-
1 BÓNDI
* * *(pl. bœndr, gen. bónda), m.1) husbandman, farmer, peasant (dóttir eins lítils bónda); a yeoman, franklin, landowner (hinir stœrri bœndr);2) master, head of a household (= húsbóndi);3) husband (nú er bóndi dauðr, en kona lifir eptir).* * *a, m.: older form búandi, or even bóandi, pl. búendr or bóendr; gen. búanda, bóanda; dat. buöndum, bóöndum, Edda 28, Grág. i. 370, 371. Ó. H. 203, 209–211, 215, Nj. 14, 220; búanda (gen. pl.), 211, 212, 215–217, 220; búöndum, 219; bóandi, Grág. i. 114, 157, 187, 377, Nj. 52; but the common Icel. form is bóndi, pl. bændr; gen. dat. pl. in old writers either bónda, bóndum, or as at present keeping the æ throughout all plur. cases (bænda, (gen.) bændum): properly a part. act. from búa (turned into a noun subst., cp. frændi, fjándi), A. S. buan; Germ. bauer, and therefore originally a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involved the sense of ownership, and included all owners of land (or bú, q. v.). from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and esp. the class represented by the yeoman of England generally or the statesman of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it came to mean the master of the house, A. S. bond and hûsbond, Engl. husband.1. a husbandman. The law distinguishes between a grið-maðr a labourer, búðsetu-maðr a cottager, and a búandi or bóndi a man who has land and stock. In the Icel. Commonwealth only the b. (but neither cottager or labourer) could act as judge or neighbour who gave witness in acquittal of a culprit (cp. þingheyjandi); the griðmaðr could only partly be admitted to the tylptarkviðr, not to the búakviðr, Grág. i. 35, 114; ek ryð þessa tvá menn ór kviðburðinum fyrir þá sök, at þeir eru búðsetu-menn en eigi bændr, Nj. 236; cp. l. c. below, where the distinction between both is defined. The Norse law, on the other hand, distinguishes between hersir or lendir menn ( barons) and búandi, cp. the interesting passage Fms. vi. 279 (verðr mér þá lends manns nafn ekki at virðingu; nú vil ek heldr heita bóndi sem ek á ætt til); the Norse hauldr- or óðals-bóndi nearly answers to the Engl. ‘yeoman.’ In the more despotic Norway and Denmark, as in continental Europe, ‘bóndi’ became a word of contempt, denoting the common, low people, opp. to the king and his ‘men’ (hirð), the royal officers, etc.; just as the Engl. boor degenerated from A. S. gebur, Germ. bauer, Dutch boer; and in mod. Dan. bönder means plebs, a boor; such is the use of bóndi in the Fms., esp. Sverr. S. and Hák. S. In the Icel. Commonwealth the word has a good sense, and is often used of the foremost men—Sighvatr bóndi, Sturl. ii. 78; Rafn bóndi (i. e. Sveinbjarnarsson), Bs. i. Rafn. S. several times; Rútr talaði þá til Marðar, hugsa þú svá um bóndi (Mord Gigja), Nj. 3; optar hefir þú glaðari verit, búndi, en nú, 174 (of Flosi); Njáll bóndi, id.; Þorsteinn bóndi, Illugi bóndi, Gunnl. S. Ísl. ii; Björn bóndi, Safn i. 657; Björn bóndi Einarsson (Jórsalafari), Ann. 1393; Ari bóndi, Daði bóndi, Bs. ii. 474, 505; it is only opp. to the clerks (clergy) or knights, etc. This notion of the word ( a franklin) still prevails in the mind of Icelanders.2. a husband, A. S. hûsbond; eigi var skegglauss Þorvaldr bóandi þinn, Nj. 52, Grág. i. 371, 377, Fms. i. 149; hjá hvílu búanda þíns, Nj. 14. [The learned Icel. clergyman Eyjulf on Vellir (died A. D. 1747) has written a short essay upoii the word bóndi, Icel. MSS. Bodl. no. 71.]COMPDS:—(in mod. use always bænda- if pl., bónda- if sing.)—bónda-bani, a, m. a slayer of a bóndi, Fms. vi. 104. bónda-ból, n. (bónda-bær, m.), a farm, Grett. 96 A. bónda-dóttir, f. a bóndi’s daughter, Eg. 24, Snót 18. bónda-eiðr, m. a bundi’s oath, Gþl. 67. bónda-far, n. a bóndi’s ferry-boat, Hkr. ii. 292. bónda-fé, n. a provincial fund, Gþl. 11. bónda-fólk, n. a class of bændr, Fms. vii. 293. bónda-fylking (búanda-), f. a host of bændr, Fms. viii. 126. bónda-herr, m. an army of bændr, Fms. i. 162. bónda-hlutr. m. = bóndatíund. Fr. bónda-hus, n. a bóndi’s house, K. Þ. K. 26. bónda-hvíla, u, f. a bóndi’s bed, El. 9. bónda-kirkja (búanda-), u, f. the church belonging to the bóndi in Thingvalla, where the parliament was held; and búanda-kirkjugarðr, m. the churchyard to that church, vide Nj. and Grág. This church was erected about the middle of the 11th century, vide Kristni S., Fms. vi. 266. bónda-kona, u, f. a good wife of a bóndi, Gþl. 511. bónda-laus, adj. husband-less, widowed, Stj. 420. bónda-lega, u, f. the burial place of bændr, N. G. L. i. 368. bónda-lið, n. = bóndaherr, Fms. ii. 48. bónda-ligr, adj. farmer-like. bónda-múgr, m. a crowd, host of bændr, Fms. xi. 248. bónda-nafn, n. the name, title of bóndi, Fms. vi. 279, Gþl. 106. bónda-réttr (búanda-), m. the right of a bóndi, Fms. ix. 135. bónda-safnaðr (- samnaðr) = bóndamúgr, Hkr. ii. 307, Fms. vii. 320. bónda-skapr, m. the state of the bændr, opp. to the clergy, Bs. i. 590. bónda-son, m. the son of a bóndi, Eg. 232. bónda-tala, u, f., vera í b., to be told or counted among bændr, Fas. ii. 326. bónda-tíund, f. tithe to be paid by bændr, Vm. 104. bónda-ungi, a, m. a young bóndi, Hkr. iii. 275. bónda-val, n. the elite of bændr; var þá gott b., there were choice bændr to be found, Sturl. i. 130, Landn. 236. bónda-ætt, f. a bóndi’s extraction, Fms. vi. 278. -
2 BRAGR
m.1) poetry, = skáldskapr;* * *ar, m. [akin to bragð, braga, bragi, etc.]I. best, foremost; b. kvenna, best of women, Skv. 2. 15; Ása b., best of Ases, Skm. 34; b. karla eðr kvenna, Edda 17: only used in poetry or poët. language, cp. the A. S. brego ( princeps) Egypta, Norðmanna, Israelita, Gumena, Engla, etc.:—hence the compd bragar-full or braga-full, n. a toasting cup, to be drunk esp. at funeral feasts; it seems properly to mean the king’s toast (cp. Bragi = princeps), i. e. the toast in the memory of the deceased king or earl, which was to be drunk first; the heir to the throne rose to drink this toast, and while doing so put his feet on the footstool of his seat and made a solemn vow (stíga á stokk ok strengja heit); he then for the first time took his father’s seat, and the other guests in their turn made similar vows. For a graphic description of this heathen sacred custom, vide Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 49, Hervar. S. Fas. i. 417 and 515, Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Ragn. S. Fas. i. 345. It is likely that the b. was mostly used at funeral banquets, though the passages in the Ragn. and Hervar. S. (cp. also Hænsaþ. S. ch. 12) seem to imply its use at other festivals, as weddings; cp. also the description of the funeral banquet, Hkr. i. 231, where ‘minni hans’ ( the toast of the dead king) answers to bragarfull; cp. also the funeral banquet recorded in Jómsvik. S., where the Danish king Sweyn made the vow ‘at bragarfulli’ to conquer England within three winters. This is said to have been the prelude to the great Danish invasion A. D. 994, Fagrsk. 44, and Hkr. to l. c. The best MSS. prefer the reading bragar- (from bragr, princeps), not braga-.II. nearly like Lat. mos, a fashion, habit of life, in compds as, bæjar-bragr, heimilis-bragr, híbýla-bragr, house life; sveitar-bragr, country life; bónda-bragr, yeoman life; héraðs-bragr, lands-bragr, etc. Icel. say good or bad bæjarbragr, Bb. I. 15.III. poetry; gefr hann (viz. Odin) brag skáldum, Hdl. 5, Edda 17: in mod. usage chiefly melody or metre.COMPDS: bragarbót, bragarfræði, bragarlaun, bragarmál. -
3 DÚKR
(-s, -ar), m.2) tablecloth;3) towel, napkin.* * *m. [Engl. duck; Swed. duk; Dan. dug; Germ. tuch]:— any cloth or texture, Bárð. 160; vaðmáls-d., lín-d., etc., a cloak of wadmal, linen, etc.: a carpet, Fms. ix. 219: tapestry in a church, fimm dúka ok tvá þar í buna, annarr með rautt silki, Vm. 77, vide altaris-dúkr, 20: a neck-kerchief of a lady, dúkr á hálsi, Rm. 16.β. a table-cloth (borð-dúkr); as to the ancient Scandin. custom of covering the table with a cloth, vide esp. Nj. ch. 117, Bs. i. 475, Guðm. S. ch. 43; and for still earlier times the old heathen poem Rm., where Móðir, the yeoman’s good-wife, covers the table with a ‘marked’ (i. e. stitched) white linen cloth, 28; whilst Edda, the old bondman’s good-wife, puts the food on an uncovered table (verse 4); by a mishap the transcriber of Ob. (the only MS. wherein this poem is preserved) has skipped over a verse in the second line of verse 17, so that we are unable to say how Amma, the husbandman’s good-wife, dressed her table: the proverb, eptir dúk og disk, i. e. post festum.γ. a towel; at banquets a servant went round to the guests in turn bearing a basin and a towel on the shoulder, Lv. ch. 13; to be served first was a mark of honour; cp. also Nj. l. c., Har. S. Harðr. ch. 79 (the Danish king and the old woman): a napkin, Blas. 45, 655 xvii. 5: belonging to the priest’s vestment, Pm. 133; d. ok corporale, Vm. 154, Stj. Gen. xxiv. 65 (a veil). -
4 gæi-maðr
m. a gude-man or good-man, franklin, perh. derived from gó- in góligr, Edda i. 536 (a απ. λεγ.); it is evidently the same as Engl. yeoman, gæi-brúðr, f. a good-wife, also a απ. λεγ. in a verse, Eb. -
5 heima-bóndi
a, m. a franklin or yeoman in a heimaból, H. E. ii. 114. -
6 HERSIR
(-is, -ar), m. a local chief lord (in Norway).* * *m. [akin to hérað and herr], a chief, lord, the political name of the Norse chiefs of the earliest age, esp. before the time of Harold Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland: respecting the office and authority of the old hersar the records are scanty, as they chiefly belonged to the prehistorical time; they were probably not liegemen, but resembled the goðar (vide goði) of the old Icel. Commonwealth, being a kind of patriarchal and hereditary chiefs: in this matter the old Landnáma is our chief source of information;—Björn Buna hét hersir ágætr í Noregi, son Veðrar-Gríms hersis í Sogni, móðir Gríms var Hervör dóttir Þorgerðar Eylaugs-dóttur hersis ór Sogni, Landn. 39; Arinbjörn h. ór Fjörðum, 66; Ási h., 76, 303, and another of the same name, 109; Ketill Veðr h. af Hringaríki, 94; Hrólfr h. af Ögðum, 48, 126; Ketill Raumr hét h. ágætr í Raumsdal, 173; Gormr h. ágætr í Svíþjóð, 195; Grímr h., 204; Þorsteinn Höfði h. á Hörðalandi, 228; Þórir Hauknefr h., 237; Úlfr Gildir h. á Þelamörk, 292; Veðr-Ormr h., 314; Arinbjörn h., Eg., Ad. 3; Vigfúss h. af Vörs, Glúm.; Klyppr h. á Hörðalandi, Fb. i. 19; Dala-Guðbrandr h., Ó. H. 106; Björn h. á Örlandi, Eg. 154; Þórir h. í Fjörðum, 155, cp. Rm. 36; hann var sem konungr væri yfir Dölunum, ok var þó h. at nafni, Ó. H. l. c., cp. Fb. i. 23; hersar hafa verit fyrri frændr mínir, ok vil ek ekki bera hærra nafn en þeir, Fms. i. 299: it is also prob. that by ágætr and göfugr (q. v.) the Landnáma means a hersir. At the time of Harold Fairhair the old hersar gradually became liegemen (lendir menn) and were ranked below a jarl ( earl), but above a höldr ( yeoman), the scale being konungr, jarl, hersir, höldr, búandi, see the record in Hkr. i. 80 (Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6), as also Edda 93; the name then becomes rare, except that hersir and lendr maðr are now and then used indiscriminately, heita þeir hersar eða lendir menn, Edda l. c. The old Norse hersar were no doubt the prototype of the barons of Normandy and Norman England.COMPDS: hersisheiti, hersisnafn. -
7 HREPPR
(-s, -ar), m. poor-law district (in Iceland).* * *m.:—this word remains in ‘ the Rape of Bramber’ in Sussex, and is undoubtedly Scandinavian, being probably derived, as Pal Vídalín suggested, from hreppa, and thus originally meaning a share, allodium; it may be that the proper name Hrappr (Landn.) is akin (= a yeoman, master of a Rape?); for the bad sense of that name (= a traitor) is a metonyme, borrowed from the person of that name in the Njála. After the introduction of Christianity, all Icel. was, for the maintenance of the poor, divided into poor-law districts called hreppar, which still exist, being in most cases, though not always, identical with the sókn or parish; and it is remarkable that the district round the Bishop’s seat at Skalholt bears the local name Hreppar, indicating that this division had the Bishop’s house as its nucleus. The occurrence therefore of this name in the Landn. is an anachronism; as probably are also the few instances in which hreppr is used as an appellative in records of the heathen age, e. g. Lv. l. c. It is not known when the division into Rapes took place; perhaps it took place gradually during the 11th century; vera á hrepp, koma á hreppinn, to be or become a pauper. In the Grágás a special section (and as it seems one of the oldest) is called ‘um Hreppa-skil,’ Kb. ii. 171–180; ‘um Hreppa-lög,’ Sb. i. 443–458. Twenty franklins at least constituted a lawful Rape, Kb. ii. 171. (These remarks are partly due to Konrad Maurer.)COMPDS: hreppadómr, hreppalög, Hreppamaðr, hreppamál, hreppamót, hreppaskil, hreppatal, hreppsfundr, hreppsmaðr, hreppssókn, hreppsóknarmenn, hreppsstjóri, hreppsúmagi. -
8 hrepp-stjóri
a, m. a ‘Rape-steerer,’ overseer, Jb. 186, Vm. 116: in each Rape in Icel. the best yeoman is chosen as hreppstjóri by the sheriff (amtmaðr) or, as in former days, by the parishioners, but he is not paid; he has, jointly with the parish priest, to manage the business of the Rape, esp. to see to the maintenance of the poor, fix the poor-rate of each franklin, and, as there are no poor-houses, to arrange the distribution of the poor (úmagar) among the parishioners. In the days of the Commonwealth there was a committee of five members, called hreppstjórnarmenn (q. v.), which discharged the duties of the present hreppstjóri; með ráði heima-prests ok hreppstjóra, Vm. 116. This word does not occur in the Grágás, but only after A. D. 1281; for the reading hreppstjóri in the D. I. i. 199 (in a deed supposed to be of A. D. 1150) is only found in a mod. transcript, and the original prob. had hreppstjórnarmenn (pl.) -
9 HÖLDR
a. fleshy; vel holdr, well-fleshed.* * *m., in old MSS. spelt hꜹlðr or hꜹlþr, denoting that the d is inflexive, not radical; [the word therefore is not to be derived from halda, but is identical with A. S. hæleð, Germ. held, whence mod. Swed. and Dan. hjälta and helt, see halr]:—a Norse law term, a kind of higher yeoman, like the statesman of Westmorland, i. e. the owner of allodial land, mod. Norse odelsbonde; the höld is to be distinguished from a hersir (q. v.) or a lendr maðr, who held land in fee from the king, see the interesting story in Har. S. Harðr. ch. 62 (Fms. vi. 278); the höld is thus defined, sá er hꜹldr er hann hefir óðöl at erfðum tekit bæði eptir föður ok móður, þau er hans forellrar ( forefathers) hafa átt áðr fyrir þeim, N. G. L. ii. 146; hölda tvá eða bændr ina beztu, i. 251. In old Norway the churchyards were divided into four parts; in the first were buried the lendir menn, next them the hölds and their children (hölds-lega), then the freed men (leysingjar), and lastly the thralls (man, q. v.) nearest to the wall; the höld had right to twice as much as the simple franklin, and half as much as the lendr maðr, e. g. bóandi hálvan annan eyri, höldr þrjá aura, lendr maðr sex aura, jarl tólf aura, konungr þrjár merkr, N. G. L. i. 45, cp. 55, 71, 81; þegnar ok hꜹlðar, svá eru búendr kallaðir, Edda 107; haulðar, þat er búendr þeir, er gildir eru af ættum eða réttum fullum, 94; Björn hlaut annan bústað góðan ok virðilegan, görðisk hann ekki handgenginn konungi, því var hann kallaðr Björn hölðr, Eg. 198; lends manns son skal taka hölds rétt ef hann fær eigi lönd, N. G. L. i. 71; hann veltisk ór jarldóminum ok tók hölds rétt, Orkn. 12: for the weregild to be paid for a höld (hölds-gjöld) see N. G. L. i. 81: a law of king St. Olave ordered that Icelanders whilst in Norway should enjoy the right of a höld; Íslendingar eigu at hafa hölds-rétt í Noregi, D. I. i. 65.2. in poetry, a man, Hm. 41; hölda synir, the sons of men, 93, Fm. 19, Hkr. i. 101, where the mother of Ganger-Rolf calls him ‘the kinsman of the hölds,’ cp. also Rm. 21, Gs. 17; h. inn hvíti, Ísl. ii. 251 (in a verse): in mod. Icel. usage it remains in bú-höldr, q. v. -
10 ÞEGN
m.1) thane, franklin, freeman, man; Mörðr kvaddi oss kviðar þegna níu, M. summoned us nine franklins on this inquest; hann lézt eigi vita, hverr þegn hann væri, he said he knew not what person he was; þegn ok þræll, freeman and bondman, all men; ek ok mínir þegnar, I and my men;2) a good (liberal) man (svá er sagt, at hann sé ekki mikill þegn við aðra menn af fé sínu);3) liegeman, subject (þeir játuðu skattgjöfum ok gerðust konungs þegnar).* * *m. [A. S. þegn; Engl. thegn, thane; O. H. G. degan; Hel. þegan; whence Germ. unter-than, Dan. under-dan (?); Gr. τέκνον; the root word remains in Germ. ge-deiben, answering to Gr. τεκειν; Germ. degen ( a sword) is quite a different word, being a Romance word, qs. deger, akin to dagger, see Grimm’s Dict. ii. 895, 896]:—a thane, franklin, freeman, man; sá þegn er þenna gyrðil á, Post. 298; þegn kvaddi þegn, Fms. vii. (in a verse); gamall þegn, Stor. 9; ungr þegn, Hm. 159; ef mik særir þegn, 152; þegns dóttir, a man’s daughter, Ó. H. (in a verse); Mörðr kvaddi oss kviðar þegna níu, us nine franklins, nine neighbours, Nj. 238; ek nefni þegn í fimmtardóm, Grág. i. 73; hann lézk eigi vita hverr þegn hann væri, he said he knew not what person he was, Fs. 100: (lítið er mér um þat, veit ek eigi hverr þegn þú ert, Fms. ii. 81); hvat þegna er sjá enn orðfæri maðr? Post. (Unger) 221; prúðr þegn, a brave yeoman, Eb. (in a verse); öndverðr þegn, a brave thane, a brave man, Rafn 193; vígligr þegn, Am. 51; þegiðu Þórir, þegn ertú úgegn, Fms. vi. (in a verse): allit., þegn ok þræll, thane and thrall, i. e. freeman and bondman, i. e. all men, Hkr. i. 270, N. G. L. i. 45, ii. 35; bú-þegn, a franklin; far-þegn, a traveller; ek ok mínir þegnar, I and my men, Fms. v. 138; Búa þegnar, x. 258; þegns hugr, þegns verk, = drengs hugr, drengs verk, Lex. Poët.2. a husbandman, good man, with the notion of liberality; svá er sagt at hann sé ekki mikill þegu við adra menn af fé sínu, Ísl. ii. 344; veit ek þat sjálfr at í syni mínum var(at) ílls þegns efni vaxit, Stor. 11; auðigr maðr ok íllr þegn, a rich man, but a bad host, Hkr. i. 189 (íllr búþegu, Fms. l. c.); hittu þeir inn fjórða búanda, var sá beztr þegn þeirra, Fms. iv. 187.II. as a law term, a liegeman, subject; skaltú vera þegn hans, er þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, Fms. i. 15; játuðu skattgjöfum ok görðusk konungs þegnar, Hkr. i. 137; hann vill vera yðarr Dróttinn ef þér vilit vera hans þegnar, Ó. H. 126; en nú er þeir görvir þrælar konungs þegna hér í Noregi, Fms. vi. 38; lönd ok þegna, 92; svarið konungi land ok þegnar á Íslandi, Ann. 1281; Magnúss konungr bauð öllum sínum þegnum ok undir-mönnum á Íslandi, Bs. i. 684: tekr konungr fjóra tigu marka í þegngildi fyrir þá sem aðra þegna sína, Sks. 253; þér eigit góðan konung en hann þegna ílla, Fms. iv. 341; Krists þegn, himins þegnar, ‘Christ’s-thanes,’ heaven’s-thanes, Lex. Poët.; þegngildi, bæði þegn ok bætr, Gþl. 166; bæta fullar bætr ok svá þegn ef hann deyr af bjargleysi, 272, D. N. -
11 heimabóndi
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Yeoman — Yeoman, IN U.S. town in Indiana Population (2000): 96 Housing Units (2000): 47 Land area (2000): 0.121930 sq. miles (0.315798 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.121930 sq. miles (0.315798 sq. km)… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Yeoman, IN — U.S. town in Indiana Population (2000): 96 Housing Units (2000): 47 Land area (2000): 0.121930 sq. miles (0.315798 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.121930 sq. miles (0.315798 sq. km) FIPS code:… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
yeoman — ► NOUN historical 1) a man holding a small landed estate; a freeholder. 2) a servant in a royal or noble household. 3) Brit. a member of the yeomanry force. ● yeoman service Cf. ↑yeoman service DERIVATIVES … English terms dictionary
yeoman — [yō′mən] n. pl. yeomen [yō′mən] [ME yeman, prob. contr. < yengman, yung man, lit., young man] 1. [Brit. Historical] a) an attendant or manservant in a royal or noble household b) an assistant or subordinate, as to a sheriff c) a freeholder of… … English World dictionary
Yeoman — [ˈjoʊmən] bezeichnet den englischen Freibauern im mittelalterlichen England. Später wurde der Begriff auch auf Pächter und kleine Grundbesitzer übernommen.[1] Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Herkunft und Begriff 2 … Deutsch Wikipedia
Yeoman — (engl., spr. Johmänn), 1) im Mittelalter Jeder, welcher ein freies Landeigenthum besaß, ein Freisasse; jetzt 2) die kleinen Grundbesitzer u. Pächter, sie bilden in ihrer Gesammtheit die Yeomanry … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
