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working+years+lost

  • 41 job

    noun
    1) (piece of work)

    job [of work] — Arbeit, die

    I have a little job for you — ich habe eine kleine Aufgabe od. einen kleinen Auftrag für dich

    2) (position of employment) Stelle, die; Anstellung, die; Job, der (ugs.)

    he is only doing his job! — er tut schließlich nur seine Pflicht

    job vacancies — offene Stellen; (in newspaper) "Stellenangebote"

    just the job — (fig. coll.) genau das richtige; die Sache (ugs.)

    out of a job — arbeitslos; ohne Stellung

    3) (sl.): (crime) [krummes] Ding (ugs.)
    4) (result of work) Ergebnis, das

    make a [good] job of something — bei etwas gute Arbeit leisten

    5) (coll.): (difficult task) [schönes] Stück Arbeit

    I had a [hard or tough] job convincing or to convince him — es war gar nicht so einfach für mich, ihn zu überzeugen

    6) (state of affairs)

    a bad job — eine schlimme od. üble Sache

    give somebody/something up as a bad job — see academic.ru/31228/give_up">give up 2. 1)

    we've finished, and a good job too! — wir sind fertig, zum Glück

    •• Cultural note:
    Eine staatliche Beihilfe, die Arbeitssuchenden in Großbritannien gewährt wird, wenn sie nachweisen können, dass sie sich um eine Anstellung bemühen
    * * *
    [‹ob]
    1) (a person's daily work or employment: She has a job as a bank-clerk; Some of the unemployed men have been out of a job for four years.) die Arbeit
    2) (a piece of work or a task: I have several jobs to do before going to bed.) die Aufgabe
    •
    - give up as a bad job
    - a good job
    - have a job
    - just the job
    - make the best of a bad job
    * * *
    [ʤɒb, AM ʤɑ:b]
    I. n
    1. (employment) Stelle f, SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR a. Anstellung f, Job m fam
    250 \jobs will be lost if the factory closes wenn die Fabrik schließt, gehen 250 Arbeitslätze verloren
    it's more than my \job's worth to give you the file BRIT ( fam) ich riskiere meinen Job, wenn ich dir die Akte gebe
    full-time/part-time \job Vollzeit-/Teilzeitstelle f
    he has a part-time \job [working] in a bakery er arbeitet halbtags in einer Bäckerei
    holiday/Saturday job Ferien-/Samstagsjob m
    nine-to-five \job Achtstundentag m
    steady \job feste Stelle
    to apply for a \job [with sb/sth] sich akk um eine Stelle [bei jdm/etw] bewerben
    to be out of a \job arbeitslos sein
    to create new \jobs neue Arbeitsplätze [o Stellen] schaffen
    to get a \job as sth eine Stelle [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR a. Anstellung] als etw bekommen
    to give up one's \job kündigen
    to hold down a regular \job einer geregelten Arbeit nachgehen
    to know one's \job sein Handwerk verstehen
    to lose one's \job seinen Arbeitsplatz [o seine Stelle] verlieren
    on the \job während [o bei] der Arbeit
    2. (piece of work) Arbeit f; (task) Aufgabe f
    the living room badly needs a paint \job ( fam) das Wohnzimmer müsste dringend gestrichen werden
    will you be able to carry the shopping home, or will it have to be a car \job? ( fam) kannst du die Einkäufe nach Hause tragen, oder brauchst du das Auto?
    [to be] just the man/woman for the \job genau der/die Richtige dafür [sein]
    breast \job ( fam: enlargement) Brustvergrößerung f
    to have a breast \job ( fam) sich dat den Busen vergrößern lassen
    nose \job ( fam) Nasenkorrektur f
    to have a nose \job ( fam) sich dat die Nase operieren [o fam machen] lassen
    to make a bad/good \job of doing sth bei etw dat schlechte/gute/hervorragende Arbeit leisten
    they've made a terrible \job of the bath room sie haben beim Bad unheimlich gepfuscht
    he's made a poor \job of promoting her course er hat nicht gut für den Kurs geworben
    he's made an excellent \job of convincing her er hat bei ihr hervorragende Überzeugungsarbeit geleistet
    to do a good \job gute Arbeit leisten
    good \job! gute Arbeit!, gut gemacht!
    to have an important \job to do etwas Wichtiges zu erledigen haben
    3. ( fam: object) Ding nt fam
    my car's that red sports \job mein Wagen ist der rote Flitzer dort
    4. (sl: crime) Ding nt fam
    to do [or pull] a \job ein Ding drehen fam
    5. no pl (duty) Aufgabe f
    she's only doing her \job sie tut nur ihre Pflicht
    that's not my \job das ist nicht meine Aufgabe, dafür bin ich nicht zuständig
    concentrate on the \job in hand konzentriere dich auf deine momentane Aufgabe
    it's not my \job to tell you how to run your life, but... es geht mich zwar nichts an [o es ist deine Sache], wie du dein Leben regelst, aber...
    6. no pl (problem)
    it is [quite] a \job doing [or to do] sth es ist [gar] nicht [so] einfach, etw zu tun
    it was quite a \job das war gar nicht so einfach
    ▪ to have [quite] a \job doing sth [ziemliche] Schwierigkeiten [damit] haben, etw zu tun
    I had [quite] a \job taking die alternator out es war [gar] nicht [so] einfach, die Lichtmaschine auszubauen
    you'll have a \job das wird nicht einfach
    7. COMM (order) Auftrag m
    9.
    ▶ \job for the boys BRIT ( pej fam) unter der Hand vergebene Arbeit
    ▶ to do the \job den Zweck erfüllen
    this bag should do the \job diese Tasche müsste es tun fam
    ▶ to do a big/little \job ( childspeak) ein großes/kleines Geschäft machen euph fam
    ▶ to do a \job on sb ( fam) jdn reinlegen [o übers Ohr hauen] fam
    ▶ to give sth/sb up as a bad \job ( fam) etw/jdn aufgeben
    ▶ what [or it is] a good \job that... ( fam) so ein Glück [o nur gut], dass...
    that's a good \job! ( fam) so ein Glück!
    ▶ to be just the \job BRIT ( fam) genau das Richtige sein
    ▶ to be on the \job BRIT (sl) eine Nummer schieben sl
    II. vt
    <- bb->
    1. AM ( fam: cheat)
    ▪ to \job sb jdn reinlegen [o übers Ohr hauen] fam
    to \job stocks mit Aktien handeln
    III. vi
    <- bb->
    1. (do casual work) jobben fam
    2. STOCKEX als Broker tätig sein
    * * *
    [dZəʊb]
    n (BIBL)
    Hiob m, Job m
    * * *
    job [dʒɒb; US dʒɒb]
    A s
    1. (einzelne) Arbeit:
    a) bei der Arbeit sein,
    b) in Aktion sein (Maschine etc),
    c) Br vulg gerade eine Nummer machen oder schieben (koitieren);
    do a good job gute Arbeit leisten;
    it was quite a job es war eine Heidenarbeit umg;
    do a job of work Br umg ganze Arbeit leisten;
    I had a job doing ( oder to do) it es war gar nicht so einfach (für mich), das zu tun;
    make a good (bad) job of sth etwas gut (schlecht) machen;
    job order Arbeitsauftrag m;
    job production Einzel(an)fertigung f;
    job simplification Arbeitsvereinfachung f;
    job ticket Arbeitsauftrag m, -laufzettel m; → odd A 9
    2. auch job work WIRTSCH Stück-, Akkordarbeit f:
    by the job im Akkord;
    job time Akkordzeit f;
    job wage(s pl) Akkordlohn m
    3. a) Beschäftigung f, Stellung f, Stelle f, Arbeit f, Job m
    b) Arbeitsplatz m:
    out of a job arbeits-, stellungslos;
    job analysis Arbeitsplatzanalyse f;
    job centre Br Arbeitsamt n;
    job classification US Berufsklassifizierung f;
    job control US gewerkschaftliche Einflussnahme auf die Personalpolitik (einer Firma);
    job creation Arbeits(platz)beschaffung f, Beschaffung f von Arbeitsplätzen;
    job-creation program(me) ( oder scheme) Arbeitsbeschaffungsprogramm n;
    job description Tätigkeits-, Arbeits(platz)beschreibung f;
    job discrimination Benachteiligung f im Arbeitsleben;
    job enlargement Ausweitung f des Tätigkeitsbereiches;
    job evaluation (US a. rating) Arbeits(platz)bewertung f;
    job interview Einstellungsgespräch n;
    job killer Jobkiller m;
    computers are job killers Computer vernichten Arbeitsplätze;
    job maintenance Erhaltung f der Arbeitsplätze;
    job market Arbeits-, Stellenmarkt m;
    job opportunities Arbeitsmöglichkeiten;
    job profile Anforderungsprofil n;
    job rotation Jobrotation f (das Durchlaufen der verschiedenen Arbeitsbereiche eines Unternehmens);
    job satisfaction Zufriedenheit f am Arbeitsplatz;
    job security Sicherheit f des Arbeitsplatzes;
    job sharing Jobsharing n (Aufteilung eines Arbeitsplatzes unter mehrere Personen);
    job specification US Arbeits(platz)-, Tätigkeitsbeschreibung f;
    job tenure Dauer f der Betriebszugehörigkeit;
    know one’s job seine Sache verstehen; → boy A 1
    4. Sache f:
    a) Aufgabe f, Pflicht f:
    it is your job (to do it) das ist deine Sache
    b) Geschmack m:
    this is not everybody’s job das ist nicht jedermanns Sache, das liegt nicht jedem
    5. IT Job m (bestimmte Aufgabenstellung)
    6. umg Sache f, Angelegenheit f:
    that’s a good job! so ein Glück!;
    he’s gone, and a good job too! er ist Gott sei Dank weg!;
    it’s a good job I saw you wie oder nur gut, dass ich dich sah;
    a) gute Miene zum bösen Spiel machen,
    b) das Beste daraus machen;
    give up on sth as a bad job etwas als hoffnungslos aufgeben;
    just the job genau das Richtige
    7. umg
    a) Schiebung f, krumme Tour, besonders Amtsmissbrauch m
    b) Ding n, krumme Sache:
    bank job Bankraub m, -überfall m;
    catch sb on the job jemanden auf frischer Tat ertappen;
    a) jemanden zusammenschlagen,
    b) fig jemanden kaputtmachen;
    pull a job ein Ding drehen
    8. umg
    a) Ding n, Apparat m:
    that new car of yours is a beautiful job dein neuer Wagen sieht klasse aus umg
    b) Nummer f, Typ m (Person):
    he is a tough job er ist ein unangenehmer Kerl
    9. pl US
    a) beschädigte Ware(n pl), besonders Remittenden pl (Bücher)
    b) Ladenhüter pl
    B v/i
    1. Gelegenheitsarbeiten machen, jobben
    2. (im) Akkord arbeiten
    3. Börse: Br als Jobber tätig sein:
    job in handeln mit
    4. US an der Börse spekulieren
    5. umg schieben, Schiebungen machen, besonders sein Amt oder seine Stellung missbrauchen
    C v/t
    a) in Auftrag geben,
    b) im Akkord vergeben
    2. US an der Börse spekulieren mit
    3. job sb into a post umg jemandem einen Posten zuschanzen
    * * *
    noun

    job [of work] — Arbeit, die

    I have a little job for you — ich habe eine kleine Aufgabe od. einen kleinen Auftrag für dich

    2) (position of employment) Stelle, die; Anstellung, die; Job, der (ugs.)

    job vacancies — offene Stellen; (in newspaper) "Stellenangebote"

    just the job — (fig. coll.) genau das richtige; die Sache (ugs.)

    out of a job — arbeitslos; ohne Stellung

    3) (sl.): (crime) [krummes] Ding (ugs.)
    4) (result of work) Ergebnis, das

    make a [good] job of something — bei etwas gute Arbeit leisten

    5) (coll.): (difficult task) [schönes] Stück Arbeit

    I had a [hard or tough] job convincing or to convince him — es war gar nicht so einfach für mich, ihn zu überzeugen

    a bad job — eine schlimme od. üble Sache

    give somebody/something up as a bad job — see give up 2. 1)

    we've finished, and a good job too! — wir sind fertig, zum Glück

    it's a good job he doesn't know about it! — nur gut, dass er nichts davon weiß!

    •• Cultural note:
    Eine staatliche Beihilfe, die Arbeitssuchenden in Großbritannien gewährt wird, wenn sie nachweisen können, dass sie sich um eine Anstellung bemühen
    * * *
    -s s news n.
    Hiobsbotschaft f.

    English-german dictionary > job

  • 42 in

    [ɪn] 1. предл.
    1)
    а) внутри, в, на, в пределах

    His chamber in Merton Coll. — Его комната в Мертон Колл.

    I never saw greater devotion in any countenance. — Ни на одном лице я не видел выражения большей религиозности.

    They are in the open sea. — Они в открытом море.

    Hundreds lay languishing in prison. — В тюрьме гноили тысячи.

    The worthiest man in Europe. — Самый богатый человек в Европе.

    A word rings in my memory. — Мне все вспоминается одно слово.

    She bathes in water. — Она купается в воде.

    Thou (= you) wilt (= will) not leave us here in the dust. — Ты не оставишь нас здесь в пыли.

    Groping in the dark. — Ползая во тьме.

    б) из, среди, как часть

    Ninety-nine in a hundred were attentive. — Из сотни внимательны были девяносто девять.

    A debtor offered 6s. in the pound. — Должник предложил шесть шиллингов на каждый фунт.

    The plaintiff applied for shares in this company. — Истец требовал доли в этой фирме.

    - in parts

    A lovely girl in mourning is sitting. — Сидит милая девушка в трауре.

    I am to be hanged in chains. — Меня закуют в цепи и подвесят.

    During the descent Tuckett and I were in the same cord with them. — Во время спуска я и Такетт были в одной с ними связке.

    г) в, внутрь, в центр, в направлении к

    The said John cast the said writing in the fire. — Указанный Джон бросил указанную бумагу в огонь.

    He plunged his lousy head in the pillows. — Он зарылся своей вшивой башкой в подушки.

    д) ( in-) внутренний, не выходящий за пределы (процесса, организации)

    Our in-company training programs. — Наши внутрифирменные программы обучения.

    In-process gauging could halt waste. — Измерения по ходу процесса могут предотвратить потери.

    For drying grass seed, the in-sack drier had many advantages. — Что касается сушки травяных семян, внутримешочная сушка имеет много преимуществ.

    Development of in-service training for staff nurses. — Разработка программы обучения медсестер без отрыва от производства.

    2)
    а) во время, в течение

    In the beginning God made of nought heaven and earth. — Вначале сотворил Господь небо и землю.

    He was never so afraid in his days. — Никогда в жизни он не был так испуган.

    Common in times of famine. — Обычное дело в голодные времена.

    Between the hours of twelve and four in the morning. — Между двенадцатью и четырьмя часами утра.

    All the gentlemen's houses you'll see in a railway excursion. — Все дома дворянства вы увидите во время железнодорожной экскурсии.

    No Sunday shower kept him at home in that important hour. — Никакой дождь не мог удержать его дома в воскресенье в такое важное время.

    б) за (истечением), в течение, в пределах

    Men may sail it in seven days. — За семь дней это можно переплыть.

    From this machine gun 1,000 bullets can be discharged in a single minute. — Этот пулемет имеет скорострельность 1000 пуль в минуту.

    By working hard he could make one in a week. — Напряженно работая, он мог сделать одну такую вещь за неделю.

    He died in three months. — Он умер через три месяца.

    I came back from Oxford in ten days. — Через десять дней я вернулся из Оксфорда.

    The succeeding four months in which we continued at sea. — Следующие четыре месяца, в течение которых мы были в море.

    He was hungry as he had not been in months. — Ни разу за все прошедшие месяцы он не был так голоден, как сейчас.

    Arlene said that she had not played tennis in three years. — Арлин говорит, что три года не играла в теннис.

    3)
    а) из (какого-л. материала)

    A statue of a horse in brass. — Медная статуя лошади.

    A long coat in green velvet. — Длинный плащ из зеленого бархата.

    б) в объёме, в размере

    In the main they agree with us. — В основном они с нами согласны.

    Any act repealing in whole or in part any former statute. — Любой закон, отменяющий полностью или частично предыдущий статут.

    Drift-wood was lying about in large quantities. — Плавник был разбросан повсюду в огромных количествах.

    в) в качестве; взамен, вместо; в виде

    She thus in answer spake (= spoke). — В ответ она сказала так.

    He has written to the newspaper in reply to his assailant. — Он написал в газету письмо в ответ на нападки.

    4)

    All is in my sight. — Все доступно моему взору.

    б) в качестве, в порядке

    The living of Framley was in the gift of the Lufton family. — Содержание Фреймли было подарком от семьи Лафтонов, было содержанием, сутью дара семьи Лафтонов.

    It was in newspapers. — Об этом писали в газетах.

    в) в рядах, в кругу, в курсе

    A friend of mine is in the army. — Один мой друг служит в армии.

    Mind I'm in it. — Помни, я в деле.

    I thought I really was in it at last, and knew what she meant. — Я полагал, что меня наконец "допустили", что я понимал, что она имеет в виду.

    To those in it every sound conveys a meaning. — Для посвященных каждый звук наполнен смыслом.

    г) в руках, в ведении, во власти; в стиле, в духе

    The government of Greece is in the king. — Исполнительная власть в Греции принадлежит королю.

    It is in me to punish you. — У меня есть право тебя наказывать.

    His lordship knows rudeness is not in me. — Его превосходительство знает, что грубости не в моем духе.

    Anyone who has it in him to do heroic deeds. — Любой человек, обладающий способностью совершать геройские поступки, способный на геройство.

    The minerals, therefore, are in the trustees. — По этой причине камни хранятся у доверенных лиц.

    д) в (о наличии интереса, "изюминки" в чем-л., о сравнительном достоинстве кого-л. / чего-л.)

    The first round there was nothing much in it. — В первом раунде не произошло ничего особенного.

    The "Washingtonologists" in Moscow must be getting their files out to see what is in it for the Soviet Union, and for the world. — "Вашингтонологи" в Москве, должно быть, роются сейчас в своих досье, пытаясь понять, что это означает для Советского Союза, да и для планеты вообще.

    I can't see what there was in it for Mrs Plum. — Не могу понять, что это так заинтересовало миссис Плам.

    I thought the Party knew all the technique there is about handling people, but they're not in it with the Church. — Я полагал, партия умела управлять людьми, но на самом деле до церкви ей конечно далеко.

    All people are killers, potentially. Tigers aren't in it with people. — Все люди - потенциальные убийцы, куда там тиграм, тигры отдыхают!

    5)
    а) в состоянии, в положении

    Groping in our blindness we may seem big now, but, really, we're so small. (P. Hammill) — Мы идём по жизни на ощупь, как слепые, и кажемся порой великими, но, по правде, мы столь ничтожны.

    All the Court was in a hubbub. — В зале суда бушевала буря.

    Her husband has been in love with her ever since he knew her. — Её муж влюбился в неё ещё тогда, когда впервые её увидел.

    You are absolutely forbidden speaking to him in private. — Вам категорически запрещается разговаривать с ним в приватной обстановке / с глазу на глаз.

    The sea was in a blaze for many miles. — Море сверкало на много миль вперёд.

    б) в процессе, в ходе

    The Lacedemonians are already in labour of the war. — Лакедемоняне уже воюют.

    In search of plunder. — В поисках, чего бы пограбить.

    They have been in almost every variety of crime, from petty larceny down to downright murder. — Они совершили все возможные преступления, от простых краж прямо-таки до убийств.

    He was drowned in crossing the river. — Он утонул, переправляясь через реку.

    в) употребляется при указании на способ действия; переводится обычно наречиями или наречными оборотами; употребления часто сходны с аналогичными употреблениями предлога with

    in the manner anciently used — cпособом, известным с древности

    He told several people in confidence. — Он рассказал некоторым доверенным лицам.

    He begged in piteous terms that he might be admitted to the royal presence. — Он униженно просил аудиенции у короля.

    Among the trees in pairs they rose, they walked. (J. Milton, Paradise Lost, Book VII) — Попарно звери встали меж дерев и разминулись по местам своим. (пер. А. Штейнберга)

    A hawk flew in a circle, screaming. — Крича, летал кругами ястреб.

    He spoke in a strong French accent. — Он говорил с сильным французским акцентом

    Bede is writing in a dead language, Gregory in a living. (M. Pattison) — Беда Достопочтенный пишет на мёртвом языке, папа Григорий I на живом.

    A French ship ballasted in mahogany. — Французский корабль, груженый красным деревом.

    Half-length portraits, in crayons. — Карандашные рисунки в половину роста.

    6)
    а) для, внутри; само по себе ( с возвратными местоимениями)

    Of things absolutely or in themselves. — О вещах безотносительно к чему бы то ни было или о вещах самих по себе.

    The story may be true in itself. — Сам по себе рассказ может быть правдив.

    б) поэт. во (имя), ради

    As in Adam all men die, so in Christ all men shall be resurrected. ( Bible) — Как в Адаме все умирают, так во Христе все оживут.

    Blessed are the dead men, that die in the Lord. ( Bible) — Отныне блаженны мёртвые, умирающие в Господе.

    в) в лице, в роли, по отношению к

    I am to come out in Hamlet, in Laertes. — Мне предстоит играть в "Гамлете" Лаэрта.

    Dread no thief in me! — Не бойся, я не вор!

    How great a captain England possessed in her future King. — Какого великого полководца имела Британия в лице своего будущего короля!

    All the thirty were in politics vehemently opposed to the prisoner. — Что касается политических взглядов, все тридцать были из противной узнику партии.

    •
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]in[/ref]
    2. нареч.
    1) внутри; внутрь; с внутренней стороны
    2) рядом, поблизости
    Syn:
    near 2.
    3. сущ.
    1)
    а) ( the ins) разг. политическая партия, находящаяся у власти
    2) влияние, воздействие
    Syn:
    influence 1., pull 1.
    4. прил.
    1)
    б) внутренний, для внутреннего пользования
    •
    Syn:
    2) разг. находящийся у власти
    3)
    б) приближающийся, прибывающий

    I saw the in train. — Я увидел прибывающий поезд.

    Syn:
    4) разг.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > in

  • 43 Christian Democratic Party

       Established originally as the Centro Democático e Social (CDS) in May 1974, following the fall of the Estado Novo, the CDS was supported by conservatives inspired by Christian humanism and Catholic social doctrines. In the first democratic elections after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which were held on 25 April 1975, the CDS won only a disappointing 7.6 percent of the vote for the Constituent Assembly. In the following general elections for the Assembly of the Republic, in April 1976, however, the party more than doubled its votes to 16 percent and surpassed the number of votes for the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). In 1979-80, the Christian Democrats joined the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in a coalition called the Aliança Democrática (Democratic Alliance), a grouping that defeated the Socialist Party (PS) in the succeeding elections. The Christian Democrats remained in the background as the principal party rivals for power were the PS and the PSD.
       In the 1990s, the CDS altered its name to the Partido Popular (PP) and featured new leaders such as party chief Paulo Portas. While the democratic Portuguese system had become virtually a two-party dominant system by the 1980s and 1990s, the PP would have opportunities, depending upon circumstances, to share power in another coalition with one of the two larger, major parties, the PS or PSD. Indeed, parliamentary election results in March 2002 gave the party just such an opportunity, as the PP won 14 percent of the vote, thus surpassing for the first time since the 1975 elections the PCP, which was reduced to 12 percent of the vote. The PP thus gained new influence as the PSD, which won the largest number of seats in this election, was obliged to share governance with the PP in order to have a working majority in the legislature.
       Various right-wing lobbies and interest groups influenced the PP. In early 2000, the PP proposed a law to the Assembly of the Republic whereby former colonists, now mainly resident in Portugal, who had lost property in Portugal's former colonies of Angola and Mozambique, would be compensated by Portugal for material losses during decolonization. The PP leadership argued that the manner in which the governments after the Revolution of 25 April 1974 administered the disputed, controversial decolonization process in these territories made the government responsible for compensating Portuguese citizens for such losses. The PS-dominated government of then prime minister, Antônio Guterres, argued, however, that independent governments of those former colonies were responsible for any compensation due. Thus, Guterres declined to accept the proposed legislation. This proposal by the PP and others like it followed upon other proposed laws such as Law 20, 19 June 1997, put before the Assembly of the Republic, which was passed under the aegis of the PS. This law pledged to compensate opposition militants (the survivors) who had opposed the Estado Novo and had spent years in exile, as well as in clandestine activities. Such compensations would come in the form of pensions and social security benefits. Given the strength of conservative constituencies and former settlers' lobbies, it is likely that the Christian Democrats will introduce more such proposed laws in future parliamentary sessions.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Christian Democratic Party

  • 44 play

    play [pleɪ]
    jeu ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (e), 1 (f), 1 (h), 1 (i) tour ⇒ 1 (c) stratagème ⇒ 1 (d) pièce (de théâtre) ⇒ 1 (g) intérêt ⇒ 1 (j) jouer à ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (h) jouer ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c), 2 (e)-(g), 2 (i)-(k), 3 (a)-(e), 3 (h) faire jouer ⇒ 2 (d) jouer de ⇒ 2 (m) mettre ⇒ 2 (n) s'amuser ⇒ 3 (a) se jouer ⇒ 3 (f)
    1 noun
    (a) (fun, recreation) jeu m;
    ∎ I like to watch the children at play j'aime regarder les enfants jouer;
    ∎ the aristocracy at play l'aristocratie en train de se détendre;
    ∎ to say sth in play dire qch en plaisantant ou pour rire;
    ∎ play on words jeu m de mots, calembour m
    ∎ play starts at one o'clock le match commence à une heure;
    ∎ play on the centre court is starting le match sur le court central commence;
    ∎ after some very boring play in the first half… après une première mi-temps très ennuyeuse…;
    ∎ there was some nice play from Brooks Brooks a réussi de belles actions ou a bien joué;
    ∎ to keep the ball in play garder la balle en jeu;
    ∎ out of play sorti, hors jeu;
    ∎ rain stopped play la partie a été interrompue par la pluie;
    ∎ American she scored off a passing play elle a marqué un but après une combinaison de passes;
    ∎ American the coach calls the plays l'entraîneur choisit les combinaisons
    (c) (turn) tour m;
    ∎ whose play is it? c'est à qui de jouer?
    (d) (manoeuvre) stratagème m;
    ∎ it was a play to get money/their sympathy c'était un stratagème pour obtenir de l'argent/pour s'attirer leur sympathie;
    ∎ he is making a play for the presidency il se lance dans la course à la présidence;
    ∎ she made a play for my boyfriend elle a fait des avances à mon copain
    (e) (gambling) jeu m;
    ∎ I lost heavily at last night's play j'ai perdu gros au jeu hier soir
    (f) (activity, interaction) jeu m;
    ∎ the result of a complex play of forces le résultat d'un jeu de forces complexe;
    ∎ to come into play entrer en jeu;
    ∎ to bring sth into play mettre qch en jeu
    (g) Theatre pièce f (de théâtre);
    ∎ Shakespeare's plays les pièces fpl ou le théâtre de Shakespeare;
    ∎ to be in a play jouer dans une pièce;
    ∎ it's been ages since I've seen or gone to see a play ça fait des années que je ne suis pas allé au théâtre;
    ∎ radio play pièce f radiophonique;
    ∎ television play dramatique f
    (h) Technology (slack, give) jeu m;
    ∎ there's too much play in the socket il y a trop de jeu dans la douille;
    ∎ give the rope more play donnez plus de mou à la corde;
    ∎ figurative to give or to allow full play to sth donner libre cours à qch
    (i) (of sun, colours) jeu m;
    ∎ I like the play of light and shadow in his photographs j'aime les jeux d'ombre et de lumière dans ses photos
    (j) familiar (attention, interest) intérêt□ m;
    ∎ the summit meeting is getting a lot of media play les médias font beaucoup de tapage ou battage autour de ce sommet;
    ∎ in my opinion she's getting far too much play à mon avis, on s'intéresse beaucoup trop à elle□ ;
    ∎ they made a lot of play or a big play about his war record ils ont fait tout un plat de son passé militaire
    (a) (games, cards) jouer à;
    ∎ to play football/tennis jouer au football/tennis;
    ∎ to play poker/chess jouer au poker/aux échecs;
    ∎ to play hide-and-seek jouer à cache-cache;
    ∎ the children were playing dolls/soldiers les enfants jouaient à la poupée/aux soldats;
    ∎ how about playing some golf after work? si on faisait une partie de golf après le travail?;
    ∎ do you play any sports? pratiquez-vous un sport?;
    ∎ squash is played indoors le squash se pratique en salle;
    ∎ to play the game Sport jouer selon les règles; figurative jouer le jeu;
    ∎ I won't play his game je ne vais pas entrer dans son jeu;
    ∎ she's playing games with you elle te fait marcher;
    ∎ familiar to play it cool ne pas s'énerver□, garder son calme□ ;
    ∎ American to play favorites faire du favoritisme;
    ∎ to play sb for a fool rouler qn;
    ∎ familiar the meeting's next week, how shall we play it? la réunion aura lieu la semaine prochaine, quelle va être notre stratégie?□ ;
    ∎ to play it safe ne pas prendre de risque, jouer la sécurité
    (b) (opposing player or team) jouer contre, rencontrer;
    ∎ Italy plays Brazil in the finals l'Italie joue contre ou rencontre le Brésil en finale;
    ∎ I played him at chess j'ai joué aux échecs avec lui;
    ∎ he will play Karpov il jouera contre Karpov;
    ∎ I'll play you for the drinks je vous joue les consommations
    (c) (match) jouer, disputer;
    ∎ to play a match against sb disputer un match avec ou contre qn;
    ∎ how many tournaments has he played this year? à combien de tournois a-t-il participé cette année?;
    ∎ the next game will be played on Sunday la prochaine partie aura lieu dimanche
    (d) (include on the team → player) faire jouer;
    ∎ the coach didn't play her until the second half l'entraîneur ne l'a fait entrer (sur le terrain) qu'à la deuxième mi-temps
    (e) (card, chess piece) jouer;
    ∎ to play spades/trumps jouer pique/atout;
    ∎ how should I play this hand? comment devrais-je jouer cette main?;
    ∎ she played her ace elle a joué son as; figurative elle a abattu sa carte maîtresse;
    ∎ figurative he plays his cards close to his chest il cache son jeu
    (f) (position) jouer;
    ∎ he plays winger/defence il joue ailier/en défense
    (g) (shot, stroke) jouer;
    ∎ she played a chip shot to the green elle a fait un coup coché jusque sur le green;
    ∎ try playing your backhand more essayez de faire plus de revers;
    ∎ to play a six iron (in golf) jouer un fer numéro six;
    ∎ he played the ball to me il m'a envoyé la balle
    (h) (gamble on → stock market, slot machine) jouer à;
    ∎ to play the horses jouer aux courses;
    ∎ to play the property market spéculer sur le marché immobilier;
    ∎ he played the red/the black il a misé sur le rouge/le noir
    (i) (joke, trick)
    ∎ to play a trick/joke on sb jouer un tour/faire une farce à qn;
    ∎ your memory's playing tricks on you votre mémoire vous joue des tours
    (j) Cinema & Theatre (act → role, part) jouer, interpréter;
    ∎ Cressida was played by Joan Dobbs le rôle de Cressida était interprété par Joan Dobbs;
    ∎ who played the godfather in Coppola's movie? qui jouait le rôle du parrain dans le film de Coppola?;
    ∎ figurative to play a part or role in sth prendre part ou contribuer à qch;
    ∎ an affair in which prejudice plays its part une affaire dans laquelle les préjugés entrent pour beaucoup ou jouent un rôle important
    (k) Cinema & Theatre (perform at → theatre, club)
    ∎ they played Broadway last year ils ont joué à Broadway l'année dernière;
    ∎ 'Othello' is playing the Strand for another week 'Othello' est à l'affiche du Strand pendant encore une semaine;
    ∎ he's now playing the club circuit il se produit maintenant dans les clubs
    ∎ to play the fool faire l'idiot ou l'imbécile;
    ∎ some doctors play God il y a des médecins qui se prennent pour Dieu sur terre;
    ∎ to play host to sb recevoir qn;
    ∎ to play the hero jouer les héros;
    ∎ one played the heavy while the other asked the questions l'un jouait les méchants tandis que l'autre posait les questions;
    ∎ don't play the wise old professor with me! ce n'est pas la peine de jouer les grands savants avec moi!;
    ∎ British familiar play the white man! sois sympa!
    (m) (instrument) jouer de; (note, melody, waltz) jouer;
    ∎ to play the violin jouer du violon;
    ∎ to play the blues jouer du blues;
    ∎ they're playing our song/Strauss ils jouent notre chanson/du Strauss;
    ∎ to play scales on the piano faire des gammes au piano
    (n) (put on → record, tape) passer, mettre; (→ radio) mettre, allumer; (→ tapedeck, jukebox) faire marcher;
    ∎ don't play the stereo so loud ne mets pas la chaîne si fort;
    ∎ he's in his room playing records il écoute des disques dans sa chambre;
    ∎ can you play some Pink Floyd? tu peux mettre quelque chose des Pink Floyd?;
    ∎ I'll play the first side British again or American over for you je vous repasse ou je vous fais réécouter la première face
    (o) (direct → beam, nozzle) diriger (on sur);
    ∎ he played his torch over the cave walls il promena le faisceau de sa lampe sur les murs de la grotte
    (p) (fish) fatiguer
    ∎ to play both ends against the middle jouer sur les deux tableaux
    (a) (amuse oneself) jouer, s'amuser; (frolic → children, animals) folâtrer, s'ébattre;
    ∎ I like to work hard and play hard quand je travaille, je travaille, quand je m'amuse, je m'amuse;
    ∎ he didn't mean to hurt you, he was only playing il ne voulait pas te faire de mal, c'était juste pour jouer;
    ∎ don't play on the street! ne jouez pas dans la rue!;
    ∎ to play with dolls/with guns jouer à la poupée/à la guerre
    (b) Sport jouer;
    ∎ to play well/badly/regularly jouer bien/mal/régulièrement;
    ∎ to play against sb/a team jouer contre qn/une équipe;
    ∎ to play in goal être goal;
    ∎ it's her (turn) to play c'est à elle de jouer, c'est (à) son tour;
    ∎ to play in a tournament participer à un tournoi;
    ∎ he plays in the Italian team il joue dans l'équipe d'Italie;
    ∎ she played into the left corner elle a envoyé la balle dans l'angle gauche;
    ∎ try playing to his backhand essayez de jouer son revers;
    ∎ to play high/low (in cards) jouer une forte/basse carte;
    ∎ do you play? est-ce que tu sais jouer?;
    ∎ to play to win jouer pour gagner;
    ∎ to play dirty ne pas jouer franc jeu; figurative ne pas jouer le jeu;
    ∎ to play fair jouer franc jeu; figurative jouer le jeu;
    ∎ to play into sb's hands faire le jeu de qn;
    ∎ you're playing right into his hands! tu entres dans son jeu!;
    ∎ to play for time essayer de gagner du temps;
    ∎ to play safe ne pas prendre de risques, jouer la sécurité
    (c) (gamble) jouer;
    ∎ to play high or for high stakes jouer gros (jeu);
    ∎ to play for drinks/for money jouer les consommations/de l'argent
    (d) Music (person, band, instrument) jouer; (record) passer;
    ∎ I heard a guitar playing j'entendais le son d'une guitare;
    ∎ music played in the background (recorded) des haut-parleurs diffusaient de la musique d'ambiance; (band) un orchestre jouait en fond sonore;
    ∎ is that Strauss playing? est-ce que c'est du Strauss que l'on entend?;
    ∎ a radio was playing upstairs on entendait une radio en haut;
    ∎ the stereo was playing full blast on avait mis la chaîne à fond
    (e) Cinema & Theatre (act) jouer;
    ∎ the last movie she played in le dernier film dans lequel elle a joué
    (f) Cinema & Theatre (show, play, movie) se jouer;
    ∎ Hamlet is playing tonight on joue Hamlet ce soir;
    ∎ the movie is playing to full or packed houses le film fait salle comble;
    ∎ the same show has been playing there for five years cela fait cinq ans que le même spectacle est à l'affiche;
    ∎ now playing at all Park Cinemas actuellement dans toutes les salles (de cinéma) Park;
    ∎ what's playing at the Rex? qu'est-ce qui passe au Rex?;
    ∎ the company will be playing in the provinces la compagnie va faire une tournée en province
    (g) (feign) faire semblant;
    ∎ to play dead faire le mort;
    ∎ to play innocent or familiar dumb faire l'innocent, jouer les innocents;
    ∎ familiar to play hard to get se faire désirer□
    (h) (breeze, sprinkler, light)
    ∎ to play (on) jouer (sur);
    ∎ sun played on the water le soleil jouait sur l'eau;
    ∎ a smile played on or about or over his lips un sourire jouait sur ses lèvres;
    ∎ lightning played across the sky le ciel était zébré d'éclairs
    ►► play area aire f de jeux
    British (have fun → children) jouer, s'amuser; (frolic) s'ébattre, folâtrer;
    ∎ it's time he stopped playing about and settled down il est temps qu'il arrête de s'amuser et qu'il se fixe
    (a) (fiddle with, tamper with)
    ∎ to play about with sth jouer avec ou tripoter qch;
    ∎ stop playing about with the aerial arrête de jouer avec ou de tripoter l'antenne;
    ∎ I don't think we should be playing about with genes à mon avis, on ne devrait pas s'amuser à manipuler les gènes
    (b) (juggle → statistics, figures) jouer avec; (consider → possibilities, alternatives) envisager, considérer;
    ∎ I'll play about with the figures and see if I can come up with something more reasonable je vais jouer un peu avec les chiffres et voir si je peux suggérer quelque chose de plus raisonnable;
    ∎ she played about with several endings for her novel elle a essayé plusieurs versions pour le dénouement de son roman
    ∎ to play about with sb faire marcher qn
    (tease, deceive) faire marcher
    (cooperate) coopérer;
    ∎ to play along with sb or with sb's plans entrer dans le jeu de qn;
    ∎ you'd better play along tu as tout intérêt à te montrer coopératif
    (b) familiar (have several lovers) coucher à droite et à gauche
    (a) (of child) jouer à;
    ∎ to play at cops and robbers jouer aux gendarmes et aux voleurs;
    ∎ familiar just what do you think you're playing at? à quoi tu joues exactement?
    (b) (dabble in → politics, journalism) faire en dilettante;
    ∎ you're just playing at being an artist tu joues les artistes;
    ∎ you can't play at being a revolutionary tu ne peux pas t'improviser révolutionnaire
    (cassette, film) repasser;
    ∎ play the last ten frames back repassez les dix dernières images
    ∎ play it by me again reprenez votre histoire depuis le début□
    (role, victory) minimiser; (problem) dédramatiser;
    ∎ we've been asked to play down the political aspects of the affair on nous a demandé de ne pas insister sur le côté politique de l'affaire;
    ∎ her book rightly plays down the conspiracy theory son livre minimise à juste titre la thèse du complot
    ∎ to play the ball in remettre la balle en jeu
    ∎ to play oneself in s'habituer, se faire la main
    (c) (with music) accueillir en musique
    (teams, contestants) disputer un match de barrage
    ∎ he played Neil off against his father il a monté Neil contre son père;
    ∎ he played his enemies off against each other il a monté ses ennemis l'un contre l'autre
    ➲ play on
    (weakness, naivety, trust, feelings) jouer sur;
    ∎ his political strength comes from playing on people's fears il tire sa force politique de sa capacité à jouer sur la peur des gens;
    ∎ the waiting began to play on my nerves l'attente commençait à me porter sur les nerfs;
    ∎ the title plays on a line from Shakespeare le titre est un jeu de mots sur une phrase de Shakespeare
    continuer à jouer;
    ∎ the referee waved them to play on l'arbitre leur fit signe de continuer à jouer
    (a) (enact → scene) jouer; (→ fantasy) satisfaire;
    ∎ the events being played out on the world's stage les événements qui se déroulent dans le monde;
    ∎ the drama was played out between rioters and police les incidents ont eu lieu entre les émeutiers et les forces de police
    (b) (usu passive) familiar (exhaust) to be played out (person, horse etc) être vanné ou éreinté□ ; (idea) être vieux jeu□ ou démodé□ ; (story) avoir perdu tout intérêt□
    ∎ they were played out to the strains of… leur départ a été accompagné par l'air de…
    Golf dépasser d'autres joueurs;
    ∎ may we play through? vous permettez que nous vous dépassions?
    ➲ play up
    (a) (exaggerate → role, importance) exagérer; (stress) souligner, insister sur;
    ∎ in the interview, play up your sales experience pendant l'entretien, mettez en avant ou insistez sur votre expérience de la vente;
    ∎ his speech played up his working-class background son discours mettait l'accent sur ses origines populaires;
    ∎ the press played up her divorce la presse a monté son divorce en épingle
    (b) British familiar (bother) tracasser□ ;
    ∎ my back is playing me up mon dos me joue encore des tours;
    ∎ don't let the kids play you up ne laissez pas les enfants vous marcher sur les pieds
    British familiar (car, child, TV, machine etc) faire des siennes;
    ∎ my back is playing up mon dos me joue encore des tours
    ∎ to play up to sb (flatter) faire de la lèche à qn
    (a) (toy with → pencil, hair) jouer avec;
    ∎ he was playing with the radio dials il jouait avec les boutons de la radio;
    ∎ he only played with his food il a à peine touché à son assiette;
    ∎ figurative to play with fire jouer avec le feu
    (b) (manipulate → words) jouer sur; (→ rhyme, language) manier;
    ∎ she plays with language in bold and startling ways elle manipule la langue avec une audace saisissante
    (c) (consider → idea) caresser;
    ∎ he played with the idea for weeks before rejecting it il a caressé l'idée pendant des semaines avant de l'abandonner;
    ∎ we're playing with the idea of buying a house nous pensons à acheter une maison;
    ∎ here are a few suggestions to play with voici quelques suggestions que je soumets à votre réflexion
    ∎ to play with sb's affections jouer avec les sentiments de qn;
    ∎ don't you see he's just playing with you? tu ne vois pas qu'il se moque de toi ou qu'il te fait marcher?
    (e) (have available → money, time) disposer de;
    ∎ how much time have we got to play with? de combien de temps disposons-nous?;
    ∎ they've got $2 million to play with ils disposent de deux millions de dollars
    ⓘ Play it again Sam Cette formule célèbre ("joue-le encore, Sam"), que l'on attribue au film Casablanca, n'est en fait pas prononcée dans le film. Le personnage incarné par Ingrid Bergman dit au pianiste du Rick's Bar play it once Sam, for old times' sake ("joue-le une fois, Sam, en souvenir du bon vieux temps"). Aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule en allusion au film lorsque l'on demande à quelqu'un de refaire quelque chose, et particulièrement lorsqu'il s'agit de rejouer un air de musique.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > play

  • 45 Anderson, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour
    [br]
    b. 1726 Roseneath, Dumbartonshire, Scotland
    d. 13 January 1796
    [br]
    Scottish natural philosopher.
    [br]
    Born in Roseneath manse, son of the minister, he was educated after his father's death by an aunt, a Mrs Turner, to whom he later paid back the cost, and was later an officer in the corps that was raised to resist the rebellion of 1745. He studied at Glasgow, where in 1756 he became Professor of Oriental Languages and, in 1760, Professor of Natural Philosophy; he is notable for allowing artisans to attend his lectures in their working clothes. He planned the fortifications set up to defend Greenock in 1759, and was sympathetic with the French Revolution. He invented a cannon in which the recoil was counteracted by the condensation of air in the carriage. After unsuccessfully trying to interest the Government in this gun, he went to Paris in 1791 and offered it to the National Convention. While there he invented a means of smuggling French newspapers into Germany by the use of small balloons. He lost in a lawsuit with the other professors. In 1786 he published Institutes of Physics, which ran to five editions in ten years, and in 1800 he wrote on Roman antiquities. Upon his death he left all his library and apparatus to an educational institute, which was named after him but has now become the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1786, Institutes of Physics.
    Further Reading
    Glasgow Mechanics' Magazine.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Anderson, John

  • 46 Bedson, George

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 3 November 1820 Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, England
    d. 12 December 1884 Manchester (?), England
    [br]
    English metallurgist, inventor of the continuous rolling mill.
    [br]
    He acquired a considerable knowledge of wire-making in his father's works before he took a position in 1839 at the works of James Edleston at Warrington. From there, in 1851, he went to Manchester as Manager of Richard Johnson \& Sons' wire mill, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was there that he initiated several important improvements in the manufacture of wire. These included a system of circulating puddling furnace water bottoms and sides, and a galvanizing process. His most important innovation, however, was the continuous mill for producing iron rod for wiredrawing. Previously the red-hot iron billets had to be handled repeatedly through a stand or set of rolls to reduce the billet to the required shape, with time and heat being lost at each handling. In Bedson's continuous mill, the billet entered the first of a succession of stands placed as closely to each other as possible and emerged from the final one as rod suitable for wiredrawing, without any intermediate handling. A second novel feature was that alternate rolls were arranged vertically to save turning the piece manually through a right angle. That improved the quality as well as the speed of production. Bedson's first continuous mill was erected in Manchester in 1862 and had sixteen stands in tandem. A mill on this principle had been patented the previous year by Charles While of Pontypridd, South Wales, but it was Bedson who made it work and brought it into use commercially. A difficult problem to overcome was that as the piece being rolled lengthened, its speed increased, so that each pair of rolls had to increase correspondingly. The only source of power was a steam engine working a single drive shaft, but Bedson achieved the greater speeds by using successively larger gear-wheels at each stand.
    Bedson's first mill was highly successful, and a second one was erected at the Manchester works; however, its application was limited to the production of small bars, rods and sections. Nevertheless, Bedson's mill established an important principle of rolling-mill design that was to have wider applications in later years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 27:539–40. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 81–2.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bedson, George

  • 47 Cartwright, Revd Edmund

    [br]
    b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, England
    d. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.
    [br]
    Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.
    Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.
    In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.
    Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.
    From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Board of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).
    Bibliography
    1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).
    1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).
    1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).
    1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).
    1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).
    Further Reading
    M.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).
    Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of the
    Newcomen Society 6.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund

  • 48 Raky, Anton

    [br]
    b. 5 January 1868 Seelenberg, Taunus, Germany
    d. 22 August 1943 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of rapid percussion drilling, entrepreneur in the exploration business.
    [br]
    While apprenticed at the drilling company of E. Przibilla, Raky already called attention by his reflections towards developing drilling methods and improving tools. Working as a drilling engineer in Alsace, he was extraordinarily successful in applying an entire new hydraulic boring system in which the rod was directly connected to the chisel. This apparatus, driven by steam, allowed extremely rapid percussions with very low lift.
    With some improvements, his boring rig drilled deep holes at high speed and at least doubled the efficiency of the methods hitherto used. His machine, which was also more reliable, was secured by a patent in 1895. With borrowed capital, he founded the Internationale Bohrgesellschaft in Strasbourg in the same year, and he began a career in the international exploration business that was unequalled as well as breathtaking. Until 1907 the total depth of the drillings carried out by the company was 1,000 km.
    Raky's rapid drilling was unrivalled and predominant until improved rotary drilling took over. His commercial sense in exploiting the technical advantages of his invention by combining drilling with producing the devices in his own factory at Erkelenz, which later became the headquarters of the company, and in speculating on the concessions for the explored deposits made him by far superior to all of his competitors, who were provoked into contests which they generally lost. His flourishing company carried out drilling in many parts of the world; he became the initiator of the Romanian oil industry and his extraordinary activities in exploring potash and coal deposits in different parts of Germany, especially in the Ruhr district, provoked the government in 1905 into stopping granting claims to private companies. Two years later, he was forced to withdraw from his holding company because of his restless and eccentric character. He turned to Russia and, during the First World War, he was responsible for the reconstruction of the destroyed Romanian oilfields. Thereafter, partly financed by mining companies, he continued explorations in several European countries, and in Germany he was pioneering again with exploring oilfields, iron ore and lignite deposits which later grew in economic value. Similar to Glenck a generation before, he was a daring entrepreneur who took many risks and opened new avenues of exploration, and he was constantly having to cope with a weak financial position, selling concessions and shares, most of them to Preussag and Wintershall; however, this could not prevent his business from collapse in 1932. He finally gave up drilling in 1936 and died a poor man.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Dr-Ing. (Hon.) Bergakademie Clausthal 1921.
    Further Reading
    G.P.R.Martin, 1967, "Hundert Jahre Anton Raky", Erdöl-Erdgas-Zeitschrift, 83:416–24 (a detailed description).
    D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg: 32– 4 (an evaluation of his technologial developments).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Raky, Anton

  • 49 Symington, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1764 Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland
    d. 22 March 1831 Wapping, London, England
    [br]
    Scottish pioneer of steam navigation.
    [br]
    Symington was the son of the Superintendent of the Mines Company in Lanarkshire, and attended the local school. When he was 22 years old he was sent by Gilbert Meason, Manager of the Wanlockhead mines, to Edinburgh University. In 1779 he was working on the assembly of a Watt engine as an apprentice to his brother, George, and in 1786 he started experiments to modify a Watt engine in order to avoid infringing the separate condenser patent. He sought a patent for his alternative, which was paid for by Meason. He constructed a model steam road carriage which was completed in 1786; it was shown in Edinburgh by Meason, attracting interest but inadequate financial support. It had a horizontal cylinder and was non-condensing. No full-sized engine was ever built but the model secured the interest of Patrick Miller, an Edinburgh banker, who ordered an engine from Symington to drive an experimental boat, 25 ft (7.6 m) long with a dual hull, which performed satisfactorily on Dalswinton Loch in 1788. In the following year Miller ordered a larger engine for a bigger boat which was tried on the Forth \& Clyde Canal in December 1789, the component parts having been made by the Carron Company. The engine worked perfectly but had the effect of breaking the paddle wheels. These were repaired and further trials were successful but Miller lost interest and his experiments lapsed. Symington devoted himself thereafter to building stationary engines. He built other engines for mine pumping at Sanquhar and Leadhills before going further afield. In all, he built over thirty engines, about half of them being rotary. In 1800–1 he designed the engine for a boat for Lord Dundas, the Charlotte Dundas; this was apparently the first boat of that name and sailed on both the Forth and Clyde rivers. A second Charlotte Dundas with a horizontal cylinder was to follow and first sailed in January 1803 for the Forth \& Clyde Canal Company. The speed of the boat was only 2 mph (3 km/h) and much was made by its detractors of the damage said to be caused to the canal banks by its wash. Lord Dundas declined to authorize payment of outstanding accounts; Symington received little reward for his efforts. He died in the house of his son-in-law, Dr Robert Bowie, in Wapping, amidst heated controversy about the true inventor of steam navigation.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.S.Harvey and G.Downs-Rose, 1980, William Symington, Inventor and Engine- Builder, London: Mechanical Engineering Publications.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Symington, William

  • 50 Vail, Alfred Lewis

    SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications
    [br]
    b. 25 September 1807 Morristown, New Jersey, USA
    d. 18 January 1859 Morristown, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American telegraph pioneer and associate of Samuel Morse; widely credited with the invention of "Morse" code.
    [br]
    After leaving school, Vail was initially employed at his father's ironworks in Morristown, but he then decided to train for the Presbyterian ministry, graduating from New York City University in 1836. Unfortunately, he was then obliged to abandon his chosen career because of ill health. He accidentally met Samuel Morse not long afterwards, and he became interested in the latter's telegraph experiments; in return for a share of the rights, he agreed to construct apparatus and finance the filing of US and foreign patents. Working in Morristown with Morse and Leonard Gale, and with financial backing from his father, Vail constructed around his father's plant a telegraph with 3 miles (4.8 km) of wire. It is also possible that he, rather than Morse, was largely responsible for devising the so-called Morse code, a series of dot and dash codes representing the letters of the alphabet, and in which the simplest codes were chosen for those letters found to be most numerous in a case of printer's type. This system was first demonstrated on 6 January 1838 and there were subsequent public demonstrations in New York and Philadelphia. Eventually Congress authorized an above-ground line between Washington and Baltimore, and on 24 May 1844 the epoch-making message "What hath God wrought?" was transmitted.
    Vail remained with Morse for a further four years, but he gradually lost interest in telegraphy and resigned, receiving no credit for his important contribution.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    The Magnetic Telegraph.
    Further Reading
    J.J.Fahie, 1884, A History of the Electric Telegraph to the Year 1837, London: E\&F Spon.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Vail, Alfred Lewis

  • 51 Wallis, Sir Barnes Neville

    [br]
    b. 26 September 1887 Ripley, Derbyshire, England
    d. 30 October 1979 Leatherhead, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English aeronautical designer and inventor.
    [br]
    Wallis was apprenticed first at Thames Engineering Works, and then, in 1908, at John Samuel White's shipyard at Cowes. In 1913, the Government, spurred on by the accelerating development of the German Zeppelins (see Zeppelin, Ferdinand von), ordered an airship from Vickers; Wallis was invited to join the design team. Thus began his long association with aeronautical design and with Vickers. This airship, and the R80 that followed it, were successfully completed, but the military lost interest in them.
    In 1924 the Government initiated a programme for the construction of two airships to settle once and for all their viability for long-dis-tance air travel. The R101 was designed by a Government-sponsored team, but the R100 was designed by Wallis working for a subsidiary of Vickers. The R100 took off on 29 July 1930 for a successful round trip to Canada, but the R101 crashed on its first flight on 4 October, killing many of its distinguished passengers. The shock of this disaster brought airship development in Britain to an abrupt end and forced Wallis to direct his attention to aircraft.
    In aircraft design, Wallis is known for his use of geodesic construction, which combined lightness with strength. It was applied first to the single-engined "Wellesley" and then the twin-en-gined "Wellington" bomber, which first flew in 1936. With successive modifications, it became the workhorse of RAF Bomber Command during the Second World War until the autumn of 1943, when it was replaced by four-engined machines. In other areas, it remained in service until the end of the war and, in all, no fewer than 11,461 were built.
    Wallis is best known for his work on bomb design, first the bouncing bomb that was used to breach the Möhne and Eder dams in the Ruhr district of Germany in 1943, an exploit immortalized in the film Dambusters. Encouraged by this success, the authorities then allowed Wallis to realize an idea he had long urged, that of heavy, penetration bombs. In the closing stages of the war, Tallboy, of 12,000 lb (5,400 kg), and the 10-ton Grand Slam were used to devastating effect.
    After the Second World War, Wallis returned to aeronautical design and was given his own department at Vickers to promote his ideas, principally on variable-geometry or swing-wing aircraft. Over the next thirteen years he battled towards the prototype stage of this revolutionary concept. That never came, however; changing conditions and requirements and increasing costs led to the abandonment of the project. Bit-terly disappointed, Wallis continued his researches into high-speed aircraft until his retirement from Vickers (by then the British Aircraft Corporation), in 1971.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1968. FRS 1945.
    Further Reading
    J.Morpurgo, 1972, Barnes Wallis: A Biography, London: Longman (a readable account, rather biased in Wallis's favour).
    C.J.Heap, 1987, The Papers of Sir Barnes Wallis (1887–1979) in the Science Museum Library, London: Science Museum; with a biographical introd. by L.R.Day.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Wallis, Sir Barnes Neville

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