-
1 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
2 imbë
1 prep "between" Nam, RGEO:67, VT47:11, PE17:92. This is "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything intervening between two other things, like or unlike one another compare enel. The pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several things ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"; "in the sense 'among' before plurals imbë is usually pluralized imbi even when a plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" before two singular nouns connected by "and" as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë "between heaven and earth", whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between us". Elided imb' in the phrase imb' illi "among all" VT47:11, 30. A dual form imbit is also mentioned, used to express "in absolute form the sense 'between two things' when these are not named" apparently meaning that imbit expresses *"between them" referring to two entities, with no noun following VT47:30, PE17:92 2 noun "dell, deep vale" VT45:18, wide ravine between high mountain sides PE17:92 3 adv. "inwards" obsoleted by \#1 and \#2 above?. Changed by Tolkien from imba VT45:18 -
3 -t
1 dual ending, on nouns denoting a pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" VT48:19; see atto, máryat "her pair of hands" Nam, siryat "two rivers" VT47:11, ciriat "2 ships" Letters:427 read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?, maquat "group of ten" from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five" VT47:7, nápat "thumb and index as a pair" VT48:5, also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" Nam, VT47:11. Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" Aldu. The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r elen atta siluvaut/u, two stars shall shine, VT49:45; the verb carit do would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50. 2 "them", pronominal ending; seen in the word laituvalmet "we shall bless them" lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them". According to PE17:110, this -t covers both sg. and dual. Also independent word te pl. and tú dual possibly *tu when unstressed. 3 reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" sg., the long form being -tyë both endings are listed in VT49:48. See heca regarding the example hecat WJ:364. However, in a later source, Tolkien denies that -tyë has any short form VT49:51, 57. The status of the ending -t is therefore doubtful. -
4 atta
1 cardinal "two" ATAT, Letters:427, VT42:26, 27, VT48:6, 19. Elen atta two stars VT49:44; notice how a noun is indeclinable before this numeral, and any case endings are singular and added to the numeral rather than the noun, e.g. genitive elen atto of two stars VT49:45. Attalyar "Bipeds" sg. *Attalya = Petty-dwarves from Sindarin Tad-dail WJ:389. A word atta "again" was struck out; see the entry TAT in Etym and cf. ata in this list. 3 variant of atto VT48:19. The dual form attat was retained. -
5 alda
noun "tree" GALAD, GÁLAD, SA, Nam, RGEO:66, LR:41, SD:302, LT1:249, LT2:340, VT39:7, also name of tengwa \#28 Appendix E. Pl. aldar in Narqelion; gen. pl. aldaron "of trees" in Namárië. Etymology of alda, see Letters:426 and UT:266-7. The latter source states that primitive ¤galadā, whence Quenya alda, originally applied to stouter and more spreading trees such as oaks or beeches, while straighter and more slender trees such as birches were called ¤ornē, Quenya ornë - but this distinction was not always observed in Quenya, and it seems that alda became the general word. According to PE17:25, primitive galada sic referred to a plant large and was a general term. Place-name Aldalómë tree-night or tree-shade-night LotR2:III ch. 4, translated in PE17:82; Aldarion masc. name, *"Son of the Trees" Appendix A, Tar-Aldarion a Númenorean King UT:210. Aldaron a name of Oromë Silm; aldinga "tree-top" VT47:28, aldarembina pl. aldarembinë attested adj. tree-tangled, the cognate of Sindarin galadhremminPM:17:26.Aldúya fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Trees Appendix D. The word seems to include *Aldu, a dual form referring to the Two Trees. The Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa presumably *aldajā, referring to one tree the White only. The dual Aldu seems to occur also in Aldudénië "Lament for the Two Trees" a strange word, since Quenya does not permit intervocalic d as in this word perhaps the Vanyarin dialect of Quenya did Silm -
6 -ttë
1 they, dual 3rd person pronominal ending the two of them VT49:51, replacing also within the legendarium the older ending -stë which was later used for the second person only. This older ending -stë corresponds to a possessive ending -sta their VT49:16, but this was presumably likewise altered to *-tta as the new ending for dual their = of the two of them. 2, 3rd person pl. reflexive ending, as in melittë they love themselves VT49:21. This ending can hardly coexist with \#1 above; an alternative wording would be the analytical construction *meliltë intë. Compare -ssë \#2. -
7 elen
noun "star" SA:êl, elen, EL, VT49:39; pl. eleni occasionally in verse: eldi WJ:362, PE17:127; partitive pl. elelli for *elenli PE17:127, gen. pl. elenion in the phrase Elenion Ancalima "brightest of stars" LotR2:IV ch. 9; see Letters:385 for translation; elen atta two stars VT49:44, genitive elen atto of two stars VT49:45, eleni neldë three stars, archaic elenion neldë = *of stars three. Genitive of 3 stars = elenion neldë for archaic elenion neldëo VT49:45. Allative elenna "starwards" used as name of Númenor Silm; see Elenna; ablative pl. elenillor "from stars" in Markirya. Nai elen siluva *may a star shine, VT49:38. -
8 -sta
1 your, dual 2nd person possessive pronominal ending: of you two VT49:45, 16, cf. -stë q.v. Genitive -sto in veryanwesto of your wedding VT49:45 and tengwiesto of your reading VT49:47, allative -stanna in parmastannaon your book VT49:47. An archaic ending of similar form could also be the third person dual *of the two of them but according to VT49:51, the corresponding subject ending was changed to -ttë, and then the ending for their would presumably become *-tta 2 ending occurring in the names of certain lands VT43:15, e.g. the Forostar or "Northlands" of Númenor UT:165 -
9 -stë
you, 2nd person dual pronominal ending VT49:51, 53, e.g. caristë *the two of you do VT49:16. Tolkien first wrote carindë, but changed the ending VT49:33. The ending -stë is derived from earlier -dde VT49:46, 51. An archaic ending of similar form could also be the third person dual, *the two of them but see -ttë \#1. -
10 quanta
1 "q" adj. "full" KWAT, Narqelion, VT39:8, VT43:28, filled, full PE17:68; the gloss filled would suggest that quanta can be regarded as a passive participle of quat- q.v. In these phrases: quanta sarmë "full writing", writing with separate letters for vowels VT39:8; \#quanta tengwë "full sign" only pl. quantë tengwi is attested, in early Elvish analysis of Quenya the term for a consonant + a vowel then analyzed as a kind of unitary phoneme rather than two phonemes; hence a stem like mata- "eat" was analyzed as two quantë tengwi, namely ma + ta. VT39:5 -
11 húmë
1 numeral "thousand" PE13:50. Pl. húmi is attested used in connection with other numbers, as in "two thousand", i.e. "two thousands". 2, see fúmë -
12 atendëa
noun "double-middle", name of the two enderi or middle-days that occurred in leap-years according to the calendar of Imladris Appendix D, first edition of LotR -
13 me
1 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9. This pronoun preserves the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed mé VT49:51. Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21. For me as object, cf. álaumë/u "do not do something to uus/u", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us", áumen/u "do something ufor us/u", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18. Dual exclusive met "we/us two" Nam, VT49:51, "you and me" VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet q.v. as the true inclusive dual form. Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source. See also ménë, ómë. -
14 násië
interjection "amen", "may it be so" VT43:24, 35. As a translation of "amen", Tolkien apparently abandoned the earlier form násan and the two-word variant san na, VT43:24 -
15 met
dual 1st person pronoun "us two", including the dual ending -t Nam, VT47:11; VT49:51, 56. See me. -
16 ata
adv. "again", also prefix ata-, at- "back, again, re-; second time, double" ATAT, PE17:166, cf. ataquanta-, ataquetië or two PE17:166, also ambi- as in ataformaitë, q.v. -
17 tye
pron. you, thou, thee, 2nd person intimate/familar LR:61, 70, Arct, VT49:36, 55, corresponding to formal/politelye. According to VT49:51, tye was used as an endearment especially between lovers, and grandparents and children also used it to address one another to use the adult lye was more stern. Tyenya my tye, used = dear kinsman VT49:51. The pronoun tye is derived from kie, sc. an original stem ki with an added -e VT49:50. Stressed tyé; dual tyet *the two of you VT49:51 another note reproduced on the same page however states that tye has no dual form, and VT49:52 likewise states that the 2nd person familiar never deleloped dual or plural forms. Compare the reflexive pronoun intyë *"yourself". Possibly related to the pronominal stem KE 2nd person sg., if tye represents earlier *kye. -
18 tú
pron. they, them, 3rd person dual the two of them, both personal and neuter the pronoun can be used of persons and things alike. VT49:51 Tolkien also considered tet for the same meaning, listing it alongside tú in one source VT49:56, but this form was apparently abandoned. -
19 fëa
noun "spirit" pl. fëar attested, MR:363. The Incarnates are said to live by necessary union of hroa body and fëa WJ:405. In Airëfëa noun "the Holy Spirit", Fëanáro masc. name "Spirit of Fire" Quenya-Sindarin hybrid form: Fëanor, Fëanturi noun "Masters of Spirits", name of the two Valar Mandos and Lórien SA:tur, fëafelmë noun "spirit-impulse" impulses originating with the spirit, e.g. love, pity, anger, hate VT41:19 cf. 13, VT43:37. In one source it is said to mean specifically a spirit indwelling a body, i.e. soul PE17:124, which contradicts such uses as Airefëa or Fëanturi. Cf. fairë. -
20 pé
noun "lip", dual peu "the two lips, the mouth-opening" VT39:9; VT47:12, 35. In an earlier source, the Etymologies, pé was glossed "mouth" PEG, whereas in PE17:126 it is more specifically the closed mouth.
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