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1 pittance
pittance ['pɪtəns]somme f misérable ou dérisoire;∎ to work for a pittance travailler pour un salaire de misère;∎ to live on a pittance vivre de presque rien -
2 pittance pit·tance n
['pɪt(ə)ns]miseria, somma miserabile -
3 Hungerlohn
m pittance* * *der Hungerlohnpittance* * *Hụn|ger|lohnmstarvation wages pl; (fig auch) pittance* * *Hun·ger·lohnfür einen \Hungerlohn arbeiten to work for a pittance* * ** * *Hungerlohn m pittance* * *der (abwertend) starvation wage[s pl.]* * *m.pittance n. -
4 Г-419
ЗА ГРОШИ (3A ГРОШ, ЗА КОПЕЙКУ) купить, продать что и т. п. coll PrepP these forms only adv(to buy, sell sth. etc) very cheaply, almost for free, (to work, do sth.) for scanty paymentfor a songfor a pittance for next to nothing.(Незнамов:) Его (Шмагу), конечно, нельзя считать образцом нравственности он не задумается за грош продать лучшего своего друга... (Островский 3). (N.:) То be sure he (Shmaga) is not exactly a model of moral integrityhe would sell his best friend for a song... (3a).He имея степени, я работала за гроши, то и дело теряя работу во имя бдительности... (Мандельштам 2). Without my degree, I was forced to work for a pittance and was always being kicked out of jobs in the name of "vigilance" (2a).See Г-417 -
5 за грош
• ЗА ГРОШИ <ЗА ГРОШ, ЗА КОПЕЙКУ> купить, продать что и т.п. coll[PrepP; these forms only; adv]=====⇒ (to buy, sell sth. etc) very cheaply, almost for free, (to work, do sth.) for scanty payment:- for a song;- for next to nothing.♦ [Незнамов:] Его [Шмагу], конечно, нельзя считать образцом нравственности; он не задумается за грош продать лучшего своего друга... (Островский 3). [N.:] То be sure he [Shmaga] is not exactly a model of moral integrity; he would sell his best friend for a song... (3a).♦ Не имея степени, я работала за гроши, то и дело теряя работу во имя бдительности... (Мандельштам 2). Without my degree, I was forced to work for a pittance and was always being kicked out of jobs in the name of "vigilance" (2a).—————Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > за грош
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6 за гроши
• ЗА ГРОШИ <ЗА ГРОШ, ЗА КОПЕЙКУ> купить, продать что и т.п. coll[PrepP; these forms only; adv]=====⇒ (to buy, sell sth. etc) very cheaply, almost for free, (to work, do sth.) for scanty payment:- for a song;- for next to nothing.♦ [Незнамов:] Его [Шмагу], конечно, нельзя считать образцом нравственности; он не задумается за грош продать лучшего своего друга... (Островский 3). [N.:] То be sure he [Shmaga] is not exactly a model of moral integrity; he would sell his best friend for a song... (3a).♦ Не имея степени, я работала за гроши, то и дело теряя работу во имя бдительности... (Мандельштам 2). Without my degree, I was forced to work for a pittance and was always being kicked out of jobs in the name of "vigilance" (2a).—————Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > за гроши
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7 за копейку
• ЗА ГРОШИ <ЗА ГРОШ, ЗА КОПЕЙКУ> купить, продать что и т.п. coll[PrepP; these forms only; adv]=====⇒ (to buy, sell sth. etc) very cheaply, almost for free, (to work, do sth.) for scanty payment:- for a song;- for next to nothing.♦ [Незнамов:] Его [Шмагу], конечно, нельзя считать образцом нравственности; он не задумается за грош продать лучшего своего друга... (Островский 3). [N.:] То be sure he [Shmaga] is not exactly a model of moral integrity; he would sell his best friend for a song... (3a).♦ Не имея степени, я работала за гроши, то и дело теряя работу во имя бдительности... (Мандельштам 2). Without my degree, I was forced to work for a pittance and was always being kicked out of jobs in the name of "vigilance" (2a).—————Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > за копейку
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8 rabais
rabais [ʀabε]masculine noun• faire un rabais de 20 € sur qch to knock 20 euros off the price of sth* * *ʀabɛnom masculin invariable discountobtenir un rabais de 20% sur quelque chose — to get a 20% discount on something
au rabais — [achat, vente] at a discount; [matériel] cheap; [travail] badly paid; [chef, acteur] third-rate
* * *ʀabɛ nmreduction, discountau rabais (= à prix réduit) [acheter, vendre] — at a reduced price, at a discount, fig (enseignement, formation, diplôme) cut-price, on the cheap
* * *rabais nm inv ( réduction) discount; obtenir un rabais de 20%/100 euros sur qch to get a 20%/100 euro discount on sth; accorder un rabais à qn sur l'achat de qch to give sb a discount on sth; au rabais [achat, vente] at a discount; [matériel, vêtements] cheap; [travail] badly paid; [formation, culture] on the cheap ( après n) GB, bargain-basement ( épith) US; [chef, acteur] third-rate; vendre qch au rabais to sell sth at a discount; acheter qch au rabais to buy sth cheap; travailler au rabais to work for low wages.[rabɛ] nom masculinavec un rabais de 15 %, avec 15 % de rabais with a 15% discount ou reductionfaire un rabais de 10 % sur le prix to knock 10% off the price————————au rabais locution adjectivale[vente] cut-price(péjoratif) [formation] second-rate[travail] underpaid————————au rabais locution adverbialevendre au rabais to sell at a reduced price ou discount -
9 Hungerlohn
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10 hongerloon
1 pittance ⇒ subsistence/starvation wages♦voorbeelden: -
11 malheureux
adj.1. 'Pitiful', paltry. Et lout cela pour une malheureuse petite bêtise! And all that for a trivial lapse! Et vous travaillez pour une malheureuse paye comme ça?! And you mean to say you work for a pittance like that?!2. C'est malheureux pour lui! It's hard lines on him! — It's tough for him!3. Si c'est pas malheureux ( quand même)! Isn't it a rotten shame?! — Doesn't it make you sick?! — What rotten luck!4. Avoir la main malheureuse: To be plagued with bad luck. -
12 gagne-petit
gaɲpəti
1.
adjectif invariable pej
2.
nom masculin et féminin invariable low-wage earner* * *ɡaɲpəti nm inv* * *B nmf inv low-wage earner; c'est un/une gagne-petit he/she doesn't earn much.[gaɲpəti] nom masculin et féminin1. [qui gagne peu] -
13 misérable
misérable [mizeʀabl]adjectivea. ( = pauvre) [famille, personne] destitute ; [région] impoverished ; [logement] seedy ; [vêtements] shabbyb. ( = pitoyable) [existence, conditions] miserable ; [personne] pitifulc. ( = faible) [somme] miserable* * *mizeʀabl
1.
1) ( très pauvre) [personne] destitute; [habit] shabby; [vie, pays] poor, wretched; [maison] squalid2) ( dérisoire) [salaire] meagre [BrE]; [affaire] pathetic3) ( pitoyable) pitiful, miserable
2.
1) ( indigent) pauper2) (dated) ( personne méprisable) scoundrel* * *mizeʀabl1. adj1) (= lamentable, malheureux) pitiful, wretched2) (= insignifiant, mesquin) miserable2. nmf* * *A adj1 ( très pauvre) [personne] destitute, poor; [habit] shabby; [vie, condition, pays] poor, wretched; [maison, pièce] squalid, dingy;2 ( dérisoire) [somme, salaire] meagreGB; [affaire] pathetic; se battre pour un misérable croûton to fight over a miserable piece of bread;3 ( pitoyable) [fin, existence] pitiful, miserable.B nmf2 †( personne méprisable) scoundrel.[mizerabl] adjectif————————[mizerabl] nom masculin et féminin1. (soutenu & humoristique) [malheureux]misérable, qu'as-tu fait là! what have you done, you wretch!3. (littéraire) [canaille] (vile) rascal ou scoundrel -
14 een hongerloontje hebben
een hongerloontje hebbenVan Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > een hongerloontje hebben
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15 Geld
n; -es, -er1. money, cash umg.; bares Geld cash; großes Geld notes, Am. auch bills; kleines Geld (small) change; hinausgeworfenes oder rausgeschmissenes Geld umg. money down the drain; schmutziges / heißes Geld fig. dirty / hot money; schnelles oder leicht verdientes Geld easy money; für billiges oder wenig / teures oder viel Geld cheaply / for a lot of money; das hab ich für teures Geld gekauft I had to pay a lot for it; das kostet ein irrsinniges Geld it costs a fortune, it costs an arm and a leg umg.; Geld und Gut money and property; Geld oder Leben! your money or your life!; etwas für sein Geld bekommen get one’s money’s worth; sein Geld unter die Leute bringen go on a spending spree, spend freely; ohne Geld dastehen (momentan kein Bargeld bei sich haben) have no money on one; (arm sein) have no money, be penniless; das geht ins Geld umg. it’ll cost you etc., that’s going to cost you etc. a pretty penny; zu Geld kommen get hold of some money; (reich werden) strike (it) rich umg., hit the jackpot umg.; (Geld erben) come into money; Geld machen umg. make money ( aus out of); das große Geld machen umg. make a lot of money; zu Geld machen turn into cash; was machst du mit dem vielen Geld? what do you do with all that money of yours?; auf seinem Geld sitzen umg., fig., pej. sit on one’s money; um Geld spielen play for money; Geld waschen umg. launder money; mit seinem Geld um sich werfen oder schmeißen umg. throw one’s money around; sein Geld wert sein be worth the money; die wollen nur dein Geld all they’re after is your money; und das alles mit meinem Geld! and I’m paying for it!; von dem bisschen Geld kann doch keiner leben how are you supposed to live on a pittance like that?; Geld spielt keine Rolle money is no object2. fig. in Wendungen: sie hat Geld wie Heu oder schwimmt im Geld oder stinkt vor Geld umg. she’s rolling in money ( oder it); es / er ist für Geld nicht zu haben it’s not for sale / you can’t buy him; sie ist nicht mit Geld zu bezahlen she’s worth her weight in gold; das Geld liegt auf der Straße the money’s there to be had ( oder for the taking); man findet oder ich finde etc. das Geld nicht auf der Straße money doesn’t grow on trees; das liebe Geld! money, money, money!, filthy lucre, Brit. auch bloody money!; nicht für Geld und gute Worte not for love or money; Geld allein macht nicht glücklich ( aber es beruhigt hum.) Sprichw. money isn’t everything (but it helps); Geld stinkt nicht Sprichw. money’s money, money talks; Geld regiert die Welt Sprichw. money makes the world go round; Fenster, rinnen, Tasche3. WIRTS. (Anlagekapital) meist Gelder money, funds; (Einlagen) deposits; es geht um die Veruntreuung von Geldern in Millionenhöhe the amounts that have been embezzled run into millions; Geld(er) auf Abruf money on call; sein Geld arbeiten lassen fig. make one’s money work (for one)4. FIN. (Geldkurs) buyer’s rate* * *das Geldmoney* * *Gẹld [gɛlt]nt -(e)s, -er[-dɐ]1) no pl (= Zahlungsmittel) moneygroßes Geld — notes pl (Brit), bills pl (US)
Geld aufnehmen — to raise money
aus etw Geld machen — to make money out of sth
zu Geld machen — to sell off; Aktien to cash in
(mit etw) Geld machen (inf) — to make money (from sth)
um Geld spielen — to play for money
ins Geld gehen (inf) or laufen (inf) — to cost a pretty penny (inf)
das kostet ein (wahnsinniges) Geld (inf) — that costs a fortune or a packet (Brit inf) or a bunch (US inf)
etw für teures Geld kaufen — to pay a lot for sth
das habe ich für billiges Geld gekauft — I got it cheaply, I didn't pay much for it
ich stand ohne Geld da — I was left penniless or without a penny
in or im Geld schwimmen (inf) — to be rolling in it (inf), to be loaded (inf)
er hat Geld wie Heu (inf) — he's got stacks of money (inf), he's filthy or stinking rich (inf)
or zum Fenster hinauswerfen (inf) — to spend money like water (inf) or like it was going out of fashion (inf)
da hast du das Geld zum Fenster hinausgeworfen (inf) — that's money down the drain (inf)
hinterm Geld her sein (inf) — to be a money-grubber (Brit inf), to be money-crazy (US inf)
sie/das ist nicht mit Geld zu bezahlen (inf) — she/that is priceless
nicht für Geld und gute Worte (inf) — not for love nor money
Geld allein macht nicht glücklich(, aber es beruhigt) (prov) — money isn't everything(, but it helps) (prov)
Geld regiert die Welt (Prov) — money makes the world go round (prov)
2) pl (= Geldsummen) moneystaatliche/öffentliche Gelder — state/public funds pl or money
3) (ST EX = Geldkurs) buying rate, bid price* * *das1) (money in any form: He has plenty of cash.) cash2) (coins or banknotes used in trading: Have you any money in your purse?; The desire for money is a cause of much unhappiness.) money* * *<-[e]s, -er>[ˈgɛlt, pl ˈgɛldɐ]ntfür \Geld ist alles zu haben money buys everythingdas ist doch hinausgeworfenes [o (fam) rausgeschmissenes] \Geld! that's a waste of money [or fam money down the drain]!\Geld aufnehmen to raise moneybares \Geld wert sein to be worth cashgegen bares \Geld for cashetwas für sein \Geld bekommen to get one's money's worthnicht mit \Geld zu bezahlen sein (a. fig fam) to be priceless a. figetw für billiges \Geld bekommen/kaufen to get/buy sth cheapfalsches [o gefälschtes] \Geld counterfeit moneyheißes \Geld (Geld aus Kapitalflucht) hot [or flight] money, footloose fundsgroßes \Geld notes pldas große \Geld verdienen to earn big money fametw ist nicht für \Geld zu haben (fam) money cannot buy sther ist hinter ihrem \Geld her he's after her moneykleines \Geld changezu \Geld kommen to get hold of some money fametw zu \Geld machen (fam) to turn sth into money [or cash], to cash in sthum \Geld spielen to play for moneyetw für teures \Geld kaufen to pay a lot [of money] for sthhartes \Geld hard currencyausstehende \Gelder outstanding debts, money due, accounts receivable spec\Geld[er] einfrieren to freeze fundsflüssiges \Geld liquid funds plfremde \Gelder third-party [or borrowed] funds\Gelder veruntreuen to misappropriate funds\Geld zuschießen to contribute money4.\Geld allein macht nicht glücklich, aber es beruhigt (hum) money isn't everything, but it helps▶ gutes Geld a lot of money▶ gutes \Geld dem Schlechten nachwerfen to throw good money after bad▶ sein \Geld unter die Leute bringen to spend one's money▶ mit \Geld um sich werfen [o (fam) schmeißen] to throw [or fam chuck] one's money about [or around] fig* * *das; Geldes, Gelder moneygroßes Geld — large denominations pl.
kleines/bares Geld — change/cash
das ist hinausgeworfenes Geld — that is a waste of money or (coll.) money down the drain
ins Geld gehen — (ugs.) run away with the money (coll.)
Geld stinkt nicht — (Spr.) money has no smell
Geld regiert die Welt — (Spr.) money makes the world go round
Geld allein macht nicht glücklich [ (scherzh.), aber es hilft] — (Spr.) money isn't everything[, but it helps]
Geld wie Heu haben, im Geld schwimmen — be rolling in money or in it (coll.)
nicht für Geld und gute Worte — (ugs.) not for love or money
zu Geld kommen — get hold of [some] money
öffentliche Gelder — public money sing. or funds
* * *1. money, cash umg;bares Geld cash;großes Geld notes, US auch bills;kleines Geld (small) change;rausgeschmissenes Geld umg money down the drain;schmutziges/heißes Geld fig dirty/hot money;leicht verdientes Geld easy money;wenig/teures oderviel Geld cheaply/for a lot of money;das hab ich für teures Geld gekauft I had to pay a lot for it;das kostet ein irrsinniges Geld it costs a fortune, it costs an arm and a leg umg;Geld und Gut money and property;Geld oder Leben! your money or your life!;etwas für sein Geld bekommen get one’s money’s worth;sein Geld unter die Leute bringen go on a spending spree, spend freely;ohne Geld dastehen (momentan kein Bargeld bei sich haben) have no money on one; (arm sein) have no money, be penniless;zu Geld kommen get hold of some money; (reich werden) strike (it) rich umg, hit the jackpot umg; (Geld erben) come into money;Geld machen umg make money (aus out of);das große Geld machen umg make a lot of money;zu Geld machen turn into cash;was machst du mit dem vielen Geld? what do you do with all that money of yours?;auf seinem Geld sitzen umg, fig, pej sit on one’s money;um Geld spielen play for money;Geld waschen umg launder money;schmeißen umg throw one’s money around;sein Geld wert sein be worth the money;die wollen nur dein Geld all they’re after is your money;und das alles mit meinem Geld! and I’m paying for it!;von dem bisschen Geld kann doch keiner leben how are you supposed to live on a pittance like that?;Geld spielt keine Rolle money is no object2. fig in Wendungen:es/er ist für Geld nicht zu haben it’s not for sale/you can’t buy him;sie ist nicht mit Geld zu bezahlen she’s worth her weight in gold;das Geld liegt auf der Straße the money’s there to be had ( oder for the taking);ich finde etcdas Geld nicht auf der Straße money doesn’t grow on trees;das liebe Geld! money, money, money!, filthy lucre, Br auch bloody money!;nicht für Geld und gute Worte not for love or money;Geld stinkt nicht sprichw money’s money, money talks;Gelder money, funds; (Einlagen) deposits;es geht um die Veruntreuung von Geldern in Millionenhöhe the amounts that have been embezzled run into millions;sein Geld arbeiten lassen fig make one’s money work (for one)* * *das; Geldes, Gelder moneykleines/bares Geld — change/cash
das ist hinausgeworfenes Geld — that is a waste of money or (coll.) money down the drain
ins Geld gehen — (ugs.) run away with the money (coll.)
Geld stinkt nicht — (Spr.) money has no smell
Geld regiert die Welt — (Spr.) money makes the world go round
Geld allein macht nicht glücklich [ (scherzh.), aber es hilft] — (Spr.) money isn't everything[, but it helps]
Geld wie Heu haben, im Geld schwimmen — be rolling in money or in it (coll.)
nicht für Geld und gute Worte — (ugs.) not for love or money
zu Geld kommen — get hold of [some] money
öffentliche Gelder — public money sing. or funds
* * *-er n.money n. -
16 miseria
f ( povertà) poverty( infelicità) miserycostare una miseria cost next to nothing* * *miseria s.f.1 (estrema povertà) poverty, destitution: vivere nella miseria, to live in poverty; andare in miseria, to fall into poverty; (o destitution); essere ridotto in miseria, to be reduced to destitution (o poverty o fam. to be down and out) // piangere miseria, to plead (o to complain of) poverty // miseria nera, dire poverty // porca miseria!, miseria ladra!, damn (it)! (o blast!)2 (meschinità) meanness, vileness: la sua miseria d'animo mi disgusta, his meanness disgusts me; miseria morale, intellettuale, moral, intellectual impoverishment3 (inezia) trifle; (esiguità) pittance: questo vaso costa una miseria, this vase only costs a trifle; l'ho comprato per una miseria, (fam.) I bought it for a song; litigare per una miseria, to quarrel over nothing (o a trifle); guadagnare una miseria, to work for a mere pittance4 pl. (disgrazie) misfortunes, troubles: le miserie della vita, the troubles (o misfortunes) of life5 (bot.) (erba) miseria, (Tradescantia vulgaris) spiderwort; (Cotyledon umbilicus-veneris) pennywort, Venus's navelwort.* * *[mi'zɛrja]sostantivo femminile1) (povertà) poverty, destitutionvivere nella miseria — to live in poverty o squalor
cadere in miseria — to fall on hard times, to become destitute
piangere miseria — to bewail one's poverty, to poor-mouth AE colloq.
2) (grettezza) meanness, baseness3) (sventura)costare una miseria — to cost a trifle o next to nothing
••porca miseria! — holy cow o smoke! damn it!
* * *miseria/mi'zεrja/sostantivo f.1 (povertà) poverty, destitution; vivere nella miseria to live in poverty o squalor; cadere in miseria to fall on hard times, to become destitute; essere ridotto in miseria to be reduced to poverty; piangere miseria to bewail one's poverty, to poor-mouth AE colloq.2 (grettezza) meanness, baseness; nascondere le proprie -e to conceal one's baseness3 (sventura) le -e della vita the troubles of life4 (somma ridicola) guadagnare una miseria to earn a mere pittance; la pagano una miseria she's paid peanuts; costare una miseria to cost a trifle o next to nothingper la miseria! good heavens! porca miseria! holy cow o smoke! damn it! -
17 immer nur für ein Butterbrot arbeiten
immer nur für ein Butterbrot arbeiten
to work all day and every day for a mere pittance;
• etw. für ein Butterbrot bekommen to pick up for a pittance;
• für ein Butterbrot weggehen to go for a song.Business german-english dictionary > immer nur für ein Butterbrot arbeiten
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18 De Forest, Lee
SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USAd. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA[br]American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.[br]De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.Bibliography1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.Further ReadingG.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.KF / JW -
19 Cort, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1740 Lancaster, Englandd. 1800 Hampstead, near London, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the puddling process and grooved rollers for forming iron into bars.[br]His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.[br]Bibliography1787, A Brief State of Facts Relative to the New Method of Making Bar Iron with Raw Pit Coal and Grooved Rollers (held in the Science Museum Library archive collection).Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1941, "Henry Cort's bicentary", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21: 31–47 (there are further references to grooved rollers and the puddling process in Vol. 49 of the same periodical (1978), on pp. 153–8).R.A.Mott, 1983, Henry Con, the Great Finery Creator of Puddled Iron, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRD -
20 marn|y
Ⅰ adj. grad. pot. (kiepski) [zdrowie, jedzenie] poor, bad; [obiad] meagre, paltry; [pensja, zarobki] paltry, meagre; [płaca] poor, paltry; [wymówka] flimsy; [pracownik] poor, inferior; [perspektywy] poor, meagre; [życie] miserable; [literatura] second-rate- marny z niego aktor he’s a very mediocre a. third-rate actor- towar marnej jakości poor-quality goods- ma marne szanse na znalezienie pracy there’s little chance of his finding a jobⅡ adj. książk. (bezcelowy) [trud] wasted, futile■ nasze wysiłki poszły na marne our efforts were wasted a. came to nothing- twoje poświęcenie nie pójdzie na marne your sacrifice will not be wasted a. in vain- wyrzucić a. wydawać pieniądze na marne to throw money away a. down the drain- kupić coś za marne pieniądze to buy sth for peanuts a. for a song pot.- kupiłem to za marne dwieście złotych I bought it for a measly two hundred zlotys- tego utracjusza czeka marny koniec that spendthrift will come to a bad end a. to no good- marny twój los you are in real trouble- jeśli ją dotkniesz, to marny twój los you’ll be in for it a. in real trouble if you touch her- pracować za/zarabiać marne grosze to work for/to earn peanuts a. a pittanceThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > marn|y
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pittance — pit‧tance [ˈpɪtns] noun [singular] a very small or unfairly small amount of money: • She gets paid a pittance. * * * pittance UK US /ˈpɪtəns/ noun [S] DISAPPROVING ► a very small amount of money, especially money received as income: earn … Financial and business terms
pittance — pit|tance [ˈpıtəns] n [singular] [Date: 1200 1300; : Old French; Origin: pitance piety, pity , from Latin pietas; PITY1] a very small amount of money, especially wages, that is less than someone needs or deserves earn/be paid a pittance ▪ The… … Dictionary of contemporary English
pittance — [[t]pɪ̱t(ə)ns[/t]] pittances N COUNT: usu sing (emphasis) If you say that you receive a pittance, you are emphasizing that you get only a very small amount of money, probably not as much as you think you deserve. Her secretaries work tirelessly… … English dictionary
work one's fingers to the bone — {v. phr.} To work very hard. * / I have to work my fingers to the bone for a measly pittance of a salary, Fred complained./ … Dictionary of American idioms
work one's fingers to the bone — {v. phr.} To work very hard. * / I have to work my fingers to the bone for a measly pittance of a salary, Fred complained./ … Dictionary of American idioms
work\ one's\ fingers\ to\ the\ bone — v. phr. To work very hard. I have to work my fingers to the bone for a measly pittance of a salary, Fred complained … Словарь американских идиом
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