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AppletonБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Appleton
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(Surnames) Appleton /ˈæpltn/ -
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География: г. Аплтон, (г.) Аплтон (шт. Висконсин, США) -
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[`æp(ə)ltɔn]Аплтон (США, штат Висконсин)Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > Appleton
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г. Аплтон; г. Аплтон (шт. Висконсин, США)* * *Аплтон (США, шт. Висконсин) -
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Город на востоке штата Висконсин, на р. Фокс [ Fox River], близ ее впадения в озеро Уиннебейго [ Winnebago, Lake]. 70 тыс. жителей (2000). Центр крупного сельскохозяйственного района (молочное животноводство). Деревообрабатывающая промышленность. ГЭС на р. Фокс (первая ГЭС, построенная в США, 1882). Институт бумажной промышленности [Institute of Paper Chemistry]. Университет Лоуренса [Lawrence University] (1847), Технический колледж долины Фокс [Fox Valley Technical College] (1967). Основан в 1835, статус города с 1857 -
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[ʹæp(ə)ltɒn] n геогр.г. Аплтон -
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['æp(ə)ltɔn]сущ.; геогр.Аплтон (город в США, штат Висконсин) -
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n геогр. Аплтон -
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Appleton layer F-Schicht f der IonosphäreEnglish-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > Appleton layer
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16 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
[br]b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, Englandd. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.[br]After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.Bibliography1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of theInstitution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).Further ReadingWho Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.KFBiographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
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17 Appleton layer
n AUDIO Appleton-Schicht f, F2-Schicht f, ELECTRON Appleton-Schicht f -
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< geo> ■ Appleton-Schicht f -
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persamaan Appleton-Hartree -
20 Appleton layer
nPHYS at canal-lock capa de Appleton f
См. также в других словарях:
Appleton — ist der Name mehrerer Orte: in England: Appleton (Oxfordshire) Appleton (Warrington) in Kanada: Appleton (Nova Scotia) Appleton (Newfoundland and Labrador) Appleton (Ontario) in den Vereinigten Staaten: Appleton (Alabama) Appleton (Arkansas)… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Appleton — can refer to: * Appleton (crater), a lunar crater * Appleton (music duo), a UK based musical group with Canadian born members. * Appleton Estate, a Jamaican producer of rum.Appleton is the surname of the following people: * Alistair Appleton,… … Wikipedia
Appleton — Appleton, MN U.S. city in Minnesota Population (2000): 2871 Housing Units (2000): 860 Land area (2000): 1.990654 sq. miles (5.155771 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.066836 sq. miles (0.173104 sq. km) Total area (2000): 2.057490 sq. miles (5.328875… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Appleton — [ æpltən], Sir (seit 1941) Edward Victor, britischer Physiker, * Bradford 6. 9. 1892, ✝ Edinburgh 21. 4. 1965; lehrte an der Universität Edinburgh. Appleton führte seit 1924 experimentelle Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der stark ionisierten … Universal-Lexikon
Appleton, MN — U.S. city in Minnesota Population (2000): 2871 Housing Units (2000): 860 Land area (2000): 1.990654 sq. miles (5.155771 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.066836 sq. miles (0.173104 sq. km) Total area (2000): 2.057490 sq. miles (5.328875 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Appleton, WI — U.S. city in Wisconsin Population (2000): 70087 Housing Units (2000): 27736 Land area (2000): 20.884847 sq. miles (54.091502 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.474067 sq. miles (1.227828 sq. km) Total area (2000): 21.358914 sq. miles (55.319330 sq. km) … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Appleton [2] — Appleton (spr. äpplt n), Daniel, amerikan. Buchhändler, geb. 1785 in Haverhill (Massachusetts), gest. 27. März 1849 in New York, betrieb in Boston, später in New York erst ein Schnittwarengeschäft, befaßte sich dabei seit 1825 auch mit der… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Appleton — [ap′əl tən] [after S. Appleton (died 1853), Boston philanthropist & father in law of founder of a local university] city in E Wis.: pop. 70,000 … English World dictionary
Appleton — (spr. Äpplt n, Grand Chute), Hauptstadt der Grafschaft Outagamie im nordamerikanischen Staate Wisconsin, am Veenahfluß;[625] Dampfschifffahrt nach dem Michigansee u. dem Mississippistrom; Einw. ungefähr 400 … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Applĕton — (spr. Äpp lten), Elisabeth, geb. 1792, englische Schriftstellerin; schr. über die Erziehung junger Frauenzimmer, Erziehung in den ersten Jahren, den Roman Edgar, u. a … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Appleton [1] — Appleton (spr. äpplt n), Hauptstadt der Grafschaft Outogamie im nordamerikan. Staat Wisconsin, an den untern Fällen des Fox River, 32 km von der Green Bay, mit großen Papier und Holzstofffabriken, der Lawrence Universität (1900: 426 Studenten)… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
