202e

δαιμόνιον, τό,

A divine Power, Divinity, Hdt.5.87, E.Ba. 894 (lyr.), Isoc.1.13, Pl.R. 382e, etc.;

τὸ δαιμόνιον ἄρ' ἢ θεὸς ἢ θεοῦ ἔργον Arist. Rh. 1398a15

, cf. 1419a9;

οἱ θεοὶ εἴσονται καὶ τὸ δ. D.19.239

; φοβεῖσθαι μή τι δ. πράγματ' ἐλαύνῃ some fatality, Id.9.54; τὰ τοῦ δ. the favours of forlune, Pl.Epin. 992d.

II inferior divine being,

μεταξὺ θεοῦ τε καὶ θνητοῦ Id.Smp. 202e

;

καινὰ δ. εἰσφέρειν X.Mem.1.1.2

, Pl. Ap. 24c, cf. Vett. Val.67.5, etc.; applied to the 'genius' of Socrates, X.Mem.1.1.2, Pl.Ap. 40a, Tht. 151a, Euthphr.3b.

2 evil spirit,

δ. φαῦλα Chrysipp.Stoic.2.338

, cf. LXXDe.32.17, To.3.8, Ev.Matt.7.22, al., PMag.Lond.1.46.120 (iv A. D.).

διαπορθμ-εύω,

A carry over or across a river or strait, Hdt.4.141, Acus.29J., etc.; carry a message from one to another, Hdt.9.4:— [voice] Pass., to be ferried across, BGU1188.10 (i B.C.).

2 metaph., transmit,

θεοῖς τὰ παρ' ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἀνθρώποις τὰ παρὰ θεῶν Pl.Smp. 202e

, cf. Procl.Inst. 148, Iamb.Myst.1.5;

κλῆρον εἰς τοὺς ἐκγόνους Jul. Or.2.81c

.

II δ. ποταμόν, of ferry-boats, ply across a river, Hdt. 1.205,5.52: abs., cross over, Iamb.VP2.11.

θνητός, ή, όν, also ός, όν E. Ion 973,IA 901, 1396: [dialect] Dor. [full] θνᾱτός (v. infr.): [dialect] Aeol. [full] θνᾶτος Sapph.Supp.13.7: ([etym.] θνῄσκω):—

A liable to death, mortal, opp. ἀθάνατος, freq. in Hom., Od.5.213, al.;

θ. ἄνδρες Hes. Th. 967

;

οὐδὲν.. θνητὸν ἐόν Hdt.8.98

;

ζῷα πάντα θ. καὶ φυτά Pl.Sph. 265c

: as Subst., θνητοί mortals, Od.19.593, etc.; θνηταί mortal women, 5.213; πάντων τῶν θ. of all mortal creatures, Hdt.1.216, 2.68; εἴ τις φθόγγος ( φθόγγον cod., but θ. is only used of living persons)

εἰσακούεται θνητῶν παρ' Ἅιδῃ E.HF 491

: [comp] Comp.,

ἐν θνητῷ ὄντες, ἔτι θνητοτέρους ἑαυτοὺς ποιοῦντες Porph.Abst.4.20

: [comp] Sup.,

θνητότατος πάντων Plot.5.1.1

.

2 of things, befitting mortals, human,

ἔργματα E.Ba. 1069

;

θνατὰ θνατοῖσι πρέπει Pi.I.5(4).16

;

θνατὰ χρὴ τὸν θνατὸν.. φρονεῖν Epich.[263]

, cf. S.Tr. 473;

τὸ δαιμόνιον μεταξύ ἐστι θεοῦ τε καὶ θνητοῦ Pl.Smp. 202e

.

στοιχεῖον, τό:

I in a form of sun-dial, the shadow of the gnomon, the length of which in feet indicated the time of day, ὅταν ᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ ς. when the shadow is ten feet long, Ar.Ec. 652, v. Sch.;

ὁπηνίκ' ἂν εἴκοσι ποδῶν.. τὸ σ. ᾖ Eub.119.7

, cf. Philem.83.

II element,

1 a simple sound of speech, as the first component of the syllable, Pl.Cra. 424d; τὸ ῥῶ τὸ ς. ib. 426d;

γραμμάτων σ. καὶ συλλαβάς Id.Tht. 202e

;

σ. ἐστι φωνὴ ἀδιαίρετος Arist.Po. 1456b22

;

φωνῆς σ. καὶ ἀρχαὶ δοκοῦσιν εἶναι ταῦτ' ἐξ ὧν σύγκεινται αἱ φωναὶ πρώτων Id.Metaph. 998a23

, cf.Gal.15.6:— στοιχεῖα therefore, strictly, were different from letters ([etym.] γράμματα), Diog.Bab.Stoic.3.213, Sch.D.T.p.32, al., but are freq. not clearly distd. from them, as by Pl.Tht.l.c., Cra. 426d;

τὰ σ. τῶν γραμμάτων τὰ τέτταρα καὶ εἴκοσι Aen.Tact.31.21

; σ. ε ¯ letter ε (in a filing-system), BGU959.2 (ii A.D.); ἀκουόμενα ς. letters which are pronounced, A.D.Adv.165.17; γράμματα and ς. are expressly identified by D.T.630.32; the ς. and its name are confused by A.D. Synt.29.1, but distd. by Hdn.Gr. ap. Choerob.in Theod.1.340, Sch.D.T. l.c.:—

κατὰ στοιχεῖον

in the order of the letters, alphabetically,

AP11.15

(Ammian.); dub.sens.in Plu.2.422e.

2 in Physics, στοιχεῖα were the components into which matter is ultimately divisible, elements, reduced to four by Empedocles, who called them ῥιζὤματα, the word στοιχεῖα being first used (acc. to Eudem. ap. Simp.in Ph.7.13 ) by Pl., τὰ πρῶτα οἱονπερεὶ ς, e)c w(=n h(mei=s te sugkei/meqa kai\ ta)/lla Tht. 201e; τὰ τῶν πάντων ς. Plt. 278d;

αὐτὰ τιθέμενοι σ. τοῦ παντός Ti. 48b

, cf. Arist.GC 314a29, Metaph. 998a28, Thphr.Sens.3, al., D.L.3.24;

σ. σωματικά Arist.Mete. 338a22

, Thphr.Fr.46; ἄτομα ς. Epicur.Ep.2p.36U.; equivalent to ἀρχαί, Thales ap.Plu.2.875c, Anaximand. ap. D.L.2.1, Anon. ap. Arist.Ph. 188b28, Metaph. 1059b23, al.; but Arist. also distinguishes ς. from ἀρχή as less comprehensive, ib.1070b23; τὰ σ. ὕλη τῆς οὐσίας ib.1088b27; τρία τὰ ς. Id.Ph. 189b16; distd. from ἀρχή on other grounds by Stoic.2.111; ς. used in three senses by Chrysipp., ib.136, cf. Zeno ib.1.24, al.; in Medicine, Gal.6.3, 420, al., 15.7, al.;

Αἰθέρ, κόσμου σ. ἄριστον Orph.H.5.4

; ἀνηλεὲς ς., of the sea, Babr.71.4; τὸ ς., of the sea, Polem.Cyn.44; ἄμφω τὰ ς., i.e. land and sea, ib.11, cf. Hdn.3.1.5, Him.Ecl.2.18.

3 the elements of proof, e.g. in general reasoning the πρῶτοι συλλογισμοί, Arist.Metaph. 1014b1; in Geometry, the propositions whose proof is involved in the proof of other propositions, ib. 998a26, 1014a36; title of geometrical works by Hippocrates of Chios, Leon, Theudios, and Euclid, Procl. in Euc.pp.66,67,68F.: hence applied to whatever is one, small, and capable of many uses, Arist.Metaph. 1014b3; to whatever is most universal, e.g. the unit and the point, ib.6; the line and the circle, Id.Top. 158b35; the τόπος (argument applicable to a variety of subjects), ib. 120b13, al., Rh. 1358a35, al.;

στοιχεῖα τὰ γένη λέγουσί τινες Id.Metaph. 1014b10

; τὸ νόμισμα σ. καὶ πέρας τῆς ἀλλαγῆς coin is the unit.. of exchange, Id.Pol. 1257b23; in Grammar, σ. τῆς λέξεως parts of speech, D.H.Comp.2; but also, the letters composing a word, A.D.Synt.313.7; letters of the alphabet, Diog. Bab.Stoic.3.213; σ. τοῦ λόγου the elements of speech, viz. words, or the kinds of words, parts of speech, Thphr. ap. Simp. in Cat.10.24, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.45, A.D.Synt.7.1, 313.6.

4 generally, elementary or fundamental principle, ἀρξάμενοι ἀπὸ τῶν ς. X.Mem.2.1.1;

σ. χρηστῆς πολιτείας Isoc.2.16

; τὸ πολλάκις εἰρημένον μέγιστον ς. Arist.Pol. 1309b16;

σ. τῆς ὅλης τέχνης Nicol.Com.1.30

, cf. Epicur. Ep.1p.10U., Ep.3p.59U., Phld.Rh.1.127S., Gal.6.306.

5 ἄστρων στοιχεῖα the stars, Man.4.624;

σ. καυσούμενα λυθήσεται 2 Ep.Pet.3.10

, cf. 12; esp. planets,

στοιχείῳ Διός PLond.1.130.60

(i/ii A.D.); so perh. in Ep.Gal.4.3, Ep.Col.2.8; esp. a sign of the Zodiac, D.L.6.102; of the Great Bear, PMag.Par.1.1303.

6 σ. = ἀριθμός, as etym. of Στοιχαδεύς, Sch.D.T.p.192 H.

συμπληρ-όω,

A help to fill, σ. τοῖσι Ἀθηναίοισι τὰς νέας help them in manning.., Hdt.8.1.

II fill up or completely, ἑξήκοντα ναῦς man them fully, Th.6.50, cf. Hell.Oxy.14.1;

σ. τὸ περιηγηθέν Pl.Lg. 770b

; τὸν μεταξὺ τόπον, τὸ μ., Arist.Mete. 340a18, PA 694b1, cf. Pl.Smp. 202e, IG22.1668.71;

τοὺς πόρους Thphr.Od.45

, Diocl.Fr.147;

ἔρανον Plu.2.694b

:—[voice] Med.,

σ. τὰ διαστήματα Pl.Ti. 35c

, cf. 36b;

τριήρεις Hell.Oxy.2.4

:—[voice] Pass.,

τὸ δὲ [τῆς σύριγγος] πάλιν ξυμπληρωθείη Hp. Fist.4

;

πάντα συμπεπλήρωται σαρξίν Pl.Ti. 75a

;

εὐδαιμονίᾳ Phld.D.1.2

;

σ. ἔκ τινων Ti.Locr.105a

, D.S.1.2;

ὑπό τινων Archim.Eratosth.3

.

b Medic., cause congestion of,

τὰ ὑποθυμιάματα σ. τὴν κεφαλήν Sor.1.72

:—[voice] Pass., suffer from congestion of the brain, IG42(1).126.28 (Epid., ii A.D.), Gal.15.902.

2 complete,

τὸ ὅλον Arist.GC 336b31

;

ἕν τι τῶν συμπληρούντων τοῦτο Plot.1.8.3

, cf. 2.6.1; τὰ συμπληροῦντα τὴν ἀρίστην μαῖαν the qualities which make up the complete good midwife, Sor.1.4, cf. Gal.6.166, UP1.9:—[voice] Pass., [δένδρα] συμπεπληρωμένα πᾶσι τοῖς οἰκείοις μορίοις, opp. ἀρχόμενα φύεσθαι, Id.16.492, cf. 526,685, Ath.15.671a.

3 fulfil, attain,

τὸ τῆς φύσεως τέλος Polystr.Herc.346p.86V.

:—[voice] Med.,

τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τοῦ σώματος ἀγαθόν Epicur.Ep.3p.62U.

:—[voice] Pass., Polystr.p.31W.

4 finish,

περὶ τοῦ λίαν ὀξέος ὀξυμέλιτος συμπληρώσας τὸν λόγον Gal.15.683

, cf. 572.

συνδέω,

A bind or tie together, of two or more things,

συνέδησα πόδας δεινοῖο πελώρου Od.10.168

;

σὺν δὲ πόδας χεῖράς τε δέον 22.189

;

οἶνος σ. πόδας χεῖράς τε γλῶσσάν τε νόον τε Hes.Fr. 121

;

τοὺς πόδας καὶ τὰς χεῖρας Pl.Euthphr.4c

; σ. γαύλους bind them together, side by side, Hdt.8.97, cf. Plb.1.22.9; δέλτον λύειν καὶ ς. fasten it up, E.IA 110; act as binding material,

ὁ συνδέων πηλός CPR232.17

(ii/iii A.D.):— [voice] Pass., τὰς χεῖρας συνεδέθησαν had their hands tied together, Demad.13; ἰσχία μὴ συνδεδεμένα flanks not well-knit, of dogs, X.Cyn.4.1, cf. Arist.Pr. 873a33.

2 of persons, bind hand and foot,

ὁππότε μιν ξυνδῆσαι Ὀλύμπιοι ἤθελον ἄλλοι Il.1.399

, cf. Hdt.9.119, S.Aj.62, Ph. 1016, E.Cyc. 238, etc.; λαγὼς αὐτὸς σ. ἑαυτόν entangles itself, X Cyr. 1.6.40:—[voice] Pass., συνδεδεμένος constrained, cramped, Philostr.Im.2.21.

b bind up a wound, σφενδόνῃ with.., Il.13.599.

3 bind up with, combine closely,

σάρκας ὀστοῖς Pl.Ti. 84a

, cf. 73b, Smp. 202e, Tht. 160b; also

τι ἀπό τινος Luc.Syr.D.29

; of parts growing together, Hp.Mul.1.40.

4 generally, bind together, unite, [ἰσότης] φίλους φίλοις πόλεις τε πόλεσι συμμάχους τε συμμάχοις ς. E.Ph. 538;

τὸ κοινὸν συνδεῖ τὰς πόλεις Pl.Lg. 875a

;

ἡδονῆς καὶ λύπης κοινωνία συνδεῖ Id.R. 462b

;

σ. καὶ συνέχειν Id.Phd. 99c

; σ. τινὰ πενίᾳ bind him to.., Alciphr.3.49.

5 connect, opp. διαζευγνύω, A.D.Conj. 214.6, al.

II [voice] Med., σύνδησαι πέπλους gird up thy robes, E.Andr. 832 (lyr., Reiske for πέπλοις).

2 have things bound together, Ti. [dialect] Locr. 99a, Them.Or.4.59a.

3 unite themselves, form a union,

πρὸς παίδων γέννησιν Pl.Plt. 310b

, cf. Betion ap.D.L.4.54.

ἀμοιβ-ή, ἡ, ([etym.] ἀμείβω)

A requital, recompense, Hom. only in Od.;

σοὶ δ' ἄξιόν ἐστιν ἀμοιβῆς Od.1.318

;

ἄλλοισι δίδου χαρίεσσαν ἀ... ἑκατόμβης 3.58

;

εὖ ἔρδοντι κακὴν ἀπέδωκας ἀ. Thgn.1263

, cf. E.Or. 467;

γλυκεῖαν μόχθων ἀ. Pi.N.5.48

; ἀγαναῖς ἀ. τινὰ τίνεσθαι to requite him by like return, Id.P.2.24;

χαρίεσσα ἀμοιϝά GDI3119c

([place name] Corinth);

οἵας ἀ. ἐξ Ἰάσονος κυρεῖ E.Med.23

;

ἀμοιβαὶ τῶν θυσιῶν Pl.Smp. 202e

; retribution,

ἔργων ἀντ' ἀδίκων χαλεπὴν ἐπέθηκεν ἀ. Hes.Op. 334

: pl.,

αἰωνίαις ἀ. βασανισθησόμενοι Phld.D.1.19

.

2 repayment, compensation,

τείσουσι βοῶν ἐπιεικέ' ἀ. Od.12.382

.

3 that which is given in exchange,

τῷ σκυτοτόμῳ ἀντὶ τῶν ὑποδημάτων ἀ. γίνεται κατ' ἀξίαν Arist.EN 1163b35

;

τὴν ἀ. ποιητέον κατὰ τὴν προαίρεσιν 1164b1

;

δέκα μνῶν ἀ. Plu.Lyc.9

.

4 answer,

ἀσχήμων ἐν τῇ ἀ. Hdt.7.160

.

II change, exchange,

τὰς ἀ. ποιεῖσθαι Str.11.4.4

; of money, Plu.Luc.2.

III change, alternation,

κακῶν E.El. 1147

;

ἑορτῶν Pl.Lg. 653d

.

2 transformation, D.L.9.8.

ἄλλοσε, Adv.

A elsewhither, Od.23.184;

ἄλλος ἄ. A.Pers. 359

;

ἄ... ὄμμα θατέρᾳ δὲ νοῦν ἔχοντα S.Tr. 272

; to foreign lands, ἄ. ἐκπέμπειν to export, X.HG6.1.11; ἄ. οὐδαμόσε to no other place, Pl.Cri. 52b; ἄ. πολλαχόσε to many other places, Id.Mx. 241e; ποῖ ἄ.; to what other place? Id.Phd. 82a; ἄ. ποι to some other place, Id.Tht. 202e: c. gen., ἄ. ποι τῆς Σικελίας to some other part of Sicily, Th.7.51;

ἄ. τοῦ σώματος Pl.Lg. 841a

:—by attraction, = ἀλλαχοῦ, ἄλλοσε ὅποι ἂν ἀφίκῃ Id.Cri. 45b.

ἐπῳδή, [dialect] Ion. and poet. [full] ἐπᾰοιδή, ἡ,

A song sung to or over: hence, enchantment, spell,

ἐπαοιδῇ δ' αἷμα..ἔσχεθον Od.19.457

, cf. Pi.P.4.217 ;

οὐ πρὸς ἰατροῦ σοφοῦ θρηνεῖν ἐπῳδὰς πρὸς τομῶντι πήματι S.Aj. 582

; of the Magi, Hdt.1.132 ;

μελιγλώσσοις πειθοῦς ἐπαοιδαῖσιν A.Pr. 174

, cf. S.OC 1194 ;

ἐπῳδὰς ἐπᾴδειν X.Mem.2.6.10

sq.;

ἐπῳδαῖς ἁλίσκεσθαι Anaxandr.33.13

;

οὔτε φάρμακα..οὐδ' αὖ ἐπῳδαί Pl.R. 426b

; θυσίαι καὶ ἐ. ib. 364b ;

τὰς θυσίας καὶ τελετὰς καὶ τὰς ἐ. Id.Smp. 202e

, etc.: c. gen. obj., charm for or against..,

τούτων ἐπῳδὰς οὐκ ἐποίησεν πατήρ A.Eu. 649

.

II apptly., = ἐπῳδός 11, Poet.Oxy.661.21 (pl.).

ἰστέον, ([etym.] Εἴδω, οἶδα)

A one must see,

ἰστέον δή Pl.Tht. 202e

;

ἰ. ἤδη τί ἐστὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα Id.Smp. 217c

.

II one must know, Gal.5.480, Sch. Nic.Th.11.

ὅμηρος, ὁ,

A pledge, surety, hostage,

ὁμήρους λαμβάνειν Hdt.6.99

;

ὁ. παῖδας λαβών Id.1.64

;

τὰ ἑωυτοῦ τέκνα δοὺς ὁ. Id.7.165

, cf. Th.7.83 ;

ἐν ὁμήρων λόγῳ ποιεύμενος Hdt.7.222

; ἄγεσθαι ὅμηροι to be carried off as hostages, Id.8.94,9.90 ; τοῖον ὅμηρόν μ' ἀποσυλήσας having robbed me of such a hostage, E.Alc. 870(anap.) ; ἔχω γ' ὑμῶν ὁμήρους have hostages for you, Ar.Ach. 327, cf. Lys. 244 ; of things,

τὴν γῆν ὅμηρον ἔχειν Th.1.82

: neut. pl.,

ὅμηρα δούς Lys.12.68

, cf. Plb.3.52.5, OGI 751.5 (ii B.C.) ;

ὥσπερ.. ὁμήρους ἔχομεν τοῦ λόγου τὰ παραδείγματα Pl. Tht. 202e

: neut. pl. even of one person,

μὴ πεμψάτω ὅμηρα τῶν Αἰαντείων μηθένα Schwyzer 366.17

([place name] Tolophon) ;

ὃς ἦν ὅμηρα LXX 1 Ma. 1.10

.

δαιμόνιον, ου, τό (substant. neut. of the adj. δαιμόνιος [s. 2 below δαιμόνιον πνεῦμα], quotable since Homer; OGI 383, 175; Herm. Wr. 10, 19; Ps.-Phoc. 101; En 19:1; TestSol; GrBar 16:3; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 373; 6, 429) in Gk. lit. the δαιμον-family refers in general to powerful entities that transcend ordinary experience. After Homer’s time, the adj. δαιμόνιος means anything ‘sent from heaven’ or ‘that which is divine’ and the subst. τὸ δ. comes to mean ‘divine manifestation’ or ‘heaven’, as in our expression ‘what heaven decrees’ (Hdt. 5, 87, 2; cp. SIG 601, 15; Jos., Bell. 1, 69); or simply ‘the divine’ (Eur., Bacch. 894); cp. SIG 545, 14 (of religious piety). In our lit. the subst. gener. denotes a malevolent force.

① transcendent incorporeal being w. status between humans and deities, daemon (as distinguished from demon, which in Eng. gener. connotes inimical aspect), semi-divine being, a divinity, spirit, (higher) power, without neg. connotation. The subst. was freq. used by Hellenes in a gener. sense esp. of independent numinous beings or divinities, as distinguished from a more personalized θεός, e.g. nymphs, Panes, and Sileni (Pla., Symp. 23 p. 202e πᾶν τὸ δαιμόνιον μεταξύ ἐστι θεοῦ τε καὶ θνητοῦ=‘every δ. is between a god and a mortal’; cp. Philo, Mos. 1, 276; UPZ 144, 43; 50 [164 B.C.]; Vett. Val. 355, 15; Ps.-Lucian, Asinus 24 p. 592 οὐδὲ τὰ δ. δέδοικας; ‘aren’t you afraid of the spirits [powers]?’ The term is common in adjurations, e.g., δαιμόνιον πνεῦμα, w. ref. to the spirit of the departed as possessing extraordinary powers: lead tablet fr. Hadrumetum [Dssm., B 26, 35 (BS 271ff)]; PGM 4, 3038; 3065; 3075). ξένων δ. καταγγελεύς a preacher of strange divinities Ac 17:18 (cp. Pla., Apol. 26b; X., Mem. 1, 1, 1 καινὰ δαιμόνια εἰσφέρειν).

② a hostile transcendent being w. status between humans and deities, spirit, power, hostile divinity, evil spirit, the neg. component may be either specific or contextual, and w. the sense commonly associated w. the loanword ‘demon’ (δ. φαῦλα: Chrysipp. [Stoic. II 338, 32, no. 1178]; Plut., Mor. 1051c. φαῦλ. δ.: Plut., Mor. 277a, Dio 2, 5. Vett. Val. 67, 5; 99, 7. Herm. Wr. 9, 3; PGM 4, 3081; 5, 120; 165; 170; LXX; En 19:1). Beings of this type are said to enter into persons and cause illness, esp. of the mental variety (GrBar 16:3 ἐν μαχαίρᾳ … ἐν δαιμονίοις as punishment; Jos., Bell. 7, 185 [of the spirits of deceased wicked people], Ant. 6, 166ff; 211; 214; 8, 45ff): δ. εἰσέρχεται εἴς τινα Lk 8:30; δ. ἔχειν Mt 11:18; Lk 7:33; 8:27; J 7:20; 8:48f, 52; 10:20. ἔχων πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου who was under the control of an unclean power Lk 4:33. ῥῖψαν αὐτὸν τὸ δ. vs. 35; cp. ἔρρηξεν 9:42. Hence the healing of a sick person is described as the driving out of malignant forces ἐκβάλλειν (τ.) δ. (Jos., Ant. 6, 211) Mt 7:22; 9:34; 10:8; 12:24, 27f; Mk 1:34, 39; 3:15, 22; 6:13; 7:26; 9:38; 16:9, 17; Lk 9:49; 11:14f, 18ff; 13:32. Pass. Mt 9:33. ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ πάντα τὰ δ. Lk 9:1. τὰ δʼ ὑποτάσσεται ἡμῖν 10:17. ἐξέρχεται τὸ δ. (s. ἐξέρχομαι 1aβב.—Thrasyllus [I A.D.] in Ps.-Plut., Fluv. 16, 2 ἀπέρχεται τὸ δαιμόνιον) Mt 17:18; Mk 7:29f; Lk 4:41; 8:2, 33, 35, 38. Some live in deserted places 8:29, hence a ruined city is a habitation of (malevolent) powers Rv 18:2 (cp. Is 13:21; 34:11, 14; Bar 4:35). Their ruler is βεελζεβούλ (q.v.) Mt 12:24, 27; Lk 11:15, 18f. Erroneous instruction is διδασκαλίαι δαιμονίων (subj. gen.) 1 Ti 4:1. The ability of such beings to work miracles is variously described J 10:21 and Rv 16:14. They are objects of polytheistic worship 9:20 (Dt 32:17; Bar 4:7; cp. Ps 95:5; 105:37; En 19:1; 99:7; Just., Tat.; SibOr Fgm. 1, 22. Likew. among Persians and Babylonians: Cumont³ 305, 97) 1 Cor 10:20f (w. satirical reference to the secondary status of these members of the spirit-world relative to deity); B 16:7. On Js 2:19 s. φρίσσω.—Of the evil spirit of slander Hm 2:3; of vengeance Hs 9, 23, 5; of arrogance Hs 9, 22, 3.—The δ. can appear without a tangible body, and then acts as a phantom or ghost ISm 3:2.—JGeffcken, Zwei griech. Apologeten 1907, 216ff; JTambornino, De Antiquorum Daemonismo 1909; RWünsch, D. Geisterbannung im Altertum: Festschr. Univ. Breslau 1911, 9–32; WBousset, Z. Dämonologie d. späteren Antike: ARW 18, 1915, 134–72; FAndres, Daimon: Pauly-W. Suppl. III 1918, 267–322; MPohlenz, Stoa ’49 (index).—HDuhm, D. bösen Geister im AT 1904; GBarton, EncRelEth IV 1911, 594–601; AJirku, Die Dämonen u. ihre Abwehr im AT 1912; ALods, Marti Festschr. 1925, 181–93; HKaupel, D. Dämonen im AT 1930; Bousset, Rel.³ 1926, 331ff; Billerb. IV 1928, 501–35; TCanaan, M.D., Dämonenglaube im Lande der Bibel 1929 1–20.—WAlexander, Demonic Possession in the NT 1902; JSmit, De Daemonicis in Hist. Evang. 1913; RBultmann, Gesch. d. Syn. Tradition² ’31, 223ff; HEberlein, NKZ 42, ’31, 499–509; 562–72; FFenner, D. Krankheit im NT 1930; ATitius, NBonwetsch Festschr. 1918, 25–47; GSulzer, D. Besessenheitsheilungen Jesu 1921; HSeng, D. Heilungen Jesu in med. Beleuchtung² 1926; WWrede, Z. Messiaserkenntnis d. Dämonen bei Mk: ZNW 5, 1904, 169–77; OBauernfeind, D. Worte d. Dämonen im Mk-Ev. 1928; AFridrichsen, Theology 21, ’31, 122–35; SMcCasland, By the Finger of God ’51; SEitrem, Some Notes on the Demonology in the NT: SymbOsl, Suppl. 12, ’50, 1–60; JKallas, The Satanward View (Paul), ’66; GTillesse, Le Secret Messianique dans Mk, ’68, 75–111; RAC IX 546–797; RMacMullen, VigChr 37, ’83, 174–92; G. Francois, Le polythéisme et l’emploi au singulier des mots ΘΕΟΣ ΔΑΙΜΩΝ ’57 (lit.); GRiley, Demon: DDD 445–55. S. also the lit. s.v. ἄγγελος.—B. 1488. DELG s.v. δαίμων. M-M. TW.