ἔπτηκα

πτήσσω (never [suff] πτήν-ττω), Ar.V. 1490, X.Cyr.3.3.18: [tense] fut.

A

πτήξω AP 12.141

codd. (Mel.): [tense] aor.

ἔπτηξα E.HF 974

, etc., [dialect] Dor.

ἔπταξα Pi.P. 4.57

, [dialect] Ep.

πτῆξα Il.14.40

: [tense] aor. 2 ἔπτᾰκον in compd.

καταπτακών A.Eu. 252

; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3 dual

καταπτήτην Il.8.136

: [tense] pf.

ἔπτηχα Isoc.5.58

, ([etym.] κατ-) Lycurg.40, D.4.8; later ἔπτηκα ([etym.] κατ-) Them.Or.24.309b; [dialect] Ep.part. πεπτηώς, ῶτος (v.infr.11.2).

I Causal, scare, alarm,

πτῆξε θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν Ἀχαιῶν Il.14.40

;

ἐχθροὺς πτῆξαι Thgn.1015

.

II intr., crouch or cower for fear, of animals,

ἅπερ πτηνῶν ἀγέλαι τάχ' ἂν σιγῇ πτήξειαν ἄφωνοι S.Aj. 171

(anap.);

πτήξας δέμας παρεῖχε A.Pers. 209

; [

πῶλος] π. αἰσχύνῃσιν S.Fr.659.9

, cf. Ar.Av. 777; of human beings,

ἔπταξαν ἀκίνητοι σιωπᾷ Pi.P.4.57

; ὑπὸ φόβῳ π. E.Ba. 1035 (lyr.);

πτῆξαι ταπεινήν Id.Andr. 165

;

π. θυμόν S.OC 1466

(lyr.); κακῶς πάσχων π. Pl.Smp. 184b;

δοκεῖ μοι τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀνδρὸς εἶναι καὶ εὐτυχοῦντα ἐξυβρίσαι καὶ πταίσαντα.. πτῆξαι X.Cyr.3.1.26

; ἐκποδὼν π. Ar.Th.36: with Preps.,

π. ἐν μυχοῖς πέτρας E.Cyc. 408

;

εἰς ἕνα χῶρον Ar.Lys. 770

; πόλις πρὸς πόλιν π. E.Supp. 269;

βωμὸν ὄρνις ὣς ἔπτηξ' ὕπο Id.HF 974

: c. acc. loci, βωμὸν π. Id. Ion 1280.

2 crouch, of men in ambush,

νῷν εἰς ἐρημίαν ὁδοῦ Id.Andr. 753

;

ὑπὸ τεύχεσι πεπτηῶτες Od.14.474

.

3 c. acc. rei, crouch for fear of..,

ἀπειλάς A.Pr. 175

(anap.);

φοβούμενοι πτήσσομεν αὐτούς X.Cyr.3.3.18

;

ταῖς διανοίαις μὴ πτήξαντες τὸν τῶν ἐπιόντων φόβον Lycurg.49

;

δόρυ Lyc.280

, IG14.1296: abs.,

ὁ λέων.. ὁρώμενος.. οὐδέποτε φεύγει οὐδὲ πτήσσει Arist. HA 629b13

.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to fly' (Il.).

Other forms: Aor. πτάσθαι, πτέσθαι (all Il.); to this pres. πέταμαι (poet. since Sapph., Arist.) with aor. πετασθῆναι (Arist., LXX), ἴπταμαι (late; s. v.); aor. act. πτῆναι, ptc. πτάς etc. (poet. Hes., also hell. prose); fut. πτήσομαι (IA.), πετήσομαι (Ar.), perf. κατ-έπτηκα (Men.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, εἰσ-, ἐκ-, κατα-, ὑπερ-. Compounds: a. - πέτης, Dor. - πέτας m.., e.g. ὑψι-πέτης, - ας m. `flying high' (Hom., Pi.), enlarged - ήεις (Hom.); b. - πετής, e.g. ὑπερπετ-ής `flying over' (hell.); c. ἐκπετ-ήσιμος `ready to fly' (Ar. a.o.; hypothesis on the formation in Arbenz 60); d. ἀερσι-πότης and - πότη-τος `flying high' (Hes., AP, Norm.); in spite of Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 95 rather to ποτάομαι as from ποτή.

Derivatives: 1. ποτή f. `flying, flight' (ε 337, h. Merc. 544 [v. l. πτερύγεσσι]); 2. πτῆσις f. `id.' (A., Arist.) with πτήσιμος (Jul.; Arbenz 61); πτῆμα n. `id.' (Suid.). 3. Adj. w. νο-suffix: a. πτηνός, Dor. πτᾱνός `winged, fledged' (Pi., trag., Pl.); b. πετεινός, - ηνός `id.' (Thgn.; Πετήνη Att. shipsname [inscr.]), hardly from *πέτος (cf. Chantraine Form. 196, Benveniste Origines 14), but rather direct from πέτομαι after φαεινός, ὀρεινός a.o.; πετηνός after πτηνός?; c. πετε-ηνός, - εινός `id.' (Il.), w. diektasis (Risch $ 35 d); d. ποτᾱνός `id.' (Pi., Epich., trag. in lyr.; - ηνός ep. poetry in Pl. Phdr. 252 b), prob. rather after ποτάομαι as with Detschew KZ 63, 228 from the rare ποτή. -- 4. Deverbat.: ποτάομαι, - έομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, περι-, ἐκ- a.o., `to fly, to flap' (Il.); πωτάομαι, also w. ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ-, `id.' (Μ 287, h. Ap. 442 a.o.; cf. Schwyzer 719 n. 3); to this πωτήεις `flapping' (Nonn.), also πωτήματα pl. `flight' (A. Eu. 250; usu. with Dindorf corrected in ποτ-). -- On πτερόν, πτέρυξ s. vv.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [825] * peth₂- `fly, swoop down, fall'

Etymology: Beside the thematic πέτ-ο-μαι, πτ-έ-σθαι stands the athematic zero grade root-aorist πτά-σθαι, ἔ-πτα-το, πτά-μενος wie φθά-μενος ( φθί-μενος, φθί-σθαι, ἔ-φθι-το). The corresponding full grade in πτῆ-ναι, ἔ-πτᾱ-ν, πτή-σομαι can be old (s. however below). More doubtful is the originality of the disyll. πέτα-μαι, as analogy to πτά-σθαι after πτέ-σθαι: πέτο-μαι may be considered. Certain innovations are ἴπταμαι (after ἵσταμαι) and πετή-σομαι (after πέτομαι). Details w. lit. in Schwyzer 742 a. 681 w. n. 9. -- With πέτομαι agree formally, partly also semantically, Skt., OIr., Lat. a. Celt. forms, e.g. Skt. pátati, Av. pataiti `fly, fall, attack, hurry etc.', Lat. petō `move somewhere, hurry, look for, desire', OWelsh hedant `volant'; doubtful on the contrary the in any case diff. built Hitt. piddāi- (pittii̯ami, pittāizzi usw.) `run, hurry, flee'. Thus ποτέομαι and Skt. patáyati `fly, hurry' agree; however πωτάομαι is independent of Skt. pātáyati `let fall, throw down'. Further the Greek a. Skt. systems are apart. Beside the zero grade thematic Aorist πτ-έσθαι, ἐ-πτ-όμην stands in Skt. an also zero grade and thematic but reduplicated aor. a-pa-pt-at. The zero grade πτᾰ- in πτά-σθαι is found in forms like pa-pti-ma (pf. 1. pl.) (IE pth₂-); the corresponding full grade ptā- is however not represented in Skt. (so πτῆ-ναι analogical after φθῆ-ναι, στῆ-ναι a.o.?, Schwyzer 742). Thus the disyll. πετᾰ- in πέτα-μαι and pati- (e.g. fut. pati-ṣyáti) go without historical connection side by side. -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 19ff., Pok. 825f., W.-Hofmann s. petō. Cf. πίπτω, not πίτυλος.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to duck (for fright)'; aor. 1. rarely trans. `to frighten, to drive away' ([Ξ 40], Thgn.), (ΙΑ.; Schwyzer 716).

Other forms: also πτώσσω (ep. poet. Il.), Aeol. πτάζω (Alc.?), fut. πτήξω (Att.), aor. 1. πτῆξαι (Il.), Dor. πτᾶξαι (Pi. a.o.), aor. 2. ptc. κατα-πτᾰκών (A. Eu. 252), perf. ἔπτηχα (Att. etc.), ἔπτηκα (LXX [v. l. - χα], late); also ep. forms ptc. perf. πεπτηώς (Β 312, ξ 354 a.o.), aor. 3. du. κατα-πτήτην (Θ 136).

Compounds: Also w. prefix, esp. κατα- and ὑπο-.

Derivatives: πτῆξις f. `fright' (LXX) and the expressive enlargement πτωσκάζω `to duck, to have fear' (Δ 372) after the close ἀλυσκάζω (: ἀλύσκω, ἀλύσσω), ἠλασκάζω; perh. from *πτώσκω; the v. l. πτωκάζω after πτώξ. Cf. Schwyzer 708, Chantraine Rev. de phil. 57, 125, Gramm. hom. 1, 338.

Origin: IE [Indo-European](X) [825] * pteh₂-k- `duck (away), shy'

Etymology: The presents πτήσσω (with πτῆξαι etc.), πτώσσω go back on *πτᾱκ-ι̯ω, *πτωκ-ι̯ω (\< * ptoh₂k-; Aeol. πτάζω is an innovation; Schwyzer 715); to this the zero grade πτᾰκ-ών. In nominal function we find these stems in πτώξ and (acc.) πτάκ-α; s. vv., also πτωχός. The formantic character of the velar appears from ep. πε-πτη-ώς, κατα-πτή-την, which form at the same time a bridge to πέ-πτω-κα, πτῶ-σις (s. πίπτω) and to πτᾰ́-σθαι (s. πέτομαι). Semant. this combination ('fall, sink down' \> `squat') seems not to provide a serious difficulty (diff. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 428). A further cognate is πτοέω, s. v. -- If the comparison with Arm. t`ak`-čim, t`ak`-eay `hide oneself' (Pedersen KZ 39, 342 f. w. n.) is correct, the velar enlargement is inherited. On Arm. s. Clackson 1994, 169f. -- WP. 2, 19f., Pok. 825; older lit. in Bq. -- So an IE * pteh₂-k-, with * ptoh₂-k-, is perhaps not impossible; but Hackstein ( Glotta 70, 1992) 136-165 rejects a root of this shape, and it is indeed remarkable. Note futher πτωχός and πτοέω, which are also rather strange. Photius gives πτεκάς πτάξ.

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