dolor,

    Lucr. 3, 460:

    labor,

    id. 5, 1272:

    subvectiones,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

    venatus,

    Ov. M. 4, 307:

    dura cultu et aspera plaga,

    Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

    durissimo tempore anni,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

    morbum acrem ac durum,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

    valetudo,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

    dolores,

    Verg. A. 5, 5:

    frigus,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

    fames,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

    pauperies,

    id. C. 4, 9, 49:

    causa,

    Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

    nomen (opp. molle),

    Cic. Off. 1, 12:

    verbum,

    id. Brut. 79, 274:

    propositio,

    Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

    ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

    Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

    siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

    Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

    ego dura tuli,

    Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

    hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

    if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.
    A.
    (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

    juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

    Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

    durius,

    Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —
    B.
    (Acc. to II. A.-C.)
    1.
    Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

    membra moventes Duriter,

    Lucr. 5, 1401:

    duriter,

    Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

    dure,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—
    b.
    Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

    vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—
    2.
    Harshly, roughly, sternly:

    quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

    Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

    duriter,

    Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—
    3.
    Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

    durius cadentibus rebus,

    Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > dura

  • 7 durum

    dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

    et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    silex,

    Verg. A. 6, 471:

    ferrum,

    Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

    cautes,

    Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

    bipennes,

    Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

    ligones,

    id. Epod. 5, 30:

    aratrum,

    id. S. 1, 1, 28:

    compes,

    id. Epod. 4, 4:

    pellis,

    Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

    arva,

    id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

    cutis,

    Ov. M. 8, 805:

    alvus,

    Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

    muria,

    saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

    dumeta,

    i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

    gallina,

    tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

    fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

    Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

    ladanum durissimum tactu,

    Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

    durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

    Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.
    (α).
    E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—
    (β).
    Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    As affecting the sense of taste:

    vinum, opp. suavis,

    hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

    sapor Bacchi,

    Verg. G. 4, 102:

    acetum,

    Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—
    2.
    As affecting the ear:

    vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

    aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

    Quint. 8, 6, 62:

    consonantes,

    id. 11, 3, 35:

    syllabae,

    id. 12, 10, 30:

    verba,

    id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

    compositio,

    id. 9, 4, 142.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

    Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

    Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

    Attilius poëta durissimus,

    id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

    C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

    id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

    pictor durus in coloribus,

    Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

    terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

    id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—
    2.
    But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

    fortes et duri Spartiatae,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

    Ligures, durum in armis genus,

    Liv. 27, 48:

    durum genus experiensque laborum,

    hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

    unde homines nati, durum genus,

    Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

    gens dura atque aspera cultu,

    a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

    genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

    Lucr. 5, 926:

    Dardanidae,

    Verg. A. 3, 94:

    Hannibal,

    Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

    Iberia,

    id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

    vindemiator,

    id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

    ilia messorum,

    id. Epod. 3, 4:

    juvenci,

    Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —
    B.
    Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

    quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

    Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

    quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

    id. Arch. 8:

    neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

    id. Lael. 13 fin.;

    ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

    Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

    satis pater durus fui,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

    Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

    mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

    Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

    duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

    Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

    quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

    id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

    ōs durum,

    shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

    cor,

    Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—
    C.
    Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

    opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

    servitus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

    lex,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

    condicio,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

    provincia,

    Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

    partes,

    id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

    dolor,

    Lucr. 3, 460:

    labor,

    id. 5, 1272:

    subvectiones,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

    venatus,

    Ov. M. 4, 307:

    dura cultu et aspera plaga,

    Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

    durissimo tempore anni,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

    morbum acrem ac durum,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

    valetudo,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

    dolores,

    Verg. A. 5, 5:

    frigus,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

    fames,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

    pauperies,

    id. C. 4, 9, 49:

    causa,

    Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

    nomen (opp. molle),

    Cic. Off. 1, 12:

    verbum,

    id. Brut. 79, 274:

    propositio,

    Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

    ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

    Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

    siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

    Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

    ego dura tuli,

    Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

    hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

    if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.
    A.
    (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

    juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

    Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

    durius,

    Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —
    B.
    (Acc. to II. A.-C.)
    1.
    Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

    membra moventes Duriter,

    Lucr. 5, 1401:

    duriter,

    Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

    dure,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—
    b.
    Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

    vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—
    2.
    Harshly, roughly, sternly:

    quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

    Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

    duriter,

    Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—
    3.
    Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

    durius cadentibus rebus,

    Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > durum

  • 8 durus

    dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

    et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    silex,

    Verg. A. 6, 471:

    ferrum,

    Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

    cautes,

    Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

    bipennes,

    Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

    ligones,

    id. Epod. 5, 30:

    aratrum,

    id. S. 1, 1, 28:

    compes,

    id. Epod. 4, 4:

    pellis,

    Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

    arva,

    id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

    cutis,

    Ov. M. 8, 805:

    alvus,

    Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

    muria,

    saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

    dumeta,

    i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

    gallina,

    tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

    fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

    Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

    ladanum durissimum tactu,

    Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

    durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

    Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.
    (α).
    E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—
    (β).
    Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    As affecting the sense of taste:

    vinum, opp. suavis,

    hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

    sapor Bacchi,

    Verg. G. 4, 102:

    acetum,

    Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—
    2.
    As affecting the ear:

    vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

    aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

    Quint. 8, 6, 62:

    consonantes,

    id. 11, 3, 35:

    syllabae,

    id. 12, 10, 30:

    verba,

    id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

    compositio,

    id. 9, 4, 142.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

    Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

    Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

    Attilius poëta durissimus,

    id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

    C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

    id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

    pictor durus in coloribus,

    Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

    terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

    id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—
    2.
    But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

    fortes et duri Spartiatae,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

    Ligures, durum in armis genus,

    Liv. 27, 48:

    durum genus experiensque laborum,

    hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

    unde homines nati, durum genus,

    Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

    gens dura atque aspera cultu,

    a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

    genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

    Lucr. 5, 926:

    Dardanidae,

    Verg. A. 3, 94:

    Hannibal,

    Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

    Iberia,

    id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

    vindemiator,

    id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

    ilia messorum,

    id. Epod. 3, 4:

    juvenci,

    Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —
    B.
    Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

    quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

    Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

    quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

    id. Arch. 8:

    neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

    id. Lael. 13 fin.;

    ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

    Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

    satis pater durus fui,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

    Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

    mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

    Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

    duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

    Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

    quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

    id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

    ōs durum,

    shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

    cor,

    Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—
    C.
    Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

    opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

    servitus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

    lex,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

    condicio,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

    provincia,

    Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

    partes,

    id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

    dolor,

    Lucr. 3, 460:

    labor,

    id. 5, 1272:

    subvectiones,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

    venatus,

    Ov. M. 4, 307:

    dura cultu et aspera plaga,

    Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

    durissimo tempore anni,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

    morbum acrem ac durum,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

    valetudo,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

    dolores,

    Verg. A. 5, 5:

    frigus,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

    fames,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

    pauperies,

    id. C. 4, 9, 49:

    causa,

    Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

    nomen (opp. molle),

    Cic. Off. 1, 12:

    verbum,

    id. Brut. 79, 274:

    propositio,

    Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

    ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

    Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

    siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

    Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

    ego dura tuli,

    Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

    hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

    if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.
    A.
    (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

    juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

    Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

    durius,

    Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —
    B.
    (Acc. to II. A.-C.)
    1.
    Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

    membra moventes Duriter,

    Lucr. 5, 1401:

    duriter,

    Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

    dure,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—
    b.
    Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

    vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—
    2.
    Harshly, roughly, sternly:

    quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

    Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

    duriter,

    Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—
    3.
    Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

    durius cadentibus rebus,

    Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > durus

  • 9 difficilis

        difficilis e, adj. with comp. and sup.    [dis- + facilis], hard, difficult, troublesome, impracticable, laborious, perilous: res, T.: facilia ex difficillimis redigere, Cs.: opus: locus: in locos difficilīs abire, S.: valles, Cs.: oppidum difficili ascensu: transitus, Cs.: aditūs, H.: tempus anni difficillimum, Cs.: difficili rei p. tempore, peril: casus difficilior, S.: difficilioribus usi tempestatibus, Cs: adversas (res) ferre difficile esset: non fuisse difficile cavere, Cs.—Prov.: difficile est, crimen non prodere voltu, O.—With supin. abl.: difficile factu est non probare: quo de genere difficile dictu est.— As subst n.: pati vel difficillima, the greatest hardships: in difficili esse, embarrassed, L.: ex difficili petenda, O.— Hard to manage, obstinate, captious, morose, surly: parens in liberos: Difficilem offendet garrulus, H.: senes: avunculus difficillimā naturā, N.: difficili bile tumet iecur, H.: Penelope procis, H.: precibus, O.: terrae, intractable, V.
    * * *
    difficile, difficilior -or -us, difficillimus -a -um ADJ
    difficult; hard; hard to manage, obstinate. intractable; morose

    Latin-English dictionary > difficilis

  • 10 dūrus

        dūrus adj.    with comp. and sup, hard (to the touch): silex, V.: ferrum, H.: bipennes, H.: cutis, O.: corpus, impenetrable, O.: dumeta, i. e. rough, O.: gallina, tough, H.—As subst n.: nil extra est in nuce duri, no shell, H.—Hard, harsh, of a taste: sapor Bacchi, V. — Of a sound, C. — Fig., rough, rude, uncultivated: oratione et moribus: poëta durissimus: durior ad haec studia: virtus, Ta.: gens duro robore nata, V.: componere versūs, H. — Hardy, vigorous, rough: Spartiatae: in armis genus, L.: vindemiator, H.: ilia messorum, H.: iuvenci, O. — Harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, pitiless, insensible, obstinate: pater, T.: se durum agrestemque praebere: durior Diogenes: iudex durior: duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur: nos dura aetas, H.: ōs, shameless, impudent, T.: ore durissimo esse: ferrum, cruel, V.: aures, V.: flectere (me) Mollibus Iam durum imperiis, H.—Of things, hard, severe, toilsome, oppressive, distressing, burdensome, adverse: provincia, T.: fortuna: hiemps: venatus, O.: durissimo tempore anni, inclement, Cs.: valetudo, H.: dolores, V.: iter, V.: proelia, V.: Durum: sed levius fit patientiā, etc., H.: hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant, a difficulty, Cs.: si nihil esset durius, Cs.— Plur n. as subst, hardships, difficulties: Siccis omnia dura deus proposuit, H.: multa, V.: ego dura tuli, O.
    * * *
    dura -um, durior -or -us, durissimus -a -um ADJ
    hard, stern; harsh, rough, vigorous; cruel, unfeeling, inflexible; durable

    Latin-English dictionary > dūrus

  • 11 rōbur

        rōbur oris, n    hard-wood, oak-wood, oak: naves totae factae ex robore, Cs.: (sapiens) non est e robore dolatus: Illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat, H.—Very hard wood: morsus Roboris, i. e. of the wild olive, V.: solido de robore myrtus, V.—A tree-trunk: annoso validam robore quercum, i. e. old and sturdy, V.: antiquo robore quercus, with ancient trunk, V.—An oak-tree, oak: fixa est pariter cum robore cervix, i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, O.: agitata robora pulsant (delphines), O.—A piece of oak, structure of hard wood: in robore accumbunt, i. e. on hard benches: sacrum, i. e. the wooden horse, V.: ferro praefixum, i. e. lance, V.: nodosum, i. e. club, O.: aratri, i. e. the oaken plough, V.—A stronghold, dungeon: in robore et tenebris exspiret, L.: Italum, H.—Fig., hardness, physical strength, firmness, vigor, power: aeternaque ferri Robora, V.: navium, L.: satis aetatis atque roboris habere: corporum animorumque, L.: solidaeque suo stant robore vires, V. —Enduring strength, force, vigor: virtutis: animi: pectus robore fultum, O.: neque his (gentibus) tantum virium aut roboris fuit, L.—The best part, pith, kernel, strength, flower, choice: totius Italiae: quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit, Cs.: senatūs robur, L.: haec sunt nostra robora: lecta robora virorum, L.: robora pubis, V.
    * * *
    oak (tree/timber/trunk/club/post/cell); tough core; resolve/purpose; B:tetnus; strength/firmness/solidity; vigor, robustness; potency, force, effectiveness; military strength/might/power; heart, main strength, strongest element; mainstay/bulwark, source of strength; stronghold, position of strength

    Latin-English dictionary > rōbur

  • 12 callum

    callum, i, n. ( callus, i, m., Cels. 5, 18, 36; 5, 26, 31 al.; Domit. Mars. ap. Charis. p. 55; plur. calli, Scrib. Comp. 37; 205; Suet. Aug. 80) [cf. Gr. kalamê; Lat. culmus, culmen].
    I.
    The hardened, thick skin upon animal bodies:

    fere res omnes aut corio sunt Aut etiam conchis aut callo aut cortice tectae,

    Lucr. 4, 935:

    calceamentum solorum callum,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 90:

    pedum,

    Plin. 22, 25, 60, § 127; cf. id. 9, 35, 54, § 108.— Plur., Suet. Aug. 80.—Hence,
    B.
    Meton.
    1.
    The hard flesh of certain animals:

    aprugnum,

    Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 2; id. Pers. 2, 5, 4; for which absol. callum, id. Capt. 4, 3, 4; id. Ps. 1, 2, 33:

    manus elephanti,

    Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31:

    locustarum,

    id. 9, 30, 50, § 95.—
    2.
    The hard skin or the hard flesh of plants:

    uvarum,

    Plin. 14, 1, 3, § 14:

    pirorum ac malorum,

    id. 15, 28, 34, § 116:

    fungorum,

    id. 22, 23, 47, § 96:

    foliorum,

    id. 16, 22, 34, § 82; Pall. Mart. 10, 28 al.—
    3.
    The hard covering of the soil:

    terrae,

    Plin. 17, 5, 3, § 33; 19, 2, 11, § 33; 31, 4, 30, § 53; also, of the hardness of salt:

    salis,

    id. 16, 12, 23, § 56.—
    II.
    Trop., hardness, callousness, insensibility, stupidity (rare;

    most freq. in Cic.): ipse labor quasi callum quoddam obducit dolori,

    renders callous to pain, Cic. Tusc. 2, 15, 36; 3, 22, 53; id. Fam. 9, 2, 3:

    ducere,

    Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 2:

    inducere,

    Quint. 12, 6, 6.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > callum

  • 13 callus

    callum, i, n. ( callus, i, m., Cels. 5, 18, 36; 5, 26, 31 al.; Domit. Mars. ap. Charis. p. 55; plur. calli, Scrib. Comp. 37; 205; Suet. Aug. 80) [cf. Gr. kalamê; Lat. culmus, culmen].
    I.
    The hardened, thick skin upon animal bodies:

    fere res omnes aut corio sunt Aut etiam conchis aut callo aut cortice tectae,

    Lucr. 4, 935:

    calceamentum solorum callum,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 90:

    pedum,

    Plin. 22, 25, 60, § 127; cf. id. 9, 35, 54, § 108.— Plur., Suet. Aug. 80.—Hence,
    B.
    Meton.
    1.
    The hard flesh of certain animals:

    aprugnum,

    Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 2; id. Pers. 2, 5, 4; for which absol. callum, id. Capt. 4, 3, 4; id. Ps. 1, 2, 33:

    manus elephanti,

    Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 31:

    locustarum,

    id. 9, 30, 50, § 95.—
    2.
    The hard skin or the hard flesh of plants:

    uvarum,

    Plin. 14, 1, 3, § 14:

    pirorum ac malorum,

    id. 15, 28, 34, § 116:

    fungorum,

    id. 22, 23, 47, § 96:

    foliorum,

    id. 16, 22, 34, § 82; Pall. Mart. 10, 28 al.—
    3.
    The hard covering of the soil:

    terrae,

    Plin. 17, 5, 3, § 33; 19, 2, 11, § 33; 31, 4, 30, § 53; also, of the hardness of salt:

    salis,

    id. 16, 12, 23, § 56.—
    II.
    Trop., hardness, callousness, insensibility, stupidity (rare;

    most freq. in Cic.): ipse labor quasi callum quoddam obducit dolori,

    renders callous to pain, Cic. Tusc. 2, 15, 36; 3, 22, 53; id. Fam. 9, 2, 3:

    ducere,

    Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 8, 2:

    inducere,

    Quint. 12, 6, 6.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > callus

  • 14 robor

    rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

    quercus, ilex),

    Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,
    I.
    Lit.
    1.
    In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

    morsus roboris,

    i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

    so of the same,

    id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

    solido de robore myrtus,

    id. ib. 2, 64:

    annoso validam robore quercum,

    i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

    annoso robore quercus,

    Ov. M. 8, 743:

    antiquo robore quercus,

    with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

    Massyla, i. e. citri,

    Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

    Maurorum,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—
    2.
    Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

    fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

    i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

    agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

    id. ib. 1, 303.—
    3.
    Oak-wood, oak:

    naves totae factae ex robore,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

    (sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

    illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

    Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

    o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

    Stat. Th. 4, 340. —
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.
    1.
    In gen.:

    Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

    i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

    sacrum,

    Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

    ferro praefixum,

    id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

    aratri,

    i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—
    2.
    In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

    Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

    Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

    robur et saxum minitari,

    Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

    verbera, carnifices, robur,

    Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—
    B.
    Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).
    1.
    Lit.:

    duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    ferri,

    Verg. A. 7, 609:

    saxi,

    Lucr. 1, 882:

    navium,

    Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

    qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

    paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

    id. Cael. 30, 73:

    solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

    Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

    si quod est robur,

    Flor. 2, 1, 1.—
    2.
    Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

    alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

    Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

    in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

    id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

    animi (with magnitudo),

    id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

    robur incredibile animi,

    id. Mil. 37, 101:

    quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

    id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

    multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

    hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

    id. Planc. 8, 21:

    pectus robore fultum,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

    te mea robora fallunt,

    id. H. 16, 367:

    velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

    Liv. 24, 26, 11:

    verba quanti roboris plena,

    Sen. Ep 10, 3:

    qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

    Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

    robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

    id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

    3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

    Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

    O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

    Stat. Th. 4, 340. —
    b.
    Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—
    c.
    Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

    versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

    Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

    quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

    quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

    Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

    senatūs robur,

    Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

    tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

    Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

    haec sunt nostra robora,

    id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

    robora pubis,

    Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

    ingentia robora virorum,

    Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

    conferta robora virorum,

    Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

    quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

    Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

    quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

    Col. 2, 6, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > robor

  • 15 robur

    rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

    quercus, ilex),

    Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,
    I.
    Lit.
    1.
    In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

    morsus roboris,

    i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

    so of the same,

    id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

    solido de robore myrtus,

    id. ib. 2, 64:

    annoso validam robore quercum,

    i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

    annoso robore quercus,

    Ov. M. 8, 743:

    antiquo robore quercus,

    with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

    Massyla, i. e. citri,

    Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

    Maurorum,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—
    2.
    Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

    fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

    i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

    agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

    id. ib. 1, 303.—
    3.
    Oak-wood, oak:

    naves totae factae ex robore,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

    (sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

    illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

    Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

    o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

    Stat. Th. 4, 340. —
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.
    1.
    In gen.:

    Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

    i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

    sacrum,

    Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

    ferro praefixum,

    id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

    aratri,

    i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—
    2.
    In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

    Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

    Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

    robur et saxum minitari,

    Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

    verbera, carnifices, robur,

    Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—
    B.
    Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).
    1.
    Lit.:

    duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    ferri,

    Verg. A. 7, 609:

    saxi,

    Lucr. 1, 882:

    navium,

    Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

    qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

    paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

    id. Cael. 30, 73:

    solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

    Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

    si quod est robur,

    Flor. 2, 1, 1.—
    2.
    Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

    alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

    Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

    in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

    id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

    animi (with magnitudo),

    id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

    robur incredibile animi,

    id. Mil. 37, 101:

    quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

    id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

    multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

    hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

    id. Planc. 8, 21:

    pectus robore fultum,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

    te mea robora fallunt,

    id. H. 16, 367:

    velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

    Liv. 24, 26, 11:

    verba quanti roboris plena,

    Sen. Ep 10, 3:

    qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

    Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

    robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

    id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

    3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

    Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

    O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

    Stat. Th. 4, 340. —
    b.
    Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—
    c.
    Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

    versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

    Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

    quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

    quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

    Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

    senatūs robur,

    Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

    tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

    Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

    haec sunt nostra robora,

    id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

    robora pubis,

    Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

    ingentia robora virorum,

    Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

    conferta robora virorum,

    Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

    quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

    Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

    quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

    Col. 2, 6, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > robur

  • 16 urgenter

    urgeo (less correctly urgueo), ursi ( perf. rare; past part. not found), 2, v. a. [Gr. Werg-, heirgnumi, to shut in; Sanscr. varg-, vargami, prevent; Germ. Merk; Engl. work], to press, push, force, drive, impel, urge.
    I.
    Lit. (mostly poet.;

    syn.: pello, trudo): unda impellitur undā Urgeturque eadem veniens urgetque priorem,

    Ov. M. 15, 182:

    urgeris turbā circum te stante,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 135:

    angustoque vagos pisces urgere catino,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 77:

    trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget,

    Verg. A. 12, 748; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

    aut petis aut urges ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum,

    i. e. roll up, Ov. M. 4, 460:

    versaque in obnixos urguentur cornua vasto Cum gemitu,

    Verg. G. 3, 222:

    tres (naves) Eurus ab alto In brevia et Syrtes urget,

    id. A. 1, 111:

    miserum tenues in jecur urget acus,

    Ov. H. 6, 92:

    equites in oppidum, Auct. B. Afr. 6, 3: (Mars) aetherias currus urgebat ad arces,

    Stat. Th. 3, 222.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To press upon (as something burdensome or compulsory).
    a.
    To bear hard or close upon; press hard, beset (class.):

    Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae juxta constiterat, urgeri ab hoste vidisset,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 26; 2, 25; Sall. J. 56, 6; cf.:

    hinc Pallas instat et urget Hinc contra Lausus,

    Verg. A. 10, 433:

    urgent impavidi te Salaminius Teucer, te Sthenelus,

    Hor. C. 1, 15, 23:

    hac urget lupus, hac canis angit,

    id. S. 2, 2, 64. —
    b.
    To weigh or bear down, to burden, oppress:

    at onus urget,

    Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 35; cf.:

    onus aut jam urgentis aut certe adventantis senectutis,

    Cic. Sen. 1, 2:

    quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Juppiter urget,

    Hor. C. 1, 22, 20:

    quem scabies aut morbus urget,

    id. A. P. 453; cf.:

    ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor Urget,

    id. C. 1, 24, 5:

    omnes illacrimabiles Urgentur ignotique longa Nocte,

    id. ib. 4, 9, 27:

    populus militiā atque inopiā urguebatur,

    Sall. J. 41, 7:

    praesens atque urgens malum,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 25, 61.—
    c.
    To urge, press, stimulate, drive, solicit (syn. insto):

    quod te urget, scelus, Qui huic sis molestus?

    Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 47:

    etiam atque etiam insto atque urgeo,

    Cic. Planc. 19, 48:

    quamobrem, ut facis, urge, insta, perfice,

    id. Att. 13, 32, 1: Lepidus ursit me et suis et Antonii litteris, ut, etc., Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 4:

    nihil urget,

    is pressing, Cic. Att. 13, 27, 2:

    cur patrem non urserit ad exsolutionem,

    Dig. 23, 3, 33.—
    2.
    To press, strain, exert in excess, etc.:

    vox autem ultra vires urgenda non est,

    Quint. 11, 3, 51; cf.

    orationem,

    id. 11, 3, 102.—
    3.
    To press upon (by too great nearness), to crowd, hem in, confine:

    ne urbem hanc urbe aliā premere atque urgere possitis,

    Cic. Agr. 1, 5, 16:

    vallis, quam densis frondibus atrum Urget utrimque latus,

    Verg. A. 11, 524; 7, 566:

    quāque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urget,

    id. G. 4, 290.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    To press, ply, urge with argument (a favorite expression of Cic.):

    urgerent praeterea philosophorum greges... instaret Academia,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42:

    illum neque ursi, neque levavi,

    id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 1:

    sed urges me meis versibus,

    id. Div. 2, 20, 45:

    urguebat Arcesilas Zenonem, cum ipse falsa omnia diceret, etc.,

    id. N. D. 1, 25, 70.—With acc. and inf.:

    sed urguetis identidem hominum esse istam culpam non deorum,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

    illud urgeam, non intellegere eum, quid, etc.,

    id. Fin. 5, 27, 80.— Absol.:

    ut interrogando urgeat,

    Cic. Or. 40, 137:

    urgent tamen et nihil remittunt,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 77; id. Off. 3, 9, 39; id. Lig. 3, 9 (also ap. Quint. 9, 2, 57).—
    B.
    To follow up, keep to, stick to, ply hard, push forward, urge on any thing:

    eundem locum diutius,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 97:

    quin tu urges istam occasionem et facultatem,

    id. Fam. 7, 8, 2:

    jus, aequitatem,

    id. Off. 3, 16, 67: idem illud de provinciis, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 5, 3:

    propositum,

    Hor. S. 2, 7, 6:

    et durum terrae rusticus urget opus,

    Tib. 1, 9, 8; Ov. M. 4, 390; cf.:

    non tacta ligonibus arva,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26:

    vestem,

    Verg. A. 9, 489:

    iter,

    Ov. F. 6, 520:

    vestigia ad manes,

    Sil. 12, 419:

    Romae cum sum et urgeo forum,

    am often in the Forum, Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 4; cf. altum, to force or plunge into, Hor. C. 2, 10, 2.— Urgeri, with gen., to be hard pressed, prosecuted for any thing:

    male administratae provinciae aliorumque criminum,

    Tac. A. 6, 29.— Poet., with inf.:

    marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges Summovere litora,

    Hor. C. 2, 18, 20.—Hence, urgens, entis, P. a. (acc. to I.B.1.), pressing, cogent, urgent (postclass. and very rare):

    urgentior causa,

    Tert. Res. Carn. 2 med.:

    urgentissima ratio,

    Cod. Just. 3, 11, 1.— Adv.: urgenter, pressingly (late Lat.), Cypr. Ep. 30, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > urgenter

  • 17 urgeo

    urgeo (less correctly urgueo), ursi ( perf. rare; past part. not found), 2, v. a. [Gr. Werg-, heirgnumi, to shut in; Sanscr. varg-, vargami, prevent; Germ. Merk; Engl. work], to press, push, force, drive, impel, urge.
    I.
    Lit. (mostly poet.;

    syn.: pello, trudo): unda impellitur undā Urgeturque eadem veniens urgetque priorem,

    Ov. M. 15, 182:

    urgeris turbā circum te stante,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 135:

    angustoque vagos pisces urgere catino,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 77:

    trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget,

    Verg. A. 12, 748; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

    aut petis aut urges ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum,

    i. e. roll up, Ov. M. 4, 460:

    versaque in obnixos urguentur cornua vasto Cum gemitu,

    Verg. G. 3, 222:

    tres (naves) Eurus ab alto In brevia et Syrtes urget,

    id. A. 1, 111:

    miserum tenues in jecur urget acus,

    Ov. H. 6, 92:

    equites in oppidum, Auct. B. Afr. 6, 3: (Mars) aetherias currus urgebat ad arces,

    Stat. Th. 3, 222.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To press upon (as something burdensome or compulsory).
    a.
    To bear hard or close upon; press hard, beset (class.):

    Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae juxta constiterat, urgeri ab hoste vidisset,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 26; 2, 25; Sall. J. 56, 6; cf.:

    hinc Pallas instat et urget Hinc contra Lausus,

    Verg. A. 10, 433:

    urgent impavidi te Salaminius Teucer, te Sthenelus,

    Hor. C. 1, 15, 23:

    hac urget lupus, hac canis angit,

    id. S. 2, 2, 64. —
    b.
    To weigh or bear down, to burden, oppress:

    at onus urget,

    Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 35; cf.:

    onus aut jam urgentis aut certe adventantis senectutis,

    Cic. Sen. 1, 2:

    quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Juppiter urget,

    Hor. C. 1, 22, 20:

    quem scabies aut morbus urget,

    id. A. P. 453; cf.:

    ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor Urget,

    id. C. 1, 24, 5:

    omnes illacrimabiles Urgentur ignotique longa Nocte,

    id. ib. 4, 9, 27:

    populus militiā atque inopiā urguebatur,

    Sall. J. 41, 7:

    praesens atque urgens malum,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 25, 61.—
    c.
    To urge, press, stimulate, drive, solicit (syn. insto):

    quod te urget, scelus, Qui huic sis molestus?

    Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 47:

    etiam atque etiam insto atque urgeo,

    Cic. Planc. 19, 48:

    quamobrem, ut facis, urge, insta, perfice,

    id. Att. 13, 32, 1: Lepidus ursit me et suis et Antonii litteris, ut, etc., Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 4:

    nihil urget,

    is pressing, Cic. Att. 13, 27, 2:

    cur patrem non urserit ad exsolutionem,

    Dig. 23, 3, 33.—
    2.
    To press, strain, exert in excess, etc.:

    vox autem ultra vires urgenda non est,

    Quint. 11, 3, 51; cf.

    orationem,

    id. 11, 3, 102.—
    3.
    To press upon (by too great nearness), to crowd, hem in, confine:

    ne urbem hanc urbe aliā premere atque urgere possitis,

    Cic. Agr. 1, 5, 16:

    vallis, quam densis frondibus atrum Urget utrimque latus,

    Verg. A. 11, 524; 7, 566:

    quāque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urget,

    id. G. 4, 290.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    To press, ply, urge with argument (a favorite expression of Cic.):

    urgerent praeterea philosophorum greges... instaret Academia,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42:

    illum neque ursi, neque levavi,

    id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 1:

    sed urges me meis versibus,

    id. Div. 2, 20, 45:

    urguebat Arcesilas Zenonem, cum ipse falsa omnia diceret, etc.,

    id. N. D. 1, 25, 70.—With acc. and inf.:

    sed urguetis identidem hominum esse istam culpam non deorum,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

    illud urgeam, non intellegere eum, quid, etc.,

    id. Fin. 5, 27, 80.— Absol.:

    ut interrogando urgeat,

    Cic. Or. 40, 137:

    urgent tamen et nihil remittunt,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 77; id. Off. 3, 9, 39; id. Lig. 3, 9 (also ap. Quint. 9, 2, 57).—
    B.
    To follow up, keep to, stick to, ply hard, push forward, urge on any thing:

    eundem locum diutius,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 97:

    quin tu urges istam occasionem et facultatem,

    id. Fam. 7, 8, 2:

    jus, aequitatem,

    id. Off. 3, 16, 67: idem illud de provinciis, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 5, 3:

    propositum,

    Hor. S. 2, 7, 6:

    et durum terrae rusticus urget opus,

    Tib. 1, 9, 8; Ov. M. 4, 390; cf.:

    non tacta ligonibus arva,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26:

    vestem,

    Verg. A. 9, 489:

    iter,

    Ov. F. 6, 520:

    vestigia ad manes,

    Sil. 12, 419:

    Romae cum sum et urgeo forum,

    am often in the Forum, Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 4; cf. altum, to force or plunge into, Hor. C. 2, 10, 2.— Urgeri, with gen., to be hard pressed, prosecuted for any thing:

    male administratae provinciae aliorumque criminum,

    Tac. A. 6, 29.— Poet., with inf.:

    marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges Summovere litora,

    Hor. C. 2, 18, 20.—Hence, urgens, entis, P. a. (acc. to I.B.1.), pressing, cogent, urgent (postclass. and very rare):

    urgentior causa,

    Tert. Res. Carn. 2 med.:

    urgentissima ratio,

    Cod. Just. 3, 11, 1.— Adv.: urgenter, pressingly (late Lat.), Cypr. Ep. 30, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > urgeo

  • 18 urgueo

    urgeo (less correctly urgueo), ursi ( perf. rare; past part. not found), 2, v. a. [Gr. Werg-, heirgnumi, to shut in; Sanscr. varg-, vargami, prevent; Germ. Merk; Engl. work], to press, push, force, drive, impel, urge.
    I.
    Lit. (mostly poet.;

    syn.: pello, trudo): unda impellitur undā Urgeturque eadem veniens urgetque priorem,

    Ov. M. 15, 182:

    urgeris turbā circum te stante,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 135:

    angustoque vagos pisces urgere catino,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 77:

    trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget,

    Verg. A. 12, 748; cf. Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 21:

    aut petis aut urges ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum,

    i. e. roll up, Ov. M. 4, 460:

    versaque in obnixos urguentur cornua vasto Cum gemitu,

    Verg. G. 3, 222:

    tres (naves) Eurus ab alto In brevia et Syrtes urget,

    id. A. 1, 111:

    miserum tenues in jecur urget acus,

    Ov. H. 6, 92:

    equites in oppidum, Auct. B. Afr. 6, 3: (Mars) aetherias currus urgebat ad arces,

    Stat. Th. 3, 222.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To press upon (as something burdensome or compulsory).
    a.
    To bear hard or close upon; press hard, beset (class.):

    Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae juxta constiterat, urgeri ab hoste vidisset,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 26; 2, 25; Sall. J. 56, 6; cf.:

    hinc Pallas instat et urget Hinc contra Lausus,

    Verg. A. 10, 433:

    urgent impavidi te Salaminius Teucer, te Sthenelus,

    Hor. C. 1, 15, 23:

    hac urget lupus, hac canis angit,

    id. S. 2, 2, 64. —
    b.
    To weigh or bear down, to burden, oppress:

    at onus urget,

    Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 35; cf.:

    onus aut jam urgentis aut certe adventantis senectutis,

    Cic. Sen. 1, 2:

    quod latus mundi nebulae malusque Juppiter urget,

    Hor. C. 1, 22, 20:

    quem scabies aut morbus urget,

    id. A. P. 453; cf.:

    ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor Urget,

    id. C. 1, 24, 5:

    omnes illacrimabiles Urgentur ignotique longa Nocte,

    id. ib. 4, 9, 27:

    populus militiā atque inopiā urguebatur,

    Sall. J. 41, 7:

    praesens atque urgens malum,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 25, 61.—
    c.
    To urge, press, stimulate, drive, solicit (syn. insto):

    quod te urget, scelus, Qui huic sis molestus?

    Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 47:

    etiam atque etiam insto atque urgeo,

    Cic. Planc. 19, 48:

    quamobrem, ut facis, urge, insta, perfice,

    id. Att. 13, 32, 1: Lepidus ursit me et suis et Antonii litteris, ut, etc., Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 4:

    nihil urget,

    is pressing, Cic. Att. 13, 27, 2:

    cur patrem non urserit ad exsolutionem,

    Dig. 23, 3, 33.—
    2.
    To press, strain, exert in excess, etc.:

    vox autem ultra vires urgenda non est,

    Quint. 11, 3, 51; cf.

    orationem,

    id. 11, 3, 102.—
    3.
    To press upon (by too great nearness), to crowd, hem in, confine:

    ne urbem hanc urbe aliā premere atque urgere possitis,

    Cic. Agr. 1, 5, 16:

    vallis, quam densis frondibus atrum Urget utrimque latus,

    Verg. A. 11, 524; 7, 566:

    quāque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urget,

    id. G. 4, 290.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    To press, ply, urge with argument (a favorite expression of Cic.):

    urgerent praeterea philosophorum greges... instaret Academia,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42:

    illum neque ursi, neque levavi,

    id. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 1:

    sed urges me meis versibus,

    id. Div. 2, 20, 45:

    urguebat Arcesilas Zenonem, cum ipse falsa omnia diceret, etc.,

    id. N. D. 1, 25, 70.—With acc. and inf.:

    sed urguetis identidem hominum esse istam culpam non deorum,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76:

    illud urgeam, non intellegere eum, quid, etc.,

    id. Fin. 5, 27, 80.— Absol.:

    ut interrogando urgeat,

    Cic. Or. 40, 137:

    urgent tamen et nihil remittunt,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 77; id. Off. 3, 9, 39; id. Lig. 3, 9 (also ap. Quint. 9, 2, 57).—
    B.
    To follow up, keep to, stick to, ply hard, push forward, urge on any thing:

    eundem locum diutius,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 35, 97:

    quin tu urges istam occasionem et facultatem,

    id. Fam. 7, 8, 2:

    jus, aequitatem,

    id. Off. 3, 16, 67: idem illud de provinciis, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 5, 3:

    propositum,

    Hor. S. 2, 7, 6:

    et durum terrae rusticus urget opus,

    Tib. 1, 9, 8; Ov. M. 4, 390; cf.:

    non tacta ligonibus arva,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 26:

    vestem,

    Verg. A. 9, 489:

    iter,

    Ov. F. 6, 520:

    vestigia ad manes,

    Sil. 12, 419:

    Romae cum sum et urgeo forum,

    am often in the Forum, Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 4; cf. altum, to force or plunge into, Hor. C. 2, 10, 2.— Urgeri, with gen., to be hard pressed, prosecuted for any thing:

    male administratae provinciae aliorumque criminum,

    Tac. A. 6, 29.— Poet., with inf.:

    marisque Baiis obstrepentis urges Summovere litora,

    Hor. C. 2, 18, 20.—Hence, urgens, entis, P. a. (acc. to I.B.1.), pressing, cogent, urgent (postclass. and very rare):

    urgentior causa,

    Tert. Res. Carn. 2 med.:

    urgentissima ratio,

    Cod. Just. 3, 11, 1.— Adv.: urgenter, pressingly (late Lat.), Cypr. Ep. 30, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > urgueo

  • 19 callōsus

        callōsus adj.    [callum], hard-skinned, callous: ova, H.
    * * *
    callosa -um, callosior -or -us, callosissimus -a -um ADJ
    tough, hard/thick-skinned; made hard/tough by use; callused, indurated

    Latin-English dictionary > callōsus

  • 20 premō

        premō essī, essus, ere    [PREM-], to press: ad pectora natos, V.: anguem humi, to tread on, V.: membra paterna rotis, i. e. drove her chariot over the body, O.: trabes Premunt columnas, press upon, H.: ubera plena, i. e. milk, O.: frena manu, grasp, O.: dente frena, champ, O.: grana ore suo, chew, O.: presso molari, with compressed teeth, Iu.: pressum lac, i. e. cheese, V.: quod surgente die mulsere, Nocte premunt, make into cheese, V.: litus, hug the shore, H.— To press out, express, obtain by pressing: pressa tuis balanus capillis, i. e. balsam, H.: oleum, express, H.— To press upon, lie on, rest on, be upon: humum, O.: toros, O.: hoc quod premis habeto, O.: pharetram cervice, O.— To cover, bury, suppress, hide: alqd terrā, H.: Omne lucrum tenebris premebat humus, O.: ossa male pressa, i. e. buried, O.: Conlectum sub naribus ignem, repressing (of a horse), V.— To cover, crown, adorn: ut premerer sacrā lauro, H.: Fronde crinem, V.— To press hard, bear upon, crowd, throng, pursue closely: Hac fugerent Grai, premeret Troiana iuventus, thronged, V.: Hinc Rutulus premit, V.: hostīs ex loco superiore, Cs.: naves cum adversarios premerent acrius, N.: Trīs famulos, i. e. kill., V.: ad retia cervom, chase, V.— To press down, burden, load, freight: Nescia quem premeret, on whose back she sat, O.: pressae carinae, loaded, V.— To press down, depress, cause to sink: sors, quae tollit eosdem, Et premit, O.: mundus ut ad Scythiam Consurgit, premitur, etc., is depressed, V.: dentīs in vite, O.: presso sub vomere, V.: cubito remanete presso, i. e. rest on your couches, H.— To mark, impress: littera articulo pressa tremente, written, O.: multā via pressa rotā, O.— To set out, plant: virgulta per agros, V.: pressae propaginis arcūs, layers, V.— To press down, make deep, impress: vestigio leviter presso: sulcum, draw a furrow, V.: cavernae in altitudinem pressae, Cu.— To press close, compress, close, shut: oculos, V.: fauces, O.: laqueo collum, strangle, H.: praecordia senis, stop the breath, Iu.: quibus illa premetur Per somnum digitis, choked, Iu. — To shorten, keep down, prune: falce vitem, H.: luxuriem falce, O.— To check, arrest: vestigia, V. — To visit frequently, frequent: forum.—Fig., to press, be pressing, burden, oppress, overwhelm, weigh down: necessitas eum premebat: aerumnae, quae me premunt, S.: pressus gravitate soporis, O.: aere alieno premi, Cs.: premi periculis.— To press, press upon, urge, drive, importune, pursue, press hard: cum a me premeretur: Criminibus premunt veris, urge, O.: a plerisque ad exeundum premi, to be importuned, N.: Numina nulla premunt, V.: (deus) Os rabidum fingit premendo, i. e. by his inspiration, V.— To follow up, press home, urge, dwell upon: argumentum etiam atque etiam: (vocem) pressit, i. e. laid to heart, V.— To cover, hide, conceal: dum nocte premuntur, V.: iam te premet nox, H.— To lower, pull down, humble, degrade, disparage, depreciate: premebat eum factio, kept him down, L.: hunc prensantem premebat nobilitas, opposed his candidacy, L.: arma Latini, V.: opuscula (opp. laudet ametque), H.— To compress, abridge, condense: haec Zeno sic premebat.— To check, arrest, repress, restrain: cursum ingeni tui, Brute, premit haec clades: vocem, to be silent, V. — To surpass, exceed, overshadow: Facta premant annos, O.: ne prisca vetustas Laude pudicitiae saecula nostra premat, O.— To keep down, rule: ventos imperio, V.: Mycenas servitio, V.
    * * *
    premere, pressi, pressus V
    press, press hard, pursue; oppress; overwhelm

    Latin-English dictionary > premō

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