to+this+end

af-fĭcĭo (better adf-), affēci (adf-), affectum (adf-), 3, v. a. [facio], to do something to one, i. e. to exert an influence on body or mind, so that it is brought into such or such a state (used by the poets rarely, by Hor. never).

Of the body rarely, and then commonly in a bad sense:

ut aestus, labor, fames, sitisque corpora adficerent,

Liv. 28, 15:

contumeliis adficere corpora sua,

Vulg. Rom. 1, 24:

non simplex Damasichthona vulnus Adficit,

Ov. M. 6, 255:

aconitum cor adficit,

Scrib. Comp. 188:

corpus adficere M. Antonii,

Cic. Phil. 3:

pulmo totus adficitur,

Cels. 4, 7; with abl. of spec.:

stomacho et vesicā adfici,

Scrib. Comp. 186. —In bon. part.:

corpus ita adficiendum est, ut oboedire rationi possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 23.—

More freq. of the mind:

litterae tuae sic me adfecerunt, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 14, 3, 2:

is terror milites hostesque in diversum adfecit,

Tac. A. 11, 19:

varie sum adfectus tuis litteris,

Cic. Fam. 16, 2:

consules oportere sic adfici, ut, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 90:

adfici a Gratiā aut a Voluptate,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12; id. Mil. 29, 79:

sollicitudo de te duplex nos adficit,

id. Brut. 92, 332:

uti ei qui audirent, sic adficerentur animis, ut eos adfici vellet orator,

id. de Or. 1, 19, 87 B. and K.:

adfici animos in diversum habitum,

Quint. 1, 10, 25.—

With acc. and abl., to affect a person or (rarely) thing with something; in a good sense, to bestow upon, grace with; in a bad sense, to visit with, inflict upon; or the ablative and verb may be rendered by the verb corresponding to the ablative, and if an adjective accompany the ablative, this adjective becomes an adverb.—Of inanimate things (rare): luce locum adficiens, lighting up the place, Varr. ap. Non. p. 250, 2:

adficere medicamine vultum,

Ov. Med. Fac. 67:

factum non eo nomine adficiendum,

designated, Cic. Top. 24, 94:

res honore adficere,

to honor, id. N. D. 1, 15, 38:

non postulo, ut dolorem eisdem verbis adficias, quibus Epicurus, etc.,

id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18.—

Very freq. of persons.

In a good sense:

Qui praedā atque agro adoreāque adfecit populares suos,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 38:

quem sepulturā adficit,

buries, Cic. Div. 1, 27, 56:

patres adfecerat gloriā,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

admiratione,

id. Off. 2, 10, 37:

voluptate,

id. Fin. 3, 11, 37:

beneficio,

id. Agr. 1, 4, 13:

honore,

id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147:

laude,

id. Off. 2, 13, 47:

nomine regis,

to style, id. Deiot. 5, 14:

bonis nuntiis,

Plaut. Am. prol. 8:

muneribus,

Cic. Fam. 2, 3; Nep. Ages. 3, 3:

praemio,

Cic. Mil. 30, 82:

pretio,

Verg. A. 12, 352:

stipendio,

Cic. Balb. 27, 61.—

In a bad sense: injuriā abs te adficior indignā, pater, am wronged unjustly, Enn. ap. Auct. ad Heren. 2, 24, 38; so Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 3:

Quantā me curā et sollicitudine adficit Gnatus,

id. ib. 2, 4, 1; so Cic. Att. 1, 18:

desiderio,

id. Fam. 2, 12:

timore,

to terrify, id. Quint. 2, 6:

difficultate,

to embarrass, Caes. B. G. 7, 6:

molestiā,

to trouble, Cic. Att. 15, 1:

tantis malis,

Vulg. Num. 11, 15:

maculā,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 39, 113:

ignominiā,

id. ib. 39, 123:

contumeliis,

Vulg. Ezech. 22, 7; ib. Luc. 20, 11:

rerum et verborum acerbitatibus,

Suet. Calig. 2:

verberibus,

Just. 1, 5:

supplicio,

Cic. Brut. 1, 16; so Caes. B. G. 1, 27:

poenā,

Nep. Hann. 8, 2:

exsilio,

to banish, id. Thras. 3:

morte, cruciatu, cruce,

Cic. Verr. 3, 4, 9:

morte,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 21:

cruce,

Suet. Galb. 9:

ultimis cruciatibus,

Liv. 21, 44:

leto,

Nep. Regg. 3, 2.—And often in pass.:

sollicitudine et inopiā consilii,

Cic. Att. 3, 6:

adfici aegritudine,

id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

doloribus pedum,

id. Fam. 6, 19:

morbo oculorum,

Nep. Hann. 4, 3:

inopiā rei frumentariae,

Caes. B. G. 7, 17:

calamitate et injuriā,

Cic. Att. 11, 2:

magnā poenā, Auct. B. G. 8, 39: vulneribus,

Col. R. R. 4, 11:

torminibus et inflationibus,

Plin. 29, 5, 33, § 103:

servitute,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44.—Hence, affectus ( adf-), a, um, P. a.

In a peculiar sense, that on which we have bestowed labor, that which we are now doing, so that it is nearly at an end; cf.: Adfecta, sicut M. Cicero et [p. 67] veterum elegantissime locuti sunt, ea proprie dicebantur, quae non ad finem ipsum, sed proxime finem progressa deductave erant, Gell. 3, 16:

bellum adfectum videmus et paene confectum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:

in provinciā (Caesar) commoratur, ut ea. quae per eum adfecta sunt, perfecta rei publicae tradat,

id. ib. 12, 29: cum adfectā prope aestate uvas a sole mitescere tempus, etc., near the end of summer, id. ap. Gell. l. c.:

Jamque hieme adfectā mitescere coeperat annus,

Sil. 15, 502:

in Q. Mucii infirmissimā valetudine adfectāque jam aetate,

Cic. de Or. 1,45,200; id. Verr. 2,4,43, § 95.—

In nearly the same sense as the verb, absol. and with abl.

Of persons laboring under disease, or not yet quite recovered:

Qui cum ita adfectus esset, ut sibi ipse diffideret,

was in such a state, Cic. Phil. 9, 1, 2:

Caesarem Neapoli adfectum graviter videam,

very ill, id. Att. 14, 17; so Sen. Ep. 101:

quem adfectum visuros crediderant,

ill, Liv. 28, 26:

corpus adfectum,

id. 9, 3:

adfectae vires corporis,

reduced strength, weakness, id. 5, 18:

puella,

Prop. 3, 24, 1:

aegra et adfecta mancipia,

Suet. Claud. 25:

jam quidem adfectum, sed tamen spirantem,

id. Tib. 21.—

Of things, weakened, sick, broken, reduced:

partem istam rei publicae male adfectam tueri,

Cic. Fam. 13, 68:

adfecta res publica,

Liv. 5, 57:

Quid est enim non ita adfectum, ut non deletum exstinctumque esse fateare?

Cic. Fam. 5, 13, 3:

sic mihi (Sicilia) adfecta visa est, ut hae terrae solent, in quibus bellum versatum est,

id. Verr. 5, 18, 47:

adfecta res familiaris,

Liv. 5, 10:

opem rebus adfectis orare,

id. 6, 3; so Tac. H. 2, 69:

fides,

id. ib. 3, 65:

spes,

Val. Fl. 4, 60.—

Of persons, in gen. sense, disposed, affected, moved, touched:

Quonam modo, Philumena mea, nunc te offendam adfectam?

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 45:

quomodo sim adfectus, e Leptā poteris cognoscere,

Cic. Fam. 14, 17:

ut eodem modo erga amicum adfecti simus, quo erga nosmetipsos,

id. Lael. 16, 56; id. Fin. 1, 20, 68:

cum ita simus adfecti, ut non possimus plane simul vivere,

id. Att. 13, 23; id. Fin. 5, 9, 24:

oculus conturbatus non est probe adfectus ad suum munus fungendum,

in proper state, id. Tusc. 3, 7, 15:

oculi nimis arguti, quem ad modum animo adfecti simus, loquuntur,

id. Leg. 1, 9, 27; id. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Att. 12, 41, 2.—

As rhet. t. t.: affectus ad, related to, resembling:

Tum ex eis rebus, quae quodam modo affectae sunt ad id, de quo quaeritur,

Cic. Top. 2, 8 Forcellini.—

With abl. chiefly of persons, in indifferent sense, in good or bad sense (cf.:

Animi quem ad modum adfecti sint, virtutibus, vitiis, artibus, inertiis, aut quem ad modum commoti, cupiditate, metu, voluptate, molestiā,

Cic. Part. Or. 10, 35).

In indifferent sense, furnished with, having:

validos lictores ulmeis affectos lentis virgis,

Plaut. As. 3, 2, 29:

pari filo similique (corpora) adfecta figurā,

Lucr. 2, 341:

Tantāne adfectum quemquam esse hominem audaciā!

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 84:

omnibus virtutibus,

Cic. Planc. 33, 80.—

In bad sense:

aegritudine, morbo adfectus,

Col. R. R. 7, 5, 20:

aerumnis omnibus,

Lucr. 3, 50:

sollicitudine,

Caes. B. G. 7, 40:

difficultatibus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 13:

fatigatione,

Curt. 7, 11:

frigore et penuriā,

id. 7, 3:

adfecta sterilitate terra, Col. R. R. praef. 1, 2: vitiis,

Cic. Mur. 6, 13:

ignominiā,

id. Att. 7, 3:

supplicio,

Tac. A. 15, 54:

verberibus,

Curt. 7, 11:

vulnere corpus adfectum,

Liv. 1, 25:

morbo,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 6:

dolore,

Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:

febre,

Suet. Vit. 14:

pestilentiā,

Liv. 41, 5:

desperatione,

Cic. Att. 14, 22:

clade,

Curt. 10, 6:

senectute,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 68:

aetate,

id. Cat. 2, 20; id. Sen. 14, 47:

morte,

Serv. ad Cic. Fam. 4, 12.— Sup.:

remiges inopiā adfectissimi,

Vell. 2, 84.—

In good sense:

beneficio adfectus,

Cic. Fam. 14, 4:

aliquo honore aut imperio,

id. Off. 1, 41, 149:

valetudine optimā,

id. Tusc. 4, 37, 81:

laetitiā,

id. Mur. 2, 4, and ad Brut. 1, 4:

munere deorum,

id. N. D. 3, 26, 67:

praemiis,

id. Pis. 37, 90.— Adv.: affectē ( adf-), with (a strong) affection, deeply:

oblectamur et contristamur et conterremur in somniis quam adfecte et anxie et passibiliter,

Tert. Anim. 45.

E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.

The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).

For i stands ĕ

in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—

In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—

In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —

In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—

In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and

In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—

It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.

It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.

The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.

The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.

The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.

As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.

e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.

E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.

The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).

For i stands ĕ

in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—

In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—

In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —

In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—

In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and

In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—

It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.

It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.

The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.

The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.

The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.

As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.

e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.

ē-vādo, si, sum, 3 ( perf. sync. evasti, Hor. S. 2, 7, 68; Sil. 15, 796; perf. evadi. Treb. Poll. Trig. Tyr. 5, 6), v. n. and a.

Neutr., to go or come out, go forth (freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

si (apes) ex alvo minus frequentes evadunt,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 36:

ex aqua,

Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 86:

ex balineis,

Cic. Cael. 27, 65:

oppido,

Sall. J. 56, 5:

undis,

Verg. A. 9, 99:

puteo,

Phaedr. 4, 9, 11:

abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit,

Cic. Cat. 2, 1:

per praeruptum saxum in Capitolium,

Liv. 5, 46:

in terram,

to disembark, to land, id. 29, 27 fin. —

In an upward direction:

ex abditis sedibus evadere atque exire,

Cic. N. D. 2, 37, 95:

evado ad summi fastigia culminis,

mount up, ascend, Verg. A. 2, 458:

ad parietem,

Suet. Ner. 48:

in murum, muros, moenia,

Liv. 2, 17; 4, 34; 10, 17:

in jugum,

id. 33, 8:

in cacumen,

Curt. 7, 11:

super capita hostium,

id. 5, 3 et saep.—

In partic., to get away, escape:

aut e morbo evasurum aegrotum, aut e periculo navem, aut ex insidiis exercitum,

Cic. Div. 2, 5, 13: ex fuga, * Caes. B. G. 3, 19, 4:

e manibus hostium,

Liv. 22, 49:

ex judicio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 5:

e tanto periculo,

Liv. 42, 18:

periculo,

id. 21, 33:

adverso colle, sicuti praeceptum fuerat, evadunt,

Sall. J. 52, 3; cf. id. ib. 50 fin.; Liv. 1, 12 fin.; 10, 1 et saep.—

Trop.

In gen., to go or come out, pass out, escape:

accedit, ut eo facilius animus evadat ex hoc aëre eumque perrumpat, quod, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19; cf.:

ex corpore (animus),

id. de Sen. 22, 80; and:

cum ab iis... evaseris, id Tusc. 1, 41, 98: ad conjecturam,

to arrive at, Plaut. Rud. 3, 1, 20:

ne in infinitum quaestio evadat,

Quint. 2, 17, 16. —

In an upward direction:

nitamur semper ad optima: quod facientes aut evademus in summum, aut certe multos infra nos videbimus,

Quint. 12, 11, 30.—

In partic., to turn out, fall out, end in some manner, to have an issue of some kind, to result, to turn to or become something:

ex communibus proprii, ex fucosis firmi suffragatores evadunt,

Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 9, 35; cf. Cic. Or. 27, 95; id. Fin. 4, 25, 69:

quos judicabat non posse oratores evadere,

id. de Or. 1, 28, 126:

fuit autem Athenis adulescens, perfectus Epicureus evaserat,

id. Brut. 35, 131; 87, 299; id. Fin. 4, 28, 78:

ita molles mentes evadunt civium,

id. Rep. 1, 43, 67; cf.:

juvenis evasit vere indolis regiae,

Liv. 1, 39:

quod tu ejusmodi evasisti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 69:

nimis saepe secus videmus evadere,

id. Leg. 2, 17, 43.—Of abstract subjects:

ut ita fastidiosae mollesque mentes evadant civium, ut, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 43 fin.:

si quando aliquod somnium verum evaserit,

id. Div. 2, 53:

vereor ne haec quoque laetitia vana evadat,

Liv. 23, 12:

quoniam primum vanum inceptum evasisset,

id. 35, 47 et saep.:

intellego hercle: sed quo evadas nescio,

what you are driving at, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 44: quam timeo, quorsum evadas, where you are coming out in your story, Ter. And. 1, 1, 100; 1, 2, 5:

nimia illaec licentia Profecto evadet in aliquod magnum malum,

id. Ad. 3, 4, 64:

demiror quid sit, et quo evadat, sum in metu,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 68; cf. Cic. Att. 14, 19 fin.:

videamus, hoc quorsum evadat,

id. ib. 9, 18, 4; Nep. Dion. 8, 1:

huccine (beneficia),

to end in this, Sall. J. 14, 9:

in morbos longos,

Liv. 27, 33, 6.—

Pregn., to come to pass, be fulfilled:

aliquando id, quod somniarimus, evadere,

Cic. Div. 2, 59;

for which: si somnium verum evasit aliquod,

id. ib. 2, 71, 146.

Act. (mostly poet. and post-Aug.; not in Cic.), to pass over or pass a thing, to get over, pass beyond, leave behind.

Lit.

In gen.:

omnem videbar evasisse viam,

Verg. A. 2, 730:

tot urbes,

id. ib. 3, 282:

vada, arva,

Ov. M. 3, 19:

amnem,

Tac. A. 12, 35:

limen harae,

Col. 7, 9, 13:

vestibulum (apes),

id. 9, 12, 1 et saep.—

In an upward direction:

sic fata gradus evaserat altos,

had mounted the steps, Verg. A. 4, 685:

ardua,

to climb, ascend, Liv. 2, 65. —

In partic., to get away, flee, escape from, = effugere:

alicujus manus,

Verg. A. 9, 560:

loca mortis,

Ov. M. 14, 126:

flammam,

Verg. A. 5, 689:

angustias,

Liv. 21, 32; 38, 2:

nocturnas insidias,

Suet. Caes. 74: aliquem, Tiber. ap. Suet. Tib. 61.—

Trop.

In gen.: vitam, to depart from, i. e. to die, App. M. 4, p. 140.—

In an upward direction:

si haec quoque jam lenius supina perseverantibus studiis evaseris,

hast climbed, ascended, Quint. 12, 10, 79.—

In partic., to escape, get rid of: aegritudinem, Lucil. ap. Non. 294, 7:

necem,

Phaedr. 4, 6, 4:

gravem casum,

Tac. A. 14, 6:

sermones malignorum,

Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 3 et saep.

postĕrus or poster (not in use in nom. sing. masc.), a, um, adj.—Comp: posterior, us.— Sup.: postremus or postumus, a, um [post], coming after, following, next, ensuing, future.

Posit.:

cum ibi diem posterum commoraretur,

Cic. Clu. 13, 37:

in posterum diem distulit,

id. Deiot. 7, 21:

postero die mane,

id. Verr 2, 2, 17, § 41:

postero die, Sall J. 75, 9: posterā nocte,

Nep. Eum. 9, 4:

postero anno, Cic. Fragm. pro C. Cornel.: postera aetas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 42:

lux,

id. S. 1, 5, 39:

posterā Crescam laude,

in the esteem of posterity, id. C. 3, 30, 7:

posteri dies,

unlucky, Non. 73, 32.— Hence,

Subst.: postĕri, ōrum, m., coming generations, descendants, posterity:

expetantur eae poenae a liberis, a nepotibus, a posteris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 38, 90:

posterūm gloria,

Tac. A. 3, 72:

postero, for postero die,

on the following day, next day, id. ib. 4, 45; cf.:

quam minimum credula postero,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 8: in posterum, for in posterum diem, to the following day, till the next day:

in posterum oppugnationem differt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11.—More freq.: in posterum (sc. tempus), in the future, for the future:

in posterum confirmat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3:

multum in posterum providerunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6; id. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

longe in posterum prospicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1.—

Trop., inferior (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 4, § 333.—

Comp.: postĕ-rĭor, postĕrĭus.

Lit., that comes or follows after, next in order, time, or place, latter, later, posterior (class.; strictly only when two objects or classes are contrasted in place or time;

opp.: prior, superior): ut cum priore (dicto) necessario posterius cohaerere videntur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

nec acumine posteriorum (oratorum), nec fulmine utens superiorum,

id. Or. 6, 21:

ea pertinere ad superiorem divisionem: contra posteriorem nihil dici oportere,

id. Ac. 2, 31, 99; 2, 30, 96; id. Off. 1, 20, 67:

posteriores pedes (opp.: pedes priores),

the hind feet, Plin. 11, 45, 101, § 248; cf.:

genua,

id. 11, 45, 102, § 249:

pars prior apparet, posteriora latent,

Ov. F. 4, 718:

posteriores cogitationes,

afterthoughts, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5:

paria esse debent posteriora superioribus,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

Thucy dides paulo aetate posterior,

id. Brut. 11, 48:

quod prius ordine verbum est, Posterius facias,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 59.—Sometimes added to other words of contrast:

alii... alii... tamen hi quoque posteriores, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 70:

cujus est ratio duplex... facilior est haec posterior... sed illa lautior,

id. Off. 2, 15, 52; cf. superior.—

Subst.

postĕ-rĭōres, um, m., for posteri, posterity (postclass.):

quemadmodum omnes cognati supra tritavum, generali appellatione majores vocantur, ita post trinepotem posteriores,

Dig. 38, 10, 10.—

postĕrĭōra, um, n., the posteriors (post-class.), Lampr Elag. 5. — Adv.: postĕrĭus, later, afterwards (class.):

posterius dicere,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 76:

posterius istuc dicis quam credo tibi,

i. e. I believe you before you speak, id. As. 1, 1, 48:

jubet posterius ad se reverti,

Cic. Verr 2, 4, 29, § 66:

Thucydides si posterius fuisset,

had he lived at a later period, id. Brut. 83, 288.—

Trop., inferior, of less account or value, worse (class.):

quorum utrique semper patriae salus et dignitas posterior suā dominatione et domesticis commodis fuit,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 4; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

suam salutem posteriorem communi salute ducere,

id. Rab. Perd. 1, 3:

nihil posterius, nihil nequius,

id. Pis. 27, 66 (al. protervius):

omnes res posteriores pono atque operam do tibi,

I lay every thing aside, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 7: non posteriores feram, I will not play the meanest part, I shall not be behindhand, Ter Ad. 5, 4, 26; cf.:

cujus sic fortuna cum improbitate certavit, ut nemo posset utrum posterior an infelicior esset judicare,

Cic. Prov Cons. 4, 8 fin. —

Sup, in two forms, postrēmus and postŭmus, a, um.

postrēmus, a, um, the hindmost, the last (class.):

alia prima ponet, alia postrema,

last, Cic. Or 15, 50:

acies,

the rear, Sall. J. 101, 5:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis adesse,

now in the front, now in the rear, id. ib. 45, 2: postremā in comoediā, at the end of the piece, Plaut. Cist. fin.:

in postremo libro,

at the close of the book, Just. 43, 5:

mense postremo,

Pall. 7, 2:

munus, i. e. exsequiae,

the last honors, Cat. 101, 3:

nec postrema cura,

not the last, least, Verg. G. 3, 404; cf.:

non in postremis, i. e. in primis,

especially, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 17.— postrēmō, adv., at last, finally (class.), Caes. B. G. 7, 1:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

primum... deinde... postremo: denique... postremo,

id. N. D. 1, 37, 104; Hor. S. 2, 2, 132: ad postremum, at last, finally, ultimately:

sed ad postremum nihil apparet,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 23; Sall. Fragm. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 17; Liv. 38, 16; Hirt. B. G. 8, 43: postremum, for the last time:

si id facis, hodie postremum me vides, Ter And. 2, 1, 22: in quo (vestigio) ille postremum institisset,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 6: postremum, at last:

postremum mel et acetum superfundes,

Pall. 12, 22.—

Trop., the last, lowest, basest, meanest, worst (class.):

postremum genus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 22: ut homines postremi pecuniis alienis locupletarentur, id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

servitus postremum malorum omnium,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.—Hence, ante- and post-class., a new comp. postremior, and sup. postremissimus:

ut possit videri nullum animal in terris homine postremius,

App. de Deo Socr. p. 43 fin.: omnium nationum postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12, 3:

cum adulescentulis postremissimis,

App. Mag. p. 336.—

po-stŭmus (acc. to an erroneous derivation, from post - humus, sometimes also post-humus), a, um, the last, said esp. of the youngest children, or of those born after the father's death, or after he had made his will, late-born, posthumous:

Silvius... tua postuma proles, Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux Educet silvis,

late-born son, Verg. A. 6, 763; cf. with this passage: postuma proles non eum significat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus est, sicuti Silvius, qui Aeneā jam sene, tardo seroque partu est editus, Caesellius Vindex ap. Gell. 2, 16, 5.—On the other hand:

is, qui post patris mortem natus est, dicitur postumus,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.; and:

postumus cognominatur post patris mortem natus,

Fest. p. 238 Müll.; Plaut. ap. Fest. l. l.—As subst.: postŭmus, i, m., a posthumous child:

non minus postumis quam jam natis testamento tutores dari posse,

Gai. Inst. 1, 147:

si quis postumis dederit tutores, hique vivo eo nascantur, an datio valeat?

Dig. 26, 2, 16 fin.:

postuma spes,

the last, App. M. 4, p. 144, 26:

suscipit doctrinam seram plane et postumam,

id. Mag. p. 297, 23:

cena quam postumā diligentiā praeparaverat,

with extreme care, id. M. 6, p. 186, 25.—

Subst.: postŭmum, i, n., that which is last, the end, extremity:

de postumo corporis,

Tert. adv. Gnost. 1.

postĕrus or poster (not in use in nom. sing. masc.), a, um, adj.—Comp: posterior, us.— Sup.: postremus or postumus, a, um [post], coming after, following, next, ensuing, future.

Posit.:

cum ibi diem posterum commoraretur,

Cic. Clu. 13, 37:

in posterum diem distulit,

id. Deiot. 7, 21:

postero die mane,

id. Verr 2, 2, 17, § 41:

postero die, Sall J. 75, 9: posterā nocte,

Nep. Eum. 9, 4:

postero anno, Cic. Fragm. pro C. Cornel.: postera aetas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 42:

lux,

id. S. 1, 5, 39:

posterā Crescam laude,

in the esteem of posterity, id. C. 3, 30, 7:

posteri dies,

unlucky, Non. 73, 32.— Hence,

Subst.: postĕri, ōrum, m., coming generations, descendants, posterity:

expetantur eae poenae a liberis, a nepotibus, a posteris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 38, 90:

posterūm gloria,

Tac. A. 3, 72:

postero, for postero die,

on the following day, next day, id. ib. 4, 45; cf.:

quam minimum credula postero,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 8: in posterum, for in posterum diem, to the following day, till the next day:

in posterum oppugnationem differt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11.—More freq.: in posterum (sc. tempus), in the future, for the future:

in posterum confirmat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3:

multum in posterum providerunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6; id. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

longe in posterum prospicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1.—

Trop., inferior (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 4, § 333.—

Comp.: postĕ-rĭor, postĕrĭus.

Lit., that comes or follows after, next in order, time, or place, latter, later, posterior (class.; strictly only when two objects or classes are contrasted in place or time;

opp.: prior, superior): ut cum priore (dicto) necessario posterius cohaerere videntur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

nec acumine posteriorum (oratorum), nec fulmine utens superiorum,

id. Or. 6, 21:

ea pertinere ad superiorem divisionem: contra posteriorem nihil dici oportere,

id. Ac. 2, 31, 99; 2, 30, 96; id. Off. 1, 20, 67:

posteriores pedes (opp.: pedes priores),

the hind feet, Plin. 11, 45, 101, § 248; cf.:

genua,

id. 11, 45, 102, § 249:

pars prior apparet, posteriora latent,

Ov. F. 4, 718:

posteriores cogitationes,

afterthoughts, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5:

paria esse debent posteriora superioribus,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

Thucy dides paulo aetate posterior,

id. Brut. 11, 48:

quod prius ordine verbum est, Posterius facias,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 59.—Sometimes added to other words of contrast:

alii... alii... tamen hi quoque posteriores, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 70:

cujus est ratio duplex... facilior est haec posterior... sed illa lautior,

id. Off. 2, 15, 52; cf. superior.—

Subst.

postĕ-rĭōres, um, m., for posteri, posterity (postclass.):

quemadmodum omnes cognati supra tritavum, generali appellatione majores vocantur, ita post trinepotem posteriores,

Dig. 38, 10, 10.—

postĕrĭōra, um, n., the posteriors (post-class.), Lampr Elag. 5. — Adv.: postĕrĭus, later, afterwards (class.):

posterius dicere,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 76:

posterius istuc dicis quam credo tibi,

i. e. I believe you before you speak, id. As. 1, 1, 48:

jubet posterius ad se reverti,

Cic. Verr 2, 4, 29, § 66:

Thucydides si posterius fuisset,

had he lived at a later period, id. Brut. 83, 288.—

Trop., inferior, of less account or value, worse (class.):

quorum utrique semper patriae salus et dignitas posterior suā dominatione et domesticis commodis fuit,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 4; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

suam salutem posteriorem communi salute ducere,

id. Rab. Perd. 1, 3:

nihil posterius, nihil nequius,

id. Pis. 27, 66 (al. protervius):

omnes res posteriores pono atque operam do tibi,

I lay every thing aside, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 7: non posteriores feram, I will not play the meanest part, I shall not be behindhand, Ter Ad. 5, 4, 26; cf.:

cujus sic fortuna cum improbitate certavit, ut nemo posset utrum posterior an infelicior esset judicare,

Cic. Prov Cons. 4, 8 fin. —

Sup, in two forms, postrēmus and postŭmus, a, um.

postrēmus, a, um, the hindmost, the last (class.):

alia prima ponet, alia postrema,

last, Cic. Or 15, 50:

acies,

the rear, Sall. J. 101, 5:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis adesse,

now in the front, now in the rear, id. ib. 45, 2: postremā in comoediā, at the end of the piece, Plaut. Cist. fin.:

in postremo libro,

at the close of the book, Just. 43, 5:

mense postremo,

Pall. 7, 2:

munus, i. e. exsequiae,

the last honors, Cat. 101, 3:

nec postrema cura,

not the last, least, Verg. G. 3, 404; cf.:

non in postremis, i. e. in primis,

especially, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 17.— postrēmō, adv., at last, finally (class.), Caes. B. G. 7, 1:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

primum... deinde... postremo: denique... postremo,

id. N. D. 1, 37, 104; Hor. S. 2, 2, 132: ad postremum, at last, finally, ultimately:

sed ad postremum nihil apparet,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 23; Sall. Fragm. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 17; Liv. 38, 16; Hirt. B. G. 8, 43: postremum, for the last time:

si id facis, hodie postremum me vides, Ter And. 2, 1, 22: in quo (vestigio) ille postremum institisset,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 6: postremum, at last:

postremum mel et acetum superfundes,

Pall. 12, 22.—

Trop., the last, lowest, basest, meanest, worst (class.):

postremum genus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 22: ut homines postremi pecuniis alienis locupletarentur, id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

servitus postremum malorum omnium,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.—Hence, ante- and post-class., a new comp. postremior, and sup. postremissimus:

ut possit videri nullum animal in terris homine postremius,

App. de Deo Socr. p. 43 fin.: omnium nationum postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12, 3:

cum adulescentulis postremissimis,

App. Mag. p. 336.—

po-stŭmus (acc. to an erroneous derivation, from post - humus, sometimes also post-humus), a, um, the last, said esp. of the youngest children, or of those born after the father's death, or after he had made his will, late-born, posthumous:

Silvius... tua postuma proles, Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux Educet silvis,

late-born son, Verg. A. 6, 763; cf. with this passage: postuma proles non eum significat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus est, sicuti Silvius, qui Aeneā jam sene, tardo seroque partu est editus, Caesellius Vindex ap. Gell. 2, 16, 5.—On the other hand:

is, qui post patris mortem natus est, dicitur postumus,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.; and:

postumus cognominatur post patris mortem natus,

Fest. p. 238 Müll.; Plaut. ap. Fest. l. l.—As subst.: postŭmus, i, m., a posthumous child:

non minus postumis quam jam natis testamento tutores dari posse,

Gai. Inst. 1, 147:

si quis postumis dederit tutores, hique vivo eo nascantur, an datio valeat?

Dig. 26, 2, 16 fin.:

postuma spes,

the last, App. M. 4, p. 144, 26:

suscipit doctrinam seram plane et postumam,

id. Mag. p. 297, 23:

cena quam postumā diligentiā praeparaverat,

with extreme care, id. M. 6, p. 186, 25.—

Subst.: postŭmum, i, n., that which is last, the end, extremity:

de postumo corporis,

Tert. adv. Gnost. 1.

postĕrus or poster (not in use in nom. sing. masc.), a, um, adj.—Comp: posterior, us.— Sup.: postremus or postumus, a, um [post], coming after, following, next, ensuing, future.

Posit.:

cum ibi diem posterum commoraretur,

Cic. Clu. 13, 37:

in posterum diem distulit,

id. Deiot. 7, 21:

postero die mane,

id. Verr 2, 2, 17, § 41:

postero die, Sall J. 75, 9: posterā nocte,

Nep. Eum. 9, 4:

postero anno, Cic. Fragm. pro C. Cornel.: postera aetas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 42:

lux,

id. S. 1, 5, 39:

posterā Crescam laude,

in the esteem of posterity, id. C. 3, 30, 7:

posteri dies,

unlucky, Non. 73, 32.— Hence,

Subst.: postĕri, ōrum, m., coming generations, descendants, posterity:

expetantur eae poenae a liberis, a nepotibus, a posteris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 38, 90:

posterūm gloria,

Tac. A. 3, 72:

postero, for postero die,

on the following day, next day, id. ib. 4, 45; cf.:

quam minimum credula postero,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 8: in posterum, for in posterum diem, to the following day, till the next day:

in posterum oppugnationem differt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11.—More freq.: in posterum (sc. tempus), in the future, for the future:

in posterum confirmat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3:

multum in posterum providerunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6; id. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

longe in posterum prospicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1.—

Trop., inferior (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 4, § 333.—

Comp.: postĕ-rĭor, postĕrĭus.

Lit., that comes or follows after, next in order, time, or place, latter, later, posterior (class.; strictly only when two objects or classes are contrasted in place or time;

opp.: prior, superior): ut cum priore (dicto) necessario posterius cohaerere videntur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

nec acumine posteriorum (oratorum), nec fulmine utens superiorum,

id. Or. 6, 21:

ea pertinere ad superiorem divisionem: contra posteriorem nihil dici oportere,

id. Ac. 2, 31, 99; 2, 30, 96; id. Off. 1, 20, 67:

posteriores pedes (opp.: pedes priores),

the hind feet, Plin. 11, 45, 101, § 248; cf.:

genua,

id. 11, 45, 102, § 249:

pars prior apparet, posteriora latent,

Ov. F. 4, 718:

posteriores cogitationes,

afterthoughts, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5:

paria esse debent posteriora superioribus,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

Thucy dides paulo aetate posterior,

id. Brut. 11, 48:

quod prius ordine verbum est, Posterius facias,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 59.—Sometimes added to other words of contrast:

alii... alii... tamen hi quoque posteriores, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 70:

cujus est ratio duplex... facilior est haec posterior... sed illa lautior,

id. Off. 2, 15, 52; cf. superior.—

Subst.

postĕ-rĭōres, um, m., for posteri, posterity (postclass.):

quemadmodum omnes cognati supra tritavum, generali appellatione majores vocantur, ita post trinepotem posteriores,

Dig. 38, 10, 10.—

postĕrĭōra, um, n., the posteriors (post-class.), Lampr Elag. 5. — Adv.: postĕrĭus, later, afterwards (class.):

posterius dicere,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 76:

posterius istuc dicis quam credo tibi,

i. e. I believe you before you speak, id. As. 1, 1, 48:

jubet posterius ad se reverti,

Cic. Verr 2, 4, 29, § 66:

Thucydides si posterius fuisset,

had he lived at a later period, id. Brut. 83, 288.—

Trop., inferior, of less account or value, worse (class.):

quorum utrique semper patriae salus et dignitas posterior suā dominatione et domesticis commodis fuit,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 4; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

suam salutem posteriorem communi salute ducere,

id. Rab. Perd. 1, 3:

nihil posterius, nihil nequius,

id. Pis. 27, 66 (al. protervius):

omnes res posteriores pono atque operam do tibi,

I lay every thing aside, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 7: non posteriores feram, I will not play the meanest part, I shall not be behindhand, Ter Ad. 5, 4, 26; cf.:

cujus sic fortuna cum improbitate certavit, ut nemo posset utrum posterior an infelicior esset judicare,

Cic. Prov Cons. 4, 8 fin. —

Sup, in two forms, postrēmus and postŭmus, a, um.

postrēmus, a, um, the hindmost, the last (class.):

alia prima ponet, alia postrema,

last, Cic. Or 15, 50:

acies,

the rear, Sall. J. 101, 5:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis adesse,

now in the front, now in the rear, id. ib. 45, 2: postremā in comoediā, at the end of the piece, Plaut. Cist. fin.:

in postremo libro,

at the close of the book, Just. 43, 5:

mense postremo,

Pall. 7, 2:

munus, i. e. exsequiae,

the last honors, Cat. 101, 3:

nec postrema cura,

not the last, least, Verg. G. 3, 404; cf.:

non in postremis, i. e. in primis,

especially, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 17.— postrēmō, adv., at last, finally (class.), Caes. B. G. 7, 1:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

primum... deinde... postremo: denique... postremo,

id. N. D. 1, 37, 104; Hor. S. 2, 2, 132: ad postremum, at last, finally, ultimately:

sed ad postremum nihil apparet,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 23; Sall. Fragm. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 17; Liv. 38, 16; Hirt. B. G. 8, 43: postremum, for the last time:

si id facis, hodie postremum me vides, Ter And. 2, 1, 22: in quo (vestigio) ille postremum institisset,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 6: postremum, at last:

postremum mel et acetum superfundes,

Pall. 12, 22.—

Trop., the last, lowest, basest, meanest, worst (class.):

postremum genus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 22: ut homines postremi pecuniis alienis locupletarentur, id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

servitus postremum malorum omnium,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.—Hence, ante- and post-class., a new comp. postremior, and sup. postremissimus:

ut possit videri nullum animal in terris homine postremius,

App. de Deo Socr. p. 43 fin.: omnium nationum postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12, 3:

cum adulescentulis postremissimis,

App. Mag. p. 336.—

po-stŭmus (acc. to an erroneous derivation, from post - humus, sometimes also post-humus), a, um, the last, said esp. of the youngest children, or of those born after the father's death, or after he had made his will, late-born, posthumous:

Silvius... tua postuma proles, Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux Educet silvis,

late-born son, Verg. A. 6, 763; cf. with this passage: postuma proles non eum significat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus est, sicuti Silvius, qui Aeneā jam sene, tardo seroque partu est editus, Caesellius Vindex ap. Gell. 2, 16, 5.—On the other hand:

is, qui post patris mortem natus est, dicitur postumus,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.; and:

postumus cognominatur post patris mortem natus,

Fest. p. 238 Müll.; Plaut. ap. Fest. l. l.—As subst.: postŭmus, i, m., a posthumous child:

non minus postumis quam jam natis testamento tutores dari posse,

Gai. Inst. 1, 147:

si quis postumis dederit tutores, hique vivo eo nascantur, an datio valeat?

Dig. 26, 2, 16 fin.:

postuma spes,

the last, App. M. 4, p. 144, 26:

suscipit doctrinam seram plane et postumam,

id. Mag. p. 297, 23:

cena quam postumā diligentiā praeparaverat,

with extreme care, id. M. 6, p. 186, 25.—

Subst.: postŭmum, i, n., that which is last, the end, extremity:

de postumo corporis,

Tert. adv. Gnost. 1.

postĕrus or poster (not in use in nom. sing. masc.), a, um, adj.—Comp: posterior, us.— Sup.: postremus or postumus, a, um [post], coming after, following, next, ensuing, future.

Posit.:

cum ibi diem posterum commoraretur,

Cic. Clu. 13, 37:

in posterum diem distulit,

id. Deiot. 7, 21:

postero die mane,

id. Verr 2, 2, 17, § 41:

postero die, Sall J. 75, 9: posterā nocte,

Nep. Eum. 9, 4:

postero anno, Cic. Fragm. pro C. Cornel.: postera aetas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 42:

lux,

id. S. 1, 5, 39:

posterā Crescam laude,

in the esteem of posterity, id. C. 3, 30, 7:

posteri dies,

unlucky, Non. 73, 32.— Hence,

Subst.: postĕri, ōrum, m., coming generations, descendants, posterity:

expetantur eae poenae a liberis, a nepotibus, a posteris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 38, 90:

posterūm gloria,

Tac. A. 3, 72:

postero, for postero die,

on the following day, next day, id. ib. 4, 45; cf.:

quam minimum credula postero,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 8: in posterum, for in posterum diem, to the following day, till the next day:

in posterum oppugnationem differt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11.—More freq.: in posterum (sc. tempus), in the future, for the future:

in posterum confirmat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3:

multum in posterum providerunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6; id. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

longe in posterum prospicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1.—

Trop., inferior (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 4, § 333.—

Comp.: postĕ-rĭor, postĕrĭus.

Lit., that comes or follows after, next in order, time, or place, latter, later, posterior (class.; strictly only when two objects or classes are contrasted in place or time;

opp.: prior, superior): ut cum priore (dicto) necessario posterius cohaerere videntur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

nec acumine posteriorum (oratorum), nec fulmine utens superiorum,

id. Or. 6, 21:

ea pertinere ad superiorem divisionem: contra posteriorem nihil dici oportere,

id. Ac. 2, 31, 99; 2, 30, 96; id. Off. 1, 20, 67:

posteriores pedes (opp.: pedes priores),

the hind feet, Plin. 11, 45, 101, § 248; cf.:

genua,

id. 11, 45, 102, § 249:

pars prior apparet, posteriora latent,

Ov. F. 4, 718:

posteriores cogitationes,

afterthoughts, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5:

paria esse debent posteriora superioribus,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

Thucy dides paulo aetate posterior,

id. Brut. 11, 48:

quod prius ordine verbum est, Posterius facias,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 59.—Sometimes added to other words of contrast:

alii... alii... tamen hi quoque posteriores, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 70:

cujus est ratio duplex... facilior est haec posterior... sed illa lautior,

id. Off. 2, 15, 52; cf. superior.—

Subst.

postĕ-rĭōres, um, m., for posteri, posterity (postclass.):

quemadmodum omnes cognati supra tritavum, generali appellatione majores vocantur, ita post trinepotem posteriores,

Dig. 38, 10, 10.—

postĕrĭōra, um, n., the posteriors (post-class.), Lampr Elag. 5. — Adv.: postĕrĭus, later, afterwards (class.):

posterius dicere,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 76:

posterius istuc dicis quam credo tibi,

i. e. I believe you before you speak, id. As. 1, 1, 48:

jubet posterius ad se reverti,

Cic. Verr 2, 4, 29, § 66:

Thucydides si posterius fuisset,

had he lived at a later period, id. Brut. 83, 288.—

Trop., inferior, of less account or value, worse (class.):

quorum utrique semper patriae salus et dignitas posterior suā dominatione et domesticis commodis fuit,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 4; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

suam salutem posteriorem communi salute ducere,

id. Rab. Perd. 1, 3:

nihil posterius, nihil nequius,

id. Pis. 27, 66 (al. protervius):

omnes res posteriores pono atque operam do tibi,

I lay every thing aside, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 7: non posteriores feram, I will not play the meanest part, I shall not be behindhand, Ter Ad. 5, 4, 26; cf.:

cujus sic fortuna cum improbitate certavit, ut nemo posset utrum posterior an infelicior esset judicare,

Cic. Prov Cons. 4, 8 fin. —

Sup, in two forms, postrēmus and postŭmus, a, um.

postrēmus, a, um, the hindmost, the last (class.):

alia prima ponet, alia postrema,

last, Cic. Or 15, 50:

acies,

the rear, Sall. J. 101, 5:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis adesse,

now in the front, now in the rear, id. ib. 45, 2: postremā in comoediā, at the end of the piece, Plaut. Cist. fin.:

in postremo libro,

at the close of the book, Just. 43, 5:

mense postremo,

Pall. 7, 2:

munus, i. e. exsequiae,

the last honors, Cat. 101, 3:

nec postrema cura,

not the last, least, Verg. G. 3, 404; cf.:

non in postremis, i. e. in primis,

especially, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 17.— postrēmō, adv., at last, finally (class.), Caes. B. G. 7, 1:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

primum... deinde... postremo: denique... postremo,

id. N. D. 1, 37, 104; Hor. S. 2, 2, 132: ad postremum, at last, finally, ultimately:

sed ad postremum nihil apparet,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 23; Sall. Fragm. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 17; Liv. 38, 16; Hirt. B. G. 8, 43: postremum, for the last time:

si id facis, hodie postremum me vides, Ter And. 2, 1, 22: in quo (vestigio) ille postremum institisset,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 6: postremum, at last:

postremum mel et acetum superfundes,

Pall. 12, 22.—

Trop., the last, lowest, basest, meanest, worst (class.):

postremum genus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 22: ut homines postremi pecuniis alienis locupletarentur, id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

servitus postremum malorum omnium,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.—Hence, ante- and post-class., a new comp. postremior, and sup. postremissimus:

ut possit videri nullum animal in terris homine postremius,

App. de Deo Socr. p. 43 fin.: omnium nationum postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12, 3:

cum adulescentulis postremissimis,

App. Mag. p. 336.—

po-stŭmus (acc. to an erroneous derivation, from post - humus, sometimes also post-humus), a, um, the last, said esp. of the youngest children, or of those born after the father's death, or after he had made his will, late-born, posthumous:

Silvius... tua postuma proles, Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux Educet silvis,

late-born son, Verg. A. 6, 763; cf. with this passage: postuma proles non eum significat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus est, sicuti Silvius, qui Aeneā jam sene, tardo seroque partu est editus, Caesellius Vindex ap. Gell. 2, 16, 5.—On the other hand:

is, qui post patris mortem natus est, dicitur postumus,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.; and:

postumus cognominatur post patris mortem natus,

Fest. p. 238 Müll.; Plaut. ap. Fest. l. l.—As subst.: postŭmus, i, m., a posthumous child:

non minus postumis quam jam natis testamento tutores dari posse,

Gai. Inst. 1, 147:

si quis postumis dederit tutores, hique vivo eo nascantur, an datio valeat?

Dig. 26, 2, 16 fin.:

postuma spes,

the last, App. M. 4, p. 144, 26:

suscipit doctrinam seram plane et postumam,

id. Mag. p. 297, 23:

cena quam postumā diligentiā praeparaverat,

with extreme care, id. M. 6, p. 186, 25.—

Subst.: postŭmum, i, n., that which is last, the end, extremity:

de postumo corporis,

Tert. adv. Gnost. 1.

postĕrus or poster (not in use in nom. sing. masc.), a, um, adj.—Comp: posterior, us.— Sup.: postremus or postumus, a, um [post], coming after, following, next, ensuing, future.

Posit.:

cum ibi diem posterum commoraretur,

Cic. Clu. 13, 37:

in posterum diem distulit,

id. Deiot. 7, 21:

postero die mane,

id. Verr 2, 2, 17, § 41:

postero die, Sall J. 75, 9: posterā nocte,

Nep. Eum. 9, 4:

postero anno, Cic. Fragm. pro C. Cornel.: postera aetas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 42:

lux,

id. S. 1, 5, 39:

posterā Crescam laude,

in the esteem of posterity, id. C. 3, 30, 7:

posteri dies,

unlucky, Non. 73, 32.— Hence,

Subst.: postĕri, ōrum, m., coming generations, descendants, posterity:

expetantur eae poenae a liberis, a nepotibus, a posteris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 38, 90:

posterūm gloria,

Tac. A. 3, 72:

postero, for postero die,

on the following day, next day, id. ib. 4, 45; cf.:

quam minimum credula postero,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 8: in posterum, for in posterum diem, to the following day, till the next day:

in posterum oppugnationem differt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11.—More freq.: in posterum (sc. tempus), in the future, for the future:

in posterum confirmat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3:

multum in posterum providerunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6; id. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

longe in posterum prospicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1.—

Trop., inferior (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 4, § 333.—

Comp.: postĕ-rĭor, postĕrĭus.

Lit., that comes or follows after, next in order, time, or place, latter, later, posterior (class.; strictly only when two objects or classes are contrasted in place or time;

opp.: prior, superior): ut cum priore (dicto) necessario posterius cohaerere videntur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

nec acumine posteriorum (oratorum), nec fulmine utens superiorum,

id. Or. 6, 21:

ea pertinere ad superiorem divisionem: contra posteriorem nihil dici oportere,

id. Ac. 2, 31, 99; 2, 30, 96; id. Off. 1, 20, 67:

posteriores pedes (opp.: pedes priores),

the hind feet, Plin. 11, 45, 101, § 248; cf.:

genua,

id. 11, 45, 102, § 249:

pars prior apparet, posteriora latent,

Ov. F. 4, 718:

posteriores cogitationes,

afterthoughts, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5:

paria esse debent posteriora superioribus,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

Thucy dides paulo aetate posterior,

id. Brut. 11, 48:

quod prius ordine verbum est, Posterius facias,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 59.—Sometimes added to other words of contrast:

alii... alii... tamen hi quoque posteriores, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 70:

cujus est ratio duplex... facilior est haec posterior... sed illa lautior,

id. Off. 2, 15, 52; cf. superior.—

Subst.

postĕ-rĭōres, um, m., for posteri, posterity (postclass.):

quemadmodum omnes cognati supra tritavum, generali appellatione majores vocantur, ita post trinepotem posteriores,

Dig. 38, 10, 10.—

postĕrĭōra, um, n., the posteriors (post-class.), Lampr Elag. 5. — Adv.: postĕrĭus, later, afterwards (class.):

posterius dicere,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 76:

posterius istuc dicis quam credo tibi,

i. e. I believe you before you speak, id. As. 1, 1, 48:

jubet posterius ad se reverti,

Cic. Verr 2, 4, 29, § 66:

Thucydides si posterius fuisset,

had he lived at a later period, id. Brut. 83, 288.—

Trop., inferior, of less account or value, worse (class.):

quorum utrique semper patriae salus et dignitas posterior suā dominatione et domesticis commodis fuit,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 4; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

suam salutem posteriorem communi salute ducere,

id. Rab. Perd. 1, 3:

nihil posterius, nihil nequius,

id. Pis. 27, 66 (al. protervius):

omnes res posteriores pono atque operam do tibi,

I lay every thing aside, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 7: non posteriores feram, I will not play the meanest part, I shall not be behindhand, Ter Ad. 5, 4, 26; cf.:

cujus sic fortuna cum improbitate certavit, ut nemo posset utrum posterior an infelicior esset judicare,

Cic. Prov Cons. 4, 8 fin. —

Sup, in two forms, postrēmus and postŭmus, a, um.

postrēmus, a, um, the hindmost, the last (class.):

alia prima ponet, alia postrema,

last, Cic. Or 15, 50:

acies,

the rear, Sall. J. 101, 5:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis adesse,

now in the front, now in the rear, id. ib. 45, 2: postremā in comoediā, at the end of the piece, Plaut. Cist. fin.:

in postremo libro,

at the close of the book, Just. 43, 5:

mense postremo,

Pall. 7, 2:

munus, i. e. exsequiae,

the last honors, Cat. 101, 3:

nec postrema cura,

not the last, least, Verg. G. 3, 404; cf.:

non in postremis, i. e. in primis,

especially, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 17.— postrēmō, adv., at last, finally (class.), Caes. B. G. 7, 1:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

primum... deinde... postremo: denique... postremo,

id. N. D. 1, 37, 104; Hor. S. 2, 2, 132: ad postremum, at last, finally, ultimately:

sed ad postremum nihil apparet,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 23; Sall. Fragm. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 17; Liv. 38, 16; Hirt. B. G. 8, 43: postremum, for the last time:

si id facis, hodie postremum me vides, Ter And. 2, 1, 22: in quo (vestigio) ille postremum institisset,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 6: postremum, at last:

postremum mel et acetum superfundes,

Pall. 12, 22.—

Trop., the last, lowest, basest, meanest, worst (class.):

postremum genus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 22: ut homines postremi pecuniis alienis locupletarentur, id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

servitus postremum malorum omnium,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.—Hence, ante- and post-class., a new comp. postremior, and sup. postremissimus:

ut possit videri nullum animal in terris homine postremius,

App. de Deo Socr. p. 43 fin.: omnium nationum postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12, 3:

cum adulescentulis postremissimis,

App. Mag. p. 336.—

po-stŭmus (acc. to an erroneous derivation, from post - humus, sometimes also post-humus), a, um, the last, said esp. of the youngest children, or of those born after the father's death, or after he had made his will, late-born, posthumous:

Silvius... tua postuma proles, Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux Educet silvis,

late-born son, Verg. A. 6, 763; cf. with this passage: postuma proles non eum significat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus est, sicuti Silvius, qui Aeneā jam sene, tardo seroque partu est editus, Caesellius Vindex ap. Gell. 2, 16, 5.—On the other hand:

is, qui post patris mortem natus est, dicitur postumus,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.; and:

postumus cognominatur post patris mortem natus,

Fest. p. 238 Müll.; Plaut. ap. Fest. l. l.—As subst.: postŭmus, i, m., a posthumous child:

non minus postumis quam jam natis testamento tutores dari posse,

Gai. Inst. 1, 147:

si quis postumis dederit tutores, hique vivo eo nascantur, an datio valeat?

Dig. 26, 2, 16 fin.:

postuma spes,

the last, App. M. 4, p. 144, 26:

suscipit doctrinam seram plane et postumam,

id. Mag. p. 297, 23:

cena quam postumā diligentiā praeparaverat,

with extreme care, id. M. 6, p. 186, 25.—

Subst.: postŭmum, i, n., that which is last, the end, extremity:

de postumo corporis,

Tert. adv. Gnost. 1.

postĕrus or poster (not in use in nom. sing. masc.), a, um, adj.—Comp: posterior, us.— Sup.: postremus or postumus, a, um [post], coming after, following, next, ensuing, future.

Posit.:

cum ibi diem posterum commoraretur,

Cic. Clu. 13, 37:

in posterum diem distulit,

id. Deiot. 7, 21:

postero die mane,

id. Verr 2, 2, 17, § 41:

postero die, Sall J. 75, 9: posterā nocte,

Nep. Eum. 9, 4:

postero anno, Cic. Fragm. pro C. Cornel.: postera aetas,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 42:

lux,

id. S. 1, 5, 39:

posterā Crescam laude,

in the esteem of posterity, id. C. 3, 30, 7:

posteri dies,

unlucky, Non. 73, 32.— Hence,

Subst.: postĕri, ōrum, m., coming generations, descendants, posterity:

expetantur eae poenae a liberis, a nepotibus, a posteris,

Cic. N. D. 3, 38, 90:

posterūm gloria,

Tac. A. 3, 72:

postero, for postero die,

on the following day, next day, id. ib. 4, 45; cf.:

quam minimum credula postero,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 8: in posterum, for in posterum diem, to the following day, till the next day:

in posterum oppugnationem differt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11.—More freq.: in posterum (sc. tempus), in the future, for the future:

in posterum confirmat,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3:

multum in posterum providerunt,

Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6; id. Fam. 1, 9, 2:

longe in posterum prospicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 1.—

Trop., inferior (post-class.), Mart. Cap. 4, § 333.—

Comp.: postĕ-rĭor, postĕrĭus.

Lit., that comes or follows after, next in order, time, or place, latter, later, posterior (class.; strictly only when two objects or classes are contrasted in place or time;

opp.: prior, superior): ut cum priore (dicto) necessario posterius cohaerere videntur,

Cic. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

nec acumine posteriorum (oratorum), nec fulmine utens superiorum,

id. Or. 6, 21:

ea pertinere ad superiorem divisionem: contra posteriorem nihil dici oportere,

id. Ac. 2, 31, 99; 2, 30, 96; id. Off. 1, 20, 67:

posteriores pedes (opp.: pedes priores),

the hind feet, Plin. 11, 45, 101, § 248; cf.:

genua,

id. 11, 45, 102, § 249:

pars prior apparet, posteriora latent,

Ov. F. 4, 718:

posteriores cogitationes,

afterthoughts, Cic. Phil. 12, 2, 5:

paria esse debent posteriora superioribus,

id. de Or. 3, 48, 186:

Thucy dides paulo aetate posterior,

id. Brut. 11, 48:

quod prius ordine verbum est, Posterius facias,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 59.—Sometimes added to other words of contrast:

alii... alii... tamen hi quoque posteriores, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 3, 21, 70:

cujus est ratio duplex... facilior est haec posterior... sed illa lautior,

id. Off. 2, 15, 52; cf. superior.—

Subst.

postĕ-rĭōres, um, m., for posteri, posterity (postclass.):

quemadmodum omnes cognati supra tritavum, generali appellatione majores vocantur, ita post trinepotem posteriores,

Dig. 38, 10, 10.—

postĕrĭōra, um, n., the posteriors (post-class.), Lampr Elag. 5. — Adv.: postĕrĭus, later, afterwards (class.):

posterius dicere,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 76:

posterius istuc dicis quam credo tibi,

i. e. I believe you before you speak, id. As. 1, 1, 48:

jubet posterius ad se reverti,

Cic. Verr 2, 4, 29, § 66:

Thucydides si posterius fuisset,

had he lived at a later period, id. Brut. 83, 288.—

Trop., inferior, of less account or value, worse (class.):

quorum utrique semper patriae salus et dignitas posterior suā dominatione et domesticis commodis fuit,

Cic. Att. 10, 4, 4; id. Phil. 13, 3, 6:

suam salutem posteriorem communi salute ducere,

id. Rab. Perd. 1, 3:

nihil posterius, nihil nequius,

id. Pis. 27, 66 (al. protervius):

omnes res posteriores pono atque operam do tibi,

I lay every thing aside, Plaut. Mil. 4, 1, 7: non posteriores feram, I will not play the meanest part, I shall not be behindhand, Ter Ad. 5, 4, 26; cf.:

cujus sic fortuna cum improbitate certavit, ut nemo posset utrum posterior an infelicior esset judicare,

Cic. Prov Cons. 4, 8 fin. —

Sup, in two forms, postrēmus and postŭmus, a, um.

postrēmus, a, um, the hindmost, the last (class.):

alia prima ponet, alia postrema,

last, Cic. Or 15, 50:

acies,

the rear, Sall. J. 101, 5:

in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis adesse,

now in the front, now in the rear, id. ib. 45, 2: postremā in comoediā, at the end of the piece, Plaut. Cist. fin.:

in postremo libro,

at the close of the book, Just. 43, 5:

mense postremo,

Pall. 7, 2:

munus, i. e. exsequiae,

the last honors, Cat. 101, 3:

nec postrema cura,

not the last, least, Verg. G. 3, 404; cf.:

non in postremis, i. e. in primis,

especially, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 17.— postrēmō, adv., at last, finally (class.), Caes. B. G. 7, 1:

omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vectigalia vestra venierint,

Cic. Agr. 2, 23, 62:

primum... deinde... postremo: denique... postremo,

id. N. D. 1, 37, 104; Hor. S. 2, 2, 132: ad postremum, at last, finally, ultimately:

sed ad postremum nihil apparet,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 23; Sall. Fragm. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 3, 17; Liv. 38, 16; Hirt. B. G. 8, 43: postremum, for the last time:

si id facis, hodie postremum me vides, Ter And. 2, 1, 22: in quo (vestigio) ille postremum institisset,

Cic. de Or. 3, 2, 6: postremum, at last:

postremum mel et acetum superfundes,

Pall. 12, 22.—

Trop., the last, lowest, basest, meanest, worst (class.):

postremum genus,

Cic. Cat. 2, 10, 22: ut homines postremi pecuniis alienis locupletarentur, id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

servitus postremum malorum omnium,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 113.—Hence, ante- and post-class., a new comp. postremior, and sup. postremissimus:

ut possit videri nullum animal in terris homine postremius,

App. de Deo Socr. p. 43 fin.: omnium nationum postremissimum nequissimumque existimatote, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 15, 12, 3:

cum adulescentulis postremissimis,

App. Mag. p. 336.—

po-stŭmus (acc. to an erroneous derivation, from post - humus, sometimes also post-humus), a, um, the last, said esp. of the youngest children, or of those born after the father's death, or after he had made his will, late-born, posthumous:

Silvius... tua postuma proles, Quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjux Educet silvis,

late-born son, Verg. A. 6, 763; cf. with this passage: postuma proles non eum significat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus est, sicuti Silvius, qui Aeneā jam sene, tardo seroque partu est editus, Caesellius Vindex ap. Gell. 2, 16, 5.—On the other hand:

is, qui post patris mortem natus est, dicitur postumus,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.; and:

postumus cognominatur post patris mortem natus,

Fest. p. 238 Müll.; Plaut. ap. Fest. l. l.—As subst.: postŭmus, i, m., a posthumous child:

non minus postumis quam jam natis testamento tutores dari posse,

Gai. Inst. 1, 147:

si quis postumis dederit tutores, hique vivo eo nascantur, an datio valeat?

Dig. 26, 2, 16 fin.:

postuma spes,

the last, App. M. 4, p. 144, 26:

suscipit doctrinam seram plane et postumam,

id. Mag. p. 297, 23:

cena quam postumā diligentiā praeparaverat,

with extreme care, id. M. 6, p. 186, 25.—

Subst.: postŭmum, i, n., that which is last, the end, extremity:

de postumo corporis,

Tert. adv. Gnost. 1.

ālĕa, ae, f. [of uncer. origin; Curtius asserts an obscure connection with the words for bone; Sanscr. asthi; Zend, açti; Gr. osteon; Lat. os (ossis)].

A game with dice, and in gen., a game of hazard or chance. There were among the Romans two kinds of dice, tesserae and tali, Cic. Sen. 16, 58. The tesserae had six sides, which were marked with I. II. III. IV. V. VI.; the tali were rounded on two sides, and marked only on the other four. Upon one side there was one point, unio, an ace, like the ace on cards, called canis; on the opp. side, six points called senio, six, sice; on the two other sides, three and four points, ternio and quaternio. In playing, four tali were used, but only three tesserae. They were put into a box made in the form of a tower, with a strait neck, and wider below than above, called fritillus, turris, turricula, etc. This box was shaken, and the dice were thrown upon the gaming-board. The highest or most fortunate throw, called Venus, jactus Venereus or basilicus, was, of the tesserae, three sixes, and of the tali when they all came out with different numbers. The worst or lowest throw, called jactus pessimus or damnosus, canis or canicula, was, of the tesserae, three aces, and of the tali when they were all the same. The other throws were valued acc. to the numbers. When one of the tali fell upon the end (in caput) it was said rectus cadere, or assistere, Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 54, and the throw was repeated. While throwing the dice, it was customary for a person to express his wishes, to repeat the name of his mistress, and the like. Games of chance were prohibited by the Lex Titia et Publicia et Cornelia (cf. Hor. C. 3, 24, 58), except in the month of December, during the Saturnalia, Mart. 4, 14, 7; 5, 85; 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71; Dig. 11, 5. The character of gamesters, aleatores or aleones, was held as infamous in the time of Cicero, cf. Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 10; id. Phil. 2, 23, although there was much playing with aleae, and old men were esp. fond of this game, because it required little physical exertion, Cic. Sen. 16, 58; Suet. Aug. 71; Juv. 14, 4; cf.

Jahn,

Ov. Tr. 2, 471; Rupert. ad Tac. G. 24, 5:

provocat me in aleam, ut ego ludam,

Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 75.—Ludere aleā or aleam, also sometimes in aleā:

in foro aleā ludere,

Cic. Phil. 2, 23, 56; Dig. 11, 5, 1: ludit assidue aleam, Poët. ap. Suet. Aug. 70:

aleam studiosissime lusit,

Suet. Claud. 33; so id. Ner. 30; Juv. 8, 10:

repetitio ejus, quod in aleā lusum est,

Dig. 11, 5, 4.—Hence, in aleā aliquid perdere, Cic. Phil. 2, 13:

exercere aleam,

Tac. G. 24:

indulgere aleae,

Suet. Aug. 70:

oblectare se aleā,

id. Dom. 21:

prosperiore aleā uti,

to play fortunately, id. Calig. 41.— Trop.: Jacta alea esto, Let the die be cast! Let the game be ventured! the memorable exclamation of Cæsar when, at the Rubicon, after long hesitation, he finally decided to march to Rome, Suet. Caes. 32, ubi v. Casaub. and Ruhnk.—

Transf., any thing uncertain or contingent, an accident, chance, hazard, venture, risk:

alea domini vitae ac rei familiaris,

Varr. R. R. 1, 4:

sequentes non aleam, sed rationem aliquam,

id. ib. 1, 18:

aleam inesse hostiis deligendis,

Cic. Div. 2, 15:

dare summam rerum in aleam,

to risk, Liv. 42, 59:

in dubiam imperii servitiique aleam ire,

fortune, chance, id. 1, 23:

alea belli,

id. 37, 36:

talibus admissis alea grandis inest,

Ov. A. A. 1, 376:

periculosae plenum opus aleae,

Hor. C. 2, 1, 6: M. Tullius extra omnem ingenii aleam positus, raised above all doubt of his talents, Plin. praef. § 7: emere aleam, in the Pandects, to purchase any thing uncertain, contingent, e. g. a draught of fishes, Dig. 18, 1, 8; so ib. 18, 4, 7.

ĕo, īvi or ii (īt, Verg. A. 9, 418 al.; cf.

Lachm. ad Lucr. vol. 2, p. 206 sq.: isse, issem, etc., for ivisse, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 25; Cic. Rosc. Am. 23, 64; id. Phil. 14, 1, 1; Ov. M. 7, 350 et saep.: isti, Turp. ap. Non. 4, 242:

istis,

Luc. 7, 834, etc., v. Neue Formenl. 2, 515), īre ( inf. pass. irier, Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 16), ĭtum, v. n. [root i-, Sanscr. ēmi, go; Gr. eimi; causat. hiêmi = jacio, Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 403], to go (of every kind of motion of animate or inanimate things), to walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass, etc. (very freq. in all periods and sorts of writing).

Lit.

In gen.:

eo ad forum,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 95:

i domum,

id. ib. 5, 2, 71 sq.:

nos priores ibimus,

id. Poen. 3, 2, 34:

i in crucem,

go and be hanged! id. As. 5, 2, 91; cf.:

i in malam crucem,

id. Cas. 3, 5, 17; id. Ps. 3, 2, 57; 4, 7, 86:

i in malam rem hinc,

Ter. Ph. 5, 7, 37:

iens in Pompeianum,

Cic. Att. 4, 9 fin.:

subsidio suis ierunt,

Caes. B. G. 7, 62, 8:

quom it dormitum,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23; id Most. 3, 2, 4; 16; Hor. S. 1, 6, 119 et saep, cf.:

dormitum, lusum,

id. ib. 1, 5, 48:

cubitum,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 27; 5, 4, 8; id. Ps. 3, 2, 57; Cic. Rosc. Am. 23; id. Div. 2, 59, 122 et saep.— Poet. with the acc. of the terminus:

ibis Cecropios portus,

Ov. H. 10, 125 Loers.:

Sardoos recessus,

Sil. 12, 368; cf.:

hinc Afros,

Verg. E. 1, 65.—With a cognate acc.:

ire vias,

Prop. 1, 1, 17:

exsequias,

Ter. Ph. 5, 8, 37:

pompam funeris,

Ov. F. 6, 663 et saep.:

non explorantur eundae vitandaeque viae,

Claud. in Eutrop. 2, 419:

animae ad lumen iturae,

Verg. A. 6, 680:

ego ire in Piraeum volo,

Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 63; cf.:

visere ad aliquam,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 114; id. Phorm. 1, 2, 52:

videre,

Prop. 1, 1, 12:

ire pedibus,

on foot, Liv. 28, 17:

equis,

id. 1, 15:

curru,

id. 28, 9; Ov. H. 1, 46; cf.:

in equis,

id. A. A. 1, 214:

in raeda,

Mart. 3, 47:

super equos,

Just. 41, 3;

and with equis to be supplied,

Verg. A. 5, 554:

puppibus,

Ov. H. 19, 180; cf.:

cum classe Pisas,

Liv. 41, 17 et saep.:

concedere quo poterunt undae, cum pisces ire nequibunt?

Lucr. 1, 380.—

Of things:

alvus non it,

Cato R. R. 157, 7; so,

sanguis naribus,

Lucr. 6, 1203:

Euphrates jam mollior undis,

Verg. A. 8, 726:

sudor per artus,

id. ib. 2, 174:

fucus in artus,

Lucr. 2, 683:

telum (with volare),

id. 1, 971:

trabes,

i. e. to give way, sink, id. 6, 564 et saep.:

in semen ire (asparagum),

to go to seed, Cato, R. R. 161, 3; so Plin. 18, 17, 45, § 159; cf.:

in corpus (juvenes),

Quint. 2, 10, 5:

sanguis it in sucos,

turns into, Ov. M. 10, 493.—

In partic.

To go or proceed against with hostile intent, to march against:

quos fugere credebant, infestis signis ad se ire viderunt,

Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 6:

ad hostem,

Liv. 42, 49:

contra hostem,

Caes. B. G. 7, 67, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 31 fin.:

adversus hostem,

Liv. 42, 49:

in hostem,

id. 2, 6; Verg. A. 9, 424 et saep.; cf.:

in Capitolium,

to go against, to attack, Liv. 3, 17.—

Pregn., to pass away, disappear (very rare):

saepe hominem paulatim cernimus ire,

Lucr. 3, 526; cf. ib. 530; 594.

Trop.

In gen., to go, pass, proceed, move, advance:

ire in opus alienum,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 6:

in dubiam imperii servitiique aleam,

Liv. 1, 23 fin.:

in alteram causam praeceps ierat,

id. 2, 27:

in rixam,

Quint. 6, 4, 13:

in lacrimas,

Verg. A. 4, 413; Stat. Th. 11, 193:

in poenas,

Ov. M. 5, 668 et saep.:

ire per singula,

Quint. 6, 1, 12; cf. id. 4, 2, 32; 7, 1, 64; 10, 5, 21:

ad quem (modum) non per gradus itur,

id. 8, 4, 7 et saep.:

dicite qua sit eundum,

Ov. Tr. 3, 1, 19:

ire infitias, v. infitiae: Latina debent cito pariter ire,

Quint. 1, 1, 14:

aliae contradictiones eunt interim longius,

id. 5, 13, 54: in eosdem semper pedes ire (compositio), [p. 649] id. 9, 4, 142:

cum per omnes et personas et affectus eat (comoedia),

id. 1, 8, 7; cf. id. 1, 2, 13; Juv. 1, 142:

Phrygiae per oppida facti Rumor it,

Ov. M. 6, 146:

it clamor caelo,

Verg. A. 5, 451:

factoque in secula ituro, Laetantur tribuisse locum,

to go down to posterity, Sil. 12, 312; cf.

with a subject-sentence: ibit in saecula, fuisse principem, cui, etc.,

Plin. Pan. 55.—

In partic.

Pub. law t. t.

Pedibus ire, or simply ire in aliquam sententiam, in voting, to go over or accede to any opinion (opp. discedere, v. h. v. II. B. 2. b.):

cum omnes in sententiam ejus pedibus irent,

Liv. 9, 8, 13:

pars major eorum qui aderant in eandem sententiam ibat,

id. 1, 32 fin.; 34, 43; 42, 3 fin.—Pass. impers.:

in quam sententiam cum pedibus iretur,

Liv. 5, 9, 2:

ibatur in eam sententiam,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1 fin.:

itum in sententiam,

Tac. A. 3, 23; 12, 48.—And opp. to the above,

Ire in alia omnia, to vote against a bill, v. alius, II.—

Mercant. t. t. for vēneo, to go for, be sold at a certain price, Plin. 18, 23, 53, § 194:

tot Pontus eat, tot Lydia nummis,

Claud. Eutr. 1, 203.—

Pregn., of time, to pass by, pass away:

it dies,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 12; Hor. C. 2, 14, 5; 4, 5, 7:

anni,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 55; cf.:

anni more fluentis aquae,

Ov. A. A. 3, 62.—

With the accessory notion of result, to go, proceed, turn out, happen:

incipit res melius ire quam putaram,

Cic. Att. 14, 15; cf. Tac. A. 12, 68:

prorsus ibat res,

Cic. Att. 14, 20 fin.; Curt. 8, 5:

postquam omnia fatis Caesaris ire videt,

Luc. 4, 144.—Hence the wish: sic eat, so may he fare:

sic eat quaecunque Romana lugebit hostem,

Liv. 1, 26; Luc. 5, 297 Cort.; 2, 304; Claud. in Eutr. 2, 155. —

Constr. with a supine, like the Gr. mellein, to go or set about, to prepare, to wish, to be about to do any thing:

si opulentus it petitum pauperioris gratiam, etc.,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 69; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 36: quod uti prohibitum irem, quod in me esset, meo labori non parsi, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. PARSI, p. 242 Müll.; so,

perditum gentem universam,

Liv. 32, 22:

ultum injurias, scelera,

id. 2, 6; Quint. 11, 1, 42:

servitum Grais matribus,

Verg. A. 2, 786 et saep.:

bonorum praemia ereptum eunt,

Sall. J. 85, 42.—Hence the construction of the inf. pass. iri with the supine, in place of an inf. fut. pass.:

mihi omne argentum redditum iri,

Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 5:

mihi istaec videtur praeda praedatum irier,

id. Rud. 4, 7, 16 et saep.— Poet. also with inf.:

seu pontum carpere remis Ibis,

Prop. 1, 6, 34:

attollere facta regum,

Stat. S. 5, 3, 11:

fateri,

id. Th. 3, 61 al. —

Imp. i, eas, eat, etc., since the Aug. period more freq. a mocking or indignant expression, go then, go now:

i nunc et cupidi nomen amantis habe,

Ov. H. 3, 26; so,

i nunc,

id. ib. 4, 127; 9, 105; 17, 57; id. Am. 1, 7, 35; Prop. 2, 29, 22 (3, 27, 22 M.); Verg. A. 7, 425; Juv. 6, 306 al.:

i, sequere Italiam ventis,

Verg. A. 4, 381; so,

i,

id. ib. 9, 634:

fremunt omnibus locis: Irent, crearent consules ex plebe,

Liv. 7, 6 fin.

ĕō, adv. [old dat. and abl. form of pron. stem i; cf. is].

In locat. and abl. uses,

Of place=in eo loco, there, in that place (rare):

quid (facturus est) cum tu eo quinque legiones haberes?

Cic. Ep. ad Brut. 1, 2, 1:

quo loco... ibi... eoque,

Cels. 8, 9, 1:

eo loci,

Tac. A. 15, 74; Plin. 11, 37, 50, § 136; so trop.: eo loci, in that condition:

res erat eo jam loci, ut, etc.,

Cic. Sest. 13, 68; Tac. A. 14, 61; Dig. 5, 1, 52, § 3.—

Of cause=eā re.

Referring to a cause or reason before given, therefore, on that account, for that reason:

is nunc dicitur venturus peregre: eo nunc commenta est dolum,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 66; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 41:

dederam litteras ad te: eo nunc ero brevior,

Cic. Fam. 6, 20, 1; Sall. C. 21, 3; Liv. 8, 8, 8; Tac. H. 2, 65; Nep. Pelop. 1, 3; id. Milt. 2, 3 et saep.—So with conjunctions, eoque, et eo, eo quoque, in adding any thing as a consequence of what precedes, and for that reason:

absolute pares, et eo quoque innumerabiles,

Cic. Ac. 2, 17, 55:

impeditius eoque hostibus incautum,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

per gentes integras et eo feroces,

Vell. 2, 115, 2; Quint. 4, 1, 42 al. —

Referring to a foll. clause, giving

a cause or reason, with quia, quoniam, quod, etc.; so with quia:

eo fit, quia mihi plurimum credo,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 124; id. Capt. 1, 1, 2:

nunc eo videtur foedus, quia, etc.,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 17; 3, 1, 25:

quia scripseras, eo te censebam, etc.,

Cic. Att. 10, 17, 4; Sall. C. 20, 3; Tac. Agr. 22.—With quoniam:

haec eo notavi, quoniam, etc.,

Gell. 7, 13.—With quod:

quod... non potueritis, eo vobis potestas erepta sit,

Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22; Nep. Eum. 11, 5; Liv. 9, 2, 4; Caes. B. G. 1, 23; so,

neque eo... quod,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 43; Varr. R. R. 1, 5.—

A purpose, motive or reason, with quo, ut, ne; and after negatives, with quo, quin, and subj. —So with quo:

eo scripsi, quo plus auctoritatis haberem,

Cic. Att. 8, 9, 1; Sall. C. 22, 2; so,

non eo... quo,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 16:

neque eo... quo,

Cic. Att. 3, 15, 4; id. Rosc. Am. 18, 51.—With ut:

haec eo scripsi, ut intellegeres,

Cic. Fam. 13, 69, 2; id. de Or. 3, 49, 187; Lact. 4, 5, 9.—With ne: Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 63; Ter. Ph. 5, 1, 17:

quod ego non eo vereor, ne mihi noceat,

Cic. Att. 9, 2; id. Rab. Perd. 3, 9.—With quin:

non eo haec dico, quin quae tu vis ego velim,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 60; id. As. 5, 1, 16. —

Of measure or degree—with words of comparison, so much, by so much —followed by quo (= tanto... quanto):

quae eo fructuosiores fiunt, quo calidior terra aratur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 32, 1:

eo gravior est dolor, quo culpa major,

Cic. Att. 11, 11, 2; id. Fam. 2, 19, 1; so with quantum:

quantum juniores patrum plebi se magis insinuabant, eo acrius contra tribuni tendebant, etc.,

Liv. 3, 15, 2; id. 44, 7, 6:

quanto longius abscederent, eo, etc.,

id. 30, 30, 23. —Esp. freq. the formulae, eo magis, eo minus, so much the worse ( the less), followed by quo, quod, quoniam, si, ut, ne:

eo magis, quo tanta penuria est in omni honoris gradu,

Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 7:

eo minus veritus navibus, quod in littore molli, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 9; Cic. Off. 3, 22, 88; id. Att. 15, 9 fin.:

eo magis, quoniam, etc., Cels. praef. p. 14, 12 Müll.: nihil admirabilius fieri potest, eoque magis, si ea sunt in adulescente,

Cic. Off. 2, 14, 48; id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94:

eo diligentius ut ne parvula quidem titubatione impediremur,

Auct. Her. 2, 8, 12; Cic. Rab. Perd. 3, 9:

ego illa extuli et eo quidem magis, ne quid ille superiorum meminisse me putaret,

id. Att. 9, 13, 3.—

In this combination eo often expresses also the idea of cause (cf. B. 1. supra): hoc probis pretiumst. Eo mihi magis lubet cum probis potius quam cum improbis vivere,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 37: solliciti tamen et anxii sunt;

eoque magis, quod se ipsi continent et coercent,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 33, 70;

and some passages may be classed under either head: dederam triduo ante litteras ad te. Eo nunc ero brevior,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1; id. Inv 1, 4, 5; id. Off. 2, 13, 45; id. Fam. 9, 16, 9; Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 8.

In dat. uses.

With the idea of motion, to that place, thither (=in eum locum):

eo se recipere coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 5:

uti eo cum introeas, circumspicias, uti inde exire possit,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

eo tela conicere, Auct. B. Afr. 72: eo respicere,

Sall. J. 35, 10; so,

followed by quo, ubi, unde: non potuit melius pervenirier eo, quo nos volumus,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 35:

venio nunc eo, quo me fides ducit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 83:

ibit eo quo vis, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 40:

(venit) eo, ubi non modo res erat, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 11; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 21; Vell. 2, 108, 2:

eo, unde discedere non oportuit, revertamur,

Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3; Liv. 6, 35, 2; Sall. C. 60, 2;

so (late Lat.) with loci: perducendum eo loci, ubi actum sit,

Dig. 10, 4, 11, § 1; ib. 47, 2, 3, § 2.—

Transf.

With the idea of addition, thereto, in addition to that, besides:

accessit eo, ut milites ejus, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 10, 21, 4:

accedit eo, quod, etc.,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1.—

With the idea of tendency, to that end, with that purpose, to this result:

hoc autem eo spectabat, ut eam a Philippo corruptam diceret,

Cic. Div. 2, 57, 118:

haec eo pertinet oratio, ut ipsa virtus se sustentare posse videretur,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 12:

hoc eo valebat, ut, etc.,

Nep. Them. 4, 4.—

With the idea of degree or extent, to that degree or extent, so far, to such a point:

eo scientiae progredi,

Quint. 2, 1, 6:

postquam res publica eo magnificentiae venerit, gliscere singulos,

Tac. A. 2, 33; id. H. 1, 16; id. Agr. 28:

eo magnitudinis procedere,

Sall. J. 1, 5; 5, 2; 14, 3:

ubi jam eo consuetudinis adducta res est, ut, etc.,

Liv. 25, 8, 11; 28, 27, 12; 32, 18, 8 al.; Just. 3, 5:

eo insolentiae processit,

Plin. Pan. 16:

eo rerum ventum erat, ut, etc.,

Curt. 5, 12, 3; 7, 1, 35.— With gen., Val. Max. 3, 7, 1 al.; Flor. 1, 24, 2; 2, 18, 12; Suet. Caes. 77; Plin. Pan. 16, 5; Sen. Q. N. 4 praef. §

9: eo rem jam adducam, ut nihil divinationis opus sit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 96:

res eo est deducta, ut, etc.,

id. Att. 2, 18, 2; Hor. C. 2, 1, 226; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 18.—

Of time, up to the time, until, so long, usually with usque, and followed by dum, donec:

usque eo premere capita, dum illae captum amitterent,

Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 124; Liv. 23, 19, 14; Tac. A. 4, 18:

eo usque flagitatus est, donec ad exitium dederetur,

id. ib. 1, 32; Quint. 11, 3, 53:

eo usque vivere, donec, etc.,

Liv. 40, 8; cf. Col. 4, 24, 20; 4, 30, 4.—Rarely by quamdiu:

eo usque, quamdiu ad fines barbaricos veniretur,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 45.

in (old forms endŏ and indŭ, freq. in ante-class. poets; cf. Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4; id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; Lucil. ap. Lact. 5, 9, 20; Lucr. 2, 1096; 5, 102; 6, 890 et saep.), prep. with abl. and acc. [kindr. with Sanscr. an; Greek en, en-tha, en-then, eis, i. e. en-s, ana; Goth. ana; Germ. in], denotes either rest or motion within or into a place or thing; opp. to ex; in, within, on, upon, among, at; into, to, towards.

With abl.

In space.

Lit., in (with abl. of the place or thing in which):

aliorum fructus in terra est, aliorum et extra,

Plin. 19, 4, 22, § 61:

alii in corde, alii in cerebro dixerunt animi esse sedem et locum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19:

eo in rostris sedente suasit Serviliam legem Crassus,

id. Brut. 43, 161:

qui sunt cives in eadem re publica,

id. Rep. 1, 32 fin.:

facillimam in ea re publica esse concordiam, in qua idem conducat omnibus,

id. ib.:

T. Labienus ex loco superiore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 4:

quod si in scaena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 26, 97:

in foro palam Syracusis,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81:

plures in eo loco sine vulnere quam in proelio aut fuga intereunt,

Caes. B. C. 2, 35:

tulit de caede, quae in Appia via facta esset,

Cic. Mil. 6, 15:

in via fornicata,

Liv. 22, 36:

vigebat in illa domo mos patrius et disciplina,

Cic. de Sen. 11, 37:

in domo furtum factum ab eo qui domi fuit,

Quint. 5, 10, 16:

nupta in domo,

Liv. 6, 34, 9:

copias in castris continent,

in, within, Caes. B. C. 1, 66:

cum in angusto quodam pulpito stans diceret,

Quint. 11, 3, 130:

se ac suos in vehiculo conspici,

Liv. 5, 40, 10:

malo in illa tua sedecula sedere, quam in istorum sella curuli,

Cic. Att. 4, 10:

sedere in solio,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 66:

Albae constiterant, in urbe opportuna,

id. Phil. 4, 2, 6. —

Sometimes, also, with names of places: omnes se ultro sectari in Epheso memorat mulieres,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 182:

heri aliquot adolescentuli coiimus in Piraeo,

Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 1:

navis et in Cajeta est parata nobis et Brundisii,

Cic. Att. 8, 3, 6:

complures (naves) in Hispali faciendas curavit,

Caes. B. C. 2, 18:

caesos in Marathone ac Salamine,

Quint. 12, 10, 24:

in Berenice urbe Troglodytarum,

Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183.—

In indicating a multitude or number, of, in, or among which a person or thing is, in, among (= gen. part.):

in his poeta hic nomen profitetur suum,

Ter. Eun. prol. 3:

Thales, qui sapientissimus in septem fuit,

Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 26:

peto ut eum complectare, diligas, in tuis habeas,

id. Fam. 13, 78, 2; cf.:

in perditis et desperatis,

id. ib. 13, 56, 1:

omnia quae secundum naturam fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis,

id. de Sen. 19, 71:

dolor in maximis malis ducitur,

id. Leg. 1, 11, 31:

justissimus unus in Teucris,

Verg. A. 2, 426:

cecidere in pugna ad duo milia... in his quatuor Romani centuriones,

Liv. 27, 12, 16:

in diis et feminae sunt,

Lact. 1, 16, 17.—

Of analogous relations of place or position:

sedere in equo,

on horseback, id. Verr. 2, 5, 10:

quid legati in equis,

id. Pis. 25, 60:

sedere in leone,

Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 109:

in eo flumine pons erat,

on, over, Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

in herboso Apidano,

on the banks of, Prop. 1, 3, 6:

in digitis,

on tiptoe, Val. Fl. 4, 267:

castra in limite locat,

on the rampart, Tac. A. 1, 50:

ipse coronam habebat unam in capite, alteram in collo,

on, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27:

oleae in arbore,

Cels. 2, 24:

Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius,

among, Caes. B. C. 1, 61:

in ceteris nationibus, Cels. praef. 1: qui in Brutiis praeerat,

Liv. 25, 16, 7:

in juvenibus,

Quint. 11, 1, 32:

nutus in mutis pro sermone est,

id. 11, 3, 66.—Of dress, like cum, q. v.:

in veste candida,

Liv. 45, 20, 5; 34, 7, 3:

in calceis,

id. 24, 38, 2:

in insignibus,

id. 5, 41, 2:

in tunicis albis,

Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13:

in Persico et vulgari habitu,

Curt. 3, 3, 4:

in lugubri veste,

id. 10, 5, 17:

in Tyriis,

Ov. A. A. 2, 297:

in Cois,

id. ib. v. 298; cf.:

homines in catenis Romam mittere,

Liv. 29, 21, 12; 32, 1, 8: quis multa te in rosa urget, etc., Hor C. 1, 5, 1; so, in viola aut in rosa, Cic. Tusc. [p. 912] 5, 26, 73.—So of arms:

duas legiones in armis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 3, 395:

in armis hostis,

under arms, Ov. M. 12,65:

quae in ore atque in oculis provinciae gesta sunt (= coram),

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81; so,

in oculis provinciae,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 2:

in oculis omnium,

id. ib. 1, 3, 7:

divitiae, decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt,

Sall. C. 20, 14; Curt. 4, 13, 1; Liv. 22, 12, 6:

Julianus in ore ejus (Vitellii) jugulatur,

Tac. H. 3, 77; Sen. Ben. 7, 19, 7.—Of a passage in any writing (but when the author is named, by meton., for his works, apud is used, Krebs, Antibarb. p. 561):

in populorum institutis aut legibus,

Cic. Leg. 1, 15, 42:

in illis libris qui sunt de natura deorum,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

in Timaeo dicit,

id. N. D. 1, 12, 30:

epistula, in qua omnia perscripta erant,

Nep. Pelop. 3, 2:

perscribit in litteris, hostes ab se discessisse,

Caes. B. G. 5, 49; but in is also used with an author's name when, not a place in his book, but a feature of his style, etc., is referred to:

in Thucydide orbem modo orationis desidero,

Cic. Or. 71, 234:

in Herodoto omnia leniter fluunt,

Quint. 9, 4, 18.—Of books:

libri oratorii diu in manibus fuerunt,

Cic. Att. 4, 13, 2; id. Lael. 25, 96; but more freq. trop.: in manibus habere, tenere, etc., to be engaged, occupied with, to have under control or within reach:

philosophi quamcunque rem habent in manibus,

id. Tusc. 5, 7, 18:

quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, exponam,

id. Verr. 1, 6, 16:

rem habere in manibus,

id. Att. 6, 3, 1; cf.:

neque mihi in manu fuit Jugurtha qualis foret,

in my power, Sall. J. 14, 4:

postquam nihil esse in manu sua respondebatur,

Liv. 32, 24, 2:

quod ipsorum in manu sit,... bellum an pacem malint,

Tac. A. 2, 46; but, cum tantum belli in manibus esset, was in hand, busied (cf.:

inter manus),

Liv. 4, 57, 1; so,

quorum epistulas in manu teneo,

Cic. Phil. 12, 4, 9; cf. id. Att. 2, 2, 2:

in manu poculum tenens,

id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71:

coronati et lauream in manu tenentes,

Liv. 40, 37, 3; Suet. Claud. 15 fin. —Of that which is thought of as existing in the mind, memory, character, etc.:

in animo esse,

Cic. Fam. 14, 11:

in animo habere,

id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:

lex est ratio insita in natura,

id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:

in memoria sedere,

id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:

tacito mutos volvunt in pectore questus,

Luc. 1, 247:

quanta auctoritas fuit in C. Metello!

Cic. de Sen. 17, 61. —So freq. of a person's qualities of mind or character:

erat in eo summa eloquentia, summa fides,

Cic. Mur. 28, 58; cf.:

in omni animante est summum aliquid atque optimum, ut in equis,

id. Fin. 4, 41, 37:

si quid artis in medicis est,

Curt. 3, 5, 13; cf.:

nibil esse in morte timendum,

Lucr. 3, 866.— Esp., in eo loco, in that state or condition:

in eo enim loco res sunt nostrae, ut, etc.,

Liv. 7, 35, 7: si vos in eo loco essetis, quid aliud fecissetis? Cat. ap. Quint. 9, 2, 21; so,

quo in loco, etc.: cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res essent, cognovissent,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26:

videtis, quo in loco res haec siet, Ter Phorm. 2, 4, 6: quod ipse, si in eodem loco esset, facturus fuerit,

Liv. 37, 14, 5.—Hence, without loco, in eo esse ut, etc., to be in such a condition, etc.:

non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut Galliam armis obtineant,

Liv. 30, 19, 3:

cum res non in eo esset, ut Cyprum tentaret,

id. 33, 41, 9; 8, 27, 3; 2, 17, 5; Nep. Mil. 7, 3; id. Paus. 5, 1 (cf. I. C. 1. infra).—

In time, indicating its duration, in, during, in the course of:

feci ego istaec itidem in adulescentia,

in my youth, when I was young, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 6:

in tempore hoc,

Ter. And. 4, 5, 24:

in hoc tempore,

Tac. A. 13, 47:

in tali tempore,

Sall. C. 48, 5; Liv. 22, 35; 24, 28 al.:

in diebus paucis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 77:

in brevi spatio,

id. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Vesp. 4:

in qua aetate,

Cic. Brut. 43 fin.:

in ea aetate,

Liv. 1, 57:

in omni aetate,

Cic. de Sen. 3, 9:

in aetate, qua jam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset,

Suet. Caes. 7:

qua (sc. Iphigenia) nihil erat in eo quidem anno natum pulchrius,

in the course of, during the year, Cic. Off. 3, 25, 95 (al. eo quidem anno):

nihil in vita se simile fecisse,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 91: nihil in vita vidit calamitatis A. Cluentius. id. Clu. 6, 18:

in tota vita inconstans,

id. Tusc. 4, 13, 29.—

In tempore, at the right or proper time, in time (Cic. uses only tempore; v. tempus): eccum ipsum video in tempore huc se recipere, Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 24:

ni pedites equitesque in tempore subvenissent,

Liv. 33, 5:

spreta in tempore gloria interdum cumulatior redit,

id. 2, 47:

rebellaturi,

Tac. A. 12, 50:

atque adeo in ipso tempore eccum ipsum obviam,

Ter. And. 3, 2, 52: in tempore, opportune. Nos sine praepositione dicimus tempore et tempori, Don. ad Ter. And. 4, 4, 19.—

In praesentia and in praesenti, at present, now, at this moment, under these circumstances:

sic enim mihi in praesentia occurrit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 14:

vestrae quidem cenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam postero die jucundae sunt,

id. ib. 5, 35, 100:

id quod unum maxime in praesentia desiderabatur,

Liv. 21, 37:

haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut, etc.,

for the present, Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 4.—

With gerunds and fut. pass. participles, to indicate duration of time, in:

fit, ut distrahatur in deliberando animus,

Cic. Off. 1, 3, 9; id. Fam. 2, 6, 2:

vitiosum esse in dividendo partem in genere numerare,

id. Fin. 2, 9, 26:

quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat,

id. Cat. 3, 3, 6:

ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21:

in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus,

in laying waste, id. ib. 5, 19:

in excidenda Numantia,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76:

cum in immolanda Iphigenia tristis Calchas esset,

id. Or. 21, 74.—

In other relations, where a person or thing is thought of as in a certain condition, situation, or relation, in:

qui magno in aere alieno majores etiam possessiones habent,

Cic. Cat. 2, 8, 18:

se in insperatis repentinisque pecuniis jactare,

id. Cat. 2, 9, 20:

Larinum in summo timore omnium cum armatis advolavit,

id. Clu. 8, 25.—

So freq., of qualities or states of mind: summa in sollicitudine ac timore Parthici belli,

Caes. B. C. 3, 31:

torpescentne dextrae in amentia illa?

Liv. 23, 9, 7:

hunc diem perpetuum in laetitia degere,

Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 5; Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 2:

in metu,

Tac. A. 14, 43:

in voluptate,

Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 62:

alicui in amore esse,

beloved, id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:

alicui in amoribus esse,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12:

res in invidia erat,

Sall. J. 25, 5; Liv. 29, 37, 17: sum in expectatione omnium rerum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 10:

num... Diogenem Stoicum coegit in suis studiis obmutescere senectus?

in his studies, Cic. de Sen. 7, 21:

mirificam cepi voluptatem ex tua diligentia: quod in summis tuis occupationibus mihi tamen rei publicae statum per te notum esse voluisti,

even in, notwithstanding your great occupations, id. Fam. 3, 11, 4.—

So freq., of business, employment, occupations, etc.: in aliqua re versari,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 105:

similia iis, quae in consilio dixerat,

Curt. 5, 5, 23:

in certamine armorum atque in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur,

Quint. 9, 4, 8:

agi in judiciis,

id. 11, 1, 78:

tum vos mihi essetis in consilio,

Cic. Rep. 3, 18, 28:

in actione... dicere,

Quint. 8, 2, 2.—Of an office, magistracy:

in quo tum magistratu forte Brutus erat,

Liv. 1, 59, 7; 4, 17, 1:

in eo magistratu pari diligentia se praebuit,

Nep. Han. 7, 5 (cf. B. 1. supra):

in ea ipsa causa fuit eloquentissimus,

Cic. Brut, 43, 160:

qui non defendit nec obsistit, si potest, injuriae, tam est in vitio, quam, etc.,

is in the wrong, acts wrongly, id. Off. 1, 7, 23:

etsi hoc quidem est in vitio, dissolutionem naturae tam valde perhorrescere,

is wrong, id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

non sunt in eo genere tantae commoditates corporis,

id. ib. 4, 12, 29; cf.:

an omnino nulla sit in eo genere distinctio,

id. Or. 61, 205:

Drusus erat de praevaricatione absolutus in summa quatuor sententiis,

on the whole, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16; cf.:

et in omni summa, ut mones, valde me ad otium pacemque converto,

id. ib. 3, 5, 5;

but, in summa, sic maxime judex credit, etc.,

in a word, in fine, Quint. 9, 2, 72; Auct. B. Alex. 71; Just. 37, 1, 8:

horum (juvenum) inductio in parte simulacrum decurrentis exercitus erat: ex parte elegantioris exercitii quam militaris artis,

in part, Liv. 44, 9, 5; cf.:

quod mihi in parte verum videtur,

Quint. 2, 8, 6:

patronorum in parte expeditior, in parte difficilior interrogatio est,

id. 5, 7, 22:

hoc facere in eo homine consueverunt,

in the case of, Caes. B. G. 7, 21:

in furibus aerarii,

Sall. C. 52, 12:

Achilles talis in hoste fuit,

Verg. A. 2, 540:

in hoc homine saepe a me quaeris, etc.,

in the case of, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 6: in nominibus impiis, Sall. C. 51, 15:

suspectus et in morte matris fuit,

Suet. Vit. 14:

qui praesentes metuunt, in absentia hostes erunt, = absentes,

Curt. 6, 3, 8 (cf. I. B. c. supra).—Of the meaning of words, etc.:

non solum in eodem sensu, sed etiam in diverso, eadem verba contra,

Quint. 9, 3, 36:

aliter voces aut eaedem in diversa significatione ponuntur,

id. 9, 3, 69:

Sallustius in significatione ista non superesse sed superare dicit,

Gell. 1, 22, 15:

stips non dicitur in significatione trunci,

Charis. 1, 18, 39:

semper in significatione ea hortus,

Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 50. —

In with abl. of adjj. is used with the verbs esse and habere to express quality:

cum exitus haud in facili essent, i. e. haud faciles,

Liv. 3, 8, 9:

adeo moderatio tuendae libertatis in difficili est,

id. 3, 8, 11; 3, 65, 11; but mostly with adjj. of the first and second declension:

in obscuro esse, Liv. praef. § 3: in dubio esse,

id. 2, 3, 1; 3, 19, 8; Ov. H. 19, 174:

dum in dubiost animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; 2, 2, 10:

in integro esse,

Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 11, 15, 4:

in incerto esse,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

in obvio esse,

id. 37, 23, 1:

in tuto esse,

id. 38, 4, 10; cf.:

videre te in tuto,

Cat. 30, 6:

in aequo esse,

Liv. 39, 37, 14; Tac. A. 2, 44:

in expedito esse,

Curt. 4, 2, 22:

in proximo esse,

Quint. 1, 3, 4:

in aperto esse,

Sall. C. 5, 3:

in promisco esse,

Liv. 7, 17, 7:

in augusto esse,

Cels. 5, 27, 2:

in incerto haberi,

Sall. J. 46, 8; Tac. A. 15, 17:

in levi habitum,

id. H. 2, 21; cf.:

in incerto relinquere,

Liv. 5, 28, 5; Tac. H. 2, 83.

With acc.

In space, with verbs of motion, into or to a place or thing (rarely with names of towns and small islands;

v. Zumpt, Gram. § 398): influxit non tenuis quidam e Graecia rivulus in hanc urbem,

Cic. Rep. 2, 19:

in Ephesum advenit,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 1, 35:

in Epirum venire,

Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3:

ibo in Piraeeum, visamque, ecquae advenerit in portum ex Epheso navis mercatoria,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 2: venio ad Piraeea, in quo magis reprehendendus sum, quod... Piraeea scripserim, non Piraeeum, quam in quod addiderim;

non enim hoc ut oppido praeposui, sed ut loco,

Cic. Att. 7, 3, 10:

se contulisse Tarquinios, in urbem Etruriae florentissimam,

id. Rep. 2, 19:

remigrare in domum veterem e nova,

id. Ac. 1, 4, 13:

cum in sua rura venerunt,

id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:

a te ipso missi in ultimas gentes,

id. Fam. 15, 9:

in Ubios legatos mittere,

Caes. B. G. 4, 11:

dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum et opulentum,

Sall. J. 75, 1:

Regillum antiquam in patriam se contulerat,

Liv. 3, 58, 1:

abire in exercitum,

Plaut. Am. prol. 102.— With nuntio:

cum id Zmyrnam in contionem nuntiatum est,

Tac. A. 4, 56:

nuntiatur in castra,

Lact. Most. Pers. 46; cf.:

allatis in castra nuntiis,

Tac. H. 4, 32: in manus sumere, tradere, etc., into one's hands:

iste unumquodque vas in manus sumere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 63:

Falerios se in manus Romanis tradidisse,

Liv. 5, 27, 3.—Rarely with the verbs ponere, collocare, etc. (pregn., i. e. to bring into... and place there):

in crimen populo ponere,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 10:

ut liberos, uxores suaque omnia in silvas deponerent,

Caes. B. G. 4, 19:

duplam pecuniam in thesauros reponi,

Liv. 29, 19, 7:

prius me collocavi in arborem,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 8, 6:

sororem et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 18.— Motion in any direction, up to, to, into, down to:

in caelum ascendere,

Cic. Lael. 23 fin.:

filium ipse paene in umeros suos extulisset,

id. de Or. 1, 53, 228:

tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum,

up to the altar, id. Tusc. 3, 10, 25:

Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,

Ov. M. 1, 113:

in flumen deicere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Nep. Chab. 4, 3.—

Denoting mere direction towards a place or thing, and hence sometimes joined with versus, towards:

quid nunc supina sursum in caelum conspicis,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 78:

si in latus aut dextrum aut sinistrum, ut ipsi in usu est, cubat,

Cels. 2, 3:

Belgae spectant in septentriones et orientem solem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1:

in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditur, Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur,

Tac. Agr. 10:

in laevum prona nixus sedet Inachus urna,

Stat. Th. 2, 218.—With versus:

castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus,

towards, Caes. B. G. 7, 8 fin.:

in Galliam versus movere,

Sall. C. 56, 4: in [p. 913] ltaliam versus, Front. Strat. 1, 4, 11:

si in urbem versus venturi erant,

Plin. Ep. 10, 82. —

So of that which is thought of as entering into the mind, memory, etc. (cf. I. A. 2. fin.):

in memoriam reducere,

Cic. Inv 1, 52, 98:

in animum inducere,

Liv. 27, 9:

in mentem venire,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3:

frequens imitatio transit in mores,

Quint. 1, 11, 3. —

Or into a writing or speech: in illam Metellinam orationem addidi quaedam,

Cic. Att. 1, 13, 5.—

In time, into, till, for:

dormiet in lucem,

into the daylight, till broad day, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 34:

statim e somno, quem plerumque in diem extrahunt, lavantur,

Tac. G. 22: sermonem in multam noctem produximus, deep into the night, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. p. 239 Lindem.:

in multam noctem luxit,

Suet. Tib. 74:

si febris in noctem augetur,

Cels. 7, 27:

dixit in noctem atque etiam nocte illatis lucernis,

Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 14:

indutias in triginta annos impetraverunt,

for thirty years, Liv. 9, 37, 12; 7, 20, 8:

nisi id verbum in omne tempus perdidissem,

forever, Cic. Fam. 5, 15, 1:

ad cenam hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem,

for the following day, id. Off. 3, 14, 58:

audistis auctionem constitutam in mensem Januarium,

id. Agr. 1, 2, 4:

subito reliquit annum suum seque in annum proximum transtulit,

id. Mil. 9, 24:

solis defectiones itemque lunae praedicuntur in multos annos,

for many years, id. Div. 2, 6, 17:

postero die Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie,

Liv. 27, 2:

qui ab matutino tempore duraverunt in occasum,

Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99:

seritur (semen lini) a Kalendis Octobribus in ortum aquilae,

Col. 2, 10, 17.—With usque:

neque illi didicerunt haec usque in senectutem,

Quint. 12, 11, 20:

in illum usque diem servati,

id. 8, 3, 68:

in serum usque patente cubiculo,

Suet. Oth. 11:

regnum trahat usque in tempora fati,

Sil. 11, 392: in posterum (posteritatem) or in futurum, in future, for the future: in praesens, for the present: in perpetuum or in aeternum, forever:

sancit in posterum, ne quis, etc.,

Cic. Cat. 4, 5, 10:

res dilata est in posterum,

id. Fam. 10, 12, 3:

video quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at in posteritatem impendeat,

id. Cat. 1, 9, 22:

id aegre et in praesentia hi passi et in futurum etiam metum ceperunt,

Liv. 34, 27, 10; cf.:

ingenti omnium et in praesens laetitia et in futurum spe,

id. 30, 17, 1:

effugis in futurum,

Tac. H. 1, 71:

quod eum tibi quaestoris in loco constitueras, idcirco tibi amicum in perpetuum fore putasti?

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30; cf.:

oppidum omni periculo in perpetuum liberavit,

id. Fam. 13, 4, 2:

quae (leges) non in tempus aliquod, sed perpetuae utilitatis causa in aeternum latae sunt,

Liv. 34, 6, 4: in tempus, for a while, for a short time, for the occasion (postAug.):

sensit miles in tempus conficta,

Tac. A. 1, 37:

ne urbs sine imperio esset, in tempus deligebatur, qui jus redderet,

id. ib. 6, 11:

scaena in tempus structa,

id. ib. 14, 20. —So in diem, for the day, to meet the day's want:

nihil ex raptis in diem commeatibus superabat,

Liv. 22, 40, 8:

rapto in diem frumento,

id. 4, 10, 1;

but, cum illa fundum emisset in diem,

i. e. a fixed day of payment, Nep. Att. 9, 5: in singulos dies, or simply in dies, with comparatives and verbs denoting increase, from day to day, daily:

vitium in dies crescit,

Vell. 2, 5, 2:

in dies singulos breviores litteras ad te mitto,

Cic. Att. 5, 7:

qui senescat in dies,

Liv. 22, 39, 15: in diem, daily:

nos in diem vivimus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33:

in diem et horam,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 47;

and in horas,

hourly, id. C. 2, 13, 14; id. S. 2, 7, 10.—

In other relations, in which an aiming at, an inclining or striving towards a thing, is conceivable, on, about, respecting; towards, against; for, as; in, to; into:

id, quod apud Platonem est in philosophos dictum,

about the philosophers, Cic. Off. 1, 9, 28:

Callimachi epigramma in Ambraciotam Cleombrotum est,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 84; cf.:

cum cenaret Simonides apud Scopam cecinissetque id car men, quod in eum scripsisset, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 86, 352:

quo amore tandem inflammati esse debemus in ejus modi patriam,

towards, id. ib. 1, 44, 196:

in liberos nostros indulgentia,

id. ib. 2, 40, 168:

de suis meritis in rem publicam aggressus est dicere,

id. Or. 38, 133: ita ad impietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam, against, id. N. D. 3, 34 fin.:

in dominum quaeri,

to be examined as a witness against, id. Mil. 22, 60:

in eos impetum facere,

id. Att. 2, 22, 1:

invehi in Thebanos,

Nep. Epam. 6, 1; id. Tim. 5, 3:

quaecumque est hominis definitio, una in omnes valet,

id. Leg. 1, 10, 29:

num etiam in deos immortales inauspicatam legem valuisse?

Liv. 7, 6, 11:

vereor coram in os te laudare amplius,

to your face, Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 5:

si in me exerciturus (pugnos), quaeso, in parietem ut primum domes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 168:

in puppim rediere rates,

Luc. 3, 545 Burm. (cf.:

sic equi dicuntur in frena redire, pulsi in terga recedere, Sulp. ad loc.): Cumis eam vidi: venerat enim in funus: cui funeri ego quoque operam dedi,

to the funeral, to take charge of the funeral, Cic. Att. 15, 1, B:

se quisque eum optabat, quem fortuna in id certamen legeret,

Liv. 21, 42, 2:

quodsi in nullius mercedem negotia eant, pauciora fore,

Tac. A. 11, 6:

haec civitas mulieri redimiculum praebeat, haec in collum, haec in crines,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33:

Rhegium quondam in praesidium missa legio,

Liv. 28, 28; so,

datae in praesidium cohortes,

Tac. H. 4, 35: hoc idem significat Graecus ille in eam sententiam versus, to this effect or purport, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25; cf. id. Fam. 9, 15, 4:

haec et in eam sententiam cum multa dixisset,

id. Att. 2, 22:

qui omnia sic exaequaverunt, ut in utramque partem ita paria redderent, uti nulla selectione uterentur,

id. Fin. 3, 4, 12:

in utramque partem disputat,

on both sides, for and against, id. Off. 3, 23, 89: te rogo, me tibi in omnes partes defendendum putes, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 10 fin.:

facillime et in optimam partem cognoscuntur adulescentes, qui se ad claros et sapientes viros contulerunt,

id. Off. 2, 13, 46:

cives Romani servilem in modum cruciati et necati,

in the manner of slaves, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13; cf.:

miserandum in modum milites populi Romani capti, necati sunt,

id. Prov. Cons. 3, 5:

senior quidam Veiens vaticinantis in modum cecinit,

Liv. 5, 15, 4;

also: domus et villae in urbium modum aedificatae,

Sall. C. 12, 3:

perinde ac si in hanc formulam omnia judicia legitima sint,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:

judicium quin acciperet in ea ipsa verba quae Naevius edebat, non recusasse,

id. Quint. 20, 63; cf.:

senatusconsultum in haec verba factum,

Liv. 30, 43, 9:

pax data Philippo in has leges est,

id. 33, 30:

Gallia omnis divisa est in partes tres,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:

quae quidem in confirmationem et reprehensionem dividuntur,

Cic. Part. Or. 9, 33: describebat censores binos in singulas civitates, i. e. for or over each state, id. Verr. 2, 2, 53; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 26:

itaque Titurium Tolosae quaternos denarios in singulas vini amphoras portorii nomine exegisse,

id. Font. 5, 9:

extulit eum plebs sextantibus collatis in capita,

a head, for each person, Liv. 2, 33 fin.:

Macedonibus treceni nummi in capita statutum est pretium,

id. 32, 17, 2; cf.:

Thracia in Rhoemetalcen filium... inque liberos Cotyis dividitur (i. e. inter),

Tac. A. 2, 67.—

Of the object or end in view, regarded also as the motive of action or effect:

non te in me illiberalem, sed me in se neglegentem putabit,

Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 16:

neglegentior in patrem,

Just. 32, 3, 1:

in quem omnes intenderat curas,

Curt. 3, 1, 21:

quos ardere in proelia vidi,

Verg. A. 2, 347:

in bellum ardentes,

Manil. 4, 220:

nutante in fugam exercitu,

Flor. 3, 10, 4:

in hanc tam opimam mercedem agite ( = ut eam vobis paretis, Weissenb. ad loc.),

Liv. 21, 43, 7:

certa praemia, in quorum spem pugnarent,

id. 21, 45, 4:

in id sors dejecta,

id. 21, 42, 2:

in id fide accepta,

id. 28, 17, 9:

in spem pacis solutis animis,

id. 6, 11, 5 et saep.:

ingrata misero vita ducenda est in hoc, ut, etc.,

Hor. Epod. 17, 63:

nec in hoc adhibetur, ut, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 16, 3:

alius non in hoc, ut offenderet, facit, id. de Ira, 2, 26, 3: in quod tum missi?

Just. 38, 3, 4.—So, like ad, with words expressing affections or inclination of the mind:

in obsequium plus aequo pronus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 10:

paratus in res novas,

Tac. H. 4, 32:

in utrumque paratus,

Verg. A. 2, 61.—

Of the result of an act or effort:

denique in familiae luctum atque in privignorum funus nupsit,

Cic. Clu. 66, 188:

paratusque miles, ut ordo agminis in aciem adsisteret,

Tac. A. 2, 16: excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, Verg. A. 6, 42:

portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum,

id. ib. 3, 533:

populum in obsequia principum formavit,

Just. 3, 2, 9:

omnium partium decus in mercedem conruptum erat,

Sall. H. 1, 13 Dietsch:

commutari ex veris in falsa,

Cic. Fat. 9, 17; 9, 18:

in sollicitudinem versa fiducia est,

Curt. 3, 8, 20.—

Esp. in the phrase: in gratiam or in honorem, alicujus, in kindness, to show favor, out of good feeling, to show honor, etc., to any one (first in Liv.; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 28, 21, 4;

Krebs, Antibarb. p. 562): in gratiam levium sociorum injuriam facere,

Liv. 39, 26, 12:

pugnaturi in gratiam ducis,

id. 28, 21, 4:

quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,

id. 28, 39, 13; cf. id. 35, 2, 6; 26, 6, 16:

oratio habita in sexus honorem,

Quint. 1, 1, 6:

convivium in honorem victoriae,

id. 11, 2, 12:

in honorem Quadratillae,

Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 7:

in honorem tuum,

Sen. Ep. 20, 7; 79, 2; 92, 1; Vell. 2, 41 al.—

In the phrase, in rem esse, to be useful, to avail (cf.: e re esse;

opp.: contra rem esse): ut aequom est, quod in rem esse utrique arbitremur,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 10:

si in rem est Bacchidis,

Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 27; 2, 2, 7:

hortatur, imperat, quae in rem sunt,

Liv. 26, 44, 7:

cetera, quae cognosse in rem erat,

id. 22, 3, 2; 44, 19, 3:

in rem fore credens universos adpellare,

Sall. C. 20, 1; cf.:

in duas res magnas id usui fore,

Liv. 37, 15, 7:

in hos usus,

Verg. A. 4, 647.—

To form adverbial expressions:

non nominatim, qui Capuae, sed in universum qui usquam coissent, etc.,

in general, Liv. 9, 26, 8; cf.:

terra etsi aliquanto specie differt, in universum tamen aut silvis horrida aut paludibus foeda,

Tac. G. 5:

in universum aestimanti, etc.,

id. ib. 6:

aestate in totum, si fieri potest, abstinendum est (Venere),

wholly, entirely, Cels. 1, 3 fin.; cf. Col. 2, 1, 2:

in plenum dici potest, etc.,

fully, Plin. 16, 40, 79, § 217:

Marii virtutem in majus celebrare,

beyond due bounds, Sall. J. 73, 5:

aliter se corpus habere atque consuevit, neque in pejus tantum, sed etiam in melius,

for the worse, for the better, Cels. 2, 2:

in deterius,

Tac. A. 14, 43:

in mollius,

id. ib. 14, 39:

quid enim est iracundia in supervacuum tumultuante frigidius? Sen. de Ira, 2, 11: civitas saepta muris neque in barbarum corrupta (v. barbarus),

Tac. A. 6, 42; cf.:

aucto in barbarum cognomento,

id. H. 5, 2:

priusquam id sors cerneret, in incertum, ne quid gratia momenti faceret, in utramque provinciam decerni,

while the matter was uncertain, Liv. 43, 12, 2:

nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos In tantum spe tollet avos,

so much, Verg. A. 6, 876:

in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,

Liv. 22, 27, 4; cf.:

quaedam (aquae) fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 24:

viri in tantum boni, in quantum humana simplicitas intellegi potest,

Vell. 2, 43, 4:

quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, Traxit,

Ov. M. 11, 71:

meliore in omnia ingenio animoque quam fortuna usus,

in all respects, Vell. 2, 13:

ut simul in omnia paremur,

Quint. 11, 3, 25:

in antecessum dare,

beforehand, Sen. Ep. 118.—

Sometimes with esse, habere, etc., in is followed by the acc. (constr. pregn.), to indicate a direction, aim, purpose, etc. (but v. Madvig. Gram. § 230, obs. 2, note, who regards these accusatives as originating in errors of pronunciation); so, esse in potestatem alicujus, to come into and remain in one ' s power: esse in mentem alicui, to come into and be in one ' s mind: esse in conspectum, to appear to and be in sight: esse in usum, to come into use, be used, etc.:

quod, qui illam partem urbis tenerent, in eorum potestatem portum futurum intellegebant,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38:

ut portus in potestatem Locrensium esset,

Liv. 24, 1, 13; 2, 14, 4:

eam optimam rem publicam esse duco, quae sit in potestatem optimorum,

Cic. Leg. 3, 17:

neque enim sunt motus in nostram potestatem,

Quint. 6, 2, 29:

numero mihi in mentem fuit,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 25; cf.:

ecquid in mentem est tibi?

id. Bacch. 1, 2, 53:

nec prius surrexisse ac militibus in conspectum fuisse, quam, etc.,

Suet. Aug. 16:

quod satis in usum fuit, sublato, ceterum omne incensum est,

Liv. 22, 20, 6: ab hospitibus clientibusque suis, ab exteris nationibus, quae in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque essent, injurias propulsare, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66: adesse in senatum [p. 914] jussit a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr., id. Phil. 5, 7, 19.—Less freq. with habere: facito in memoriam habeas tuam majorem filiam mihi te despondisse, call or bring to mind, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 108:

M. Minucium magistrum equitum, ne quid rei bellicae gereret, prope in custodiam habitum,

put in prison, kept in prison, Liv. 22, 25, 6:

reliquos in custodiam habitos,

Tac. H. 1, 87.—So rarely with other verbs:

pollicetur se provinciam Galliam retenturum in senatus populique Romani potestatem,

Cic. Phil. 3, 4, 8. —

In composition, n regularly becomes assimilated to a foll. l, m, or r, and is changed before the labials into m: illabor, immitto, irrumpo, imbibo, impello.—As to its meaning, according as it is connected with a verb of rest or motion, it conveys the idea of existence in a place or thing, or of motion, direction, or inclination into or to a place or thing: inesse; inhibere, inferre, impellere, etc. See Hand, Turs. III. pp. 243- 356.

in (before b and p, im; before l, m, and r, the n assimilates itself to these consonants), an inseparable particle [kindred with Sanscr. a-, an-; Gr. a-, an; Goth. and Germ. un-], which negatives the meaning of the noun or participle with which it is connected; Engl. un-, in-, not: impar, unequal: intolerabilis, unbearable, intolerable: immitis, not mild, rude, etc.

quorsum and quorsus, adv. [quovorsus or -um], to what place, whitherward, whither,

Lit.: nescio hercle, neque unde eam, neque quorsum eam, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 14:

quaerit quorsus potissimum in praedam superne sese ruat,

App. Flor. 1, p. 341, 6.—

Trop., whither:

tenes, quorsum haec tendant, quae loquor?

Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 81:

sane curae est, quorsum eventurum hoc siet,

where this may go to, how it may turn out, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 118; so,

eri semper lenitas Verebar quorsum evaderet,

id. And. 1, 2, 5:

sed quorsus haec pertinent?

Cic. Leg. 1, 24, 63:

non dices hodie, quorsum haec tam putida tendant,

whither this tends, Hor. S. 2, 7, 21:

quorsum pertinuit,

id. ib. 2, 3, 11:

quorsum abeant,

id. ib. 2, 3, 246:

quorsum igitur haec spectat tam longa, tam alte repetita oratio?

at what does it aim? Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 91.—

In partic., to what purpose? to what end? with what view? for what? quorsum igitur haec disputo? quorsum? ut intellegere possitis, Cic. Red. ad Quir. 2, 5:

quorsum tandem, aut cur ista quaeris?

id. Leg. 1, 1, 4:

quorsus, inquam, istuc?

id. Brut. 85, 292:

quor sum est opus?

for what is it needed? Hor. S. 2, 7, 116.—

* From what cause? why? quorsum insanus? Hor. S. 2, 3, 201; Acron. ad loc. (but K. and H. read cursum; cf. Orell. ad loc.).

quorsum and quorsus, adv. [quovorsus or -um], to what place, whitherward, whither,

Lit.: nescio hercle, neque unde eam, neque quorsum eam, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 14:

quaerit quorsus potissimum in praedam superne sese ruat,

App. Flor. 1, p. 341, 6.—

Trop., whither:

tenes, quorsum haec tendant, quae loquor?

Plaut. Pers. 1, 2, 81:

sane curae est, quorsum eventurum hoc siet,

where this may go to, how it may turn out, Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 118; so,

eri semper lenitas Verebar quorsum evaderet,

id. And. 1, 2, 5:

sed quorsus haec pertinent?

Cic. Leg. 1, 24, 63:

non dices hodie, quorsum haec tam putida tendant,

whither this tends, Hor. S. 2, 7, 21:

quorsum pertinuit,

id. ib. 2, 3, 11:

quorsum abeant,

id. ib. 2, 3, 246:

quorsum igitur haec spectat tam longa, tam alte repetita oratio?

at what does it aim? Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 91.—

In partic., to what purpose? to what end? with what view? for what? quorsum igitur haec disputo? quorsum? ut intellegere possitis, Cic. Red. ad Quir. 2, 5:

quorsum tandem, aut cur ista quaeris?

id. Leg. 1, 1, 4:

quorsus, inquam, istuc?

id. Brut. 85, 292:

quor sum est opus?

for what is it needed? Hor. S. 2, 7, 116.—

* From what cause? why? quorsum insanus? Hor. S. 2, 3, 201; Acron. ad loc. (but K. and H. read cursum; cf. Orell. ad loc.).

rēs, rei (rēi with e long; gen., Lucr. 2, 112; 548; 6, 918; dat., id. 1, 688; 2, 236; rei, gen., monosyl. at the end of the verse, Lucr. 3, 918;

and in the middle of the verse,

id. 4, 885, and Poët. ap. Lact. 6, 6), f. [ etym. dub.; perh. root ra- of reor, ratus; cf. Germ. Ding; Engl. thing, from denken, to think; prop., that which is thought of; cf. also logos, Lid. and Scott, 9], a thing, object, being; a matter, affair, event, fact, circumstance, occurrence, deed, condition, case, etc.; and sometimes merely = something (cf.: causa, ratio, negotium).

In gen.:

unde initum primum capiat res quaeque movendi,

Lucr. 1, 383; cf. id. 1, 536:

in partes res quaeque minutas Distrahitur,

id. 2, 826: summe Sol, qui omnes res inspicis, Enn. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 321 Vahl.):

versus, quos ego de Rerum Naturā pangere conor,

Lucr. 1, 25; cf. id. 1, 126; 5, 54:

rerum natura creatrix,

id. 2, 1117:

divinarum humanarumque rerum, tum initiorum causarumque cujusque rei cognitio,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 7 (v. divinus):

haeret haec res,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 182:

profecto, ut loquor, ita res est,

id. ib. 2, 1, 19:

haud mentior, resque uti facta dico,

id. ib. 2, 1, 23:

de Alcumenā ut rem teneatis rectius,

id. ib. prol. 110:

in tantis rebus (sc. in re publicā defendendā),

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4 et saep.:

quo Averna vocantur nomine, id ab re Impositum est, quia sunt avibus contraria cunctis,

from the nature of the thing, Lucr. 6, 740; cf. id. 6, 424; Liv. 1, 17:

si res postulabit,

the condition of the case, Cic. Lael. 13, 44: scaena rei totius haec, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 3:

fugam in se nemo convertitur Nec recedit loco, quin statim rem gerat,

does his duty, stands his ground, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84; so, res gerere, v. gero; hence, too, rerum scriptor, for a historian, v. scriptor, and cf. II. H. infra.—

With adj. of quality, to express condition, etc.:

illic homo a me sibi malam rem arcessit,

is bringing a bad business on himself, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 171; so,

res mala,

a wretched condition, Sall. C. 20, 13; and more freq. in plur.:

bonis tuis rebus meas res irrides malas,

circumstances, condition, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 45; id. Rud. 3, 3, 12:

res secundae,

good fortune, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30; cf. Liv. 3, 9:

res prosperae,

Nep. Dion, 6, 1; id. Eum. 5, 1:

in secundissimis rebus,

Cic. Off. 1, 26, 91:

adversae res,

id. ib. 1, 26, 90; Hor. S. 2, 2, 136; 2, 8, 73:

res belli adversae,

Liv. 10, 6:

res dubiae,

Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; Liv. 2, 50; 7, 30;

v. bonus, florens, salvus, adversus, dubius, novus, arduus, etc.— Freq. in curses, etc.: in malam rem,

go to the bad, Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 37; id. And. 2, 1, 17:

malam rem hinc ibis?

id. Eun. 3, 3, 30.—

With an adj. in a periphrasis:

abhorrens ab re uxoriā,

matrimony, Ter. And. 5, 1, 10:

in arbitrio rei uxoriae,

dowry, Cic. Off. 1, 15, 61:

rem divinam nisi compitalibus... ne faciat,

a religious act, act of worship, a sacrifice, Cato, R. R. 5, 4:

bellicam rem administrari majores nostri nisi auspicato noluerunt,

Cic. Div. 2, 36, 76; Hor. C. 4, 3, 6:

erat ei pecuaria res ampla et rustica,

Cic. Quint. 3, 12: res rustica, agriculture:

rei rusticae libro primo,

Col. 11, 1, 2; id. 1, praef. §

19: liber, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

Cic. Sen. 15, 54:

navalis rei certamina,

naval battles, Amm. 26, 3, 5:

res militaris,

Cic. Rab. Post. 1, 2:

rei militaris gloria,

id. Mur. 9, 22; Nep. Milt. 8, 4:

res frumentaria,

forage, Caes. B. C. 3, 16; id. B. G. 1, 23; 4, 7:

armatae rei scientissimus,

Amm. 25, 4, 7:

peritus aquariae rei,

id. 28, 2, 2:

res judicaria,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 31:

res ludicra,

play, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 180:

uti rebus veneriis,

Cic. Sen. 14, 47; Nep. Alc. 11, 4:

res Veneris,

Lucr. 2, 173; Ov. R. Am. 431; v. also familiaris, judiciaria, militaris, navalis, etc., and cf. II. G. infra. —

With pronouns or adjectives, as an emphatic periphrase for the neutr.:

ibi me inclamat Alcumena: jam ea res me horrore afficit,

this now, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 16; cf.: De. Estne hoc, ut dico? Li. Rectam instas viam:

Ea res est,

it is even so, id. As. 1, 1, 40:

de fratre confido ita esse ut semper volui. Multa signa sunt ejus rei,

of it, Cic. Att. 1, 10, 5: quos (melittônas) alii melittotropheia appellant, eandem rem quidam mellaria. Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 12:

sunt ex te quae scitari volo, Quarum rerum, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 13; cf. Caes. B. G. 3, 4:

quibus de rebus quoniam nobis contigit ut aliquid essemus consecuti,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 13:

quā super re interfectum esse Hippotem dixisti? Pac. ap. Fest. s. v. superescit, p. 244: resciscet Amphitruo rem omnem,

every thing, all, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 30:

nulla res tam delirantes homines concinat cito,

nothing, id. Am. 2, 2, 96; cf.:

neque est ulla res, in quā, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9; cf.

also: sumptu ne parcas ullā in re, quod ad valetudinem opus sit,

id. Fam. 16, 4, 2:

magna res principio statim bello,

a great thing, a great advantage, Liv. 31, 23 fin.:

nil admirari prope res est una Solaque, quae, etc.,

the only thing, only means, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 1 et saep. — Emphatically with sup.:

scilicet rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma,

the most beautiful thing in the world, Verg. G. 2, 534; Quint. 1, 12, 16 Spald. p. 81. —

Of persons, etc.: est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:

maxime rerum,

Ov. H. 9, 107; cf.:

maxima rerum Roma,

Verg. A. 7, 602; Ov. M. 13, 508:

fortissima rerum animalia,

id. ib. 12, 502:

pulcherrime rerum,

id. H. 4, 125; id. A. A. 1, 213; id. M. 8, 49:

dulcissime rerum,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 4.—

In adverb. phrases:

e re natā melius fieri haud potuit,

after what has happened, Ter. Ad. 3, 1, 8:

pro re natā,

according to circumstances, Cic. Att. 7, 8, 2; 14, 6, 1:

pro tempore et pro re,

Caes. B. G. 5, 8:

factis benignus pro re,

according to circumstances, Liv. 7, 33, 3; Sall. J. 50, 2:

pro re pauca loquar,

Verg. A. 4, 337; Lucr. 6, 1280:

ex re et ex tempore,

Cic. Fam. 12, 19, 3:

e re respondi,

Cat. 10, 8.

In partic.

Pregn., an actual thing, the thing itself, reality, truth, fact; opposed to appearance, mere talk, the mere name of a thing:

ecastor, re experior, quanti facias uxorem tuam,

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 10:

desiste dictis nunc jam miseram me consolari: Nisi quid re praesidium apparas, etc.,

id. Rud. 3, 3, 21: rem ipsam loqui. Ter. And. 1, 2, 31:

rem fabulari,

Plaut. Trin 2, 4, 87:

nihil est aliud in re,

in fact, Liv. 10, 8, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.:

se ipsa res aperit,

Nep. Paus. 3, 7:

ex re decerpere fructus,

Hor. S. 1, 2, 79;

opp. verbum, vox, opinio, spes, nomen, etc.: rem opinor spectari oportere, non verba,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; cf.: te rogo, ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 5:

non modo res omnes, sed etiam rumores cognoscamus,

Cic. Att. 5, 5, 1:

qui hos deos non re, sed opinione esse dicunt,

id. N. D. 3, 21, 53:

Peripateticos et Academicos nominibus differentes, re congruentes,

id. Ac. 2, 5, 15:

quod nos honestum, illi vanum... verbis quam re probabilius vocant,

Quint. 3, 8, 22; Sen. Ep. 120, 9:

eum, tametsi verbo non audeat, tamen re ipsā de maleficio suo confiteri,

id. Rosc. Am. 42, 123; cf. Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 15:

vides quantum distet argumentatio tua ab re ipsā atque a veritate,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 44. — Hence, abl. sing., often strengthened by verā (sometimes as one word, reverā), in fact, really, in truth, indeed, in reality:

haec ille, si verbis non audet, re quidem verā palam loquitur,

Cic. Quint. 17, 56; so,

re quidem verā,

id. Clu. 19, 54; id. Sest. 7, 15:

re autem verā,

id. Fam. 1, 4, 2;

and simply re verā,

id. Quint. 2, 7; id. Div. 2, 54, 110; id. Balb. 3, 7:

re verāque,

Lucr. 2, 48; cf.:

et re verā,

indeed, in fact, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1; Liv. 33, 11, 3; 35, 31, 12; 36, 6, 1; Nep. Ages. 2, 3; id. Phoc. 3, 3; Curt. 3, 13, 5; 4, 16, 19; Val. Max. 9, 13, ext. 1; Just. 5, 1, 8; 12, 13, 10; Plin. Ep. 6, 33, 1.—

Effects, substance, property, possessions:

mihi Chrysalus Perdidit filium, me atque rem omnem Meam,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 26; cf.: Ph. Habuitne rem? Ly. Habuit. Ph. Qui eam perdidit... Mercaturamne an venales habuit, ubi rem perdidit? id. Trin. 2, 2, 49 sq.:

quibus et re salvā et perditā profueram,

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 27:

rem talentum decem,

id. Phorm. 2, 3, 46; Juv. 3, 16:

avidior ad rem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51:

rem facere,

to make money, Cic. Att. 2, 2, 12:

res eos jampridem, fides deficere nuper coepit,

id. Cat. 2, 5, [p. 1576] 10:

qui duo patrimonia accepisset remque praeterea bonis et honestis rationibus auxisset,

id. Rab. Post. 14, 38:

libertino natum patre et in tenui re,

in narrow circumstances, Hor. Ep. 1, 20, 20 et saep.; v. also familiaris.— In plur.: quantis opibus, quibus de rebus, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 396 Vahl.):

privatae res,

Cic. Att. 9, 7, 5.—

Hence, law t. t., whatever may be the subject of a right, whether corporeal or incorporeal (v. Sandars, Introd. to Just. Inst. p. 42 sqq.):

res corporales,

Just. Inst. 2, 2, 1 sq.; Gai. Inst. 2, 12; Dig. 1, 8, 1:

res in patrimonio, res extra patrimonium,

Just. Inst. 2, 1 pr.; Gai. Inst. 2, 1:

res sanctae,

Just. Inst. 2, 1, 10; v. also mancipium, privatus, etc.—

Benefit, profit, advantage, interest, weal:

res magis quaeritur, quam, etc.,

Plaut. Men. 4, 2, 6:

melius illi consulas quam rei tuae,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 98:

haec tuā re feceris,

to your advantage, id. Capt. 2, 2, 46.— Most freq. with the prepositions in, ex, ob, ab, etc.:

quasi istic minor mea res agatur quam tua,

is interested, affected, Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 113 (v. ago):

si in rem tuam esse videatur,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 2:

vide si hoc in rem deputas,

id. ib. 3, 3, 19:

quod in rem recte conducat tuam,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 26:

si in remst utrique,

Ter. And. 3, 3, 14:

quid mihi melius est, quid magis in rem est, quam? etc.,

useful, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 1:

tamen in rem fore credens universos adpellare,

Sall. C. 20, 1:

omnia quae in rem videbantur esse,

Curt. 6, 2, 21:

ad conparanda ea quae in rem erant,

Liv. 30, 4, 6:

imperat quae in rem sunt,

id. 26, 44, 7; 22, 3, 2:

ex tuā re non est, ut ego emoriar,

for your advantage, Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 102: An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, to the purpose, with advantage, Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 41: ob rem facere, usefully, with advantage or profit, Sall. J. 31, 5: subdole blanditur, ab re Consulit blandiloquentulus, contrary to his interest, i. e. to his injury, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12 Brix ad loc.:

haud id est ab re aucupis,

id. As. 1, 3, 71:

haec haud ab re duxi referre,

Liv. 8, 11, 1:

non ab re esse Quinctio visum est interesse, etc.,

id. 35, 32, 6; Plin. 27, 8, 35, § 57; Suet. Aug. 94; Gell. 18, 4, 6; 1, 26, 4; Macr. S. 1, 4, 19.—