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  • 121 Armstrong, Edwin Howard

    [br]
    b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USA
    d. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.
    [br]
    Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.
    During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.
    Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.
    Bibliography
    1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.
    1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.
    1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.
    Further Reading
    L.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).
    W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.
    A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard

  • 122 Cockerell, Christopher Sydney

    [br]
    b. 4 June 1910 Cambridge, England
    [br]
    British designer and engineer who invented the hovercraft.
    [br]
    He was educated at Gresham's School in Holt and at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, where he graduated in engineering in 1931; he was made an Honorary Fellow in 1974. Cockerell entered the engineering firm of W.H.Allen \& Sons of Bedford as a pupil in 1931, and two years later he returned to Cambridge to engage in radio research for a further two years. In 1935 he joined Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, working on very high frequency (VHF) transmitters and direction finders. During the Second World War he worked on airborne navigation and communication equipment, and later he worked on radar. During this period he filed thirty six patents in the fields of radio and navigational systems.
    In 1950 Cockerell left Marconi to set up his own boat-hire business on the Norfolk Broads. He began to consider how to increase the speed of boats by means of air lubrication. Since the 1870s engineers had at times sought to reduce the drag on a boat by means of a thin layer of air between hull and water. After his first experiments, Cockerell concluded that a significant reduction in drag could only be achieved with a thick cushion of air. After experimenting with several ways of applying the air-cushion principle, the first true hovercraft "took off" in 1955. It was a model in balsa wood, 2 ft 6 in. (762 mm) long and weighing 4½ oz. (27.6 g); it was powered by a model-aircraft petrol engine and could travel over land or water at 13 mph (20.8 km/h). Cockerell filed his first hovercraft patent on 12 December 1955. The following year he founded Hovercraft Ltd and began the search for a manufacturer. The government was impressed with the invention's military possibilities and placed it on the secret list. The secret leaked out, however, and the project was declassified. In 1958 the National Research and Development Corporation decided to give its backing, and the following year Saunders Roe Ltd with experience of making flying boats, produced the epoch-making SR N1, a hovercraft with an air cushion produced by air jets directed downwards and inwards arranged round the periphery of the craft. It made a successful crossing of the English Channel, with the inventor on board.
    Meanwhile Cockerell had modified the hovercraft so that the air cushion was enclosed within flexible skirts. In this form it was taken up by manufacturers throughout the world and found wide application as a passenger-carrying vehicle, for military transport and in scientific exploration and survey work. The hover principle found other uses, such as for air-beds to relieve severely burned patients and for hover mowers.
    The development of the hovercraft has occupied Cockerell since then and he has been actively involved in the several companies set up to exploit the invention, including Hovercraft Development Ltd and British Hovercraft Corporation. In the 1970s and 1980s he took up the idea of the generation of electricity by wavepower; he was Founder of Wavepower Ltd, of which he was Chairman from 1974 to 1982.
    [br]
    Principal Honours find Distinctions
    Knighted 1969. CBE 1955. FRS 1967.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cockerell, Christopher Sydney

  • 123 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 124 Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

    [br]
    b. 25 March 1892 Kazan District, Russia
    d. 24 October 1980
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American in 1932) electrical engineer responsible for the development of the professional tape recorder and the first commercially-successful video tape recorder (VTR).
    [br]
    Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.
    In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.
    With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.
    The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.
    Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Abrahamson, 1953, "A short history of television recording", Part I, JSMPTE 64:73; 1973, Part II, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 82:188 (provides a fuller background).
    Audio Biographies, 1961, ed. G.A.Briggs, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 255–61 (contains a few personal details about Poniatoff's escape from Germany to join the Russian Navy).
    E.Larsen, 1971, A History of Invention.
    Charles Ginsburg, 1981, "The horse or the cowboy. Getting television on tape", Journal of the Royal Television Society 18:11 (a brief account of the AMPEX VTR story).
    KF / GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

  • 125 Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander

    [br]
    b. 13 April 1892 Brechin, Angus, Scotland
    d. 6 December 1973 Inverness, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and scientific adviser known for his work on radar.
    [br]
    Following education at Brechin High School, Watson-Watt entered University College, Dundee (then a part of the University of St Andrews), obtaining a BSc in engineering in 1912. From 1912 until 1921 he was Assistant to the Professor of Natural Philosophy at St Andrews, but during the First World War he also held various posts in the Meteorological Office. During. this time, in 1916 he proposed the use of cathode ray oscillographs for radio-direction-finding displays. He joined the newly formed Radio Research Station at Slough when it was opened in 1924, and 3 years later, when it amalgamated with the Radio Section of the National Physical Laboratory, he became Superintendent at Slough. At this time he proposed the name "ionosphere" for the ionized layer in the upper atmosphere. With E.V. Appleton and J.F.Herd he developed the "squegger" hard-valve transformer-coupled timebase and with the latter devised a direction-finding radio-goniometer.
    In 1933 he was asked to investigate possible aircraft counter-measures. He soon showed that it was impossible to make the wished-for radio "death-ray", but had the idea of using the detection of reflected radio-waves as a means of monitoring the approach of enemy aircraft. With six assistants he developed this idea and constructed an experimental system of radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging) in which arrays of aerials were used to detect the reflected signals and deduce the bearing and height. To realize a practical system, in September 1936 he was appointed Director of the Bawdsey Research Station near Felixstowe and carried out operational studies of radar. The result was that within two years the East Coast of the British Isles was equipped with a network of radar transmitters and receivers working in the 7–14 metre band—the so-called "chain-home" system—which did so much to assist the efficient deployment of RAF Fighter Command against German bombing raids on Britain in the early years of the Second World War.
    In 1938 he moved to the Air Ministry as Director of Communications Development, becoming Scientific Adviser to the Air Ministry and Ministry of Aircraft Production in 1940, then Deputy Chairman of the War Cabinet Radio Board in 1943. After the war he set up Sir Robert Watson-Watt \& Partners, an industrial consultant firm. He then spent some years in relative retirement in Canada, but returned to Scotland before his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1942. CBE 1941. FRS 1941. US Medal of Merit 1946. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1948. Franklin Institute Elliot Cresson Medal 1957. LLD St Andrews 1943. At various times: President, Royal Meteorological Society, Institute of Navigation and Institute of Professional Civil Servants; Vice-President, American Institute of Radio Engineers.
    Bibliography
    1923, with E.V.Appleton \& J.F.Herd, British patent no. 235,254 (for the "squegger"). 1926, with J.F.Herd, "An instantaneous direction reading radio goniometer", Journal of
    the Institution of Electrical Engineers 64:611.
    1933, The Cathode Ray Oscillograph in Radio Research.
    1935, Through the Weather Hours (autobiography).
    1936, "Polarisation errors in direction finders", Wireless Engineer 13:3. 1958, Three Steps to Victory.
    1959, The Pulse of Radar.
    1961, Man's Means to his End.
    Further Reading
    S.S.Swords, 1986, Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar, Stevenage: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander

  • 126 system

    system n
    система
    abbreviated visual indicator system
    упрощенная система визуальной индикации
    (глиссады) acceleration warning system
    система сигнализации перегрузок
    accessory power system
    система энергопитания оборудования
    acoustical measurement system
    акустическая измерительная система
    actuating system
    исполнительная система
    (механическая) aerial spraying system
    система распыления с воздуха
    (например, удобрений) aerodrome alert system
    система объявления тревоги на аэродроме
    aerodrome approach control system
    система управления подходом к аэродрому
    aerodrome drainage system
    дренажная система аэродрома
    aerodrome marking system
    система маркировки аэродрома
    aerodynamic roll system
    аэродинамическая система управления креном
    aileron control system
    система управления элеронами
    aileron trim system
    система балансировки элеронов
    aileron trim tab control system
    система управления триммером элерона
    air bleed system
    система отбора воздуха
    (от компрессора) air borne system
    бортовая система
    air brake system
    система воздушных тормозов
    air conditioning system
    система кондиционирования воздуха
    (в кабине воздушного судна) air cooling system
    система воздушного охлаждения
    aircraft control system
    система управления воздушным судном
    aircraft electric system
    электросистема воздушного судна
    aircraft heating system
    система обогрева воздушного судна
    aircraft identification system
    система опознавания воздушного судна
    aircraft integrated data system
    бортовая комплексная система регистрации данных
    aircraft landing measurement system
    система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
    aircraft pneumatic system
    пневматическая система воздушного судна
    aircraft system
    бортовая система
    aircraft warning system
    система предупредительной сигнализации воздушного судна
    air data computer system
    система сбора воздушных сигналов
    airfield lighting system
    система светосигнального оборудования летного поля
    air humidifying system
    система увлажнения воздуха
    air induction system
    система забора воздуха
    air-interpreted system
    бортовая система обработки данных
    airport communication system
    система связи аэропорта
    air pressurization system
    система наддува
    (кабины) air starting system
    воздушная система запуска двигателей
    air surveillance system
    система воздушного наблюдения
    air traffic audio simulation system
    аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
    (для тренажеров) air traffic control system
    система управления воздушным движением
    airway system
    сеть авиалиний
    airworthiness control system
    система контроля за летной годностью
    alerting system
    система аварийного оповещения
    altitude alert system
    система сигнализации опасной высоты
    angle guidance system
    система наведения по углу
    angle-of-attack, slip and acceleration warning system
    система автоматической сигнализации углов атаки, скольжения и перегрузок
    angle-of-attack warning system
    система сигнализации предельных углов атаки
    anticollision lights system
    система бортовых огней для предупреждения столкновения
    anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система
    (постоянного действия) antiskid system
    система противоюзовой автоматики
    antisurge system
    противопомпажная система
    (двигателя) approach guidance nose-in to stand system
    система управления воздушным судном при установке на стоянку
    approach lighting system
    система огней подхода
    (к ВПП) approach radar system
    радиолокационная система захода на посадку
    approach system
    система захода на посадку
    area forecast system
    система зональных прогнозов
    (погоды) area navigation system
    система зональной навигации
    artificial feel system
    система искусственной загрузки органов управления
    associated aircraft system
    вспомогательная бортовая система воздушного судна
    astronavigation system
    астронавигационная система
    attitude control system
    система ориентации
    (в полете) audio system
    переговорное устройство
    augmented lift system noise
    шум от системы увеличения подъемной силы
    augmented system
    система создания дополнительной вертикальной тяги
    autoalarm system
    автоматическая система объявления тревоги
    autoland system
    система автоматической посадки
    automated data interchange system
    система автоматизированного обмена данными
    automated navigation system
    автоматизированная навигационная система
    automated radar terminal system
    автоматическая аэродромная радиолокационная система
    automatic approach system
    система автоматического захода на посадку
    automatic feathering system
    система автофлюгера
    automatic flight control system
    автоматическая бортовая система управления
    automatic landing system
    система автоматической посадки
    automatic monitor system
    система автоматического контроля
    automatic stabilization system
    система автоматической стабилизации
    (воздушного судна) automatic test system
    система автоматического контроля
    autopilot system
    автопилот
    autothrottle system
    автомат тяги
    (двигателя) autotrim system
    автотриммер
    auxiliary hydraulic system
    вспомогательная гидросистема
    aviation safety reporting system
    система информации о состоянии безопасности полетов
    avionic system
    радиоэлектронная система
    baggage-clearance system
    система досмотра багажа
    baggage-dispensing system
    система сортировки багажа
    baggage-handling system
    система обработки багажа
    baggage-tracing system
    система розыска багажа
    bank counteract system
    система автоматического парирования крена
    (при отказе одного из двигателей) beam approach beacon system
    система посадки по лучу маяка
    beam-rider system
    система наведения по лучу
    blind landing system
    система слепой посадки
    blowaway jet system
    система гашения завихрения
    braking system
    тормозная система
    breather system
    система суфлирования
    (двигателя) build-in test system
    система встроенного контроля
    cabin heating system
    система обогрева кабины
    cabin temperature control system
    система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
    cable control system
    система тросового управления
    calibrate the system
    тарировать систему
    calibration system
    система калибровки
    (напр. сигналов) caution system
    система предупредительной сигнализации
    circulating oil system
    циркуляционная система смазки
    (двигателя) closed cooling system
    замкнутая система охлаждения
    code letter system
    система буквенного кодирования
    collective pitch control system
    система управления общим шагом
    (несущего винта) collision avoidance system
    система предупреждения столкновений
    collision prevention system
    система предотвращения столкновений
    color coded system
    цветовая система таможенного контроля
    Commission for basic Systems
    Комиссия по основным системам
    compass system
    курсовая система
    compass system coupling unit
    блок связи с курсовой системой
    conditioning-pressurization system
    система кондиционирования и наддува
    (гермокабины) conflict alert system
    система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
    constant speed drive system
    система привода с постоянной скоростью
    containment system
    система герметизации
    (фюзеляжа) control system
    система управления
    control system load
    усилие на систему управления
    cooling system
    система охлаждения
    crew oxygen system
    кислородная система кабины экипажа
    crossbar approach lighting system
    система световых горизонтов огней подхода
    (к ВПП) customs accelerated passenger inspection system
    система ускоренного таможенного досмотра пассажиров
    cyclic pitch control system
    система управления циклическим шагом
    (несущего винта) data communication system
    система передачи данных
    data handling system
    система обработки данных
    data interchange system
    система обмена данными
    data link system
    система передачи данных
    data processing system
    система обработки данных
    data-record system
    система регистрации данных
    data switching system
    коммутационная система передачи данных
    data system
    информационная система
    day marking system
    система дневной маркировки
    (объектов в районе аэродрома) defueling system
    система слива топлива
    dehydrating system
    система осушения
    (межстекольного пространства) deicing system
    противообледенительная система
    (переменного действия) determine air in a system
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    deviation warning system
    система сигнализации отклонения от курса
    digital flight guidance system
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    dimmer system
    система регулировки яркости
    (напр. экрана локатора) direct-address transponder system
    система приемоответчика прямого адресования
    direct lift control system
    система управления подъемной силой
    discrete address beacon system
    система маяков дискретного адресования
    discrete communication system
    дискретная система связи
    distance measuring system
    дальномерная система
    docking system
    система стыковки
    (воздушного судна с трапом) Doppler computer system
    система доплеровского измерителя
    (путевой скорости и угла сноса) drainage system
    дренажная система
    drain system
    дренажная система
    dual autoland system
    дублированная система автоматического управления посадкой
    dual-channel system
    двухпоточная система
    (оформления пассажиров) dual ignition system
    система двойного зажигания
    (топлива в двигателе) early warning system
    система дальнего обнаружения
    electrical generating system
    система электроснабжения
    electronic engine control system
    электронная система управления двигателем
    electronic landing aids system
    радиоэлектронная система посадочных средств
    emergency brake system
    система аварийного торможения
    emergency hydraulic system
    аварийная гидравлическая система
    emergency lighting system
    система аварийного освещения
    emergency power system
    система аварийного энергопитания
    emergency shutdown system
    система аварийного останова
    (двигателя) emergency system
    аварийная система
    (для применения в случае отказа основной) emergency uplock release system
    система аварийного открытия замков убранного положения
    (шасси) emergency warning system
    система аварийной сигнализации
    empennage anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система хвостового оперения
    (постоянного действия) engine anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система двигателей
    (постоянного действия) engine breather system
    система суфлирования двигателя
    engine control system
    система управления двигателем
    engine deicing system
    противообледенительная система двигателей
    (переменного действия) engine fuel system
    топливная система двигателя
    engine starting system
    система запуска двигателей
    engine start system
    система запуска двигателей
    engine throttle interlock system
    система блокировки управления двигателем
    engine vent system
    дренажная система двигателей
    engine vibration indicating system
    система индикации виброперегрузок двигателя
    environmental control system equipment
    оборудование системы контроля окружающей среды
    environment control system
    система жизнеобеспечения
    (воздушного судна) environment control system noise
    шум от системы кондиционирования
    exhaust system
    выхлопная система
    (двигателя) exhaust system manifold
    коллектор выхлопной системы
    exhaust system muffler
    глушитель выхлопной системы
    exterior lighting system
    система наружное освещения
    (посадочные фары, габаритные огни) external electrical power system
    система аэродромного электропитания
    external load sling system
    внешняя подвеска груза
    (на вертолете) fail-operative system
    дублированная система
    (сохраняющая работоспособность при единичном отказе) feedback control system
    система управления с обратной связью
    feed system
    система питания
    (напр. топливом) feel system
    система автомата усилий
    fin hydraulic system
    гидросистема хвостового оперения
    fire detection system
    система обнаружения и сигнализации пожара
    fire extinguisher system
    система пожаротушения
    fire-protection system
    противопожарная система
    fire warning system
    система пожарной сигнализации
    fixed-time dissemination system
    система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
    flaps asymmetry warning system
    система сигнализации рассогласования закрылков
    flaps drive system
    система привода закрылков
    flaps interconnection system
    система синхронизации закрылков
    flight control boost system
    бустерная система управления полетом
    flight control gust-lock system
    система стопорения поверхностей управления
    (при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control system
    система управления полетом
    flight crew oxygen system
    кислородная система кабины экипажа
    flight director system
    система командных пилотажных приборов
    flight director system control panel
    пульт управления системой директорного управления
    flight environment data system
    система сбора воздушных параметров
    (условий полета) flight inspection system
    система инспектирования полетов
    flight management computer system
    электронная система управления полетом
    flight management system
    система управления полетом
    flight operations system
    система обеспечения полетов
    flight recorder system
    система бортовых регистраторов
    flight simulation system
    система имитации полета
    fog dispersal system
    система рассеивания тумана
    (в районе ВПП) follow-up cable system
    следящая тросовая система
    follow-up system
    следящая система
    foot-pound system
    футо-фунтовая система
    fuel cross-feed system
    система кольцевания топливных баков
    fuel dip system
    система снижения подачи топлива
    fuel dump system
    система аварийного слива топлива
    fuel enrichment system
    система обогащения топливной смеси
    fuel feed system
    система подачи топлива
    fuel flowmeter system
    система измерения расхода топлива
    fuel gravity system
    система подачи топлива самотеком
    fuel indicating system
    система контроля количества и расхода топлива
    fuel injection system
    система впрыска топлива
    fuel jettisoning system
    система аварийного слива топлива
    (fuel jettisonning system) fuel management system
    система управления подачей топлива
    fuel manifold drain system
    система дренажа топливных коллекторов
    fuel preheat system
    система подогрева топлива
    (на входе в двигатель) fuel storage system
    система размещения топливных баков
    fuel supply system
    система подачи топлива
    fuel system
    топливная система
    fuel usage system
    система выработки топлива
    (из баков) gas-cooled system
    система охлаждения газов
    general alarm system
    система общей аварийной сигнализации
    generation system
    энергоузел
    generator autoparalleling system
    система автоматического управления параллельной работой генераторов
    glide-path landing system
    глиссадная система посадки
    gravity lubricating system
    гравитационная система смазки
    (двигателя) ground control system
    наземная система управления
    (полетом) ground guidance system
    наземная система наведения
    ground proximity warning system
    система предупреждения опасного сближения с землей
    ground-referenced navigation system
    система навигации по наземным ориентирам
    ground shift system
    система блокировки при обжатии опор шасси
    guidance system
    система наведения
    guide beam system
    система наведения по лучу
    gyro-magnetic compass system
    гиромагнитная курсовая система
    gyro system
    гироскопическая система
    hazard information system
    система информации об опасности
    heating system
    система обогрева
    heat system
    система обогрева
    helicopter control system
    система управления вертолетом
    high-intensity lighting system
    система огней высокой интенсивности
    (на аэродроме) high-pressure fuel system
    топливная система высокого давления
    hijack alarm system
    система сигнализации опасности захвата
    (воздушного судна) hydraulic control boost system
    гидравлическая бустерная система управления
    hydraulic starting system
    гидравлическая пусковая система
    (двигателя) hydraulic system
    гидросистема
    ice protection system
    противообледенительная система
    ignition system
    система зажигания
    illuminating system
    система подсветки
    (приборов в кабине экипажа) independent starting system
    система автономного запуска
    (двигателя) indicating system
    система индикации
    individual ventilation system
    система индивидуальной вентиляции
    inertial control system
    инерциальная система управления
    inertial navigation system
    инерциальная навигационная система
    inertial sensor system
    инерциальная сенсорная система
    instrument failure warning system
    система сигнализации отказа приборов
    instrument guidance system
    система наведения по приборам
    instrument landing system
    система посадки по приборам
    integrated automatic system
    комплексная автоматическая система
    integrated control system
    встроенная система контроля
    integrated system of airspace control
    комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
    integrated world-wide system
    всемирная комплексная система
    (управления полетами) intercommunication system
    переговорное устройство
    intercooler system
    система внутреннего охлаждения
    interlocking system
    система блокировки
    interlock system
    система блокировки
    international meteorological system
    международная метеорологическая система
    interphone system
    система внутренней связи
    jamming system
    система глушения
    (радиосигналов) jet deviation control system
    система управления отклонением реактивной струи
    landing gear indication system
    система индикации положения шасси
    landing guidance system
    система управления посадкой
    landing system
    система посадки
    landline system
    система наземных линий связи
    lateral control system
    система поперечного управления
    (воздушным судном) leading edge flap system
    система привода предкрылков
    lead-in lighting system
    система ведущих огней
    (при заруливании на стоянку) life support system
    система жизнеобеспечения
    (воздушного судна) load feel system
    система имитации усилий
    (на органах управления) load grip system
    система захвата груза
    localizer antenna system
    система антенны курсового посадочного радиомаяка
    longitudinal control system
    система продольного управления
    (воздушным судном) long-range air navigation system
    система дальней радионавигации
    loop circuit system
    кольцевая электрическая система
    low level wind-shear alert system
    система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра на малых высотах
    lubrication system
    система смазки
    Mach-feel system
    автомат имитации усилий по числу М
    Mach trim system
    система балансировки по числу М
    malfunction detection system
    система обнаружения неисправностей
    mandatory reporting system
    система передачи обязательной информации
    (на борт воздушного судна) mapping radar system
    система радиолокационного обзора местности
    maximum speed limiting system
    система ограничения максимальных оборотов
    mechanical cooling system
    механическая система охлаждения
    mechanized baggage dispensing system
    автоматизированная система выдачи багажа
    mileage system
    мильная система
    (построения тарифов) multichannel circuit system
    многоканальная электрическая система
    nacelle cooling system
    система вентиляции подкапотного пространства
    (двигателя) national airspace system
    государственная система организации воздушного пространства
    navigation system
    навигационная система
    navigation system selector
    задатчик навигационной системы
    noise annoyance rating system
    система оценки раздражающего воздействия шума
    nosewheel steering follow-up system
    система обратной связи управления разворотом колес передней опоры шасси
    nozzle control system
    система управления реактивным соплом
    oil dilution system
    система разжижения масла
    oiling system
    маслосистема
    oil scavenge system
    система откачки масла
    omnibearing distance system
    система всенаправленного дальномера
    onboard weight and balance system
    бортовая система определения массы и центровки
    one-step inspection system
    система одноступенчатого досмотра
    (пассажиров путем совмещения паспортного и таможенного контроля) open cooling system
    незамкнутая система охлаждения
    organized track system
    система организованных маршрутов
    passenger address system
    система оповещения пассажиров
    passenger bypass inspection system
    упрощенная система проверки пассажиров
    (перед вылетом) passenger oxygen system
    система кислородного обеспечения пассажиров
    phone system
    система телефонной связи
    pictorial navigation system
    навигационная система с графическим отображением
    (информации) pilot-controller system
    система пилот - диспетчер
    pilot-interpreted navigation system
    навигационная система со считыванием показаний пилотом
    pitch control system
    система управления тангажом
    pitch limit system
    система ограничения шага
    (воздушного винта) pitot-static system
    система приемника воздушного давления
    platform stabilization system
    система стабилизации платформы
    power-boost control system
    бустерная обратимая система управления
    power-operated control system
    необратимая система управления
    precision approach lighting system
    система огней точного захода на посадку
    precision approach radar system
    радиолокационная система точного захода на посадку
    preprocessed data system
    система предварительной обработки данных
    pressure control system
    система регулирования давления
    pressure fueling system
    система заправки топливом под давлением
    pressure fuel system
    система подачи топлива под давлением
    pressurization system
    система герметизации
    priming system
    система подачи
    (топлива в двигатель) propeller feathering system
    система флюгирования воздушного винта
    propeller pitch control system
    л управления шагом воздушного винта
    prove the system
    испытывать систему
    proximity warning system
    система сигнализации сближения
    (воздушных судов) public address system
    система оповещения пассажиров
    push-pull control system
    жесткая система управления
    (при помощи тяг) Q-feel system
    автомат загрузки по скоростному напору
    radar airborne weather system
    бортовая метеорологическая радиолокационная система
    radar backup system
    резервная радиолокационная система
    radar guidance system
    радиолокационная система наведения
    radar homing system
    приводная радиолокационная система
    radar navigation system
    радиолокационная система навигации
    radar scanning beam system
    радиолокационная система со сканирующим лучом
    radar side looking system
    радиолокационная система бокового обзора
    radar system
    радиолокационная система
    radio-beacon landing system
    радиомаячная система посадки
    radio-beacon system
    система радиомаяков
    radio navigation system
    радионавигационная система
    radio system
    радиосистема
    radiotelephony network system
    система сети радиотелефонной связи
    (воздушных судов) recording system
    система регистрации
    reference system
    система координат
    remote control system
    система дистанционного управления
    reproducing system
    воспроизводящая система
    reservations system
    система бронирования
    (мест) restore the system
    восстанавливать работу системы
    return line system
    система линий слива
    (рабочей жидкости в бак) reversible control system
    обратимая система управления
    rho-theta navigation system
    угломерно-дальномерная радионавигационная система
    robot-control system
    система автоматического управления
    (полетом) rotor drive system
    трансмиссия привода несущего винта
    rotor governing system
    система регулирования оборотов несущего винта
    rudder control system
    система управления рулем направления
    rudder limiting system
    система ограничения отклонения руля направления
    rudder trim tab control system
    система управления триммером руля направления
    run fluid through the system
    прогонять систему
    runway classification system
    система классификации ВПП
    runway lead-in lighting system
    система огней подхода к ВПП
    runway lighting system
    светосигнальная система ВПП
    satellite-aided tracking system
    спутниковая система слежения
    (за воздушным движением) scanning beam guidance system
    система наведения по сканирующему лучу
    sealing system
    система уплотнений
    (напр. люков) search and rescue system
    система поиска и спасания
    selective calling system
    система избирательного вызова
    (на связь) self-contained navigation system
    автономная навигационная система
    self-contained oil system
    автономная маслосистема
    self-contained starting system
    автономная система запуска
    self-test system
    система самоконтроля
    shock absorption system
    система амортизации
    short range radio navigation system
    радиосистема ближней навигации
    simple approach lighting system
    упрощенная система огней подхода
    (к ВПП) slip warning system
    система сигнализации опасного скольжения
    slope indicator system
    система индикации глиссады
    smoke detection system
    система обнаружения дыма
    (в кабине воздушного судна) speed brake system
    система аэродинамических тормозов
    speed control system
    система управления скоростью
    (полета) spraying system
    система распыления
    (удобрений) stall barrier system
    система ограничения углов атаки
    stall prevention system
    система предотвращения сваливания
    (на крыло) stall warning system
    система сигнализации о приближении к сваливанию
    (на крыло) standard approach system
    стандартная система захода на посадку
    standard beam approach system
    стандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучу
    standby system
    резервная система
    starting system
    система запуска
    static discharging system
    система статических разрядников
    static system
    статика
    (система статического давления) steering system
    система управления рулением
    stick shaker system
    система автомата тряски штурвала
    (при достижении критического угла атаки) suppressor exhaust system
    система глушения реактивной струи
    switching system
    система коммутации
    system leakage device
    прибор для проверки систем на герметичность
    system of monitoring visual aids
    система контроля за работой визуальных средств
    (на аэродроме) system of units
    система единиц
    (измерения) system preservation filler
    штуцер консервации системы
    systems compartment
    отсек размещения систем
    systems operator pilot
    пилот - оператор
    Systems Study section
    Секция изучения авиационных систем
    (ИКАО) tab control system
    система управления триммером
    tactical air navigation system
    система ближней аэронавигации
    takeoff monitoring system
    система контроля взлета
    tank pressurizating system
    система наддува бака
    taxiing guidance system
    система управления рулением
    teletype broadcast system
    система телетайпной связи
    test the system
    испытывать систему
    three-axis autostabilization system
    система автостабилизации относительно трех осей
    thrust augmentor system
    форсажная система
    (двигателя) thrust reverser interlock system
    система блокировки управления по положению реверса
    thrust reverser system
    система реверсирования тяги
    thrust system
    силовая установка
    tracking system
    система слежения
    (за полетом) traffic alert system
    система оповещения о воздушном движении
    transmission rotor drive system
    трансмиссия привода несущего винта
    trim system
    система балансировки
    (воздушного судна) triplex system
    система с тройным резервированием
    turn off the system
    выключать систему
    turn on the system
    включать систему
    two-frequency glide path system
    двухчастотная глиссадная система
    two-frequency localizer system
    двухчастотная система курсового маяка
    two-shot fire extinguishing system
    система пожаротушения с двумя очередями срабатывания
    unarm the system
    отключать состояние готовности системы
    unassisted control system
    безбустерная система управления
    utility hydraulic system
    гидросистема для обслуживания вспомогательных устройств
    ventilation system
    система вентиляции
    (кабины) vent system
    дренажная система
    visual approach slope indicator system
    система визуальной индикации глиссады
    visual docking guidance system
    система визуального управления стыковкой с телескопическим трапом
    voice communication system
    система речевой связи
    voice recorder system
    система записи переговоров
    (экипажа) warning flag movement system
    флажковая система предупреждения об отказе
    warning system
    система предупредительной сигнализации
    warning system control unit
    блок управления аварийной сигнализации
    water injection system
    система впрыска воды
    (на входе в двигатель) water supply system
    система водоснабжения
    weight system
    система сборов по фактической массе
    (багажа или груза) wind flaps control system
    система управления закрылками
    window demisting system
    система осушения
    (межстекольного пространства) windshear warning system
    система предупреждения о сдвиге ветра
    windshield anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система
    wing anti-icing system
    противообледенительная система крыла
    wing flap control system
    система управления закрылками
    wing-flap system
    механизация крыла
    wing spoiler system
    система крыльевых интерцептор
    wire collision avoidance system
    система предупреждения столкновения с проводами ЛЭП
    wireless system
    система радиосвязи
    wire system
    система проводной связи
    World Geographic Reference system
    Всемирная система географических координат

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > system

  • 127 compass

    1. [ʹkʌmpəs] n
    1. компас; буссоль
    2. окружность, круг

    to fetch /to cast, to go, to set, to take/ a compass - идти обходным путём, делать крюк

    3. предел, граница ( о времени и пространстве)

    within [beyond] one's compass /the compass of one's powers/ - в пределах [за пределами] чьих-л. возможностей

    4. pl циркуль (тж. pair of compasses)
    5. муз. диапазон ( голоса или инструмента)
    2. [ʹkʌmpəs] a
    1. полукруглый

    compass window - стрельчатое окно; полукруглый эркер

    2. спец. компасный

    compass course /heading/ - компасный курс

    3. [ʹkʌmpəs] v
    1. 1) окружать
    2) воен. осаждать
    2. обращаться, делать витки

    the cosmonauts compassed the Earth many times - космонавты сделали много витков вокруг Земли

    the ship wherein Magellan compassed world - корабль, на котором Магеллан совершил кругосветное путешествие

    3. книжн. достигать, осуществлять
    4. книжн. замышлять, затевать
    5. книжн. схватывать, понимать

    forebodings of ill that cannot be compassed - дурные предчувствия, которые ничем нельзя объяснить, смутное предчувствие беды

    НБАРС > compass

  • 128 AWARE

    5) Фирменный знак: Associated Water and Air Resources Engineers, Inc.

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > AWARE

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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