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101 Crookes, Sir William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 17 June 1832 London, Englandd. 4 April 1919 London, England[br]English chemist and physicist who carried out studies of electrical discharges and cathode rays in rarefied gases, leading to the development of the cathode ray tube; discoverer of the element thallium and the principle of the Crookes radiometer.[br]Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1897. Order of Merit 1910. FRS 1863. President, Royal Society 1913–15. Honorary LLD Birmingham. Honorary DSc Oxon, Cambridge, Sheffield, Durham, Ireland and Cape of Good Hope.Bibliography1874, On Attraction and Repulsion Resulting from Radiation.1874, "Researches in the phenomenon of spiritualism", Society of Metaphysics; reprinted in facsimile, 1986.For many years he was also Proprietor and Editor of Chemical News.Further ReadingE.E.Fournier D'Albe, 1923, Life of Sir William Crookes. Who Was Who II, 1916–28, London: A. \& C. Black. T.I.Williams, 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. See also Braun, Karl Ferdinand.KF / MG -
102 main
[mein] 1. adjective(chief, principal or most important: the main purpose; the main character in the story.) glaven2. noun((also mains) the chief pipe or cable in a branching system of pipes or cables: The water's been turned off at the main(s); ( also adjective) the mains electricity supply.) glavni vod napeljave- mainly- mainland
- mainspring
- mainstream* * *I [méin]adjective ( mainly adverb)glaven, najvažnejši, bistven, največjito have an eye to the main chance — delati v svojo korist, dobro poskrbeti zaseII [méin]noun(zlasti plural) glavni vod napeljave (vodovodne, odtočne, plinske, električne), omrežje; glavni vod, glavna cev, glavni kabel; American glavna železniška proga; archaic moč, sila; glavna, bistvena stvar; poetically odprto morje; kopnoin the main — v glavnem, večinomaIII [méin]nounpetelinov boj; prvi met kocke (pri kockanju) -
103 электричество
сelectricity [-'trɪ-]заже́чь (погаси́ть) электри́чество — turn on (turn off) the light
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104 brancher
brancher [bʀɑ̃∫e]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. [+ appareil électrique] to plug inb. [+ appareil à gaz, tuyau, eau, gaz, électricité] to connectc. ( = allumer) [+ télévision] to turn ond. ( = orienter) brancher qn sur un sujet to start sb off on a subject• quand il est branché là-dessus il est intarissable once he gets started on that he can go on forevere. ( = intéresser) (inf) ça ne me branche pas [idée, matière scolaire] it doesn't grab me (inf) ; [musique, activité] it doesn't do anything for me (inf)• ça te brancherait d'aller au ciné ? do you fancy going to see a film? (inf)2. reflexive verb► se brancher ( = se connecter)ça se branche où ? where does this plug in?• où est-ce que je peux me brancher ? where can I plug it in?• se brancher sur un réseau/Internet to get onto a network/the Internet* * *bʀɑ̃ʃe
1.
1) ( avec prise) to plug in [télévision, téléphone]2) ( au réseau) to connect (up) [eau, gaz, électricité, téléphone]; to connect [usager, maison]3) ( aiguiller)brancher quelqu'un sur — to get somebody onto [sujet]
4) ( intéresser)je vais au cinéma, ça te branche? — I'm going to the cinema, are you interested?
2.
se brancher verbe pronominal Radio, Télévision ( capter)se brancher sur — to tune into [poste, station]
* * *bʀɑ̃ʃe vt1) [appareil électrique] to connect, (en mettant la prise) to plug inL'aspirateur n'est pas branché. — The hoover isn't plugged in.
2) fig* * *brancher verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( avec une prise) to plug in [télévision, téléphone];2 ( au réseau) to connect (up) [eau, gaz, électricité, téléphone]; to connect [usager, maison]; faire brancher le gaz/téléphone to have the gas/phone connected; l'électricité n'est pas encore branchée the electricity isn't connected (up) yet;3 Ordinat brancher qn/qch sur un réseau to connect sb/sth to a network; être branché to be connected to the Internet;4 ( aiguiller) brancher qn sur or vers to get sb interested in [activité]; to get sb onto [sujet de conversation]; brancher qn sur qn to put sb in touch with sb;5 ○( plaire à) ça ne me branche pas it doesn't do anything for me; la voile, ça le branche he's really into○ sailing.B se brancher vpr[brɑ̃ʃe] verbe transitifa. [appareil] to be plugged inb. [canalisation] to be connected to the system2. (familier) [faire parler]brancher quelqu'un sur to start somebody off ou to get somebody going on3. (familier) [mettre en rapport]4. (familier) [intéresser]————————[brɑ̃ʃe] verbe intransitif————————se brancher verbe pronominal (emploi passif)————————se brancher verbe pronominal intransitifb. [canalisation] to connect up to -
105 zakła|d
m (G zakładu) 1. (przedsiębiorstwo) factory, plant- zakłady wełniarskie/bawełniane a woollen/cotton mill- zakład przemysłowy an industrial plant- towar z renomowanego zakładu produkcyjnego goods from a renowned production plant- pracował w pobliskim zakładzie he worked in the nearby factory2. (przedsiębiorstwo usługowe) work(shop), works- zakład użyteczności publicznej a utility company- zakład kuśnierski the furrier’s- zakład fryzjerski the hairdresser’s- zakład pogrzebowy an undertaker, a funeral parlour- zakład szewski a shoe repair shop- zakład energetyczny the electricity board- zakład użyteczności publicznej a public utility company- zakład ubezpieczeń an insurance company3. (instytucja ograniczająca wolność) zakład poprawczy a correction centre, a young offenders’ institution- zakład penitencjarny a penitentiary- umieścili ją w zakładzie she was institutionalized4. (w wyższych uczelniach) unit- zakład badawczy a research unit- zakład doświadczalny an experimental unit5. (umowa o ustaloną nagrodę) bet; wager książk.- zakład o tysiąc złotych a one thousand zloty bet- pójść o zakład, że… to make a. lay a bet that…- przyjmować zakłady to take bets- trzymam zakład, że nie przyjdą I bet a. my bet is they don’t come- idę o zakład, że stchórzysz! I bet you’ll turn chicken!- punkt przyjmowania zakładów a betting shop- zakłady piłkarskie football pools- pospiesznie wysłał zakłady he quickly sent off the lottery/pools coupons6. (podwinięty brzeg, obręb) hem 7. (teren polowania) Myślis. shoot GB- □ zakład karny prison- zakład Pascala Pascal’s Wager- zakład pracy work place- zakład pracy chronionej sheltered workshop- zakład w ciemno ante-post bet- zakład zbiorowego żywienia catering establishment■ przeciąć zakład to seal a betThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > zakła|d
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106 أنار
أَنَارَ \ brighten: to make or become bright. illuminate: to give light to: An illuminated sign hung over the cinema. light, lit, lighted: (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) to turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit, make bright: The room was badly lit by one small lamp. put: (of lights, etc. with on) to cause to burn: Put the lights on (Make them shine). -
107 brighten
أَنَارَ \ brighten: to make or become bright. illuminate: to give light to: An illuminated sign hung over the cinema. light, lit, lighted: (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) to turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit, make bright: The room was badly lit by one small lamp. put: (of lights, etc. with on) to cause to burn: Put the lights on (Make them shine). -
108 illuminate
أَنَارَ \ brighten: to make or become bright. illuminate: to give light to: An illuminated sign hung over the cinema. light, lit, lighted: (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) to turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit, make bright: The room was badly lit by one small lamp. put: (of lights, etc. with on) to cause to burn: Put the lights on (Make them shine). -
109 light, lit, lighted
أَنَارَ \ brighten: to make or become bright. illuminate: to give light to: An illuminated sign hung over the cinema. light, lit, lighted: (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) to turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit, make bright: The room was badly lit by one small lamp. put: (of lights, etc. with on) to cause to burn: Put the lights on (Make them shine). -
110 put
أَنَارَ \ brighten: to make or become bright. illuminate: to give light to: An illuminated sign hung over the cinema. light, lit, lighted: (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) to turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit, make bright: The room was badly lit by one small lamp. put: (of lights, etc. with on) to cause to burn: Put the lights on (Make them shine). -
111 failure
[-jə]1) (the state or act of failing: She was upset by her failure in the exam; failure of the electricity supply.) neuspeh; okvara2) (an unsuccessful person or thing: He felt he was a failure.) neuspešnež3) (inability, refusal etc to do something: his failure to reply.) nezmožnost* * *[féilə]nounpropadanje, razdor; neuspeh, polomija, fiasko; brodolom; manjkanje; bankrot; razočaranje; zanemarjanje; nesrečnik, -nicato turn out a failure, to be a failure — ne se obnestito end in ( —ali meet with) failure — doživeti neuspeh, ne se posrečitihe is a failure — nima uspeha, ni za nič -
112 juice
[ʤuːs] 1. сущ.1)а) сокapple / fruit / lemon / vegetable juice — яблочный, фруктовый, лимонный, овощной сок
juice extractor, juice squeezer — соковыжималка
б) виноградный сок, из которого получают винов) амер. разг. алкоголь, выпивка; наркотикиShe won't be able to call you back. I'm afraid she's on the juice. — Она не сможет тебе перезвонить. Боюсь, она напилась.
When you shoot juice, you lose interest in many other things. — Когда сидишь на игле, многое теряет для тебя интерес.
Syn:2) обычно мн. соки ( вырабатываемые живым организмом)digestive / gastric juice(s) — желудочный сок
pancreatic juice(s) — панкреатические соки, ферменты поджелудочной железы
3)а) смысл, сущность, дух, соль (чего-л.)Syn:б) амер. сила, стойкость; тяга, страсть к жизниSyn:4) разг. "мотор", стимулирующий фактор; источник энергии прям. и перен.They don't burn as much juice anymore. — Они больше не жгут столько энергии.
She has no juice left. — Она совсем без сил.
- slam on the juice- step on the juiceSyn:5) разг. электрический ток- turn on the juice
- run out of juice6) амер. разг.а) влияние, авторитет ( обычно политический или криминальный); "шишка"б) откупная от правосудия, полученная за очень большие деньгив) крупные суммы, полученные нелегальным путёмг) высокие, грабительские проценты2. гл.1) увлажнять, поливать, заливать, пропитывать (соком жаркое; кровью землю и пр.)2)а) выжимать, давить сокб) прост. доить (корову, овцу, козу)Syn:3) разг. волновать, возбуждать; вдохновлять, подбадривать- juice upSyn:4) разг. квасить, много пить -
113 failure
['feɪljə(r)]n( lack of success) niepowodzenie nt; ( person) ofiara f (życiowa), nieudacznik m; ( of engine) uszkodzenie nt; ( of heart) niedomoga f, niewydolność f; ( of crops) nieurodzaj m* * *[-jə]1) (the state or act of failing: She was upset by her failure in the exam; failure of the electricity supply.) niepowodzenie, awaria2) (an unsuccessful person or thing: He felt he was a failure.) nieudacznik3) (inability, refusal etc to do something: his failure to reply.) odmowa -
114 أشعل
أَشْعَلَ \ ignite: to cause to start to burn. light, (lit, or lighted): to cause sth. (a fire, a match, a lamp or cooker that uses oil or gas, etc.) to burn: He lit a cigarette, (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit. (of lights, etc. with off, on, out): to cause to burn or stop burning: Put the lights on. kindle: to make (a fire) start burning. \ أَشْعَلَ أو أضرم النار (في شيء) \ set fire to sth.: to make it (a house; crop etc.) burn, often for evil reason. -
115 ignite
أَشْعَلَ \ ignite: to cause to start to burn. light, (lit, or lighted): to cause sth. (a fire, a match, a lamp or cooker that uses oil or gas, etc.) to burn: He lit a cigarette, (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit. (of lights, etc. with off, on, out): to cause to burn or stop burning: Put the lights on. kindle: to make (a fire) start burning. \ أَضْرَمَ (النّار) \ ignite: to (cause to) start to burn. kindle: to make (a fire) start burning. -
116 kindle
أَشْعَلَ \ ignite: to cause to start to burn. light, (lit, or lighted): to cause sth. (a fire, a match, a lamp or cooker that uses oil or gas, etc.) to burn: He lit a cigarette, (of electric lamps or fires; rarely used except in passive tenses) turn on the supply of electricity: The street lamps were already lit. (of lights, etc. with off, on, out): to cause to burn or stop burning: Put the lights on. kindle: to make (a fire) start burning. \ أَضْرَمَ (النّار) \ ignite: to (cause to) start to burn. kindle: to make (a fire) start burning. -
117 meter
1. [ʹmi:tə] n1. счётчик; измеритель; измерительный прибор; расходомер ( для жидкостей или газов)to turn gas [water, electricity] off at the meter - выключить газовый и пр. счётчик
2. амер. = metre3. землемер, весовщик и т. п.2. [ʹmi:tə] v1. измерять, мерить, замерять (при помощи счётчика, измерительного прибора и т. п.)2. дозировать -
118 meter
1. [ʹmi:tə] n1. счётчик; измеритель; измерительный прибор; расходомер ( для жидкостей или газов)to turn gas [water, electricity] off at the meter - выключить газовый и пр. счётчик
2. амер. = metre3. землемер, весовщик и т. п.2. [ʹmi:tə] v1. измерять, мерить, замерять (при помощи счётчика, измерительного прибора и т. п.)2. дозировать -
119 switch on/off
(to put or turn on/off (an electric current / light etc): He switched on the light; Switch off the electricity before going on holiday.) encender; apagar -
120 switch on/off
(to put or turn on/off (an electric current / light etc): He switched on the light; Switch off the electricity before going on holiday.) kveikja; slökkva
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