to+stick+to+one's+subject

1) General subject: offer stubborn resistance

2) Military: hold( one's) own, hold one's own, stick to (one's) guns

3) Mass media: put up defense

adj. laatste; de laatste; de afgelopen (week e.d.), de vorige (week); einde

adv. laatste; de laatste; de laatste keer; aan het einde; eindelijk; uiterlijk

n. laatste; eind; schoenleest; uithoudingsvermogen, levenskracht, last (gewichts eenheid)

v. verder gaan, door gaan; halen; uithouden; genoeg zijn; in leven blijven, overleven; doorgaan

[ la:st] 〈 zelfstandig naamwoord〉

1  (schoenmakers)leest

2  last

♦voorbeelden:

2   last of herrings/malt/wool • last haring/mout/wol

¶ stick to one's last • zich bij zijn leest houden

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I 〈 onovergankelijk werkwoord〉

1  duren ⇒ aanhouden

2  meegaan ⇒ intact blijven, houdbaar zijn

♦voorbeelden:

2   his irritation won't last • zijn ergernis gaat wel over

¶ last out • niet op raken; het volhouden

II 〈 onovergankelijk en overgankelijk werkwoord〉

1  toereikend zijn (voor) ⇒ voldoende zijn (voor)

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〈telwoord; the; als voornaamwoord〉

1 de/het laatste 〈 van een reeks〉 ⇒ laatstgenoemde

2  het einde ⇒ 〈 formeel〉 de dood

♦voorbeelden:

1   breathe one's last • zijn laatste adem uitblazen

     he said his last on the subject • hij sprak zijn laatste woord over dat onderwerp

     in my last • in mijn vorige brief

     fight to/till the last • vechten tot het uiterste

2   that was the last I saw of him • sindsdien heb ik niets meer van hem gehoord

     we have seen the last of him • die zien we niet meer terug

¶ at (long) last • (uit)eindelijk, ten slotte

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〈 bijwoord〉

1  als laatste ⇒ 〈 in samenstellingen〉 laatst-

2  (voor) het laatst ⇒ (voor) de laatste keer

3  → lastly lastly/

♦voorbeelden:

1   come in last • als laatste binnenkomen

     last-mentioned • laatstgenoemde

     last but not least • (als) laatste/laatstgenoemde, maar (daarom) niet minder belangrijk, last but not least

2   when did you see her last/last see her? • wanneer heb je haar voor het laatst gezien/gesproken?

————————

〈 telwoord〉

1  laatste 〈 ook figuurlijk〉 ⇒ vorige, verleden

2  uiterste ⇒ uiteindelijke

♦voorbeelden:

1   〈 religie〉 the last judgement • het laatste oordeel

     his last book • zijn laatste/vorige boek

     on his last legs • met zijn laatste krachten

     at the last minute/moment • op het laatste moment/ogenblik

     last night • gister(en)avond, vannacht

     he's the last person I'd invite • hij is de laatste die ik zou uitnodigen

     last Tuesday • vorige week dinsdag

     〈 spreekwoord〉 the last straw breaks the camel's back • de laatste druppel doet de emmer overlopen

     the last but one • de voorlaatste

     the last few days • de laatste/afgelopen paar dagen

     the second last page • de voorlaatste bladzijde

2   my last aim • mijn uiteindelijke doel

¶ 〈 leger〉 last post • Last Post

     that's the last straw • dat doet de deur dicht

     〈 religie〉 the Last Supper • het Laatste Avondmaal

     the last word in cars • het nieuwste/laatste snufje op het gebied van auto's

     〈 informeel〉 down to every last detail • tot in de kleinste details

     〈 informeel〉 she ate every last scrap of food • ze at alles tot en met de laatste kruimel op

1)

а) горло, гортань; глотка

б) разг. больное горло

2)

а) горлышко (кувшина, бутылки и т. п.)

б) горловина, узкий и длинный проход; жерло (вулкана и т. п.)

3)

а) тех. горловина, зев, соединительная часть; расчётный размер ( в свету)

б) метал. колошник ( домны); горловина ( конвертора)

в) мор. пятка гафеля ( верхняя точка наклонного рея на парусном корабле)

••

- jump down smb.'s throat

- stick in one's throat

1) издавать гортанные звуки; говорить глубоким, гортанным голосом

2) тех. делать выемки или пазы; образовывать горловину, зев

1) рассказ, повествование

- good story

- a short story

- sea stories

- stick to one's story

- think a story up

2) история, событие, предание, сказка

- strange story

- an amusing story

- involved story

- a love story

- story of the expedition

3) (газетный, печатный материал) репортаж, описание, сообщение

- feature story

4) фабула, сюжет

- film story

•

1) General subject: cram, eat one's fill, load, load up

2) Australian slang: guts

3) Jargon: stick to one's ribs

4) Makarov: gorge oneself on (smth.) (чего-л.), gorge oneself with (smth.) (чего-л.)

1) General subject: agree, avail, bestead, profit, serve, subserve, suit, to be of service, (кому-л.) to be of service to (smb.), be of service, be of use

2) Colloquial: stick to one's ribs (о пище)

3) Mathematics: be of value, be useful, sound practice

4) Australian slang: come in handy

5) Jargon: fly right

6) Business: be beneficial to, be profitable, bring something to the table

7) Makarov: be of advantage, be of help, (кому-л.) be of service to, come into play, do good, do good (кому-л.)

1) General subject: stick out one's chest

2) Colloquial: throw a chest

General subject: stick to one's word

1) General subject: remember, stick to one's memory

2) Mathematics: be memorized, be stored

3) Makarov: go down, register

1) General subject: nail colors to the mast, stick to one's guns, stand fast

2) Diplomatic term: press point

1) General subject: hold on like grim death, stand fast, hang on, sit tight

2) Military: hold fast, stick to ( one's) guns

3) Makarov: endure

1) (in a book, the written or printed words, as opposed to the illustrations, notes etc: First the text was printed, then the drawings added.) texto

2) (a passage from the Bible about which a sermon is preached: He preached on a text from St John's gospel.) texto

•

- textbook

text n texto

tr[tekst]

noun

1 texto

text ['tɛkst] n

1) : texto m

2) topic: tema m

3) textbook

• letra s.f.

• tema s.m.

• texto s.m.

1) u c texto m

2) c ( textbook) (AmE) libro m de texto

intransitive verb mandar un mensaje de texto

1) u c texto m

2) c ( textbook) (AmE) libro m de texto

1. N

1) (=written or printed matter) texto m ; (=book) libro m de texto; (=subject) tema m ; (Rel) pasaje m

2) (also: text message) mensaje m (de texto), SMS m

* * *

1) u c texto m

2) c ( textbook) (AmE) libro m de texto

intransitive verb mandar un mensaje de texto

1) u c texto m

2) c ( textbook) (AmE) libro m de texto

1) Text, der

2) (passage of Scripture) Bibelstelle, die

3) (text message) SMS, die; Textnachricht, die

* * *

1) (in a book, the written or printed words, as opposed to the illustrations, notes etc: First the text was printed, then the drawings added.) der Text

2) (a passage from the Bible about which a sermon is preached: He preached on a text from St John's gospel.) die Bibelstelle

•

- academic.ru/74323/textbook">textbook

* * *

I. n

1. no pl (written material) Text m; of document Wortlaut m, Inhalt m

main \text Hauptteil m

2. (book) Schrift f

set \text Pflichtlektüre f

3. (version of book) Fassung f

4. (Bible extract) Bibelstelle f

5. no pl COMPUT Text[teil] m

6. (subject) Thema nt

II. vt TELEC

▪ to \text [sb] sth [jdm] eine SMS[-Nachricht] senden fachspr

n abbrev of text message SMS f

* * *

1. n

1) Text m

2) (of sermon) Text m

2. vt

* * *

text [tekst]

A s

1. (Ur)Text m

2. (genauer) Wortlaut

3. TYPO Text(abdruck, -teil) m (Ggs Illustrationen etc)

4. (Lied- etc) Text m

5. Thema n:

stick to one’s text bei der Sache bleiben

6. → textbook

7. a) Bibelstelle f

b) Bibeltext m

8. → text hand

9. TYPO

a) Text f (Schriftgrad von 20 Punkt)

b) Frakturschrift f

10. → text message

B v/t TEL text sb jemandem eine SMS schicken;

text sb sth jemandem etwas als SMS schicken

* * *

1) Text, der

2) (passage of Scripture) Bibelstelle, die

3) (text message) SMS, die; Textnachricht, die

* * *

Text -e m.

〈 het〉

1 [geval, feit] data 〈 enkelvoud of meervoud〉; datum ⇒ fact, information, 〈 computer〉 data, 〈 computer〉 entry, 〈 computer〉 item

2 [onderwerp] theme ⇒ subject

3 [wiskunde] given

♦voorbeelden:

1   (gebrek aan) feitelijke gegevens • (lack of) factual information/facts

     nadere gegevens • further information

     〈 computer〉 gegevens opslaan/invoeren/opvragen • store/input/retrieve data

2   het gegeven was onvoldoende uitgewerkt • the theme wasn't worked out sufficiently

3   een vast gegeven • an invariable, a constant; 〈 figuurlijk〉 a constant factor

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〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉

1 [bepaald] given ⇒ certain

2 [zich voordoend] given

3 [wiskunde] given

♦voorbeelden:

1   op een gegeven moment moet je toch kiezen • at some stage you'll have to choose anyway

     op een gegeven moment begin je je af te vragen … • there comes a time when you begin to wonder …

     op een gegeven moment kan het je niets meer schelen • you reach a stage where you no longer care

2   in de gegeven omstandigheden • in/under the circumstances

¶   zich aan zijn gegeven woord houden • keep/stick to one's word

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Little is known about the early life of Robert Kay except that he may have moved to France with his father, John Kay of Bury in 1747 but must have returned to England and their home town of Bury soon after. He may have been involved with his father in the production of a machine for making the wire covering for hand cards to prepare cotton for spinning. However, John Aikin, writing in 1795, implies that this was a recent invention. Kay's machine could pierce the holes in the leather backing, cut off a length of wire, bend it and insert it through the holes, row after row, in one operation by a person turning a shaft. The machine preserved in the Science Museum, in London's South Kensington, is more likely to be one of Robert's machine than his father's, for Robert carried on business as a cardmaker in Bury from 1791 until his death in 1801. The flying shuttle, invented by his father, does not seem to have been much used by weavers of cotton until Robert invented the drop box in 1760. Instead of a single box at the end of the sley, Robert usually put two, but sometimes three or four, one above another; the boxes could be raised or lowered. Shuttles with either different colours or different types of weft could be put in the boxes and the weaver could select any one by manipulating levers with the left hand while working the picking stick with the right to drive the appropriate shuttle across the loom. Since the selection could be made without the weaver having to pick up a shuttle and place it in the lath, this invention helped to speed up weaving, especially of multi-coloured checks, which formed a large part of the Lancashire output.

Between 1760 and 1763 Robert Kay may have written a pamphlet describing the invention of the flying shuttle and the attack on his father, pointing out how much his father had suffered and that there had been no redress. In February 1764 he brought to the notice of the Society of Arts an improvement he had made to the flying shuttle by substituting brass for wood, which enabled a larger spool to be carried.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.

His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.

In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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John Kay was the youngest of five sons of a yeoman farmer of Walmersley, near Bury, Lancashire, who died before his birth. John was apprenticed to a reedmaker, and just before he was 21 he married a daughter of John Hall of Bury and carried on his trade in that town until 1733. It is possible that his first patent, taken out in 1730, was connected with this business because it was for an engine that made mohair thread for tailors and twisted and dressed thread; such thread could have been used to bind up the reeds used in looms. He also improved the reeds by making them from metal instead of cane strips so they lasted much longer and could be made to be much finer. His next patent in 1733, was a double one. One part of it was for a batting machine to remove dust from wool by beating it with sticks, but the patent is better known for its description of the flying shuttle. Kay placed boxes to receive the shuttle at either end of the reed or sley. Across the open top of these boxes was a metal rod along which a picking peg could slide and drive the shuttle out across the loom. The pegs at each end were connected by strings to a stick that was held in the right hand of the weaver and which jerked the shuttle out of the box. The shuttle had wheels to make it "fly" across the warp more easily, and ran on a shuttle race to support and guide it. Not only was weaving speeded up, but the weaver could produce broader cloth without any aid from a second person. This invention was later adapted for the power loom. Kay moved to Colchester and entered into partnership with a baymaker named Solomon Smith and a year later was joined by William Carter of Ballingdon, Essex. His shuttle was received with considerable hostility in both Lancashire and Essex, but it was probably more his charge of 15 shillings a year for its use that roused the antagonism. From 1737 he was much involved with lawsuits to try and protect his patent, particularly the part that specified the method of winding the thread onto a fixed bobbin in the shuttle. In 1738 Kay patented a windmill for working pumps and an improved chain pump, but neither of these seems to have been successful. In 1745, with Joseph Stell of Keighley, he patented a narrow fabric loom that could be worked by power; this type may have been employed by Gartside in Manchester soon afterwards. It was probably through failure to protect his patent rights that Kay moved to France, where he arrived penniless in 1747. He went to the Dutch firm of Daniel Scalongne, woollen manufacturers, in Abbeville. The company helped him to apply for a French patent for his shuttle, but Kay wanted the exorbitant sum of £10,000. There was much discussion and eventually Kay set up a workshop in Paris, where he received a pension of 2,500 livres. However, he was to face the same problems as in England with weavers copying his shuttle without permission. In 1754 he produced two machines for making card clothing: one pierced holes in the leather, while the other cut and sharpened the wires. These were later improved by his son, Robert Kay. Kay returned to England briefly, but was back in France in 1758. He was involved with machines to card both cotton and wool and tried again to obtain support from the French Government. He was still involved with developing textile machines in 1779, when he was 75, but he must have died soon afterwards. As an inventor Kay was a genius of the first rank, but he was vain, obstinate and suspicious and was destitute of business qualities.

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