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101 axiom
nounAxiom, das* * *['æksiəm](a fact or statement which is definitely true and accepted as a principle or rule.) das Axiom* * *axi·om[ˈæksiəm]a widely held \axiom ein allgemein anerkannter Grundsatz* * *['ksɪəm]nAxiom nt* * *axiom [ˈæksıəm] s1. Axiom n (Grundsatz, der keines Beweises bedarf):axiom of choice MATH Auswahlaxiom;axiom of law Rechtsgrundsatz m2. allgemein anerkannter Grundsatz* * *nounAxiom, das* * *n.Axiom -e n. -
102 view
1. nвзгляд, мнение, суждение; точка зренияto abandon one's view — отказываться от своего мнения
to acquaint oneself with the view of smb — знакомится с точкой зрения кого-л.
to be contrary to smb's views — противоречить чьим-л. взглядам
to be moderate in one's views — придерживаться умеренных взглядов
to be of the view — считать, полагать
to color smb's view of smth — характеризовать чью-л. точку зрения на...
to depart from one's views — отступать от своих взглядов
to endorse the view of smb — поддерживать чью-л. точку зрения
to enlarge on one's views — подробно излагать свои взгляды
to explore the views of smb — выяснять чьи-л. взгляды
to express the view — выражать мнение / точку зрения
to formulate / to give views on smth — формулировать / высказывать / излагать взгляды на что-л.
to go towards meeting smb's view — пойти навстречу чьему-л. мнению
to investigate smb's political views — расследовать чьи-л. политические взгляды
to present one's view — высказывать свое мнение
to present smb's point of view — представлять чью-л. точку зрения
to publicize one's views — рекламировать свои взгляды
to put forward views on smth — формулировать / высказывать / излагать взгляды на что-л.
to reassess one's view of smb — пересматривать свое мнение о ком-л.
to reflect views — отражать взгляды / точки зрения
to reinforce the widely held view that... — подтверждать широко распространенное мнение о том, что...
- aesthetic viewsto take a different view — придерживаться иного мнения / взгляда
- alien views
- backward views
- broad spectrum of views
- cautiously optimistic view
- clash of views
- community of views
- conflicting views
- consensus view
- conservative views
- constructive exchange of views
- controversial views
- critical view
- defeatist views
- delegations subscribing to the view in paragraph 1
- democratic views
- depressing view - dissenting view
- divergent views
- eclectic views
- erroneous views
- evolutionistic views - extreme views
- extremist views
- fallacy of a point of view
- healthy views
- heretical views
- idealistic views - independent view
- leftist views
- left-wing views
- liberal bourgeois views
- mainstream view
- mixed views
- nationalistic views
- old views
- opposing views
- opposite views
- optimistic view
- orthodox view
- pessimistic view
- philosophical views
- political views
- positivistic views
- predominant view
- progressive social views
- progressive views
- radical views
- reactionary views
- religions views
- retrospective view
- scientific view of the world
- scientific views
- sensible view
- sober view
- social view
- spirited defense of one's view
- strong political views
- tolerance of divergent political views
- traditional view
- unanimity of views
- unity of views
- view of things
- views on topical international problems 2. vобозревать; рассматривать; считатьto view smth in isolation from smth — рассматривать что-л. изолированно от чего-л.
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103 notoire
notoire [nɔtwaʀ]adjective[criminel, méchanceté] notorious ; [fait, vérité] well-known* * *nɔtwaʀadjectif [fait, position] well-known; [escroc, bêtise] notorious; Droit [inconduite] manifest* * *nɔtwaʀ adj1) (= bien connu) widely known2) (= tristement célèbre) notorious* * *notoire adj [fait, position] well-known; [escroc, bêtise] notorious; [inconduite] Jur manifest; il est notoire que it's common knowledge that.[nɔtwar] adjectifson sens politique est notoire her political acumen is acknowledged by all, she's famous for her political acumenle fait est notoire it's an acknowledged ou accepted fact -
104 priznat
pp & adj acknowledged, recognized itd. (- priznati) | općenito priznat universally/gen-erally/commonly/widely acknowledged (ili recognized, accepted); - i autori acknowledged/established authors; boreći se da bude priznat struggling for recognition* * *• received• recognized -
105 kryteri|um
n 1. (miernik) criterion- bogactwo i popularność to najczęściej uznawane kryteria sukcesu wealth and popularity are the most widely acknowledged criteria of success- jakie kryteria muszą spełnić kandydaci? what criteria do applicants for the position need to meet a. fulfil?- głównym kryterium wyboru mieszkania była jego lokalizacja location was the main criterion for choosing a flat- ocenić coś na podstawie ogólnie przyjętych kryteriów to evaluate sth according to generally accepted criteria2. Sport circuit (cycle) race- kryterium uliczne the street a. city circuit raceThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kryteri|um
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106 Music
Portugal's musical tradition began in the 15th century when songs ( cantigas) written by court troubadours were set to music. Early in the 16th century the cathedral in Coimbra became a center for the composition of polyphonic music and produced several composers of note. Portugal's musical tradition was carried throughout the Portuguese overseas empire. The playwright Gil Vicente used incidental music in his religious plays, some of which could be described as protomusicals. Until the 17th century, musical training was controlled by the Catholic Church, and the clergy dominated the field of composition. During this 18th century, Portuguese mon-archs lavished money and attention on music teachers and composers, which gave Portugal the best and liveliest court music anywhere in Europe. During the period, the Italian Domenico Scarlatti was court choirmaster, which infused Portuguese church music and opera with the Neapolitan style. A Portuguese, João de Sousa Carvalho, was one of the most popular composers of opera and musical drama in Europe during the second half of the 18th century.Perhaps the best-known Portuguese composer is João Domingos Bomtempo. Bomtempo wrote music in the classical style and, as head of the National Academy of Music, assured that the classical style remained integral to Portuguese music until well into the Romantic era. Gradually, Romantic music from Europe was accepted, having been introduced by Alfredo Keil, a Portuguese painter, musician, and opera composer of German descent. Portugal's only Romantic composer of note, Keil wrote the music for A Portuguesa, the official Portuguese national anthem since 1911.The most widely known musical form of Portugal is the fado. Meaning fate, fado is singing that expresses a melancholic longing intermingled with sadness, regret, and resignation. There are at least two variations of fado: the Lisbon fado and the Coimbra or university student fado. Its origins are hotly debated. The most famous Portuguese fado singer was Amália Rodrigues (1920-99); presently, Mariza holds that claim. -
107 die denkbeelden zijn gemeengoed geworden
die denkbeelden zijn gemeengoed gewordenthose ideas have become widely/generally acceptedVan Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > die denkbeelden zijn gemeengoed geworden
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108 gemeengoed
1 common/public property♦voorbeelden:1 die denkbeelden zijn gemeengoed geworden • those ideas have become widely/generally accepted -
109 view
A n1 lit (of landscape, scene) vue f ; fig ( of situation) vue f ; a sea/mountain view une vue de la mer/des montagnes ; a room with a view (of the sea) une chambre avec vue (sur la mer) ; the trees cut off/break up the view la vue est cachée/est en partie cachée par les arbres ; you're blocking my view! tu me bouches la vue! ; the window gives you a good view of the church de la fenêtre on a très bonne vue de l'église ; we had a good view of the stage from our seats de nos sièges nous avions une bonne vue de la scène ; ten views of Paris (on postcard, painting) dix vues de Paris ; we moved forward to get a better view nous nous sommes avancés pour mieux voir ; all I got was a back view of sb's head tout ce que je voyais c'était la nuque de quelqu'un devant moi ; to have a front/back/side view of sth voir qch de face/de derrière/de côté ; she painted a side view of the building elle a peint le bâtiment vu de côté ; an overall view of the situation une vue d'ensemble de la situation ; an inside view of the situation une idée or un aperçu de la situation vue de l'intérieur ; to take the long(-term)/short(-term) view of sth avoir une vision à long terme/à court terme de qch ; in the long view he could be right à long terme il a peut-être raison ;2 (field of vision, prospect) lit, fig vue f ; there wasn't a single house within view il n'y avait pas une seule maison en vue ; the lake was within view of the house on pouvait voir le lac de la maison ; to do sth in (full) view of sb faire qch devant qn or sous les yeux de qn ; in full view of the neighbours' windows (en plein) devant les fenêtres des voisins ; to be in view lit [coast, house] être en vue ; what do you have in view? fig qu'est-ce que vous pensez faire? ; with the future in view en pensant l'avenir ; to keep sth in view lit, fig ne pas perdre qch de vue ; to disappear from ou be lost to view lit disparaître ; their original aims were soon lost from view ils ont vite perdu de vue leurs objectifs d'origine ; to hide sth from view cacher qch, dissimuler qch aux regards ; to be on view [exhibition] être présenté ; Comm [new range, clothes collection] être exposé ; the house and contents will be on view the day before the sale la maison et son contenu pourront être vus la veille de la vente ;3 (personal opinion, attitude) avis m, opinion f ; point of view point m de vue ; the scientific/medical/legal view is that l'avis or l'opinion des scientifiques/des médecins/des juristes est que ; the widely-/generally-accepted view l'opinion largement/généralement répandue ; the majority view l'opinion la plus répandue ; the official/government view le point de vue officiel/du gouvernement ; my view is that mon avis est que, à mon avis ; in his view à son avis ; in the view of Mr Jones/many experts selon M. Jones/de nombreux spécialistes ;4 (visit, inspection) (of exhibition, house) visite f ; ( of film) projection f ; Comm (of new range, clothes collection) présentation f.B in view of prep phr ( considering) vu, étant donné [situation, facts, problem] ; in view of his refusal, I… vu or étant donné son refus, je… ; in view of this, they… cela étant, ils…C with a view to prep phr with a view to sth en vue de qch ; with a view to doing en vue de faire, afin de faire ; with a view to sb ou sb's doing afin que qn fasse.D vtr1 (regard, consider) considérer ; ( envisage) envisager ; to view the future with optimism envisager or considérer l'avenir avec optimisme ; how do you view the situation? comment envisages-tu la situation?, que penses-tu de la situation? ; to view sb with suspicion être méfiant à l'égard de qn ; to view sb/sth as sth considérer qn/qch comme qch ; the evening was viewed as a success la soirée a été considérée comme une réussite ; she viewed him as an enemy elle le considérait comme un ennemi ; the reforms are viewed as not going far enough on considère que les réformes ne vont pas assez loin ;2 ( look at) gen voir [scene, building] ; ( inspect) visiter [house, castle] ; voir, regarder [collection, exhibition] ; visionner [slide, microfiche] ; examiner [documents] ; the building viewed from the side le bâtiment vu de côté ;3 ( watch) regarder [television, programme].E vi TV regarder la télévision. -
110 Eisler, Paul
[br]b. 1907 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.[br]At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.[br]Bibliography1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.KF -
111 Hopkinson, John
[br]b. 27 July 1849 Manchester, Englandd. 27 August 1898 Petite Dent de Veisivi, Switzerland[br]English mathematician and electrical engineer who laid the foundations of electrical machine design.[br]After attending Owens College, Manchester, Hopkinson was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1867 to read for the Mathematical Tripos. An appointment in 1872 with the lighthouse department of the Chance Optical Works in Birmingham directed his attention to electrical engineering. His most noteworthy contribution to lighthouse engineering was an optical system to produce flashing lights that distinguished between individual beacons. His extensive researches on the dielectric properties of glass were recognized when he was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society at the age of 29. Moving to London in 1877 he became established as a consulting engineer at a time when electricity supply was about to begin on a commercial scale. During the remainder of his life, Hopkinson's researches resulted in fundamental contributions to electrical engineering practice, dynamo design and alternating current machine theory. In making a critical study of the Edison dynamo he developed the principle of the magnetic circuit, a concept also arrived at by Gisbert Kapp around the same time. Hopkinson's improvement of the Edison dynamo by reducing the length of the field magnets almost doubled its output. In 1890, in addition to-his consulting practice, Hopkinson accepted a post as the first Professor of Electrical Engineering and Head of the Siemens laboratory recently established at King's College, London. Although he was not involved in lecturing, the position gave him the necessary facilities and staff and student assistance to continue his researches. Hopkinson was consulted on many proposals for electric traction and electricity supply, including schemes in London, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds. He also advised Mather and Platt when they were acting as contractors for the locomotives and generating plant for the City and South London tube railway. As early as 1882 he considered that an ideal method of charging for the supply of electricity should be based on a two-part tariff, with a charge related to maximum demand together with a charge for energy supplied. Hopkinson was one the foremost expert witnesses of his day in patent actions and was himself the patentee of over forty inventions, of which the three-wire system of distribution and the series-parallel connection of traction motors were his most successful. Jointly with his brother Edward, John Hopkinson communicated the outcome of his investigations to the Royal Society in a paper entitled "Dynamo Electric Machinery" in 1886. In this he also described the later widely used "back to back" test for determining the characteristics of two identical machines. His interest in electrical machines led him to more fundamental research on magnetic materials, including the phenomenon of recalescence and the disappearance of magnetism at a well-defined temperature. For his work on the magnetic properties of iron, in 1890 he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. He was a member of the Alpine Club and a pioneer of rock climbing in Britain; he died, together with three of his children, in a climbing accident.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1878. Royal Society Royal Medal 1890. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1890 and 1896.Bibliography7 July 1881, British patent no. 2,989 (series-parallel control of traction motors). 27 July 1882, British patent no. 3,576 (three-wire distribution).1901, Original Papers by the Late J.Hopkinson, with a Memoir, ed. B.Hopkinson, 2 vols, Cambridge.Further ReadingJ.Greig, 1970, John Hopkinson Electrical Engineer, London: Science Museum and HMSO (an authoritative account).—1950, "John Hopkinson 1849–1898", Engineering 169:34–7, 62–4.GW -
112 Whitney, Eli
[br]b. 8 December 1765 Westborough, Massachusetts, USAd. 8 January 1825 New Haven, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of the cotton gin and manufacturer of firearms.[br]The son of a prosperous farmer, Eli Whitney as a teenager showed more interest in mechanics than school work. At the age of 15 he began an enterprise business manufacturing nails in his father's workshop, even having to hire help to fulfil his orders. He later determined to acquire a university education and, his father having declined to provide funds, he taught at local schools to obtain the means to attend Leicester Academy, Massachusetts, in preparation for his entry to Yale in 1789. He graduated in 1792 and then decided to study law. He accepted a position in Georgia as a tutor that would have given him time for study; this post did not materialize, but on his journey south he met General Nathanael Greene's widow and the manager of her plantations, Phineas Miller (1764–1803). A feature of agriculture in the southern states was that the land was unsuitable for long-staple cotton but could yield large crops of green-seed cotton. Green-seed cotton was difficult to separate from its seed, and when Whitney learned of the problem in 1793 he quickly devised a machine known as the cotton gin, which provided an effective solution. He formed a partnership with Miller to manufacture the gin and in 1794 obtained a patent. This invention made possible the extraordinary growth of the cotton industry in the United States, but the patent was widely infringed and it was not until 1807, after amendment of the patent laws, that Whitney was able to obtain a favourable decision in the courts and some financial return.In 1798 Whitney was in financial difficulties following the failure of the initial legal action against infringement of the cotton gin patent, but in that year he obtained a government contract to supply 10,000 muskets within two years with generous advance payments. He built a factory at New Haven, Connecticut, and proposed to use a new method of manufacture, perhaps the first application of the system of interchangeable parts. He failed to supply the firearms in the specified time, and in fact the first 500 guns were not delivered until 1801 and the full contract was not completed until 1809.In 1812 Whitney made application for a renewal of his cotton gin patent, but this was refused. In the same year, however, he obtained a second contract from the Government for 15,000 firearms and a similar one from New York State which ensured the success of his business.[br]Further ReadingJ.Mirsky and A.Nevins, 1952, The World of Eli Whitney, New York (a good biography). P.J.Federico, 1960, "Records of Eli Whitney's cotton gin patent", Technology and Culture 1: 168–76 (for details of the cotton gin patent).R.S.Woodbury, 1960, The legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts', Technology and Culture 1:235–53 (challenges the traditional view of Eli Whitney as the sole originator of the "American" system of manufacture).See also Technology and Culture 14(1973):592–8; 18(1977):146–8; 19(1978):609–11.RTS -
113 UCS
"An international standard character set reference that is part of the Unicode standard. The most widely held existing version of the UCS standard is UCS-2, which specifies 16-bit character values currently accepted and recognized for use to encode most of the world's languages." -
114 Universal Character Set
"An international standard character set reference that is part of the Unicode standard. The most widely held existing version of the UCS standard is UCS-2, which specifies 16-bit character values currently accepted and recognized for use to encode most of the world's languages."
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