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81 تمكن من
تَمَكَّن من \ manage: to be successful or be able in spite of difficulties (the following verb or object may be left out, to avoid repetition): It was a heavy load to move but we managed to move it (or we managed it or we managed) in the end. master: to gain control of; learn thoroughly: You can master any subject if you work hard enough. -
82 سيطر (على)
سَيْطَرَ (على) \ control: to keep steady (oneself, one’s temper, prices, etc.). command: to control; be in official charge of: A ship is commanded by its captain. dominate: to control (through size, strength, brain power, etc.): One big boy dominated the whole class. master: to gain control of; learn thoroughly: You can master any subject if you work hard enough. -
83 command
سَيْطَرَ (على) \ control: to keep steady (oneself, one’s temper, prices, etc.). command: to control; be in official charge of: A ship is commanded by its captain. dominate: to control (through size, strength, brain power, etc.): One big boy dominated the whole class. master: to gain control of; learn thoroughly: You can master any subject if you work hard enough. -
84 control
سَيْطَرَ (على) \ control: to keep steady (oneself, one’s temper, prices, etc.). command: to control; be in official charge of: A ship is commanded by its captain. dominate: to control (through size, strength, brain power, etc.): One big boy dominated the whole class. master: to gain control of; learn thoroughly: You can master any subject if you work hard enough. -
85 dominate
سَيْطَرَ (على) \ control: to keep steady (oneself, one’s temper, prices, etc.). command: to control; be in official charge of: A ship is commanded by its captain. dominate: to control (through size, strength, brain power, etc.): One big boy dominated the whole class. master: to gain control of; learn thoroughly: You can master any subject if you work hard enough. -
86 manage
تَمَكَّن من \ manage: to be successful or be able in spite of difficulties (the following verb or object may be left out, to avoid repetition): It was a heavy load to move but we managed to move it (or we managed it or we managed) in the end. master: to gain control of; learn thoroughly: You can master any subject if you work hard enough. -
87 perfect
أَتْقَنَ \ master: to gain control of; learn thoroughly: You can master any subject if you work hard enough. perfect: to make faultless: I spent 6 months in Paris to perfect my French. -
88 глубоко изучать предмет
General subject: master a subjectУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > глубоко изучать предмет
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89 изучи
to finish studies, to master a subject -
90 नाथवत्
nātha-vatind. like a king Kāv. Suṡr. ;
as towards a king R. ;
mfn. having a kind, possessing kind MBh. ( vati ind. in the presence of kind Āpast.);
having a bad kind L. ;
m. N. of a son of Dyutimat VP. ;
( vatī) f. N. of the wife of the Gandharva Devaprabha Kathās. ;
nāthá-vat
(ī) f. having a husband MBh. R. Var. etc.
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91 овладевать
vi; св - овладе́ть1) брать себе to take; захватывать to seize, to capture2) подчинять to seize, to capture; to take hold of, to take control ofон овладе́л всео́бщим внима́нием — he captured everyone's attention
они́ суме́ли овладе́ть положе́нием — they took control of the situation
овладе́ть собо́й — to control oneself, to regain one's composure
3) усваивать to master (a subject)овладева́ть зна́ниями — to acquire knowledge
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92 оригинал
master copy, original copy, ( в факсимильной связи) subject copy, copy, original document, source document, master drawing, original, ( при копировании) original image, manuscript, master полигр., matter, principal, script, art work* * *оригина́л м. полигр.
original (copy)оригина́л дифракцио́нной решё́тки крист. — master gratingоригина́л ка́рты, изда́тельский — smooth-delineation mapоригина́л ка́рты, полево́й — field (survey) [base] sheet, map manuscript, surveying panel, survey(or's) [basic] plateоригина́л ка́рты, расчленё́нный — (colour-)separation drafting, separation drawingоригина́л ка́рты, совмещё́нный — combination block, composite [combination] drawing, composite combination plate, combination printоригина́л ка́рты, состави́тельский — compilation [composite] sheet, compilation manuscriptоригина́л ка́рты, штрихово́й — line original, line print, line copyоригина́л ма́трицы ( в производстве грампластинок) — masterоригина́л ма́трицы, второ́й ( в производстве грампластинок) — motherоригина́л ма́трицы, тре́тий ( в производстве грампластинок) — stamperорганизо́ванный оригина́л полигр. — dummyто́новый оригина́л — continuous-tone original, continuous-tone copyфототелегра́фный оригина́л — (subject) copyоригина́л фу́нкции (преобразова́ния) (напр. Лапласа, Фурье и т. п.) — inverse (Laplace, Fourier, etc.) transformнаходи́ть оригина́л фу́нкции по обра́тному преобразова́нию, напр. Фурье́, Лапла́са и т. п. — recover the time dependence of a function by the inverse, e. g., Fourier, Laplace, etc. transformнаходи́ть оригина́л фу́нкции преобразова́ния Лапла́са по за́данному изображе́нию — recover the original (time) function corresponding to a given Laplace transformнаходи́ть оригина́л фу́нкции преобразова́ния по его́ (напр. лапласову) изображе́нию ( в оператном исчислении) — recover an original (time) function from its (e. g., Laplace) transformцветоделё́нный оригина́л — colour-separated copyчё́рно-бе́лый оригина́л — black-and-white copy* * * -
93 Martyn, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1543d. July 1617[br]English goldsmith, Warden and later Master of the Royal Mint, entrepreneur and shareholder in Elizabethan metal industries.[br]Martyn became a leading shareholder in the Company of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly established in 1565 under the initiative William Humfrey. Its purpose was to mine lead and zinc ores and to introduce production of brass and manufacture of brass wire to England, activities in which he took an active interest. Appointed Warden of the Royal Mint in 1572, Martyn's responsibilities included the receipt of bullion and dispatch of freshly minted coins. He reported unfavourably on a new invention for producing "milled" coins by a screw press which embossed the two faces simultaneously. Considerable friction arose from his criticism of the then Master of the Mint. He was later subject to criticism himself on the irregularity of coin weights produced at the Mint. In 1580 Martyn leased Tintern wireworks, property of the Mineral and Battery Company, which was by then producing iron wire after earlier failing in the production of brass. Two years later he sought rights from the company to mine the zinc ore calamine and to make brass. When this was granted in 1587, he formed a partnership with others including William Brode, a London goldsmith who had been experimenting with the making of brass. Production started on a small scale using imported copper at Queen's Mill, Isleworth, largely financed by Martyn. Brode soon disagreed with his partners and with the Mineral and Battery Works Company and Martyn withdrew. After long and acrimonious disputes the works closed completely in 1605.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAlderman 1578. Knighted and appointed Lord Mayor of London 1589. Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company 1592. Joint Master of the Mint with his son, Richard, 1599.Further ReadingM.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (provides a comprehensive account).JD -
94 Deane, Sir Anthony
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1638 Harwich (?), Englandd. 1721 England[br]English master shipwright, one of the most influential of seventeenth-century England.[br]It is believed that Deane was born in Harwich, the son of a master mariner. When 22 years of age, having been trained by Christopher Pett, he was appointed Assistant Master Shipwright at Woolwich Naval Dockyard, indicating an ability as a shipbuilder and also that he had influence behind him. Despite abruptness and a tendency to annoy his seniors, he was acknowledged by no less a man than Pepys (1633–1703) for his skill as a ship designer and -builder, and he was one of the few who could accurately estimate displacements and drafts of ships under construction. While only 26 years old, he was promoted to Master Shipwright of the Naval Base at Harwich and commenced a notable career. When the yard was closed four years later (on the cessation of the threat from the Dutch), Deane was transferred to the key position of Master Shipwright at Portsmouth and given the opportunity to construct large men-of-war. In 1671 he built his first three-decker and was experimenting with underwater hull sheathing and other matters. In 1672 he became a member of the Navy Board, and from then on promotion was spectacular, with almost full responsibility given him for decisions on ship procurement for the Navy. Owing to political changes he was out of office for some years and endured a short period in prison, but on his release he continued to work as a private shipbuilder. He returned to the King's service for a few years before the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688; thereafter little is known of his life, beyond that he died in 1721.Deane's monument to posterity is his Doctrine of Naval Architecture, published in 1670. It is one of the few books on ship design of the period and gives a clear insight into the rather pedantic procedures used in those less than scientific times. Deane became Mayor of Harwich and subsequently Member of Parliament. It is believed that he was Peter the Great's tutor on shipbuilding during his visit to the Thames in 1698.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1673.Bibliography1670, Doctrine of Naval Architecture; repub. 1981, with additional commentaries by Brian Lavery, as Deane's Doctrine of Naval Architecture 1670, London: Conway Maritime.Further ReadingWestcott Abell, 1948, The Shipwright's Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.FMW -
95 Warren, Henry Ellis
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 21 May 1872 Boston, Massachusetts, USAd. 21 September 1957 Ashland, Massachusetts, USA[br]American electrical engineer who invented the mains electric synchronous clock.[br]Warren studied electrical engineering at the Boston Institute of Technology (later to become the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and graduated in 1894. In 1912 he formed the Warren Electric Clock Company to make a battery-powered clock that he had patented a few years earlier. The name was changed to the Warren Telechron (time at a distance) Company after he had started to produce synchronous clocks.In 1840 Charles Wheatstone had produced an electric master clock that produced an alternating current with a frequency of one cycle per second and which was used to drive slave dials. This system was not successful, but when Ferranti introduced the first alternating current power generator at Deptford in 1895 Hope-Jones saw in it a means of distributing time. This did not materialize immediately because the power generators did not control the frequency of the current with sufficient accuracy, and a reliable motor whose speed was related to this frequency was not available. In 1916 Warren solved both problems: he produced a reliable self-starting synchronous electric motor and he also made a master clock which could be used at the power station to control accurately the frequency of the supply. Initially the power-generating companies were reluctant to support the synchronous clock because it imposed a liability to control the frequency of the supply and the gain was likely to be small because it was very frugal in its use of power. However, with the advent of the grid system, when several generators were connected together, it became imperative to control the frequency; it was realized that although the power consumption of individual clocks was small, collectively it could be significant as they ran continuously. By the end of the 1930s more than half the clocks sold in the USA were of the synchronous type. The Warren synchronous clock was introduced into Great Britain in 1927, following the setting up of a grid system by the Electricity Commission.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute John Price Wetherill Medal. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Lamme Medal.BibliographyThe patents for the synchronous motor are US patent nos. 1,283,432, 1,283,433 and 1,283,435, and those for the master clock are 1,283,431, 1,409,502 and 1,502,493 of 29 October 1918 onwards.1919, "Utilising the time characteristics of alternating current", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 38:767–81 (Warren's first description of his system).Further ReadingJ.M.Anderson, 1991, "Henry Ellis Warren and his master clocks", National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors Bulletin 33:375–95 (provides biographical and technical details).DV -
96 оригинал
master copy, original copy, ( в факсимильной связи) subject copy, copy, original document, source document, master drawing, original, ( при копировании) original image, manuscript, master полигр., matter, principal, script, art work -
97 Seppings, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 11 December 1767 near Fakenham, Norfolk, Englandd. 25 April 1840 Taunton, Somerset, England[br]English naval architect who as Surveyor to the Royal Navy made fundamental improvements in wooden ship construction.[br]After the death of his father, Seppings at the age of 14 moved to his uncle's home in Plymouth, where shortly after (1782) he was apprenticed to the Master Shipwright. His indentures were honoured fully by 1789 and he commenced his climb up the professional ladder of the ship construction department of the Royal Dockyards. In 1797 he became Assistant Master Shipwright at Plymouth, and in 1804 he was appointed Master Shipwright at Chatham. In 1813 Sir William Rule, Surveyor to the Navy, retired and the number of surveyors was increased to three, with Seppings being appointed the junior. Later he was to become Surveyor to the Royal Navy, a post he held until his retirement in 1832. Seppings introduced many changes to ship construction in the early part of the nineteenth century. It is likely that the introduction of these innovations required positive and confident management, and their acceptance tells us much about Seppings. The best-known changes were the round bow and stern in men-of-war and the alteration to framing systems.The Seppings form of diagonal bracing ensured that wooden ships, which are notorious for hogging (i.e. drooping at the bow and stern), were stronger and therefore able to be built with greater length. This change was complemented by modifications to the floors, frames and futtocks (analogous to the ribs of a ship). These developments were to be taken further once iron composite construction (wooden sheathing on iron frames) was adopted in the United Kingdom mid-century.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS. Knighted (by the Prince Regent aboard the warship Royal George) 1819.BibliographyThroughout his life Seppings produced a handful of pamphlets and published letters, as well as two papers that were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1814 and 1820).Further ReadingA description of the thinking in the Royal Navy at the beginning of the nineteenth century can be found in: J.Fincham, 1851, A History of Naval Architecture, London; B.Lavery, 1989, Nelson's Navy. The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793–1815, London: Conway.T.Wright, 1982, "Thomas Young and Robert Seppings: science and ship construction in the early nineteenth century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:55–72.Seppings's work can be seen aboard the frigate Unicorn, launched in Chatham in 1824 and now on view to the public at Dundee. Similarly, his innovations in ship construction can be readily understood from many of the models at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.FMW -
98 изображение-оригинал
* * *изображе́ние-оригина́л м. ( в фототелеграфе)
subject copyразбива́ть изображе́ние-оригина́л на развё́ртывающие [ра́стровые, анализи́рующие] элеме́нты — break up the subject copy into picture elements, resolve the subject-copy into dotsРусско-английский политехнический словарь > изображение-оригинал
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99 Abel, Sir Frederick August
[br]b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, Englandd. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England[br]English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.[br]His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.Bibliography1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CMBiographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August
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100 Chapman, Frederik Henrik af
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 September 1721 Gothenburg, Swedend. 19 August 1808 Karlskrona, Sweden[br]Swedish naval architect and shipbuilder; one of the foremost ship designers of all time.[br]Chapman was born on the west coast of Sweden and was the son of a British naval officer serving in the Swedish Navy. In 1738 he followed in his father's footsteps by joining the naval dockyards as a shipbuilding apprentice. Subsequent experience was gained in other shipyards and by two years (1741–3) in London. His assiduous note taking and study of British shipbuilding were noticed and he was offered appointments in England, but these were refused and he returned to Sweden in 1744 and for a while operated as a ship repairer in partnership with a man called Bagge. In 1749 he started out on his own. He began with a period of study in Stockholm and in London, where he worked for a while under Thomas Simpson, and then went on to France and the Netherlands. During his time in England he learned the art of copper etching, a skill that later stood him in good stead. After some years he was appointed Deputy Master Shipwright to the Swedish Navy, and in 1760 he became Master Shipwright at Sveaborg (now Suomenlinna), the fortress island of Helsinki. There Chapman excelled by designing the coastal defence or skerry fleet that to this day is accepted as beautiful and fit for purpose. He understood the limitations of ship design and throughout his life strove to improve shipbuilding by using the advances in mathematics and science that were then being made. His contribution to the rationalization of thought in ship theory cannot be overemphasized.In 1764 he became Chief Shipbuilder to the Swedish Navy, with particular responsibility for Karlskrona and for Stockholm. He assisted in the new rules for the classification of warships and later introduced standardization to the naval dockyards. He continued to rise in rank and reputation until his retirement in 1793, but to the end his judgement was sought on many matters concerning not only ship design but also the administration of the then powerful Swedish Navy.His most important bequest to his profession is the great book Architectura Navalis Mercatoria, first published in 1768. Later editions were larger and contained additional material. This volume remains one of the most significant works on shipbuilding.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1772. Rear Admiral 1783, Vice-Admiral 1791.Bibliography1768, Architecture Navalis Mercatoria; 1975, pub. in English, trans. Adlard Coles. 1775, Tractat om Skepps-Buggeriet.Further ReadingD.G.Harris, 1989, F.H.Chapman, the First Naval Architect and His Work, London: Conway (an excellent biography).FMWBiographical history of technology > Chapman, Frederik Henrik af
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