yard+line

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

From 1844 until 1962, the Clyde shipyard of William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton, produced over 1,500 ships, trained innumerable students of all nationalities in shipbuilding and marine engineering, and for the seventy-plus years of their existence were accepted worldwide as the leaders in the application of science to ship design and construction. Until the closure of the yard members of the Denny family were among the partners and later directors of the firm: they included men as distinguished as Dr Peter Denny (1821(?)–95), Sir Archibald Denny (1860–1936) and Sir Maurice Denny (1886– 1955), the main collaborator in the design of the Denny-Brown ship stabilizer.

One of the most influential of this shipbuilding family was William Denny, now referred to as William 3! His early education was at Dumbarton, then on Jersey and finally at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, before he commenced an apprenticeship at his father's shipyard. From the outset he not only showed great aptitude for learning and hard work but also displayed an ability to create good relationships with all he came into contact with. At the early age of 21 he was admitted a partner of the shipbuilding business of William Denny and Brothers, and some years later also of the associated engineering firm of Denny \& Co. His deep-felt interest in what is now known as industrial relations led him in 1871 to set up a piecework system of payment in the shipyard. In this he was helped by the Yard Manager, Richard Ramage, who later was to found the Leith shipyard, which produced the world's most elegant steam yachts. This research was published later as a pamphlet called The Worth of Wages, an unusual and forward-looking action for the 1860s, when Denny maintained that an absentee employer should earn as much contempt and disapproval as an absentee landlord! In 1880 he initiated an awards scheme for all company employees, with grants and awards for inventions and production improvements. William Denny was not slow to impose new methods and to research naval architecture, a special interest being progressive ship trials with a view to predicting effective horsepower. In time this led to his proposal to the partners to build a ship model testing tank beside the Dumbarton shipyard; this scheme was completed in 1883 and was to the third in the world (after the Admiralty tank at Torquay, managed by William Froude and the Royal Netherlands Navy facility at Amsterdam, under B.J. Tideman. In 1876 the Denny Shipyard started work with mild-quality shipbuilding steel on hulls for the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, and in 1879 the world's first two ships of any size using this weight-saving material were produced: they were the Rotomahana for the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand and the Buenos Ayrean for the Allan Line of Glasgow. On the naval-architecture side he was involved in Denny's proposals for standard cross curves of stability for all ships, which had far-reaching effects and are now accepted worldwide. He served on the committee working on improvements to the Load Line regulations and many other similar public bodies. After a severe bout of typhoid and an almost unacceptable burden of work, he left the United Kingdom for South America in June 1886 to attend to business with La Platense Flotilla Company, an associate company of William Denny and Brothers. In March the following year, while in Buenos Aires, he died by his own hand, a death that caused great and genuine sadness in the West of Scotland and elsewhere.

[br]

■ Part of the penalty area bounded by the goal line and two lines drawn at right angles to the goal line, each 5.5 m (6 yds) from the inside of the nearest goalpost, extending into the field of play for a distance of 5.5 m (6 yds) and joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line.

► A free kick awarded to the defending team inside its own goal area is taken from any point within the goal area. An indirect free kick awarded to the attacking team in the opposing team's goal area is taken from the goal area line parallel to the goal line at the point nearest to where the infringement occurred.

Syn. six-yard box

Torraum m

■ Teil des Strafraums, begrenzt durch die Torlinie und zwei rechtwinklig zur Torlinie im Abstand von je 5,50 Meter von der Innenkante der Torpfosten gezogene Linien, die sich 5,50 m in das Spielfeld hinein erstrecken und durch eine zur Torlinie parallele Linie miteinander verbunden werden.

► Ein Freistoß, der für die verteidigende Mannschaft in deren Torraum verhängt wird, kann von jedem Punkt innerhalb des Torraumes ausgeführt werden. Ein indirekter Freistoß für die angreifende Mannschaft innerhalb des gegnerischen Torraumes wird auf der parallel zur Torlinie verlaufenden Torraumlinie von dem Punkt ausgeführt, der dem Ort des Vergehens am nächsten gelegen ist.

Syn. Fünfmeterraum m, Fünfer m ugs.

* * *

I. with dat.

1) before, in front of (ok vóru fyrir honum borin merkin);

fyrir dyrum, before the door;

2) before one, in one’s presence;

hón nefndist fyrir þeim Gunnhildr, she told them that her name was G.;

3) for;

hann lét ryðja fyrir þeim búðina, he had the booth cleared for them, for their reception;

4) before one, in one’s way;

fjörðr varð fyrir þeim, they came to a fjord;

sitja fyrir e-m, to lie in wait for one;

5) naut. term. before, off;

liggja fyrir bryggjum, to lie off the piers;

fyrir Humru-mynni, off the Humber;

6) before, at the head of, over;

vera fyrir liði, to be over the troops;

vera fyrir máli, to lead the case;

sitja fyrir svörum, to undertake the defence;

7) of time, ago;

fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago;

fyrir stundu, a while ago;

fyrir löngu, long ago;

vera fyrir e-u, to forebode (of a dream);

8) before, above, superior to;

Hálfdan svarti var fyrir þeim brœðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers;

9) denoting disadvantige, harm, suffering;

þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest E. thwart all thy affairs;

tók at eyðast fyrir herm lausa-fé, her money began to fail;

10) denoting obstacle, hindrance;

mikit gøri þer mér fyrir þessu máli, you make this case hard for me;

varð honum lítit fyrir því, it was a small matter for him;

Ásgrími þótti þungt fyrir, A. thought that things looked bad;

11) because of, for;

hon undi sér hvergri fyrir verkjum, she had no rest for pains;

fyrir hræðslu, for fear;

illa fœrt fyrir ísum, scarcely, passable for ice;

gáðu þeir eigi fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing, they neglected to make hay;

fyrir því at, because, since, as;

12) against;

gæt þín vel fyrir konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men;

beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar háska, against all kinds of harm;

13) fyrir sér, of oneself;

mikill fyrir sér, strong, powerful;

minnstr fyrir sér, smallest, weakest;

14) denoting manner or quality, with;

hvítr fyrir hærum, while with hoary hair;

II. with acc.

1) before, in front of;

halda fyrir augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes;

2) before, into the presence of;

stefna e-m fyrir dómstól, before a court;

3) over;

hlaupa fyrir björg, to leap over a precipice;

kasta fyrir borð, to throw overboard;

4) in one’s way, crossing one’s way;

ríða á leið fyrir þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them;

5) round, off;

sigla fyrir nes, to weather a point;

6) along, all along;

fyrir endilangan Noreg, all along Norway, from one end to the other;

draga ör fyrir odd, to draw the arrow past the point;

7) of time, fyrir dag, before day;

fyrir e-s minni, before one’s memory;

8) for, on behalf of;

vil ek bjóða at fara fyrir þik, I will offer to go for thee, in thy stead;

lögvörn fyrir mál, a lawful defence for a case;

9) for, for the benefit of;

þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, they cut the lyme-grass for them (the horses);

10) for, instead of, in place of, as;

11) for, because of (vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit);

fyrir þín orð, for thy words (intercession);

fyrir sína vinsæld, by reason of his popularity;

12) denoting value, price;

fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks;

fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost;

13) in spite of, against (giptast fyrir ráð e-s);

14) joined with adverbs ending in -an, governing acc. (fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan);

fyrir austan, sunnan fjall, east, south of the fell;

fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge;

fyrir handan á, beyond the river;

fyrir innan garð, inside the fence;

III. as adverb or ellipt.

1) ahead, before, opp. to eptir;

þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, when this came first, preceded;

2) first;

mun ek þar eptir gera sem þér gerit fyrir, I shall do to you according as you do first;

3) at hand, present, to the fore;

föng þau, er fyrir vóru, stores that were at hand;

þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already present (before the bride and bridegroom came);

4) e-m verðr e-t fyrir, one takes a certain step, acts so and so;

Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. was at a loss what to do;

e-t mælist vel (illa) fyrir, a thing is well (ill) spoken or reported of (kvæðit mæltist vel fyrir).

* * *

prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usually abbreviated either  (i. e. firir), or Ꝼ̆, fur͛, fvr͛ (i. e. fyrir); in some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, fir͛, e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.); and even in the old Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ifir is written for yfir ( over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i. 475, Mork. passim; in Kb. (Sæm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr norðan, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8; in other places as a dissyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19 (quoted from Bugge’s edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one another in the same relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of ( super) to yfir: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in the compds, where ‘for-’ is more common than ‘fyrir-;’ in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-dæming and fyrir-dæming; in others only one, but without any fixed rule: again, the forms fyri, fyre, or fire, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong, as if one were to say epti, undi, yfi; yet this spelling is found now and then in MSS., as, fyre, Ó. H. (facsimile); fire, Grág. Sb. ii. 288 (also facsimile): the particles í and á are sometimes added, í fur, Fms. iv. 137; í fyrir, passim; á fur, Haustl. 1. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. für and vor; Dan. for; Swed. för; Gr. προ-; Lat. pro, prae.]

WITH DAT., chiefly without the notion of movement.

A. LOCAL:

I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before the doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69, Edda 130; niðr f. smiðju-dyrum, Eg. 142:—ahead, úti fyrir búðinni, Nj. 181; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit f. þeim, ahead of them, 27; vóru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne before him, 274; göra orð fyrir sér, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (Ó. H. 201, l. c., frá sér):—also denoting direction, niðri í eldinum f. sér, beneath in the fire before them, Nj. 204; þeir sá f. sér bæ mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they came to a great house, Eg. 546; öðrum f. sér ( in front) en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5.

2. before one, before one’s face, in one’s presence; úhelgaða ek Otkel f. búum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lýsi ek f. búum fimm, 218; lýsa e-u ( to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi boð öll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hón nefndisk f. þeim Gunnhildr, told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kæra e-t f. e-m, Ó. H. 60; slíkar fortölur hafði hann f. þeim, Nj. 200; the saying, því læra börnin málið að það er f. þeim haft, bairns learn to speak because it is done before them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (íllt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad) example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel f. Guði, to live well before God, 623. 29; stór ábyrgðar-hluti f. Guði, Nj. 199; sem þeir sjá réttast f. Guði, Grág. i. (pref.); fyrir öllum þeim, Hom. 89; á laun f. öðrum mönnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grág. i. 337, Jb. 378; nú skaltú vera vin minn mikill f. húsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir Drottni, before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78.

3. denoting reception of guests, visitors; hann lét ryðja f. þeim búðina, he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valhöll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, i. e. to clear Valhalla for slain folk, Em. I; ryðja vígvöll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljúka upp f. e-m, to open the door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rýma pallinn f. þeim, Eg. 304; hann lét göra eld f. þeim, he had a fire made for them, 204; þeir görðu eld. f. sér, Fms. xi. 63; … veizlur þar sem fyrir honum var búit, banquets that were ready for him, Eg. 45.

II. before one, in one’s way; þar er díki varð f. þeim, Eg. 530; á (fjörðr) varð f. þeim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. they came to it, 133, 161; at verða eigi f. liði yðru, 51; maðr sá varð f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr. iii. 363; þeirra manna er f. honum urðu, Eg. 92.

2. sitja f. e-m, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; lá f. henni í skóginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-sát).

3. ellipt., menn urðu at gæta sín er f. urðu, Nj. 100; Egill var þar f. í runninum, E. was before (them), lay in ambush, Eg. 378; hafði sá bana er f. varð, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8.

4. verða f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann verðr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grág. ii. 19; verða f. áverka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; verða f. reiði konungs, to fall into disgrace with the king, Eg. 226; verða f. ósköpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130; sitja f. hvers manns ámæli, to be the object of all men’s blame, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. sönnu hafðr, to be unjustly charged with a thing, to be innocent.

III. a naut. term, before, off; liggja f. bryggjum, to lie off the pier, Ld. 166; skip fljóta f. strengjum, Sks. 116; þeir lágu f. bænum, they lay off the town, Bs. i. 18; liggja úti f. Jótlands-síðu, off Jutland, Eg. 261; hann druknaði f. Jaðri, off the J., Fms. i. II; þeir kómu at honum f. Sjólandi, off Zealand, x. 394; hafa úti leiðangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-minni, off the Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ness, Vellekla; fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spáni, off Spain, Orkn. 356.

IV. before, at the head of, denoting leadership; smalamaðr f. búi föður síns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f. liði, to be over the troops, Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. máli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjóri f. búi, to be steward over the household, Eg. 52; ráða f. landi, ríki, etc., to rule, govern, Ó H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f. eldinum réði, who was the ringleader of the fire, Eg. 239; ráða f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing, passim: the phrase, sitja f. svörum, to respond on one’s behalf, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svör f. e-m, to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26.

V. special usages; friða f. e-m, to make peace for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i. 65; bæta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; túlka, vera túlkr, flytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii. 33, Nj. 128,—also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one, Eg. 255; haga, ætla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 356; rífka ráð f. e-m, to better one’s condition, Nj. 21; ráða heiman-fylgju ok tilgjöf f. frændkonu sinni, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him and his enemy, Eg. 357, Grág. ii. 13; vera skjöldr f. e-m, 655 xxxii. 4; hafa kostnað f. e-u, to have the expences for a thing, Ld. 14; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one’s work, Sks. 251; starfa f. fé sínu, to manage one’s money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u, to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109; hyggja f. sér, Fs. 5; hafa forsjá f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sjá f. e-u, to see after, Eg. 118, Landn, 152; sjá þú nokkut ráð f. mér, Nj. 20: ironic. to put at rest, Háv. 40: ellipt., sjá vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102.

B. TEMP. ago; fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ago, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skömmu, a sbort while ago; fyrir löngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir öndverðu, from the beginning, Grág. i. 80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir þeim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57.

2. the phrase, vera f. e-u, to forebode; vera f. stórfundum, Nj. 107, 277; þat hygg ek vera munu f. siða-skipti, Fms. xi. 12; þessi draumr mun vera f. kvámu nökkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir tiðendum, ii. 65:—spá f. e-m, to ‘spae’ before, prophecy to one, Nj. 171.

C. METAPH.:

I. before, above; þóttu þeir þar f. öllum ungum mönnum, Dropl. 7; þykkisk hann mjök f. öðrum mönnum, Ld. 38; ver f. hirðmönnum, be first among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hálfdan svarti var f. þeim bræðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; þorgrímr var f. sonum Önundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f. þeim at virðingu, Fms. i. 47.

II. denoting help, assistance; haun skal rétta vættið f. þeim, Grág. i. 45 (vide above A. IV and V).

2. the following seem to be Latinisms, láta lífit f. heilagri Kristni, to give up one’s life for holy Christianity, = Lat. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir píslir fyrir Guðs nafni, Blas. 38; gjalda önd mína f. önd þinni, Johann. 17; gefa gjöf f. sál sinni ( pro animâ suâ), H. E. i. 466; fyrir mér ok minni sál, Dipl. iv. 8; færa Guði fórnir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, biðja f. e-m, to make a vow, pray for one (orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; biðja f. mönnum, to intercede for, 19, Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, biðja f. stað sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Latinism), x. 127.

III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; únýtir hann þá málit fyrir sér, then he ruins his own case, Grág. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Manverjar rufu safnaðinn f. Þorkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom upp grátr f. henni, she burst into tears, 477; taka fé f. öðrum, to take another’s money, N. G. L. i. 20; knörr þann er konungr lét taka fyrir Þórólfi, Landn. 56; ef hross verðr tekit f. honum, if a horse of his be taken, Grág. i. 436; hann tók upp fé fyrir öllum, he seized property for them all, Ó. H. 60; e-t ferr ílla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; svá fór f. Ólófu, so it came to pass for O., Vígl. 18; loka dyrr f. e-m, to lock the door in one’s face, Edda 21: þeir hafa eigi þessa menn f. yðr drepit, heldr f. yðrar sakir þessi víg vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slaying those men, Fbr. 33; tók at eyðask f. henni lausa-fé, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak á f. þeim storma ok stríðviðri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, Vígl. 27; Víglundr rak út knöttinn f. Jökli, V. drove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; sá er skar tygil f. Þóri, he who cut Thor’s line, Bragi; sverð brast f. mér, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brjóta e-t f. e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167; árin brotnaði f. honum, his oar broke; allar kýrnar drápust fyrir honum, all his cows died.

2. denoting difficulty, hindrance; sitja f. sæmd e-s, to sit between oneself and one’s honour, i. e. to hinder one’s doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit göri þér mér f. þessu máli, you make this case sore for me, Eb. 124; þér er mikit f. máli, thy case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Guði f. því, it is easy for God to do, 656 B. 9; varð honum lítið f. því, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett. III; mér er minna f. því, it is easier for me, Am. 60; þykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a thing, do it unwillingly, Nj. 77; Icel. also say, þykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displeased:—ellipt., er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnburð þenna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, Ó. H. 140; sem sér muni lítið f. at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-fixed before (one), hard to move, Ld. 154; Ásgrími þótti þungt f., A. thought that things looked sad (heavy), Nj. 185; hann var lengi f., he was long about it, Fms. x. 205; hann var lengi f. ok kvað eigi nei við, he was cross and said not downright no, Þorf. Karl. 388.

IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per, pro; sofa ek né mákat fugls jarmi fyrir, I cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a verse); hon undi sér hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir gráti, tárum, = Lat. prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorrow; f. hlátri, for laughter, as in Engl.; þeir æddust f. einni konu, they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sól. 11; ílla fært f. ísum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. xi. 360; hætt var at sitja útar f. Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35; hann var lítt gengr f. sárinu, he could hardly walk for the wound, Fbr. 178; fyrir hræðslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegrinn f. þeim meinvættum sem …, Fs. 4; gáðu þeir eigi f. veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing they took no care to make hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king’s power, Eg. 67, 117; fyrir ofríki manna, Grág. i. 68; fyrir hví, for why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hví þeir væri þar, Eg. 375; fyrir því, at …, for that, because, Edda 35, Fms. i. 22, vii. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir því nú at, now since, Skálda 171; nú fyrir því at, id., 169: the phrase, fyrir sökum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sök.

V. by, by the force of; öxlin gékk ór liði fyrir högginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke, Háv. 52.

2. denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall before one, i. e. fighting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196; verða halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in fighting one, Ld. 146; látask f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34; hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one, Nj. 43; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa f. honum, 263; mæddisk hann f. þeim, he lost his breath in fighting them, Eg. 192; láta ríki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before another, i. e. so that the latter gains it, 264; láta lausar eignir mínar f. þér, 505; láta hlut sinn f. e-m, Fs. 47; standask f. e-m, to stand one’s ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugðisk hann falla mundu f. sjóninni einni saman, that he would sink before his glance, 28, Hým. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54; halda frið ok frelsi f. várum óvinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek hefi áðr ætlað f. þínum draum ( thy dream notwithstanding), Ld. 216; þér farit hvárt er þér vilit f. mér, you go wherever you like for me, so far as I am concerted, Fær. 37; halda vöku f. sér, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216.

β. with verbs, flýja, hlaupa, renna, stökkva f. e-m, to fly, leap, run before one, i. e. to be pursued, Bs. i. 774, Grág. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. þrælum hans, Ld. 64; fyrir þessum úfriði stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, 180; skyldi hann ganga ór á f. Hofsmönnum, Landn. 178; ganga f. e-u, to give way before, yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; vægja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld. 234.

VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dönum ok öðrum víkingum, Fms. i. 23; til landvarnar f. víkingum, Eg. 260; landvarnar-maðr f. Norðmönnum, Fms. vi. 295; gæta brúarinnar f. bergrisum, Edda 17; gæt þín vel f. konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men, Eg. 113; góð aðstoð f. tröllum ok dvergum, Bárð. 163; beiða Baldri griða f. allskonar háska, Edda 36; auðskæðr f. höggum, Eg. 770.

VII. in the sense of being driven before; fyrir straumi, veðri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather (forstreymis, forvindis), Grág. ii. 384, Fms. vii. 262; halda f. veðri, to stand before the wind, Róm. 211.

2. rýrt mun verða f. honum smá-mennit, he will have an easy game with the small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafði sá bana er f. varð, 8; sprakk f., 16, 91.

VIII. fyrir sér, of oneself, esp. of physical power; mikill f. sér, strong, powerful; lítill f. sér, weak, feeble, Nj. 20, Ísl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; þér munuð kalla mik lítinn mann f. mér, Edda 33; minnstr f. sér, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr maðr f. sér, Ísl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herðimaðr mikiil f. sér, a hardy man, Nj. 270; hvat ert þú f. þér, what kind of fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sér, to be a strange fellow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, göra mikið (lítið) f. sér, to make oneself big ( little).

β. sjóða e-t f. sér, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mæla f. munni, to talk between one’s teeth, to mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249.

IX. denoting manner or quality; hvítr f. hærum, white with hoary hairs, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; gráir fyrir járnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjölt hvít f. silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb. 226.

X. as adverb or ellipt.,

1. ahead, in front, = á undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, as this came first, preceded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go home first (to spy), Eg. 580; Egill fór f., E. went in before, id.; at vér ríðim þegar f. í nótt, 283.

β. first; hann stefndi f. málinu, en hann mælti eptir, one pronounced the words first, but the other repeated after him, Nj. 35; mun ek þar eptir göra sem þér gerit f., I shall do to you according as you do first, 90:—temp., sjau nóttum f., seven nights before, Grág. ii. 217.

2. to the fore, at hand, present; þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already to the fore, i. e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj. 11; úvíst er at vita hvar úvinir sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1; skal þá lögmaðr þar f. vera, he shall be there present, Js. 3; heima í túni fyrir, Fær. 50; þar vóru fyrir Hildiríðar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt kunnigt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; þeim ómögum, sem f. eru, who are there already, i. e. in his charge, Grág. i. 286: of things, föng þau er f. vóru, stores that were to the fore, at hand, Eg. 134.

3. fore, opp. to ‘back,’ of clothes; slæður settar f. allt gullknöppum, Eg. 516; bak ok fyrir, back and front, = bak ok brjóst, Mar.

XI. in the phrase, e-m verðr e-t fyrir, a thing is before one, i. e. one takes that and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; nú verðr öðrum þeirra þat f., at hann kveðr, now if the other part alleges, that …, Grág. i. 362; Kolbeini varð ekki f., K. had no resource, i. e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285:—the phrase, e-t mælisk vel (ílla) fyrir, a thing is well ( ill) reported of; víg Gunnars spurðisk ok mæltisk ílla fyrir um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun þat vel f. mælask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, Þórð. 55 new Ed.; ílla mun þat f. mælask at ganga á sættir við frændr sína, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mæltisk kvæðit vel f., the people praised the poem, Fms. vii. 113.

XII. in special senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja leið f. skipi, to pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i. 774, Fms. x. 480; mæla f. e-u, to dictate, Grág. ii. 266; mæla f. minni, to bring out a toast, vide minni; mæla f. sætt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f., to arrange, put right; ætla f. e-u, to make allowance for; trúa e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; það fer mikið f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky; hafa f. e-u, to have trouble with a thing; leita f. sér, to enquire; biðjask f., to say one’s prayers, vide biðja; mæla fyrir, segja f., etc., to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mælti svá f., at …, Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 333; búask f., to prepare, make arrangement, Landn. 35, Sks. 551; skipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194; spá fyrir, to ‘spae’ before, foretell; þeir menn er spá f. úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretell, 76, Bb. 332; Njáll hefir ok sagt f. um æfi hans, Nj. 102; vita e-t f., to ‘wit’ beforehand, know the future, 98; sjá e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef þat er ætlat f., fore-ordained, id.

WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement.

A. LOCAL:

I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; láta síga brýnn f. brár, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; halda f. augu sér, to hold (one’s hands) before one’s eyes, Nj. 132; leggja sverði fyrir brjóst e-m, to thrust a sword into his breast, 162, Fs. 39.

2. before one, before a court; stefna e-m f. dómstól, Fms. xi. 444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come before one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu e-s, before one’s eyes, Stj. 611.

3. before, so as to shield; hann kom skildinum f. sik, he put the shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold one’s shield, Ísl. ii. 257.

4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, út, inn, ofan, niðr, austr, vestr, suðr, norðr, all denoting direction; fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi öxina fram f. sik, a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hljóp eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; þótti honum hann skjóta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask út f. dyrr, to go outside the door, Eg. 206:—draga ofan f. brekku, to drag over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust one over the gravel bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. björg, to leap over a precipice, Eb. 62, Landn. 36; elta e-n f. björg, Grág. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. borð, to leap ( throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii. 391, Ld. 226; síga ( to be hauled) niðr f. borgar-vegg, 656 C. 13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa niðr f. stafn, Eg. 142; niðr f. skaflinn, Dropl. 25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glúm. 395 (in a verse).

II. in one’s way, crossing one’s way; þeir stefndu f. þá, Fms. ix. 475; ríða á leið f. þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them, Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. þá, Nj. 153; vóru allt komin f. hann bréf, letters were come before him, in his way, Fms. vii. 207; þeir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled trees before him, so as to stop him, viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166.

III. round, off a point; fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; út f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vii. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on the shore, sigla f. England, Norðyrnbraland, Þrasnes, Spán, to sail by the coast of, stand off England, Northumberland, … Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Yrjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse); fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse); er hann kom f. Elfina, when be came off the Gotha, Eg. 80; leggja land f. skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i. e. to pass it, Edda l. c.; göra frið f. land sitt, to pacify the land from one end to another, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu árinnar, to come to ( round) the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir garðs-enda, Grág. ii. 263; girða f. nes, to make a wall across the ness, block it up, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grág. ii. 263; so also binda f. op, poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaða f. gat, holu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stúfinn, the stump (of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjóta slagbrandi f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; láta loku (lás) f. hurð, to lock a door, Gísl. 28; setja innsigli f. bréf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt., setr hón þar lás fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512.

2. along, all along; f. endilanga Danmörk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along Denmark, Norway, from one end to the other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97:—öx álnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276; draga ör f. ödd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer’s term, Fms. ii. 321.

IV. with verbs, fyrir ván komit, one is come past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f. munn e-m, to stop one’s mouth; taka f. háls, kverkar, e-m, to seize one by the throat, etc.; taka mál f. munn e-m, ‘verba alicujus praeripere,’ to take the word out of one’s mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr e-m, to seize one’s hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka fram f. hendrnar á e-m.

B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. miðjan dag, Ld. 14; f. sól, before sunrise, 268; f. sólar-lag, before sunset; f. miðjan aptan, Nj. 192; f. náttmál, 197; f. óttu, Sighvat; f. þinglausnir, Ölk. 37; f. Jól, Nj. 269; f. fardaga, Grág. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f. vetr, Eg. 159; f. vetrnætr, Grág. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before one’s memory, Íb. 16.

C. METAPH.:

I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir aðra konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372.

II. for, on behalf of; vil ek bjóða at fara f. þik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga í skuld f. e-n, Grág. i. 283; Egill drakk … ok svá f. Ölvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjöld f. e-n, Grág. i. 173; verja, sækja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvárr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sættisk á öll mál f. Björn, Nj. 266; tók sættir f. Björn, Eg. 168; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik, láta lýrit, lög-vörn koma f.; færa vörn f. sik, etc.; verja, sækja sakir f. sik, and many similar law phrases, Grág. passim; biðja konu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my behalf, for my part, Gs. 16; lögvörn f. mál, a lawful defence for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f. sök, to defend a case, Grág. i. 61; halda skiladómi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa lög f. e-t, vide festa.

III. in a distributive sense; penning f. mann, a penny per man, K. Þ. K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = per head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, Ó. H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how many men, Grág. i. 296; fyrir hverja stiku, for each yard, 497.

IV. for, for the benefit of; brjóta brauð f. hungraða, Hom. 75; þeir skáru f. þá melinn, they cut the straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostnað f. e-n, to defray one’s costs, Grág. i. 341.

V. for, instead of; hann setti sik f. Guð, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Guð (Lat. pro Deo), Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, fá, kveðja mann f. sik, to get a man as one’s delegate or substitute, Grág. i. 48 passim; þeir höfðu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-höfuð vóru f. kljána, Nj. 275; gagl f. gás ok grís f. gamalt svín, Ó. H. 86; rif stór f. hlunna, Háv. 48; buðkr er f. húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tönn f. tönn, Exod. xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, Þkv. 32.

VI. because of, for; vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi, not without ground, i. 302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi Gunnarr þeim til úhelgi? Nj. 101; ok urðu f. þat sekir, Landn. 323; hafa ámæli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim.

2. in a good sense, for one’s sake, for one; fyrir þín orð, for thy words, intercession, Ísl. ii. 217; vil ek göra f. þín orð, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sína vinsæld, by his popularity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sök, for one’s sake, vide sök: in swearing, a Latinism, fyrir trú mína, by my faith! (so in Old Engl. ‘fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir þitt líf, Stj. 514; ek særi þik f. alla krapta Krists ok manndóm þinn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti út f. þrjú hundruð marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundrað, to pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316:—also of the thing bought, þú skalt reiða f. hana þrjár merkr, thou shall pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir þik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj. 57; bætr f. víg, Ísl. ii. 274; bætr f. mann, Eg. 259, passim; fyrir áverka Þorgeirs kom legorðs-sökin, Nj. 101:—so in the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir öngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157, Gþl. 531:—hafði hverr þeirra mann f. sik, eða tvá …, each slew a man or more for himself, i. e. they sold their lives dearly, Ó. H. 217.

2. ellipt., í staðinn f., instead of, Grág. i. 61; hér vil ek bjóða f. góð boð, Nj. 77; taka umbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slíku f. sem …, Boll. 350; þér skulut öngu f. týna nema lífinu, you shall lose nothing less than your head, Nj. 7.

VIII. by means of, by, through; fyrir þat sama orð, Stj.; fyrir sína náttúru, Fms. v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir þinn krapt ok frelsis-hönd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63,—this use of fyrir seems to be a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vídal.; fyrir munn Davíðs, through the mouth of David, etc.:—in good old historical writings such instances are few; þeir hlutuðu f. kast ( by dice), Sturl. ii. 159.

IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i. 151; fyrir vitorð eðr vilja e-s, against one’s will or knowledge, Grág. ii. 348; kvángask (giptask) f. ráð e-s, i. 177, 178, Þiðr. 190; nú fara menn f. bann ( in spite of an embargo) landa á milli, Gþl. 517; hann gaf henni líf f. framkvæmd farar, i. e. although she had not fulfilled her journey ( her vow), Fms. v. 223; fyrir várt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt þat, in spite of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir ráð fram, heedlessly; fyrir lög fram, vide fram.

X. denoting capacity, in the same sense as ‘at,’ C. II, p. 27, col. 1; scarcely found in old writers (who use ‘at’), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have one for a friend, in old writers ‘at vin;’ hafa e-n f. fífl, fól, to make sport of one.

2. in old writers some phrases come near to this, e. g. vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi, id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma f. eitt, to come ( turn) all to one, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215; fyrir hitt mun ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann er einskis örvænt orðs né verks, from him everything may be expected, Ísl. ii. 326; hafa e-s víti f. varnað, to have another’s faults for warning, Sól. 19.

XI. joined with adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan, innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan, either with a following acc. denoting. direction, thus, fyrir austan, sunnan … fjall, east, south of the fell, i. e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge; fyrir útan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir innan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan á, beyond the river; fyrir innan garð, inside the yard; fyrir ofan garð, above, beyond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs:—used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir norðan, in the north; fyrir austan, in the east,—current phrases in Icel. to mark the quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp. Árb. year 1530; but not freq. in old writers, who simply say, norðr, suðr …, cp. Kristni S. ch. 1: absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the other side:—fyrir útan e-t, except, save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8; fyrir fram, vide fram.

☞ For- and fyrir- as prefixes, vide pp. 163–167 and below:

I. fore-, for-, meaning before, above, in the widest sense, local, temp., and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-ellri, for-beini, etc.

β. before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis, -vindis, -viðris, etc.

2. in an intens. sense = before others, very, but not freq.; for-dyld, -góðr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, -kuðr, -lítill, -ljótr, -prís, -ríkr, -snjallr.

II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e. g. for-að, -átta, -dæða, -nám, -næmi, -sending, -sköp, -verk, -veðja, -viða, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and vernacular: at a later time more words of the same kind crept in:

1. as early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, e. g. for-boð, -bænir, -djarfa, -dæma (fyrir-dæma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -þóttr; fyrir-bjóða, -fara, -göra, -koma, -kunna, -líta, -muna, -mæla, -vega, -verða.

2. introduced in some words at the time of the Reformation through Luther’s Bible and German hymns, and still later in many more through Danish, e. g. for-brjóta, -drífa, -láta, -líkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sóma, -standa, -svara, -þénusta, and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalised, being chiefly used in eccl. writings:—it is curious that if the pronoun be placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in Icel.) the sense is in many cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can only mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mæla, to curse, and mæla fyrir, to speak for; for-bænir, but biðja fyrir e-m, etc.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former bad and negative; this seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to foreign influence.

m anatomy head

persona head, chief, boss colloq geography cape

capo del governo head of government

capo dello Stato head of state

capo di vestiario item of clothing

da capo from the beginning

ti seguirò in capo al mondo I'll follow you to the ends of the earth

per sommi capi briefly

andare a capo start a new paragraph

non venire a capo di nulla be unable to come to any kind of conclusion

questa storia non ha né capo né coda this story just doesn't make sense

information technology a capo automatico word wrap

* * *

capo s.m.

1 head: a capo alto, with one's head held high; (fig.) proudly; a capo chino, with drooping head; a capo scoperto, bare-headed (o hatless); da capo a piedi, from head to foot; ( di cosa) from top to bottom; ho mal di capo, mi duole il capo, I have a headache, my head aches; chinare il capo, to bend (o to bow) one's head; (fig.) to bow; scrollare il capo, to shake one's head; dar di capo, battere il capo, to bang one's head; una buona lavata di capo, a thorough dressing-down (o scolding) // senza capo né coda, without rhyme or reason: un ragionamento senza capo né coda, a nonsensical (o loose) reasoning // tra capo e collo, unexpectedly // mettere in capo a qlcu., to put into s.o.'s head; mettersi in capo qlco., to take (o to get) sthg. into one's head // non sapere dove battere il capo, to be at a loss; rompersi il capo, (fig.) to rack one's brains ∙ Specialmente nelle frasi idiomatiche la parola 'capo' in questa accezione viene sempre più spesso sostituita da 'testa', per cui si consiglia di consultare anche questo lemma

2 ( estremità, principio) head; ( fine) end: da un capo all'altro, from end to end; sedevano ai due capi della tavola, they were sitting at both ends of the table; in capo a un mese, within a month (o after a whole month) // Capo d'Anno, New Year's Day // a capo, ( dettando) new line (o new paragraph): andare a capo, to begin a new paragraph; punto e a capo, full stop and new line (anche fig.) // da capo, over again (o from the beginning): dobbiamo ricominciare da capo, we have to start all over again // andare in capo al mondo, to go to the end of the world // venire a capo di qlco., to carry sthg. through (o fam. to get through sthg.) // cosa fatta capo ha, what is done cannot be undone

3 (geogr.) cape; headland; ness; (spec. scoz.) mull: doppiare un capo, to round a cape // il Capo di Buona Speranza, the Cape of Good Hope; Città del Capo, Capetown; la Provincia del Capo, Cape Province

4 ( singolo animale, in un gregge, in una mandria) animal; (al pl.) head: questo è il più bel capo della mia mandria, this is the best animal in my herd; furono venduti ottanta capi di bestiame, eighty head of cattle were sold

5 ( articolo commerciale) article: un capo di vestiario, an article of clothing; a settanta euro il capo, at seventy euros each

6 ( chi presiede, comanda) head, chief, (fam.) boss; (pol.) leader: il capo di un'azienda, the head of a firm (o company); capo di una tribù, chief of a tribe; capo sindacale, labour leader; il capo di un partito, the leader of a party; capo di stato, head of state; dov'è il capo?, where's the boss? // capo del personale, personnel manager; capo dell'ufficio vendite, sales director; capo contabile, chief accountant; capo magazziniere, storekeeper; capo operaio, foreman; capo cameriere, head waiter; capo cantiere, yard foreman; capo ufficio stampa, head of the press office; ragioniere capo, head (o chief) accountant; dirigente capo, top executive; ispettore capo, chief inspector (o inspector general) // capo cronista, news editor // capo d'Istituto, principal, ( preside) headmaster // capo storico, founding father // essere a capo di un'azienda, to be at the head of a business; essere a capo di un esercito, to be at the head of an army

7 ( articolo, punto di un discorso, di una relazione) head, item: (dir.) capo d'accusa, charge (o count); capo primo, secondo, terzo..., item one, two, three...; discorso diviso in sette capi, speech arranged under seven heads // capo primo, first of all // per sommi capi, in short (o summarily): una relazione per sommi capi, a summary account.

* * *

1. sm

1) Anat head

2) (di fabbrica, ufficio) head, boss, (di tribù) chief

- capo del personale

- capo di stato

- capo di bestiame

- Capo di Buona Speranza

- Capo Horn

2. agg inv

(giardiniere, sorvegliante) head attr

* * *

sostantivo maschile

1) (testa) head

2) (chi comanda, dirige) boss, chief, head, leader

3) (singolo elemento) article, item

4) (di bestiame) head*

5) (estremità) (di fune) end; (di letto, chiodo) head

6) (promontorio) cape, headland

7) (filo) strand

8) mar. mil.

9) da capo

10) a capo (al comando)

11) fare capo a (appoggiarsi) [ persona] to refer to; (dipendere) [organizzazione, movimento] to depend on

aggettivo invariabile

••

* * *

capo

/'kapo/ ⇒ 4

I sostantivo m.

 1 (testa) head; a capo scoperto bareheaded; passare per il capo fig. to go through one's mind

 2 (chi comanda, dirige) boss, chief, head, leader; capo del personale personnel manager; comandante in capo mil. commander-in-chief

 3 (singolo elemento) article, item; un capo di vestiario an article of clothing; - i colorati coloureds

 4 (di bestiame) head*; 30 -i di bestiame 30 head of cattle

 5 (estremità) (di fune) end; (di letto, chiodo) head; da un capo all'altro from one end to another; all'altro capo (del telefono) at the other end (of the line); da capo a fondo from top to bottom; in capo alla pagina at the top o head of the page; in capo a un mese within a month

 6 (promontorio) cape, headland; Capo Horn Cape Horn

 7 (filo) strand; lana a due -i two-ply wool

 8 mar. mil. capo di prima, seconda, terza classe = chief petty officer

 9 da capo ricominciare da capo to start afresh, to begin anew

 10 a capo (al comando) essere a capo di qcs. to head (up) sth.; (in un nuovo paragrafo) andare a capo to start a new line; (nella dettatura) new paragraph; venire a capo di (risolvere) to thrash o work out [ problema]

 11 fare capo a (appoggiarsi) [ persona] to refer to; (dipendere) [organizzazione, movimento] to depend on

II aggettivo invariabile

  ispettore capo chief inspector; redattore capo editor-in-chief

IDIOMS

tremare da capo a piedi to be trembling all over o from head to foot; senza capo né coda without rhyme or reason; [ discorso] all over the place; cadere fra capo e collo to come unexpectedly; in capo al mondo [ abitare] in the back of beyond; [ andare] to the ends of the earth; per sommi -i in short, briefly

\

COMPOUNDS

capo d'accusa dir. count; capo del governo premier; capo di istituto principal; capo di Stato head of State; capo di stato maggiore Chief of Staff; capo storico founding father.

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.

From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).

Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).

The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.

Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.

As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.

The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).

The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.

[br]

1) General subject: reel, tape, tape-line, tape-measure, tapemeasure, yard measure, tape measure (АД)

2) Geology: flexible ruler

3) Medicine: steel tape measure

4) French: roulette (азартная игра)

5) Military: (измерительная) tape (measure)

6) Engineering: spring-return ruler, tapeline, tape ruler

7) Chemistry: measuring tape

8) Construction: ribbon tape, spring tape measure, tape rule

9) Mathematics: tape line

10) Forestry: rule

11) Polygraphy: graver, swivel graver

12) Textile: ruler, tape line (для снятия мерки)

13) Oil: gauge line, measuring reel

14) Astronautics: measure tape

15) Metrology: retractable pocket rule

16) Advertising: tape measure

17) Drilling: tape (line) measure

18) General subject: convex rule, convex scale, scale

19) Makarov: steel tape, wheel

1) Naval: belly line, luffing cable (грузовой стрелы), rib line, span rope, spreader lift, topping lift, topping lift span, topping line, yard sling

2) Fishery: belly line (трала)

3) Makarov: jigger, lift

4) Yachting: balance (снасть)

* * *

f < Grund> dilapidation

* * *

1 peg, stake (tool).

2 prick (informal) (picadura, pinchazo) (de aguja). (Mexican Spanish)

3 bite, sting.

El águila se abatió y tomó al conejo The eagle swooped and got the rabbit

4 picket, strike picket, picket line.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (de huelga) picket

2 (de soldados) squad

* * *

1) [de personas] (Mil) squad, party; [en huelga] picket

2) Arg (=corral) yard, small corral

3) (=pinchazo) prick, jab

4) (=agujero) small hole ( in clothing)

5) And (=merienda) picnic

6) Caribe (Mús) street band

* * *

1) ( de huelguistas) picket; ( de soldados) squad, picket (arch)

- piquete móvil or volante

2) (Méx fam)

a) ( herida) prick; ( inyección) shot (colloq), jab (colloq)

b) ( de insecto) sting, bite

c) ( de licor) drop

* * *

1) ( de huelguistas) picket; ( de soldados) squad, picket (arch)

- piquete móvil or volante

2) (Méx fam)

a) ( herida) prick; ( inyección) shot (colloq), jab (colloq)

b) ( de insecto) sting, bite

c) ( de licor) drop

* * *

piquete¹

¹ = picket line, picket, picketing.

piquete²

² = picketer, picket striker.

Nota: Referido a uno de los individuos que forma un piquete.

* * *

1 (de huelguistas) picket

2 (de soldados) squad, picket ( arch)

flying picket

B ( Méx fam)

1 (con aguja — herida) prick; (— inyección) injection, shot ( colloq), jab ( colloq)

2 (de insecto) sting, bite

3 (de licor) drop

C ( Chi) (en una tela) small hole

D ( Col) (picnic) picnic

* * *

a) ( herida) prick;

b) ( de insecto) sting, bite

* * *

piquete nm

1. [herramienta] peg, stake

2. [de huelguistas] picket

3. piquete de ejecución firing squad

4. Col [picnic] picnic

5. Col [comida] = roast meat chopped into small pieces and accompanied by potatoes, banana and corn

6. Méx Fam [picadura, pinchazo] [de aguja] prick;

7. Méx Fam [golpe] prod;

dar un piquete a alguien to prod sb

8. Méx Fam [punzada] stabbing pain

9. Méx Fam [de bebida] shot

* * *

1 POL picket

2 Méx

picadura bite

3 Méx

punzada sharp pain

* * *

piquete nm

1) : picketers pl, picket line

2) : squad, detachment

3) Mex : prick, jab

* * *

дубли́ровать систе́му — duplicate a system

отла́живать систе́му — tune up a system

систе́ма функциони́рует норма́льно киб. — the system is well-behaved

авари́йная систе́ма ав. — emergency system

систе́ма авари́йного покида́ния ( самолёта) — escape system

автомати́ческая систе́ма — automatic system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования [САР] — automatic-control system of the regulator(y) type

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, де́йствующая по отклоне́нию — error-actuated control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, за́мкнутая — closed-loop control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, и́мпульсная — sampling control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоё́мкостная — multicapacity control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоко́нтурная — multiloop control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, многоме́рная — multivariable control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, програ́ммная — time-pattern control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования, разо́мкнутая — open-loop control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования следя́щего ти́па — servo-operation control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования со случа́йными возде́йствиями, и́мпульсная — random-input sampled-data system

систе́ма автомати́ческого регули́рования со стабилиза́цией (проце́сса) — regulator-operation control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого управле́ния [САУ] — automatic-control system

систе́ма автомати́ческого управле́ния, цифрова́я — digital control system

систе́ма автоподстро́йки частоты́ [АПЧ] — AFC system

систе́ма АПЧ захва́тывает частоту́ — the AFC system locks on to the (desired) frequency

систе́ма АПЧ осуществля́ет по́иск частоты́ — the AFC system searches for the (desired) frequency

систе́ма автоподстро́йки частоты́, фа́зовая [ФАПЧ] — phase-lock loop, PLL

агрега́тная, унифици́рованная систе́ма ( советская система пневматических средств автоматики) — standard-module pneumatic instrumentation system

адапти́вная систе́ма — adaptive system

апериоди́ческая систе́ма — critically damped system

асинхро́нная систе́ма — asynchronous system

астати́ческая систе́ма — zero-constant-error system

астати́ческая систе́ма второ́го поря́дка — Type 2 [zero-velocity-error] system

астати́ческая систе́ма пе́рвого поря́дка — Type 1 [zero-position-error] system

систе́ма без резерви́рования — non-redundant system

систе́ма блокиро́вки ( радиационной установки) — interlock system

систе́ма ва́ла ( в допусках и посадках) — the basic shaft system

вентиляцио́нная систе́ма — ventilation system

вентиляцио́нная, вытяжна́я систе́ма — exhaust ventilation system

взаи́мные систе́мы — mutual systems

систе́ма водоснабже́ния — water(-supply) system

систе́ма водоснабже́ния, оборо́тная — circulating [closed-circuit] water system

систе́ма водоснабже́ния, прямото́чная — once-through [run-of-river cooling] system

систе́ма возду́шного отопле́ния — warm-air heating system

систе́ма воспроизведе́ния ( записи) — reproduction system

систе́ма впры́ска двс. — injection system

систе́ма впры́ска, предка́мерная двс. — antechamber system of injection

систе́ма впу́ска двс. — induction [intake] system

систе́ма вы́борки вчт. — selection system

вытяжна́я систе́ма — exhaust system

вычисли́тельная систе́ма — computer [computing] system

вычисли́тельная, многома́шинная систе́ма — multicomputer system

систе́ма генера́тор — дви́гатель — Ward-Leonard speed-control system

гибри́дная систе́ма — hybrid system

систе́ма громкоговоря́щей свя́зи — public-address [personnel-address, PA] system

грузова́я систе́ма мор. — cargo (handling) system

двухкомпоне́нтная систе́ма хим. — two-component [binary] system

двухни́точная систе́ма тепл. — two-flow system

двухпроводна́я систе́ма эл. — two-wire system

двухэлектро́дная систе́ма ( электроннооптического преобразователя) — self-focusing (diod) system

диспе́рсная систе́ма — disperse system

диссипати́вная систе́ма — dissipative system

систе́ма дистанцио́нного управле́ния — remote control system

диффере́нтная систе́ма мор. — trim system

дифференциа́льная систе́ма тлф. — hybrid set

систе́ма дождева́ния — sprinkling system

систе́ма до́пусков — tolerance system

систе́ма до́пусков, двусторо́нняя [симметри́чная], преде́льная — bilateral system of tolerances

систе́ма до́пусков и поса́док — system [classification] of fits and tolerances

систе́ма до́пусков, односторо́нняя [асимметри́чная], преде́льная — unilateral system of tolerances

систе́ма дрена́жа ( топливных баков) ав. — vent system

систе́ма едини́ц — system of units

систе́ма едини́ц, междунаро́дная [СИ] — international system of units, SI

систе́ма едини́ц МКГСС уст. — MKGSS [metre-kilogram(me)-force-second ] system (of units)

систе́ма едини́ц МКС — MKS [metre-kilogram(me)-second ] system (of units)

систе́ма едини́ц МКСА — MKSA [metre-kilogram(me)-mass-second-ampere ] system (of units), absolute practical system of units

систе́ма едини́ц МКСГ — MKSG [metre-kilogram(me)-force-second-kelvin ] system (of units)

систе́ма едини́ц МСС — MSC [metre-second-candela] system (of units)

систе́ма едини́ц МТС — MTS [metre-ton-second] system (of units)

систе́мы едини́ц СГС — CGS [centimetre-gram(me)-second ] systems (of units)

систе́ма едини́ц, техни́ческая — engineer's system of units

же́зловая систе́ма ж.-д. — staff system

систе́ма жизнеобеспе́чения косм. — life-support (and survival) system

систе́ма жизнеобеспе́чения, автоно́мная — back-pack life-support system

систе́ма зажига́ния — ignition system

систе́ма зажига́ния, полупроводнико́вая — transistor(ized) ignition system

систе́ма зажига́ния, электро́нная — electronic ignition system

систе́ма заземле́ния — earth [ground] network

замедля́ющая систе́ма — ( в электровакуумных устройствах СВЧ) slow-wave structure; ( волноводная) slow-wave guide; ( коаксиальная) wave delay line

замедля́ющая, встре́чно-стержнева́я систе́ма — interdigital [interdigitated] slow-wave structure

замедля́ющая, гребе́нчатая систе́ма — vane-line slow-wave structure, finned slow-wave guide

замедля́ющая, спира́льная систе́ма — helical slow-wave structure

за́мкнутая систе́ма — closed system

систе́ма за́писи вчт. — writing system

запомина́ющая систе́ма вчт. — storage system

систе́ма затопле́ния мор. — flood(ing) system

систе́ма захо́да на поса́дку по кома́ндам с земли́ ав. — ground-controlled-approach [GCA] system

зачи́стная систе́ма ( танкера) — stripping system

систе́ма зерка́л Фабри́—Перо́ — Fabry-Perot [FP] mirror system

зерка́льно-ли́нзовая систе́ма ( в микроскопе) — catadioptric system

систе́ма золоудале́ния — ash-handling system

систе́ма зо́льников кож. — lime yard, lime round

изоли́рованная систе́ма — isolated system

систе́ма индивидуа́льного вы́зова свз. — paging system

инерциа́льная систе́ма — inertial system

информацио́нная систе́ма — information system

информацио́нно-поиско́вая систе́ма — information retrieval system

исхо́дная систе́ма — prototype [original] system

канализацио́нная систе́ма — sewer(age) system

канализацио́нная, общесплавна́я систе́ма — combined sewer(age) system

канализацио́нная, разде́льная систе́ма — separate sewer(age) system

систе́ма коди́рования — coding system

колеба́тельная систе́ма — (преим. механическая) vibratory [vibrating] system; ( немеханическая) oscillatory [resonant] system

колеба́тельная, многорезона́торная систе́ма ( магнетрона) — multiple-cavity resonator

колориметри́ческая трёхцве́тная систе́ма — three-colour photometric system

систе́ма кома́нд ЭВМ — instruction set of a computer, computer instruction set

систе́ма координа́т — coordinate system

свя́зывать систе́му координа́т с … — tie in a coordinate system with …, tie coordinate system to …

систе́ма координа́т, инерциа́льная — inertial frame

систе́ма координа́т, лаборато́рная — laboratory coordinate system, laboratory frame of reference

систе́ма координа́т, ле́вая — left-handed coordinate system

систе́ма координа́т, ме́стная — local (coordinate) system

систе́ма координа́т, поко́ящаяся — rest (coordinate) system

систе́ма координа́т, пото́чная аргд. — (relative) wind coordinate system

систе́ма координа́т, пра́вая — right-handed coordinate system

систе́ма координа́т, свя́занная с дви́жущимся те́лом — body axes (coordinate) system

систе́ма координа́т, свя́занная с Землё́й — fixed-in-the-earth (coordinate) system

систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па — gyro monitor, (long-term) reference

систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па, магни́тная — magnetic gyro monitor, magnetic reference

систе́ма корре́кции гироско́па, ма́ятниковая — gravity gyro monitor, gravity reference

систе́ма криволине́йных координа́т — curvilinear coordinate system

курсова́я систе́ма ав. — directional heading [waiting] system

ли́тниковая систе́ма — gating [pouring gate] system

магни́тная систе́ма — magnetic system

систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания — queueing [waiting] system

систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания, сме́шанная — combined loss-delay queueing [waiting] system

систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с ожида́нием — delay queueing [waiting] system

систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с отка́зами — congestion queueing [waiting] system

систе́ма ма́ссового обслу́живания с поте́рями — loss-type queueing [waiting] system

мени́сковая систе́ма — meniscus [Maksutov] system

систе́ма мер, метри́ческая — metric system

систе́ма мер, типогра́фская — point system

механи́ческая систе́ма — mechanical system

механи́ческая, несвобо́дная систе́ма — constrained material system

систе́ма мно́гих тел — many-body system

многокана́льная систе́ма свз. — multichannel system

многокомпоне́нтная систе́ма — multicomponent system

многоме́рная систе́ма — multivariable system

модели́руемая систе́ма — prototype system

мо́дульная систе́ма — modular system

мультипле́ксная систе́ма — multiplex system

систе́ма набо́ра ( корпуса судна) — framing system

систе́ма набо́ра, кле́тчатая — cellular framing system

систе́ма набо́ра, попере́чная — transverse framing system

систе́ма набо́ра, продо́льная — longitudinal framing system

систе́ма набо́ра, сме́шанная — mixed framing system

систе́ма навига́ции — navigation system

систе́ма навига́ции, автоно́мная — self-contained navigation system

систе́ма навига́ции, гиперболи́ческая — hyperbolic navigation system

систе́ма навига́ции, дальноме́рная — rho-rho [ - ] navigation system

систе́ма навига́ции, дальноме́рно-угломе́рная — rho-theta [ - ] navigation system

систе́ма навига́ции, кругова́я — rho-rho [ - ] navigation system

систе́ма навига́ции, ра́зностно-дальноме́рная [РДНС] — hyperbolic navigation system

систе́ма навига́ции, угломе́рная — theta-theta [ - ] navigation system

систе́ма на стру́йных элеме́нтах, логи́ческая — fluid logic system

систе́ма нумера́ции тлф. — numbering scheme

систе́ма обду́ва стё́кол авто, автмт. — demister

систе́ма обнаруже́ния оши́бок ( в передаче данных) свз. — error detection system

систе́ма обогре́ва стё́кол авто, ав. — defroster

систе́ма обозначе́ний — notation, symbolism

систе́ма обозначе́ний Междунаро́дного нау́чного радиообъедине́ния — URSI symbol system

систе́ма обозначе́ния про́бы, кара́тная — carat test sign system

систе́ма обозначе́ния про́бы, метри́ческая — metric test sign system

обора́чивающая систе́ма опт. — erecting [inversion (optical)] system

обора́чивающая, при́зменная систе́ма опт. — prism-erecting (optical) system

систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных — data processing [dp] system

систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных в реа́льном масшта́бе вре́мени — real time data processing system

систе́ма обрабо́тки да́нных, операти́вная — on-line data processing system

систе́ма обрабо́тки отхо́дов — waste treatment system

систе́ма объё́много пожаротуше́ния мор. — fire-smothering system

одноотка́зная систе́ма — fall-safe system

опти́ческая систе́ма — optical system, optical train

опти́ческая, зерка́льно-ли́нзовая систе́ма — catadioptric system

систе́ма ориента́ции ав. — attitude control system

ороси́тельная систе́ма — irrigation system, irrigation project

систе́ма ороше́ния мор. — sprinkling system

систе́ма освеще́ния — lighting (system)

осуши́тельная систе́ма мор. — drain(age) system

систе́ма отбо́ра во́здуха от компре́ссора — compressor air-bleed system

систе́ма отве́рстия ( в допусках и посадках) — the basic hole system

отклоня́ющая систе́ма ( в ЭЛТ) — deflecting system, deflection yoke

отклоня́ющая, ка́дровая систе́ма — vertical (deflection) yoke

отклоня́ющая, магни́тная систе́ма — magnetic (deflection) yoke

отклоня́ющая, стро́чная систе́ма — horizontal [line] (deflection) yoke

систе́ма относи́тельных едини́ц — per-unit system

отопи́тельная систе́ма — heating system

отопи́тельная систе́ма с разво́дкой све́рху — down-feed heating system

отопи́тельная систе́ма с разво́дкой сни́зу — up-feed heating system

систе́ма отсчё́та — frame of reference, (reference) frame, reference system

систе́ма отсчё́та, инерциа́льная — inertial frame of reference

систе́ма охлажде́ния — cooling system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, возду́шная — air-cooling system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, жи́дкостная — liquid-cooling system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, испари́тельная — evaporative cooling system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, каска́дная — cascade refrigeration system

систе́ма охлажде́ния непосре́дственным испаре́нием холоди́льного аге́нта — direct expansion system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, пане́льная — panel cooling system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, двухтемперату́рная — dual-temperature brine refrigeration system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, закры́тая — closed brine cooling system

систе́ма охлажде́ния, рассо́льная, с испаре́нием — brine spray cooling system

систе́ма охлажде́ния с теплозащи́тной руба́шкой — jacketed cooling system

систе́ма очи́стки воды́ — water purification system

систе́ма па́мяти — memory [storage] system

систе́ма парашю́та, подвесна́я — parachute harness

систе́ма переда́чи да́нных — data transmission system

систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с обра́тной свя́зью — information feedback data transmission system

систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с коммута́цией сообще́ний и промежу́точным хране́нием — store-and-forward data network

систе́ма переда́чи да́нных с реша́ющей обра́тной свя́зью — decision feedback data transmission system

систе́ма переда́чи и́мпульсов набо́ра, шле́йфная тлф. — loop dialling system

систе́ма переда́чи на одно́й боково́й полосе́ и пода́вленной несу́щей — single-sideband suppressed-carrier [SSB-SC] system

систе́ма переда́чи на одно́й боково́й полосе́ с осла́бленной несу́щей — single-sideband reduced carrier [SSB-RC] system

систе́ма пита́ния двс. — fuel system

систе́ма пита́ния котла́ — boiler-feed piping system

систе́ма питьево́й воды́ мор. — drinking-water [portable-water] system

систе́ма пода́чи то́плива, вытесни́тельная — pressure feeding system

систе́ма пода́чи то́плива самотё́ком — gravity feeding system

систе́ма пода́чи то́плива, турбонасо́сная — turbopump feeding system

подви́жная систе́ма ( измерительного прибора) — moving element (movement не рекомендован соответствующими стандартами)

систе́ма пожа́рной сигнализа́ции — fire-alarm system

систе́ма пожаротуше́нения — fire-extinguishing system

систе́ма поса́дки — landing system

систе́ма поса́дки по прибо́рам — instrument landing system (сокращение ILS относится к международной системе, советская система обозначается СП — instrument landing system)

систе́ма проду́вки авто — scavenging system

противообледени́тельная систе́ма ав. — ( для предотвращения образования льда) anti-icing [ice protection] system; ( для удаления образовавшегося льда) de-icing system

противопожа́рная систе́ма — fire-extinguishing system

противото́чная систе́ма — counter-current flow system

систе́ма прямо́го перено́са ( электроннооптического преобразователя) — proximity focused system

прямото́чная систе́ма — direct-flow system

систе́ма прямоуго́льных координа́т — Cartesian [rectangular] coordinate system

систе́ма, рабо́тающая в и́стинном масшта́бе вре́мени — real-time system

радиолокацио́нная, втори́чная систе́ма УВД — ( для работы внутри СССР) SSR system; ( отвечающая нормам ИКАО) ICAO SSR system

радиолокацио́нная систе́ма с электро́нным скани́рованием — electronic scanning radar system, ESRS

радиомая́чная систе́ма — radio range

радиомая́чная, многокана́льная систе́ма — multitrack radio range

систе́ма радионавига́ции — radio-navigation system (см. тж. система навигации)

развё́ртывающая систе́ма тлв. — scanning system

систе́ма разрабо́тки — mining system, method of mining

распредели́тельная систе́ма — distribution system

регенерати́вная систе́ма тепл. — feed heating system

резерви́рованная систе́ма — redundant system

систе́ма ремне́й, подвесна́я ( респиратора) — harness

систе́ма ру́бок лес. — cutting system

самонастра́ивающаяся систе́ма — self-adjusting system

самообуча́ющаяся систе́ма киб. — learning system

самоорганизу́ющаяся систе́ма — self-organizing system

самоприспоса́бливающаяся систе́ма киб. — adaptive system

самоуравнове́шивающаяся систе́ма — self-balancing system

самоусоверше́нствующаяся систе́ма — evolutionary system

санита́рная систе́ма мор. — sanitary system

систе́ма свя́зи — communication system

сопряга́ть систе́му свя́зи, напр. с ЭВМ — interface a communication network with, e. g., a computer

уплотня́ть систе́му свя́зи телегра́фными кана́лами — multiplex telegraph channels on a communication link

систе́ма свя́зи, асинхро́нная — asyncronous communication system

систе́ма свя́зи, двои́чная — binary communication system

систе́ма свя́зи, многокана́льная — multi-channel communication system

систе́ма свя́зи на метео́рных вспы́шках — meteor burst [meteor-scatter] communication system

систе́ма свя́зи, разветвлё́нная — deployed communication system

систе́ма свя́зи с испо́льзованием да́льнего тропосфе́рного рассе́яния — troposcatter communication system

систе́ма свя́зи с испо́льзованием ионосфе́рного рассе́яния — ionoscatter communication system

систе́ма свя́зи с переспро́сом — ARQ communication system

систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная — multiplex communication system

систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с временны́м разделе́нием сигна́лов — time division multiplex [TDM] communication system

систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с разделе́нием по ко́дам — code-division multiplex(ing) communication system

систе́ма свя́зи, уплотнё́нная, с часто́тным разделе́нием сигна́лов — frequency division multiplex [FDM] communication system

сельси́нная систе́ма — synchro system

сельси́нная систе́ма в индика́торном режи́ме — synchro-repeater [direct-transmission synchro] system

сельси́нная систе́ма в трансформа́торном режи́ме — synchro-detector [control-transformer synchro] system

сельси́нная, двухотсчё́тная систе́ма — two-speed [coarse-fine] synchro system

сельси́нная, дифференциа́льная систе́ма — differential synchro system

сельси́нная, одноотсчё́тная систе́ма — singlespeed synchro system

систе́ма сил — force system

систе́ма синхрониза́ции — timing [synchronizing] mechanism

синхро́нная систе́ма — synchronous system

следя́щая систе́ма — servo (system)

следя́щая, позицио́нная систе́ма — positional servo (system)

следя́щая систе́ма с не́сколькими входны́ми возде́йствиями — multi-input servo (system)

следя́щая систе́ма с предваре́нием — predictor servo (system)

систе́ма слеже́ния — tracking system

систе́ма слеже́ния по да́льности — range tracking system

систе́ма слеже́ния по ско́рости измене́ния да́льности — range rate tracking system

систе́ма сма́зки — lubrication (system)

систе́ма сма́зки, принуди́тельная — force(-feed) lubrication (system)

систе́ма сма́зки, разбры́згивающая — splash lubrication (system)

сма́зочная систе́ма — lubrication (system)

систе́ма с мно́гими переме́нными — multivariable system

систе́ма сниже́ния шу́ма — noise reduction system

систе́ма с обра́тной свя́зью — feedback system

Со́лнечная систе́ма — solar system

систе́ма сопровожде́ния — tracking system

систе́ма со свобо́дными пове́рхностями — unbounded system

систе́ма с пара́метрами, изменя́ющимися во вре́мени — time variable [time-variant] system

систе́ма с постоя́нным резерви́рованием — parallel-redundant system

систе́ма с разделе́нием вре́мени — time-sharing system

систе́ма с распределё́нными пара́метрами — distributed parameter system

систе́ма с самоизменя́ющейся структу́рой — self-structuring system

систе́ма с сосредото́ченными пара́метрами — lumped-parameter [lumped-constant] system

стати́ческая систе́ма — киб. constant-error system; ( в следящих системах) type O servo system

систе́ма, стати́чески неопредели́мая мех. — statically indeterminate system

систе́ма, стати́чески определи́мая мех. — statically determinate system

систе́ма стира́ния ( записи) — erasing system

стохасти́ческая систе́ма — stochastic system

сто́чная систе́ма мор. — deck drain system

судова́я систе́ма — ship system

систе́ма с фикси́рованными грани́цами — bounded system

систе́ма счисле́ния — number(ing) system, notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, восьмери́чная — octal number system, octonary notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, двенадцатери́чная — duodecimal number system, duodecimal notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, двои́чная — binary system, binary notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, двои́чно-десяти́чная — binary-coded decimal system, binary-coded decimal [BCD] notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, девятери́чная — nine number system

систе́ма счисле́ния, десяти́чная — decimal number system, decimal notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, непозицио́нная — non-positional notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, позицио́нная — positional number notation

систе́ма счисле́ния пути́, возду́шно-до́плеровская навиг. — airborne Doppler navigator

систе́ма счисле́ния, трои́чная — ternary number system, ternary notation

систе́ма счисле́ния, шестнадцатери́чная — hexadecimal number system, hexadecimal notation

телевизио́нная светокла́панная систе́ма — light-modulator [light-modulating] television system

телегра́фная многокра́тная систе́ма ( с временным распределением) — time-division multiplex (transmission), time division telegraph system

телеметри́ческая систе́ма — telemetering system

телеметри́ческая, промы́шленная систе́ма — industrial telemetering system

телеметри́ческая, то́ковая систе́ма — current-type telemeter

телеметри́ческая, часто́тная систе́ма — frequency-type telemeter

телефо́нная, автомати́ческая систе́ма — dial telephone system

телефо́нная систе́ма с ручны́м обслу́живанием — manual-switchboard telephone system

термодинами́ческая систе́ма — thermodynamic system

техни́ческая систе́ма (в отличие от естественных, математических и т. п.) — engineering system

систе́ма тона́льного телеграфи́рования — voice-frequency multichannel system

то́пливная систе́ма — fuel system

то́пливная систе́ма с пода́чей само́тёком — gravity fuel system

тормозна́я систе́ма ( автомобиля) — brake system

трёхкомпоне́нтная систе́ма — ternary [three-component] system

трёхпроводна́я систе́ма эл. — three-wire system

трёхфа́зная систе́ма эл. — three-phase system

трёхфа́зная систе́ма с глухозаземлё́нной нейтра́лью эл. — solidly-earthed-neutral three-phase system

трёхфа́зная, симметри́чная систе́ма эл. — symmetrical three-phase system

трёхфа́зная систе́ма с незаземлё́нной нейтра́лью эл. — isolated-neutral three-phase system

трю́мная систе́ма мор. — bilge system

систе́ма тяг — linkage

тя́го-дутьева́я систе́ма — draught system

систе́ма УВД — air traffic control [ATC] system

систе́ма управле́ния — control system

систе́ма управле́ния, автомати́ческая — automatic control system

систе́ма управле́ния без па́мяти — combinational (control) system

систе́ма управле́ния возду́шным движе́нием — air traffic control [ATC] system

систе́ма управле́ния произво́дством [предприя́тием], автоматизи́рованная [АСУП] — management information system, MIS

систе́ма управле́ния с вычисли́тельной маши́ной — computer control system

систе́ма управле́ния с па́мятью — sequential (control) system

систе́ма управле́ния с предсказа́нием — predictor control system

систе́ма управле́ния технологи́ческим проце́ссом, автоматизи́рованная [АСУТП] — (automatic) process control system

систе́ма управле́ния, цифрова́я — digital control system

управля́емая систе́ма ( объект управления) — controlled system, controlled plant

управля́ющая систе́ма ( часть системы управления) — controlling (sub-)system

упру́гая систе́ма ( гравиметра) — elastic system

систе́ма уравне́ний — set [system] of equations, set of simultaneous equations

систе́ма уравне́ния объё́ма ( ядерного реактора) — pressurizing system

уравнове́шенная систе́ма — balanced system

усто́йчивая систе́ма — stable system

фа́новая систе́ма мор. — flushing [sewage-disposal] system

систе́ма физи́ческих величи́н — system of physical quantities

хи́мико-технологи́ческая систе́ма — chemical engineering system

хими́ческая систе́ма — chemical system

систе́ма ЦБ-АТС тлф. — dial system

систе́ма цветно́го телеви́дения, совмести́мая — compatible colour-television system

систе́ма це́нтра масс — centre-of-mass [centre-of-gravity, centre-of-momentum] system

систе́ма цифрово́го управле́ния ( не путать с числовы́м управле́нием) — digital control system (not to be confused with numeric control system)

систе́ма «челове́к — маши́на» — man-machine system

шарни́рная систе́ма — hinged system

шарни́рно-стержнева́я систе́ма — hinged-rod system

шпре́нгельная систе́ма — strutted [truss] system

систе́ма эксплуата́ции телефо́нной свя́зи, заказна́я — delay operation

систе́ма эксплуата́ции телефо́нной свя́зи, ско́рая — demand working, telephone traffic on the demand basis

экстрема́льная систе́ма — extremal system

систе́ма электро́дов ЭЛТ — CRT electrode structure

электроже́зловая систе́ма ж.-д. — (electric) token system

электрохими́ческая систе́ма — electrochemical system

электрохими́ческая, необрати́мая систе́ма — irreversible electrochemical system

электрохими́ческая, обрати́мая систе́ма — reversible electrochemical system

электроэнергети́ческая систе́ма — electric power system

систе́ма элеме́нтов Менделе́ева, периоди́ческая — Mendeleeff's [Mendeleev's, periodic] law, periodic system, periodic table

систе́ма элеме́нтов ЦВМ — computer building-block range

энергети́ческая систе́ма — power system

энергети́ческая, еди́ная систе́ма — power grid

энергети́ческая, объединё́нная систе́ма — interconnected power system

1 station, stop, terminal.

2 season, season of the year.

3 bus station, depot.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (del año, temporada) season

■ la estación de las nieves the snowy season

2 (de tren, radio) station

3 RELIGIÓN station

\

hacer estación to make a stop

estación balnearia spa

estación de esquí ski resort

estación de servicio service station

estación de trabajo INFORMÁTICA work station

estación meteorológica weather station

* * *

* * *

1) [gen] station

2) (Rel)

- correr las estaciones

3) (=parte del año) season

4)

* * *

1) (de tren, metro, autobús) station

- estación central

- estación de bomberos

- estación de esquí/de invierno

- estación de policía

- estación de servicio

- estación depuradora

- estación espacial/meteorológica/de seguimiento

- estación ferroviaria

- estación terminal or término

2) ( del año) season

3) (Relig) station

4) (AmL) ( emisora) radio station

* * *

1) (de tren, metro, autobús) station

- estación central

- estación de bomberos

- estación de esquí/de invierno

- estación de policía

- estación de servicio

- estación depuradora

- estación espacial/meteorológica/de seguimiento

- estación ferroviaria

- estación terminal or término

2) ( del año) season

3) (Relig) station

4) (AmL) ( emisora) radio station

* * *

estación¹

¹ = station.

estación²

² = season.

estación³

³ = station.

* * *

A (de tren, metro) station

main station

bus station, bus depot ( AmE), coach station ( BrE)

(Col, Méx, Ven) fire station

ski resort

railroad station ( AmE), railway station ( BrE), train station

winter (sports) resort

subway station ( AmE), underground station ( BrE), tube station ( BrE)

(Col, Ven) police station

sewage farm o plant o ( BrE) works

tracking station

service station, gas ( AmE) o ( BrE) petrol station

work station

train station, railroad station ( AmE), railway station ( BrE)

space station

railroad ( AmE) o ( BrE) railway station

triangulation point, geodesic o geodetic station

estación de invierno

weather station

orbital space station

thermal spa

terminal, terminus ( BrE)

estación geodésica

B (del año) season

la estación seca/de las lluvias the dry/rainy season

fuera de estación out of season

C ( Relig) station

recorrer las estaciones to visit the stations of the Cross

D ( AmL) (emisora) radio station

broadcasting station

relay station, booster station

* * *

◊ estación de bomberos (Col, Méx, Ven) fire station;

* * *

estación nf

1. [edificio] [de tren, metro, autobús] station;

iré a esperarte a la estación I'll meet you at the station;

te has pasado dos estaciones you've gone two stations past your stop

estación climatológica weather station, Espec climatological station;

estación emisora broadcasting station;

estación espacial space station;

la Estación Espacial Internacional the International Space Station;

estación de esquí ski resort;

estación de ferrocarril railway o US railroad station;

estación invernal ski resort;

estación de invierno ski resort;

estación de lanzamiento launch site;

estación meteorológica weather station;

estación de metro Br underground station, US subway station;

estación orbital space station;

estación de seguimiento tracking station;

estación de servicio service station;

estación de tren railway o US railroad station;

2. [del año, temporada] season;

las cuatro estaciones the four seasons;

la estación húmeda/seca the rainy/dry season

3. Informát estación de trabajo workstation

4. Rel

5. Am [de radio] (radio) station

* * *

1 station

2 del año season

3 L.Am. ( emisora) station

* * *

estación nf, pl - ciones

1) : station

estación de servicio: service station, gas station

2) : season

* * *

estación n

1. (en general) station

2. (del año) season

1 particular (especial).

tiene su sabor particular it has its own particular taste

en casos particulares puede hacerse una excepción we can make an exception in special cases

en particular in particular

eso no tiene nada de particular that's nothing special o unusual

lo que tiene de particular es… the unusual thing about it is…

2 private (privado).

dar clases particulares to teach private classes

domicilio particular home address

la casa tiene jardín particular the house has its own garden o (British) yard (United States)

1 member of the public (person).

2 individual, citizen, civilian, private citizen.

3 matter, point.

matter (asunto).

sin otro particular, se despide atentamente yours faithfully (en carta) (British), sincerely yours (United States)

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (concreto) particular

2 (privado) private

■ doy clases particulares I give private tuition

■ no pienso hablar de mi vida particular I will not discuss my private life

■ en mi domicilio particular at my home address

3 (privativo) peculiar, particular, special

■ el olor particular del azahar the peculiar smell of orange blossom

4 (extraordinario) noteworthy, extraordinary

■ tiene un carácter muy particular he's very much his own man

► nombre masculino

1 (individuo) private individual

■ compré el coche a un particular I bought the car from a private owner

2 (asunto) matter, subject

\

en particular in particular, particularly

no tener nada de particular (no ser nada especial) to be nothing special 2 (no ser nada extraño) to be completely normal

sin otro particular, le saluda... Yours sincerely,...

* * *

1) particular

2) private

3) special, peculiar

- particulares

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=especial) special

2) (=específico)

3) (=privado) [secretario, coche] private

SM (=asunto) matter

SMF (=persona) (private) individual

* * *

a) ( privado) <clases/profesor> private; < teléfono> home (before n)

b) ( específico) <caso/aspecto> particular

c) ( especial)

a) (frml) ( asunto) matter, point

b) ( persona) (private) individual

* * *

a) ( privado) <clases/profesor> private; < teléfono> home (before n)

b) ( específico) <caso/aspecto> particular

c) ( especial)

a) (frml) ( asunto) matter, point

b) ( persona) (private) individual

* * *

particular¹

¹ = private individual, private citizen.

particular²

² = specified, particular.

* * *

1 (privado) ‹clases/profesor› private; ‹teléfono› home ( before n)

en su domicilio particular at his home

2 (específico) ‹característica/aspecto› particular

en el caso particular de García in García's particular case

la especie presenta ciertos rasgos que le son particulares the species has certain characteristics which are peculiar o unique to it

en particular in particular, particularly

(especial, diferente): tiene un estilo muy particular she has a very individual o personal style, she has a style all of her own

es un tipo muy particular ( fam); he's a very peculiar o ( colloq) weird guy

no tiene nada de particular que quiera ir there's nothing unusual o strange in her wanting to go

la casa no tiene nada de particular there's nothing special about the house

1 ( frml) (asunto) matter, point

conocemos su opinión sobre este particular we know your opinion on this matter o point

sin otro particular saluda a usted atentamente sincerely yours ( AmE), yours faithfully ( BrE)

2 (persona) (private) individual

viajar como particular to travel on private o personal business

de particular ( AmL); out of uniform

* * *

a) ( privado) ‹clases/profesor› private;

b) ( específico) ‹caso/aspecto› particular;

◊ en particular in particular, particularly

c) ( especial) ‹estilo/gusto› individual, personal;

◊ es un tipo muy particular (fam) he's a very peculiar guy;

a) (frml) ( asunto) matter, point;

◊ sin otro particular saluda a usted atentamente sincerely yours (AmE), yours faithfully (BrE)

b) ( persona) (private) individual;

◊ viajar como particular to travel on private o personal business

* * *

♦ adj

1. [especial] particular;

tiene su sabor particular it has its own particular taste;

en casos particulares puede hacerse una excepción we can make an exception in special cases;

es una persona muy particular she's a very unusual person;

eso no tiene nada de particular that's nothing special o unusual;

lo que tiene de particular es… the unusual thing about it is…;

en particular in particular

2. [privado] private;

se vieron en su domicilio particular they met at his private residence;

dar clases particulares to teach privately;

domicilio particular home address;

la casa tiene jardín particular the house has its own Br garden o US yard

♦ nmf

de particular [de paisano] [policía] in plain clothes;

iba vestido de particular [policía] he was in o wearing plain clothes;

♦ nm

¿cuál es tu opinión sobre el particular? what's your opinion on this (matter)?;

te llamaba sin otro particular que preguntarte por la operación de tu madre I was just calling to ask about your mother's operation;

sin otro particular, se despide atentamente [en carta] Br yours faithfully, US sincerely yours

* * *

I adj

1 clase, propiedad private; asunto personal

2 ( específico) particular;

caso particular particular case;

en particular in particular

3 ( especial) peculiar

II m

1 ( persona) individual

particulares pl particulars

sin otro particular se despide atentamente sincerely yours, Br yours faithfully

sobre el particular on the subject

* * *

particular adj

1) : particular, specific

2) : private, personal

3) : special, unique

particular nm

1) : matter, detail

2) : individual

* * *

particular adj

1. (privado) private

2. (concreto) particular / specific

3. (característico) particular / characteristic

4. (peculiar) individual / personal

5. (original) unusual

Gaudí diseñó edificios muy particulares Gaudí designed very unusual buildings

* * *

1. ( направление) route, course, way

2. ( расстояние) distance

3. ( траектория) path, track, trajectory

4. ( перевозка) transit, transportation

в пути́ ( при транспортировке) — in [during] transit

путь гра́фа ( в теории графов) — forward path of a graph

путь движе́ния мех. — path of a motion

железнодоро́жный путь — (railway) track

раздвига́ть железнодоро́жный путь — move the tracks apart

железнодоро́жный, бесстыково́й путь — continuous welded railway track

железнодоро́жный, гла́вный путь — main track, trunk line

железнодоро́жный, грузово́й путь — freight line, freight track

железнодоро́жный, двойно́й путь — double track

железнодоро́жный, запасно́й путь — side track

железнодоро́жный путь надви́га на сортиро́вочную го́рку — hump lead track

железнодоро́жный путь норма́льной колеи́ — standard-gauge track

железнодоро́жный, па́рковый путь — body [yard] track

железнодоро́жный, подъездно́й путь — approach line

железнодоро́жный, станцио́нный путь — station track

железнодоро́жный, тупико́вый путь — stub track, dead-end (track)

железнодоро́жный, узкоколе́йный путь — narrow-gauge track

железнодоро́жный, ширококоле́йный путь — wide-gauge track

путь интегри́рования — patch of integration, integration path

лесоспла́вный путь — floatway

морско́й путь — shipping lane

морско́й путь с интенси́вным движе́нием — crowded shipping lane

объездно́й путь — detour

отка́точный путь горн. — haulage track

путь перекры́тия ( электроизолятора) — arcover path

путь проце́сса ( в термодинамике) — path of a process

путь разря́да — discharge path

ре́льсовый путь — rail track

передвига́ться по ре́льсовому пути́ — ride a rail track

путь сле́дования — route

сплавно́й путь — floating channel

путь то́ка — current path

тормозно́й путь авто — braking [stopping] distance, braking length

путь уте́чки — leakage path

путь фильтра́ции — leakage path

* * *

вызыва́ть ста́нцию радио — call (up) a station

настра́иваться на ста́нцию радио — tune in a station

опознава́ть ста́нцию навиг., радио — identify a station

развё́ртывать ста́нцию — deploy [set up] a station

свё́ртывать ста́нцию — ( прекращать работу) close down a station; ( размонтировать) dismantle a station

ста́нция абоне́нтского телегра́фа — (tele)printer exchange (office)

ста́нция абоне́нтского телегра́фа ручно́й систе́мы — manually operated (tele)printer exchange office

ста́нция авиацио́нной слу́жбы свя́зи — aeronautical telecommunication station

автозапра́вочная ста́нция — брит. petrol station; амер. gas(-filling) station

автомати́ческая ста́нция (радио, энергетическая) — unattended station

а́томная ста́нция — atomic [nuclear] power station

ацетиле́новая ста́нция свар. — acetylene generator [gas] house

барометри́ческая ста́нция — barometric(al) station

бензозапра́вочная ста́нция — брит. petrol station; амер. gas(-filling) station

бортова́я ста́нция — ав. airborne station; мор. shipborne station; ( сухопутная) vehicle-borne [vehicular] station

ведо́мая ста́нция ( гиперболической системы навигации) — slave station

веду́щая ста́нция ( гиперболической системы навигации) — master (station)

ветроэлектри́ческая ста́нция — windmill-electric generating unit, windmill-electric generating [wind-electric] plant

взрывна́я ста́нция горн. — explosion [blasting] station

водоочистна́я ста́нция — water-treatment plant

воздуходу́вная ста́нция метал. — blowing house

выпарна́я ста́нция — evaporator plant

газораспредели́тельная ста́нция — gas-distribution station

гелиоэлектри́ческая ста́нция — solar power station

гидроакусти́ческая ста́нция — брит. asdic; амер. sonar

гидроэлектри́ческая ста́нция — water-power [hydroelectric] station (см. тж. гидроэлектростанция)

горноспаса́тельная ста́нция — mine-rescue station

железнодоро́жная ста́нция — railway [railroad] station

железнодоро́жная, коне́чная ста́нция — terminal, end station

железнодоро́жная, лине́йная ста́нция — line [way] station

железнодоро́жная ста́нция назначе́ния — receiving station, station of destination

железнодоро́жная ста́нция отправле́ния — dispatch station

железнодоро́жная, пассажи́рская ста́нция — passenger station, passenger depot

железнодоро́жная, перегру́зочная ста́нция — trans-shipping station

железнодоро́жная, переда́точная ста́нция — transfer station, transfer depot

железнодоро́жная ста́нция прибы́тия — arrival [entry] station

железнодоро́жная ста́нция припи́ски — home station, home terminal

железнодоро́жная, сортиро́вочная ста́нция — railway sorting yard

железнодоро́жная, това́рная ста́нция — goods station, freight terminal, goods yard

железнодоро́жная, тупико́вая ста́нция — stub [head] station

железнодоро́жная, узлова́я ста́нция — junction station, junction [base] depot, multiple junction

заря́дная ста́нция ( аккумуляторных батарей) — battery-charging station

ионосфе́рная ста́нция — ionospheric observation [observing] station, ionospheric sounding station

исходя́щая ста́нция тлф., телегр. — originating [sending] office

карота́жная ста́нция — well-logging instrument truck, well-logging set, well-logging unit

кислоро́дная ста́нция — oxygen plant

кно́почная ста́нция — push-button station

компре́ссорная ста́нция — compressor plant, compressor station

косми́ческая ста́нция — space probe, space station

косми́ческая, орбита́льная ста́нция — orbital space probe

косми́ческая, пилоти́руемая ста́нция — manned space probe

межплане́тная ста́нция — interplanetary probe

метеорологи́ческая ста́нция — meteorological [weather] station

мусоросжига́тельная ста́нция — garbage-disposal plant

назе́мная ста́нция — ground station

насо́сная ста́нция — pumping plant, pump-house

натяжна́я, винтова́я ста́нция ( конвейера) — screw take-up

натяжна́я, грузова́я ста́нция ( конвейера) — vertical gravity take-up

океанографи́ческая ста́нция — oceanographic station

ста́нция откры́той компоно́вки ( оборудование расположено под открытым небом) — outdoor station, outdoor plant

ста́нция отправле́ния тлф., телегр. — originating [sending] office

ста́нция очи́стки сто́чных вод — sewage water treatment plant

ста́нция очи́стки технологи́ческой воды́ — process water treatment plant

передаю́щая ста́нция

1. радио transmitting station

2. тлф., телегр. originating [sending] office

передвижна́я ста́нция — mobile station

приё́мная ста́нция

1. радио receiving station

2. тлф., телегр. receiving office

радиовеща́тельная ста́нция — radio broadcast station

радиовеща́тельная, трансляцио́нная ста́нция — radio broadcast relay station

радиолокацио́нная ста́нция — radar installation, radar unit (см. тж. РЛС)

радиометри́ческая ста́нция — radiometry station

радиопеленга́торная ста́нция — radio direction-finding station

ста́нция радиореле́йной ли́нии, оконе́чная — terminal station, final terminal, terminal repeater

ста́нция радиореле́йной ли́нии, промежу́точная [трансляцио́нная] — repeater [relay] station, repeater [relay] transmitter

ста́нция радиореле́йной свя́зи, узлова́я — ( только с выделением части каналов) drop repeater [relay] station; ( с ответвлением линии) branching repeater [relay] station

радиофототелегра́фная ста́нция — facsimile radio station

ретрансляцио́нная ста́нция — repeater [relay] station

(ре)трансляцио́нная, телевизио́нная ста́нция — television repeater [relay] station

самолё́тная ста́нция (как функциональная единица авиационной службы связи, в отличие от оборудования) — aircraft station

самолё́тная ста́нция обя́зана находи́ться на дежу́рном приё́ме на протяже́нии всего́ полё́та — each aircraft station will maintain continuous watch during flight

самолё́тная, радиометри́ческая ста́нция — airborne radiometry set

самолё́тная, радиотеплолокацио́нная ста́нция — airborne radiometry set

телеметри́ческая ста́нция — telemetering station

телефо́нная ста́нция — telephone central office, telephone exchange

телефо́нная, автомати́ческая ста́нция — automatic [dial] telephone office, automatic telephone exchange, ATX (см. тж. АТС)

телефо́нная ста́нция ручно́го обслу́живания — manually operated exchange

телефо́нная, транзи́тная ста́нция — tandem [via] office, tandem [through switching] exchange

телефо́нная, центра́льная ста́нция — main telephone exchange

ста́нция техни́ческого обслу́живания — service station, servicing depot

ста́нция тропосферно́й свя́зи — tropo relay station

тя́говая ста́нция — traction station

шумопеленга́торная ста́нция — passive sonar

электри́ческая ста́нция — (electric) power station (см. тж. электростанция)