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three+buildings

  • 61 last

    last, US [transcription][l_st] ⇒ Time units
    A n
    1 ( for shoes) forme f ;
    2 ( end of life) to the last jusqu'au bout.
    B pron
    1 ( final) the last le dernier/la dernière m/f (to do à faire) ; that was the last I saw of her c'est la dernière fois que je l'ai vue ; I thought we'd seen the last of him! je croyais qu'on en avait fini avec lui! ; I hope we've seen the last of the cold weather j'espère qu'on en a fini avec le froid ; you haven't heard the last of this! l'affaire n'en restera pas là! ; to leave sth till last s'occuper de qch en dernier (lieu) ;
    2 ( of series) the last le dernier/la dernière m/f ; to be the last in a long line of Kings être le dernier (en date) d'une longue lignée de rois ; his new novel is better than the last son nouveau roman est meilleur que le dernier or le précédent ; the last I heard, he was living in Spain aux dernières nouvelles, il habitait en Espagne ; the last but one l'avant-dernier/-ière ; the night before last ( evening) avant-hier soir ; ( night) la nuit d'avant-hier ; the week before last il y a deux semaines ; lovely dresses, this last being the most expensive de belles robes, cette dernière étant la plus coûteuse ;
    3 ( all that remains) the last le dernier/la dernière m/f ; ‘are there any more cakes?’-‘no, this is the last‘ ‘est-ce qu'il reste des gâteaux?’-‘non, c'est le dernier’ ; he poured out the last of the whisky il a versé ce qui restait de whisky ; the last of the guests were just leaving les derniers invités prenaient congé.
    C adj
    1 ( final) [hope, novel, time] dernier/-ière (before n) ; to the last detail jusqu'au dernier détail ; the last car to be made in Abingdon la dernière voiture fabriquée à Abingdon ; the last person to do la dernière personne à faire ; it is the last time that I/you do c'est la dernière fois que je/tu fais ; for the last time, will you be quiet! c'est la dernière fois que je vous le dis, taisez-vous! ; your last name please? votre nom de famille s'il vous plaît? ; in my last job là où je travaillais avant ; every last one of them tous jusqu'au dernier ;
    2 ( final in series) dernier/-ière ; the last house before the garage la dernière maison avant le garage ; the last building/horse but one l'avant-dernier bâtiment/cheval ; his name is last but two on the list son nom est le troisième à partir de la fin de la liste ; the last few children/buildings les deux ou trois derniers enfants/bâtiments ;
    3 ( describing past time) dernier/-ière ; last week/year la semaine/l'année dernière ; last Tuesday mardi dernier ; I was in Spain last Christmas j'étais en Espagne à Noël l'an dernier ; in ou over the last ten years durant ces dix dernières années ; Anne has been in Cambridge for the last eight months Anne est à Cambridge depuis huit mois ; last night ( evening) hier soir ; ( night-time) cette nuit ; late last night tard hier soir ; this time last year l'an dernier à cette époque-ci ; last week's figures les chiffres de la semaine dernière ; last night's broadcast l'émission d'hier soir ;
    4 fig ( most unlikely) dernier/-ière ; he's the last person I'd ask! c'est la dernière personne à qui je m'adresserais! ; to be the last person to do être le dernier/la dernière à faire ; I'd be the last person to suggest that… je serais le dernier/la dernière à suggérer que… ; the last thing they want is publicity! la publicité, c'est vraiment ce qu'ils souhaitent le moins! ; the last thing I need is guests for the weekend il ne me manquait plus que des invités pour le week-end iron ; another cat is the last thing we need nous n'avons certainement pas besoin d'un autre chat.
    D adv
    1 ( in final position) to come in last [runner, racing car] arriver en dernier ; to be placed last être classé dernier/-ière ; the girls left last les filles sont parties les dernières ; last of all en dernier lieu ; to put sb/sth last faire passer qn/qch après tout le reste ;
    2 ( most recently) she was last in Canada in 1976 la dernière fois qu'elle est allée au Canada, c'était en 1976 ; the play was last performed in 1925 la dernière représentation de la pièce a eu lieu en 1925, la pièce a été jouée pour la dernière fois en 1925.
    E vtr a loaf lasts me two days un pain me fait deux jours ; a loaf of bread lasts my mother a week ma mère, un pain lui fait la semaine ; we have enough food to last (us) three days nous avons assez de provisions pour trois jours ; there's enough to last me a lifetime! il y en a assez jusqu'à la fin de mes jours!
    F vi
    1 ( extend in time) [marriage, ceasefire, performance] durer ; the exhibition lasted two months l'exposition a duré deux mois ; it won't last! ça ne durera pas longtemps! ; it's too good to last! c'est trop beau pour que ça dure! ; he won't last long in this place il ne tiendra pas longtemps ici ; that beer didn't last long cette bière n'a pas fait long feu ; I'm afraid the poor dog won't last long je crains que le pauvre chien n'en ait plus pour longtemps ;
    2 ( maintain condition) [fabric] faire de l'usage ; [perishables] se conserver ; these shoes will last and last ces chaussures sont inusables.
    last out:
    1 ( not run out) [money] suffire ; [supplies] durer ;
    2 ( persist) [person] tenir ; she says she's given up smoking, but she'll never last out! elle dit qu'elle a cessé de fumer, mais elle ne tiendra jamais! ;
    3 ( endure siege) [inhabitants, town] tenir ;
    last out [sth] tenir jusqu'à la fin de [siege] ; she' ll never last out the month elle ne finira pas le mois.

    Big English-French dictionary > last

  • 62 spread

    A n
    1 ( dissemination) (of disease, drugs) propagation f ; (of news, information) diffusion f ; (of democracy, infection, weapons) progression f ; ( of education) généralisation f ; the spread of sth to l'extension f de qch à [group, area, place] ;
    2 (extent, range) (of wings, branches) envergure f ; ( of arch) ouverture f, portée f ; (of products, services) éventail m ; the spread in terms of age in the class is quite wide les membres de la classe sont d'âge varié ; the spread of the festival is enormous le programme du festival est très étendu ; spread of sail ou canvas Naut déploiement m de voile ;
    3 Journ a three-column spread trois colonnes fpl ; double-page spread page f double ;
    4 Culin pâte f à tartiner ; chocolate spread pâte f à tartiner au chocolat ; salmon/shrimp spread beurre m de saumon/crevette ; low-fat spread ( margarine) margarine f allégée ; fruit spread confiture f à teneur en sucre réduite ;
    5 ( assortment of dishes) festin m ; they laid on a magnificent spread ils ont servi un véritable festin ;
    6 US Agric grand ranch m.
    B adj Ling [lips] rétracté.
    C vtr ( prét, pp spread)
    1 (open out, unfold) étendre [cloth, map, rug, newspaper] (on, over sur) ; ( lay out) étaler [cloth, newspaper, map] (on, over sur) ; ( put) mettre [cloth, sheet, newspaper] ; we spread dust sheets over the furniture nous avons mis des housses sur les meubles ; to spread a cloth on the table mettre une nappe sur la table ; she spread her arms wide in greeting elle a ouvert grand les bras en signe de bienvenue ; the peacock spread its tail/its wings le paon a fait la roue/a déployé ses ailes ; spread 'em ! ( police command) écartez les bras et les jambes! ; ⇒ wing ;
    2 ( apply in layer) étaler [butter, jam, paste, glue] (on, over sur) ; spread the butter thinly on the bread étaler une mince couche de beurre sur le pain ;
    3 ( cover with layer) to spread some bread with jam tartiner du pain avec de la confiture ; to spread a surface with glue enduire une surface de colle ; a biscuit spread with honey un biscuit recouvert de miel ; the table was spread for lunch la table était mise pour le déjeuner ; the path had been spread with gravel le chemin avait été recouvert de gravillons ;
    4 ( distribute over area) disperser [forces, troops] ; étaler [cards, documents] ; épandre [fertilizer] ; répartir, partager [workload, responsibility] ; to spread grit ou sand sabler ; to spread mud everywhere mettre de la boue partout ; the resources must be evenly spread between the two projects les ressources doivent être réparties or partagées de façon égale entre les deux projets ; we have to spread our resources very thin(ly) nous devons ménager nos ressources ; my interests are spread over several historical periods je m'intéresse à plusieurs périodes historiques ;
    5 ( also spread out) (distribute in time, space out) étaler, échelonner [payments, meetings, visits, cost] (over sur) ; I'd like to spread the course (out) over two years j'aimerais étaler les cours sur deux ans ;
    6 (diffuse, cause to proliferate) propager [disease, infection, germs, fire] ; propager [religion] ; répandre, semer [fear, confusion, panic] ; faire courir, faire circuler [rumour, story, lie, scandal] ; a strong wind helped to spread the blaze un vent fort a contribué à propager l'incendie ; to spread sth to sb transmettre [qch] à qn [infection, news] ; wind spread the fire to neighbouring buildings le vent a poussé l'incendie vers les bâtiments voisins ; can you spread the word? tu peux faire passer? ; to spread the word that annoncer que ; word had been spread among the staff that le bruit courait parmi les membres du personnel que ; to spread the Word Relig prêcher la bonne parole.
    D vi ( prét, pp spread)
    1 [butter, margarine, jam, glue] s'étaler ; ‘spreads straight from the fridge’ ‘s'étale facilement même au sortir du réfrigérateur’ ;
    2 (cover area or time, extend) [forest, desert, drought, network] s'étendre (over sur) ; [experience] s'étendre (over sur) ; training can spread over several months la formation peut s'étendre sur plusieurs mois ;
    3 (proliferate, become more widespread) [disease, infection, germs] se propager, gagner du terrain ; [fire] s'étendre, gagner du terrain ; [fear, confusion, panic] se propager ; [rumour, story, scandal] circuler, se répandre ; [stain] s'étaler ; [pain] se propager ; the rumour was spreading that le bruit courait que ; to spread over sth [epidemic, disease] se propager dans, s'étendre à [area] ; the news spread rapidly over the whole town la nouvelle s'est vite répandue dans toute la ville ; the stain/the damp has spread over the whole wall la tache/l'humidité s'est étalée sur tout le mur ; to spread to [fire, disease, rioting, strike] s'étendre à, gagner [building, region] ; the panic spread to the people in the street la panique a gagné les gens qui se trouvaient dans la rue ; the fire spread from one room to another l'incendie s'est propagé d'une pièce à l'autre ; the disease spread from the liver to the kidney la maladie s'est propagée du foie aux reins ; the weeds spread from the garden to the path les mauvaises herbes du jardin ont gagné le chemin ; rain will spread to the north/to most regions during the night la pluie va s'étendre vers le nord/à la plupart des régions pendant la nuit.
    E v refl ( prét, pp spread) to spread oneself ( take up space) prendre ses aises ; (talk, write at length) s'étendre ; he spread himself over the sofa il s'est étalé sur le canapé ; to spread oneself too thin fig faire trop de choses à la fois.
    spread around, spread about:
    spread [sth] around faire circuler [rumour] ; he's been spreading it around that il a fait courir le bruit que.
    spread out [group] se disperser (over sur) ; [wings, tail] se déployer ; [landscape, town, woods] s'étendre ; spread out! dispersez-vous! ;
    spread [sth] out, spread out [sth]
    1 (open out, unfold) étendre [cloth, map, rug, newspaper] (on, over sur) ; (lay, flatten out) étaler [cloth, newspaper, map] (on, over sur) ; she lay spread out on the carpet elle était étendue (de tout son long) sur la moquette ; the whole town was spread out below them la ville tout entière s'étendait à leurs pieds ;
    2 ( distribute over area) étaler [cards, maps, trinkets] ; disperser [forces, troops] ; the houses were spread out all over the valley les maisons étaient dispersées or disséminées dans toute la vallée ; you're too spread out, I can't get you all in the photo vous êtes trop éloignés les uns des autres, vous n'êtes pas tous dans le cadre.

    Big English-French dictionary > spread

  • 63 knock

    knock [nɒk]
    coup1 (a)-(c) critique1 (d) cognement1 (e) heurter2 (b), 3 (b) cogner2 (b), 3 (b), 3 (c) éreinter2 (c) frapper3 (a)
    1 noun
    (a) (blow) coup m;
    give it a knock with a hammer donne un coup de marteau dessus;
    there was a knock at the door/window on a frappé à la porte/fenêtre;
    she gave three knocks on the door elle a frappé trois fois ou coups à la porte;
    to hear a knock entendre frapper;
    no one answered my knock personne n'a répondu quand j'ai frappé;
    knock! knock! toc! toc!;
    can you give me a knock tomorrow morning? est-ce que vous pouvez (venir) frapper à ma porte demain matin pour me réveiller?
    (b) (bump) coup m;
    to give sb a knock on the head porter à qn un coup à la tête;
    I got a nasty knock on the elbow (in fight, accident) j'ai reçu un sacré coup au coude; (by one's own clumsiness) je me suis bien cogné le coude;
    the car's had a few knocks, but nothing serious la voiture est un peu cabossée mais rien de grave
    (c) (setback) coup m;
    his reputation has taken a hard knock sa réputation en a pris un sérieux coup;
    I've taken a few knocks in my time j'ai encaissé des coups moi aussi
    (d) familiar (criticism) critique f;
    she's taken a few knocks from the press la presse n'a pas toujours été très tendre avec elle
    (e) Cars (in engine) cognement m
    to knock a nail in enfoncer un clou;
    she knocked a nail into the wall elle a planté un clou dans le mur;
    she knocked a hole in the wall elle a fait un trou dans le mur;
    he was knocked into the ditch il a été projeté dans le fossé;
    the boy was knocking the ball against the wall le garçon lançait ou envoyait la balle contre le mur;
    the force of the explosion knocked us to the floor la force de l'explosion nous a projetés à terre;
    familiar to knock sb unconscious or cold assommer qn;
    the boom knocked him off balance la bôme, en le heurtant, l'a déséquilibré ou lui a fait perdre l'équilibre;
    figurative the news knocked me off balance la nouvelle m'a sidéré ou coupé le souffle
    (b) (bump) heurter, cogner;
    I knocked my head on or against the low ceiling je me suis cogné la tête contre le ou au plafond
    (c) familiar (criticize → author, film) éreinter; (→ driving, cooking) critiquer ;
    knocking your colleagues isn't going to help ce n'est pas en débinant vos collègues ou en cassant du sucre sur le dos de vos collègues que vous changerez quoi que ce soit;
    they're always knocking the trade unions ils n'arrêtent pas de taper sur les syndicats;
    don't knock it till you've tried it! n'en dis pas de mal avant d'avoir essayé
    to knock holes in a plan/an argument démolir un projet/un argument;
    maybe it will knock some sense into him cela lui mettra peut-être du plomb dans la cervelle, cela le ramènera peut-être à la raison;
    the army soon knocked his enthusiasm out of him l'armée a eu tôt fait de tuer en lui toute trace d'enthousiasme;
    to knock sb into shape mettre qn au pas;
    British familiar to knock sth on the head (put a stop to) faire cesser qch ;
    British familiar our plans have been knocked on the head nos projets sont tombés à l'eau;
    British familiar knock it on the head, will you! c'est pas bientôt fini?;
    British familiar he can knock spots off me at chess/tennis il me bat à plate couture aux échecs/au tennis;
    American familiar it really knocked me for a loop ça m'a vraiment scié;
    to knock sb dead (impress) en mettre plein la vue à qn;
    Texas knocked them dead last night hier soir, Texas a fait un tabac
    (a) (hit) frapper;
    to knock on or at the door frapper (à la porte);
    she came in without knocking elle est entrée sans frapper;
    they knock on the wall when we're too noisy ils tapent ou cognent contre le mur quand on fait trop de bruit;
    it was a branch knocking against the window c'était une branche qui cognait contre la fenêtre
    to knock against or into heurter, cogner;
    she knocked into the desk elle s'est heurtée ou cognée contre le bureau;
    my elbow knocked against the door frame je me suis cogné ou heurté le coude contre le chambranle de la porte
    (c) (make sound) cogner;
    my heart was knocking je sentais mon cœur cogner dans ma poitrine, j'avais le cœur qui cognait;
    the car engine is knocking le moteur cogne;
    humorous his knees were knocking ses genoux jouaient des castagnettes;
    the pipes knock when you run the taps les tuyaux cognent quand on ouvre les robinets
    familiar (loiter) traîner;
    Vicky must be knocking about here somewhere Vicky doit traîner quelque part dans le coin;
    I knocked about in Australia for a while j'ai bourlingué ou roulé ma bosse en Australie pendant quelque temps;
    British are my fags knocking about? est-ce que mes clopes sont dans le coin?;
    that's what I wear to knock about in ce sont mes vêtements d'intérieur
    familiar traîner dans;
    I knocked about town all day j'ai traîné en ville toute la journée;
    she spent a year knocking about Europe elle a passé une année à se balader en Europe;
    these clothes are OK for knocking about the house in ces vêtements, ça va pour traîner à la maison;
    your keys are knocking about the kitchen somewhere tes clés traînent dans un coin de la cuisine
    (a) (beat) battre; (ill-treat) malmener;
    he used to knock his wife about a lot il tapait sur ou il battait sa femme;
    the old car's been knocked about a bit la vieille voiture a pris quelques coups ici et là;
    the furniture has been badly knocked about les meubles ont été fort maltraités
    (b) (jolt, shake) ballotter;
    we were really knocked about in the back of the truck nous étions ballottés à l'arrière du camion
    (c) familiar (discuss) débattre ;
    we knocked the idea about for a while nous en avons vaguement discuté pendant un certain temps
    familiar fréquenter ;
    they knocked about together at school ils se fréquentaient à l'école
    (a) (drink) descendre;
    she could knock back ten vodkas in an hour elle pouvait s'envoyer dix vodkas en une heure;
    he certainly knocks it back! qu'est-ce qu'il descend!
    (b) (cost) coûter à ;
    that car must have knocked him back a few thousand pounds cette voiture a bien dû lui coûter quelques milliers de livres
    (c) (surprise, shock) secouer, bouleverser;
    the news really knocked me back la nouvelle m'a vraiment abasourdi ou m'a laissé pantois
    to knock sb back rejeter qn ;
    to knock sth back (offer, invitation) refuser qch ;
    she knocked him back il s'est pris une veste
    (a) (person) renverser; (in fight) envoyer par terre, étendre;
    she was knocked down by a bus elle a été renversée par un bus;
    he knocked the champion down in the first round il a envoyé le champion au tapis ou il a mis le champion knock-down dans la première reprise
    (b) (hurdle, vase, pile of books) faire tomber, renverser
    (c) (demolish → building) démolir; (→ wall) démolir, abattre; (→ argument) démolir
    (d) (price) baisser; (salesman) faire baisser;
    I managed to knock him down to $500 j'ai réussi à le faire baisser jusqu'à 500 dollars
    it was knocked down to her for £300 on le lui a adjugé pour 300 livres
    (a) (from shelf, wall etc) faire tomber;
    the statue's arm had been knocked off la statue avait perdu un bras;
    he knocked the earth off the spade il fit tomber la terre qui était restée collée à la bêche;
    he was knocked off his bicycle by a car il s'est fait renverser à vélo par une voiture;
    figurative to knock sb off their pedestal or perch faire tomber qn de son piédestal;
    familiar to knock sb's block off casser la figure à qn
    (b) (reduce by) faire une réduction de;
    the salesman knocked 10 percent off (for us) le vendeur nous a fait un rabais ou une remise de 10 pour cent;
    I managed to get something knocked off the price j'ai réussi à faire baisser un peu le prix
    she can knock off an article in half an hour elle peut pondre un article en une demi-heure
    (d) very familiar (kill) descendre, buter
    (e) British very familiar (steal) piquer, faucher; (rob) braquer;
    they knocked off a bank ils ont braqué une banque
    knock it off! (stop it) arrête ton char!
    familiar (stop work) cesser le travail ;
    we knock off at five o'clock on finit à cinq heures
    (in rugby) to knock the ball on faire un en-avant
    he's knocking on sixty il va sur la soixantaine;
    there were knocking on fifty people in the hall il n'y avait pas loin de cinquante personnes dans la salle
    (a) (in rugby) faire un en-avant
    my dad's knocking on a bit now mon père commence à prendre de la bouteille
    (a) (nail) faire sortir; (wall) abattre;
    one of his teeth was knocked out il a perdu une dent
    (b) (make unconscious) assommer; (in boxing) mettre K-O; familiar (of drug, pill) assommer, mettre K-O;
    familiar the sleeping pill knocked her out for ten hours le somnifère l'a assommée ou mise K-O pendant dix heures
    her performance really knocked me out! son interprétation m'a vraiment épaté!
    (d) (eliminate) éliminer;
    our team was knocked out in the first round notre équipe a été éliminée au premier tour
    (e) (put out of action) mettre hors service;
    it can knock out a tank at 2,000 metres cela peut mettre un tank hors de combat à 2000 mètres
    I'm not going to knock myself out working for him je ne vais pas m'esquinter à travailler pour lui
    to knock oneself out (indulge oneself) se faire plaisir ;
    there's plenty of food left, knock yourself out! il reste plein de nourriture, sers-toi autant que tu veux!
    (h) (pipe) débourrer
    (a) (capsize) renverser, faire tomber;
    I knocked a pile of plates over j'ai renversé ou fait tomber une pile d'assiettes;
    she was knocked over by a bus elle a été renversée par un bus
    (a) (hit together) cogner l'un contre l'autre;
    they make music by knocking bamboo sticks together ils font de la musique en frappant des bambous l'un contre l'autre;
    familiar they need their heads knocking together, those two ces deux-là auraient bien besoin qu'on leur secoue les puces
    (b) familiar (make quickly) faire à la hâte ;
    we knocked together a rough shelter on s'est fabriqué une espèce d'abri
    s'entrechoquer
    (a) familiar (make quickly) faire à la hâte ;
    these buildings were knocked up after the war ces bâtiments ont été construits à la hâte après la guerre;
    he knocked up a delicious meal in no time en un rien de temps, il a réussi à nous préparer quelque chose de délicieux
    (b) British (waken) réveiller (en frappant à la porte)
    (c) British familiar (exhaust) crever; (make ill) rendre malade ;
    that walk yesterday really knocked me up la promenade d'hier m'a complètement crevé;
    he's knocked up with the flu il a chopé la grippe
    the furniture is pretty knocked up les meubles sont plutôt esquintés ou amochés
    (e) very familiar (make pregnant) mettre en cloque;
    she got knocked up elle s'est fait mettre en cloque
    (f) (in cricket) marquer;
    he knocked up 50 runs before rain stopped play il a marqué 50 points avant que la pluie n'interrompe la partie
    British (in ball games) faire des balles

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > knock

  • 64 up

    up [ʌp] (pt & pp upped, cont upping)
    A.
    all the way up, the whole way up, right up (to the top) (of stairs, hill) jusqu'en haut;
    he's on his way up il monte;
    they had coffee sent up ils ont fait monter du café;
    hang it higher up accrochez-le plus haut;
    wait till the moon comes up attends que la lune se lève;
    familiar he doesn't have very much up top c'est pas une lumière, il a pas inventé l'eau chaude ou le fil à couper le beurre;
    familiar she's got plenty up top elle en a dans le ciboulot
    (b) (in a higher position, at a higher level)
    she wears her hair up elle porte ses cheveux relevés;
    hold your head up high! redressez la tête!;
    heads up! attention!;
    up above au-dessus;
    the glasses are up above the plates les verres sont au-dessus des assiettes;
    up in the air en l'air;
    look at the kite up in the sky regardez le cerf-volant (là-haut) dans le ciel;
    I live eight floors up j'habite au huitième (étage);
    she lives three floors up from us elle habite trois étages au-dessus de chez nous;
    she's up in her room elle est en haut dans sa chambre;
    we spend our holidays up in the mountains nous passons nos vacances à la montagne;
    from up on the mountain du haut de la montagne;
    do you see her up on that hill? la voyez-vous en haut de ou sur cette colline?;
    what are you doing up there? qu'est-ce que vous faites là-haut?;
    the captain is up on deck le capitaine est en haut sur le pont;
    have you ever been up in a plane? avez-vous déjà pris l'avion?;
    up the top tout en haut;
    it's up on top of the wardrobe c'est sur le dessus de l'armoire;
    figurative she's up there with the best (of them) elle est parmi ou dans les meilleurs
    Charles has his hand up Charles a la main levée;
    wind the window up (in car) remontez la vitre;
    put your hood up relève ou mets ta capuche;
    she turned her collar up elle a relevé son col
    up you get! debout!;
    he helped me up il m'a aidé à me lever ou à me mettre debout;
    sit up straight! tiens-toi droit!;
    the trunk was standing up on end la malle était debout;
    familiar up and at them! grouillez-vous!
    get up! debout!;
    she got up late this morning elle s'est levée tard ce matin;
    she's always up and doing elle n'arrête jamais
    the body was lying face up le corps était couché sur le dos;
    I turned the poster right side up j'ai mis l'affiche dans le bon sens ou à l'endroit;
    put it the other way up retournez-le;
    he turned his hand palm up il a tourné la main paume vers le haut;
    familiar figurative he doesn't know which end is up il est bête comme ses pieds
    (g) (erected, installed)
    they're putting up a new hotel there ils construisent un nouvel hôtel là-bas;
    help me get the curtains/the pictures up aide-moi à accrocher les rideaux/les tableaux
    up on the blackboard au tableau;
    I saw an announcement up about it je l'ai vu sur une affiche
    careful, we've got some of the floorboards up attention au plancher, il manque des lattes;
    when we've got the carpet up… quand nous aurons enlevé la moquette…
    B.
    they came up for the weekend ils sont venus pour le week-end;
    it's cold up here il fait froid ici;
    up there là-bas;
    up north dans le nord
    (b) (in, to or from a larger place)
    up in Madrid à Madrid;
    she's up in Maine for the week elle passe une semaine dans le Maine;
    we're up from Munich nous venons ou arrivons de Munich;
    he was on his way up to town il allait en ville
    he's up at Oxford il est à Oxford
    there's a café up ahead il y a un café plus loin;
    the sign up ahead says 10 miles la pancarte là-bas indique 10 miles
    the clerk came up to him le vendeur s'est approché de lui ou est venu vers lui;
    a car drew up at the petrol pump une voiture s'est arrêtée à la pompe à essence;
    up came a small, blonde child un petit enfant blond s'est approché
    up close de près;
    I like to sit up front j'aime bien m'asseoir devant;
    when you get right up to her quand vous la voyez de près;
    they stood up close to one another ils se tenaient l'un contre l'autre ou tout près l'un de l'autre
    C.
    prices have gone up by 10 percent les prix ont augmenté ou monté de 10 pour cent;
    bread has gone up again le pain a encore augmenté;
    the temperature soared up into the thirties la température est montée au-dessus de trente degrés;
    they can cost anything from £750 up ils coûtent au moins 750 livres, on en trouve à partir de 750 livres;
    suitable for children aged seven and up convient aux enfants âgés de sept ans et plus;
    all ranks from sergeant up tous les rangs à partir de celui de sergent
    (b) (more loudly, intensely) plus fort;
    speak up parlez plus fort;
    he turned the radio up il a mis la radio plus fort
    D.
    drink up! finissez vos verres!;
    eat up your greens finis tes légumes;
    the river had dried up la rivière s'était asséchée
    he ripped the shirt up il a mis la chemise en lambeaux;
    I tore up the letter j'ai déchiré la lettre (en petits morceaux)
    add these figures up additionnez ces chiffres;
    the teacher gathered up his notes le professeur a ramassé ses notes
    E.
    he came up before the judge for rape il a comparu devant le juge pour viol;
    the murder case came up before the court today le meutre a été jugé aujourd'hui;
    she comes up before the board tomorrow elle paraît devant le conseil demain
    up (with) the Revolution! vive la Révolution!;
    Sport up the Lakers! allez les Lakers!
    A.
    the river is up le fleuve est en crue;
    the tide is up la marée est haute;
    before the sun was up avant le lever du soleil;
    prices are up on last year les prix ont augmenté par rapport à l'année dernière;
    the temperature is up in the twenties la température a dépassé les vingt degrés
    the blinds are up les stores sont levés;
    keep the windows up (in car) n'ouvrez pas les fenêtres;
    her hair was up (in a bun) elle avait un chignon;
    her hood was up so I couldn't see her face sa capuche était relevée, si bien que je ne voyais pas sa figure;
    figurative his defences were up il était sur ses gardes
    the up escalator l'escalier roulant qui monte
    the up train le train qui va en ville;
    the up platform le quai où l'on prend le train qui va en ville
    is she up yet? est-elle déjà levée ou debout?;
    we're normally up at 6 d'habitude nous nous levons à 6 heures;
    she was up late last night elle s'est couchée ou elle a veillé tard hier soir;
    they were up all night ils ne se sont pas couchés de la nuit, ils ont passé une nuit blanche
    was the ball up? la balle était-elle bonne?
    B.
    (a) (road) en travaux;
    road up (sign) travaux
    (b) (erected, installed)
    these buildings haven't been up long ça ne fait pas longtemps que ces immeubles ont été construits;
    are the new curtains up yet? les nouveaux rideaux ont-ils été posés?;
    when the tent's up quand la tente sera montée
    are the results up yet? les résultats sont-ils déjà affichés?
    C.
    (a) (finished, at an end) terminé;
    time is up! (on exam, visit) c'est l'heure!; (in game, on meter) le temps est écoulé!;
    when the month was up he left à la fin du mois, il est parti
    Madrid was two goals up Madrid menait de deux buts;
    Sport Georgetown was 13 points up on Baltimore Georgetown avait 13 points d'avance sur Baltimore;
    Golf to be one hole up avoir un trou d'avance;
    familiar I'm $50 up on you j'ai 50 dollars de plus que vous ;
    familiar to be one up on sb avoir un avantage sur qn
    (c) familiar (ready) prêt ;
    dinner's up le dîner est prêt
    the computer's up again l'ordinateur fonctionne à nouveau
    D.
    he seemed very up when I saw him il avait l'air en pleine forme quand je l'ai vu
    to be up on sth être au fait de qch ;
    he's really up on history il est fort ou calé en histoire ;
    she's always up with the latest trends elle est toujours au courant de la dernière mode
    E.
    to be up before a court/a judge comparaître devant un tribunal/un juge;
    she's up before the board tomorrow elle comparaît devant le conseil demain
    something's up (happening) il se passe quelque chose ; (wrong) quelque chose ne va pas ;
    what's up? (happening) qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; (wrong) qu'est-ce qu'il y a? ; American (as greeting) quoi de neuf?;
    what's up with you? (happening) quoi de neuf?; (wrong) qu'est-ce que tu as? ;
    do you know what's up? est-ce que tu sais ce qui se passe? ;
    something's up with Mum il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas chez maman, maman a quelque chose ;
    there's something up with the TV la télé débloque
    we carried our suitcases up the stairs nous avons monté nos valises;
    he ran up the stairs il a monté l'escalier en courant;
    she was up and down stairs all day elle montait et descendait les escaliers toute la journée;
    I climbed up the ladder je suis monté à l'échelle;
    the cat climbed up the tree le chat a grimpé dans l'arbre;
    the smoke went up my nose la fumée m'est montée par le nez;
    the gas goes up this pipe le gaz monte par ce tuyau;
    further up the wall plus haut sur le mur;
    literary up hill and down dale par monts et par vaux
    her flat is up those stairs son appartement est en haut de cet escalier;
    the cat is up a tree le chat est (perché) sur un arbre;
    we walked up the street nous avons monté la rue;
    she pointed up the street elle a montré le haut de la rue;
    she lives up this street elle habite dans cette rue;
    the café is just up the road le café se trouve plus loin ou plus haut dans la rue
    up the river en amont;
    a voyage up the Amazon une remontée de l'Amazone
    (d) British familiar (at, to) à ;
    he's up the pub il est au pub;
    I'm going up the shops je vais faire les courses
    up yours! va te faire voir!
    (a) (increase) augmenter;
    they have upped their prices by 25 percent ils ont augmenté leurs prix de 25 pour cent;
    also figurative to up the stakes monter la mise
    (b) (promote) lever, relever;
    the boss upped him to district manager le patron l'a bombardé directeur régional
    to up sticks plier bagages
    familiar she upped and left elle a fichu le camp;
    he just upped and hit him tout à coup il (s'est levé et) l'a frappé;
    he upped and married her en moins de deux, il l'a épousée
    6 noun
    (a) (high point) haut m;
    ups and downs (in land, road) accidents mpl; (of market) fluctuations fpl;
    I've had a lot of ups and downs in my life j'ai connu des hauts et des bas;
    we all have our ups and downs nous avons tous des hauts et des bas
    the market is on the up le marché est à la hausse;
    prices are on the up les prix sont en hausse
    (c) familiar (drug) amphet f, amphé f
    (a) (touching) contre;
    lean the ladder up against the window appuyez l'échelle contre la fenêtre
    you're up against some good candidates vous êtes en compétition avec de bons candidats;
    they don't know what they're up against! ils ne se rendent pas compte de ce qui les attend!;
    to be up against the law être dans l'illégalité;
    familiar to be up against it être dans le pétrin
    I've been up and about since 7 o'clock (gen) je suis levé depuis 7 heures;
    so you're up and about again? (after illness) alors tu n'es plus alité?
    he was jumping up and down il sautait sur place;
    she looked us up and down elle nous a regardés de haut en bas;
    the bottle bobbed up and down on the waves la bouteille montait et descendait sur les vagues;
    I was up and down all night (in and out of bed) je n'ai pas arrêté de me lever la nuit dernière
    (b) (to and fro) de long en large;
    I could hear him walking up and down je l'entendais faire les cent pas ou marcher de long en large;
    she walked up and down the platform elle faisait les cent pas sur le quai
    up and down the country dans tout le pays
    she's been very up and down lately elle a eu beaucoup de hauts et de bas ces derniers temps
    (a) (under consideration, about to undergo) à;
    the house is up for sale la maison est à vendre;
    the project is up for discussion on va discuter du projet;
    she's up for election elle est candidate ou elle se présente aux élections
    he's up for murder/speeding il va être jugé pour meurtre/excès de vitesse
    (c) familiar (interested in, ready for)
    are you still up for supper tonight? tu veux toujours qu'on dîne ensemble ce soir? ;
    he's up for anything il est toujours partant ;
    was she up for it? (willing to have sex) elle a bien voulu coucher?
    (a) (as far as) jusqu'à;
    he can count up to 100 il sait compter jusqu'à 100;
    the river is up to 25 feet wide le fleuve a jusqu'à 25 pieds de largeur;
    the bus can take up to 50 passengers le bus peut accueillir jusqu'à 50 passagers;
    I'm up to page 120 j'en suis à la page 120;
    up to and including Saturday jusqu'à samedi inclus;
    up to here jusqu'ici;
    up to or up until now jusqu'à maintenant, jusqu'ici;
    up to or up until then jusqu'alors, jusque-là;
    we were up to our knees in mud nous avions de la boue jusqu'aux genoux
    should he attend the meeting? - that's up to him est-ce qu'il doit assister à la réunion? - il fait ce qu'il veut ou c'est à lui de voir;
    which film do you fancy? - it's up to you quel film est-ce que tu veux voir? - c'est comme tu veux;
    it's entirely up to you whether you go or not il ne tient qu'à toi de rester ou de partir;
    if it were up to me… si c'était moi qui décidais ou à moi de décider…;
    it's up to them to pay damages c'est à eux ou il leur appartient de payer les dégâts
    to be up to doing sth être capable de faire qch;
    he's not up to heading the team il n'est pas capable de diriger l'équipe;
    my German is not up to translating novels mon niveau d'allemand ne me permet pas de traduire des romans;
    he's not up to it (not good enough) il n'est pas capable de le faire;
    are you going out tonight? - no, I don't feel up to it tu sors ce soir? - non, je n'en ai pas tellement envie;
    he's not up to the journey il n'est pas à même de faire le voyage;
    are you up to working or to work? êtes-vous capable de ou en état de travailler?;
    I'm not up to going back to work je ne suis pas encore en état de reprendre le travail;
    familiar the football team isn't up to much l'équipe de foot ne vaut pas grand-chose;
    familiar I don't feel up to much je ne me sens pas en super forme
    his work is not up to his normal standard son travail n'est pas aussi bon que d'habitude;
    the levels are up to standard les niveaux sont conformes aux normes;
    I don't feel up to par je ne me sens pas en forme
    (e) (engaged in, busy with)
    let's see what she's up to allons voir ce qu'elle fait ou fabrique;
    what have you been up to lately? qu'est-ce que tu deviens?;
    what's he been up to now? qu'est-ce qu'il a encore inventé?;
    what's he up to with that ladder? qu'est-ce qu'il fabrique avec cette échelle?;
    what are you up to with my girlfriend? qu'est-ce que tu lui veux à ma copine?;
    they're up to something ils manigancent quelque chose;
    she's up to no good elle prépare un mauvais coup;
    the things we got up to in our youth! qu'est-ce qu'on ou ce qu'on ne faisait pas quand on était jeunes!
    ►► Computing up arrow flèche f vers le haut;
    up arrow key touche f de déplacement vers le haut

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > up

  • 65 well

    Ⅰ.
    well1 [wel]
    1 noun
    (a) (for water, oil) puits m
    (b) (for lift, staircase) cage f; (between buildings) puits m, cheminée f
    (c) British Law barreau m (au tribunal)
    (d) literary source f, fontaine f
    (water) jaillir
    (blood, spring, tears) monter, jaillir;
    tears welled up in her eyes les larmes lui montèrent aux yeux;
    joy welled up within her la joie monta en elle
    Ⅱ.
    well2 (compar better ['betə(r)], superl best [best])
    (a) (satisfactorily, successfully) bien;
    she speaks French very well elle parle très bien (le) français;
    he plays the piano well il joue bien du piano;
    she came out of it rather well elle s'en est plutôt bien sortie;
    it's extremely well done c'est vraiment très bien fait;
    everything is going well tout se passe bien;
    the meeting went well la réunion s'est bien passée;
    those colours go really well together ces couleurs vont vraiment bien ensemble;
    the machine/system works well la machine/le système marche bien;
    things have worked out well les choses se sont bien passées;
    does she work as well as I do? fait-elle son travail aussi bien que moi?;
    to do well s'en sortir;
    she's doing very well elle s'en sort très bien;
    he did very well for a beginner il s'est très bien débrouillé pour un débutant;
    you did quite well in the exam vous vous en êtes assez bien sorti à l'examen;
    to do well for oneself bien se débrouiller;
    to do well out of sb/sth bien s'en sortir avec qn/qch;
    that boy will do well! ce garçon ira loin!;
    the patient is doing well le malade se rétablit bien ou est en bonne voie de guérison;
    we would do well to keep quiet nous ferions bien de nous taire;
    well done! bravo!;
    well said! bien dit!;
    it was money well spent ce n'était pas de l'argent gaspillé;
    archaic well met! heureuse rencontre!, vous arrivez bien à propos!
    (b) (favourably, kindly) bien;
    she treats her staff very well elle traite très bien son personnel;
    everyone speaks well of you tout le monde dit du bien de vous;
    his action speaks well of his courage son geste montre bien son courage;
    she won't take it well elle ne va pas apprécier;
    she thinks well of you elle a de l'estime pour vous;
    he wished her well il lui souhaita bonne chance;
    it's a card from someone wishing you well c'est une carte de quelqu'un qui vous veut du bien;
    to do well by sb traiter qn comme il se doit
    (c) (easily, readily) bien;
    he could well decide to leave il se pourrait tout à fait qu'il décide de partir;
    I couldn't very well accept je ne pouvais guère accepter;
    you may well be right il se peut bien que tu aies raison;
    I can well believe it je le crois facilement ou sans peine;
    she was angry, and well she might be elle était furieuse, et à juste titre
    she's well over or past forty elle a bien plus de quarante ans;
    he's well into his seventies il a largement dépassé les soixante-dix ans;
    there were well over 5,000 demonstrators il y avait bien plus de 5000 manifestants;
    he's well on in years il n'est plus tout jeune;
    well on into the morning jusque tard dans la matinée;
    the fashion lasted well into the 1960s cette mode a duré une bonne partie des années 60;
    it's well above/within the limit c'est bien au-dessus de/inférieur à la limite;
    it's well after midday il est bien plus de midi;
    the play went on until well after midnight la partie s'est prolongée bien au-delà de minuit;
    I woke well before dawn je me suis réveillé bien avant l'aube;
    let me know well in advance prévenez-moi longtemps à l'avance;
    the team finished well up the league l'équipe a fini parmi les premières de sa division
    shake/stir well bien secouer/remuer;
    be sure to cook it well veillez à ce que ce soit bien cuit;
    well cooked or done bien cuit;
    let it dry well first attendez d'abord que ce soit bien sec;
    I know her well je la connais bien;
    you know your subject well vous connaissez bien votre sujet;
    I know only too well how hard it is je ne sais que trop bien à quel point c'est difficile;
    how well I understand her feelings! comme je comprends ce qu'elle ressent!;
    I'm well aware of the problem je suis bien conscient ou j'ai bien conscience du problème;
    he was well annoyed il était vraiment contrarié;
    ironic I bet he was well pleased! il devait être content!;
    I like him well enough il ne me déplaît pas;
    we got well and truly soaked nous nous sommes fait tremper jusqu'aux os;
    it's well and truly over c'est bel et bien fini;
    it's well worth the money ça vaut largement la dépense;
    it's well worth trying ça vaut vraiment la peine d'essayer;
    familiar he was well annoyed il était super-énervé
    to be well away (making good progress) être sur la bonne voie; (drunk) être complètement parti;
    to be well in with sb être bien avec qn;
    she's well in with all the right people elle est très bien avec tous les gens qui peuvent servir;
    to be well out of it s'en sortir à bon compte;
    you're well out of it tu as bien fait de partir;
    she's well rid of him/it! quel bon débarras pour elle!;
    to be well up on sth s'y connaître en qch;
    she's well up on European law elle s'y connait en droit européen;
    to leave or let well alone (equipment) ne pas toucher; (situation) ne pas s'occuper de; (person) laisser tranquille
    (a) (good) bien, bon;
    all is not well with them il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas chez eux;
    owning a home is all very well but… c'est bien beau d'être propriétaire mais…;
    it's all very well pretending you don't care but… c'est bien beau de dire que ça t'est égal mais…;
    it is all very well for you to say that tu peux bien dire ça, toi;
    Military all's well! rien à signaler!
    it would be well to start soon nous ferions bien de commencer bientôt;
    British you'd be just as well to tell him tu ferais mieux de (le) lui dire
    to be well aller ou se porter bien;
    how are you? - well, thank you comment allez-vous? - bien, merci;
    he's been ill but he's better now il a été malade mais il va mieux (maintenant);
    I don't feel well je ne me sens pas bien;
    she's not very well elle ne va pas très bien;
    to get well se remettre, aller mieux;
    get well soon (on card) bon rétablissement;
    I hope you're well j'espère que vous allez bien;
    you're looking or you look well vous avez l'air en forme;
    are you okay?, you don't sound very well ça va?, tu n'as pas l'air bien;
    he's not a well man il ne se porte pas bien
    well, I would just say one thing bon, je voudrais simplement dire une chose;
    well, let me just add that… alors, laissez-moi simplement ajouter que…;
    well, here we are again! et nous y revoilà!
    well, as I was saying… donc, je disais que…, je disais donc que…;
    right, well, let's move on to the next subject bon, alors passons à la question suivante;
    well thank you Mr Alderson, I'll be in touch eh bien merci M. Alderson, je vous contacterai
    well, obviously I'd like to come but… disons que, bien sûr, j'aimerais venir mais…;
    he was, well, rather unpleasant really il a été, disons, assez désagréable, c'est le mot
    he was rather fat, well stout might be a better word il était plutôt gros, enfin disons corpulent;
    I've known her for ages, well at least three years ça fait des années que je la connais, enfin au moins trois ans;
    you know John? well I saw him yesterday tu connais John? eh bien je l'ai vu hier
    did you ask? - well… I didn't dare actually as-tu demandé? - eh bien ou ben, je n'ai pas osé;
    are you ready? - well, I should really stay in and work tu viens? - eh bien, il vaudrait mieux que je reste à la maison pour travailler
    (f) (asking a question) eh bien, alors;
    well, who was it? alors ou eh bien, qui était-ce?;
    well, what of it? et alors?;
    well then, why worry about it? eh bien ou alors, pourquoi se faire du mauvais sang?
    well, look who's here! ça alors, regardez qui est là!;
    well, well, well tiens, tiens;
    well, really! ça alors!;
    familiar well I never! ça par exemple!;
    (well,) well, what do you know! eh bien ou ça alors, qui l'aurait cru!
    (h) (in relief) eh bien;
    well, at least that's over! eh bien, en tout cas, c'est terminé!
    (oh) well, it can't be helped bon tant pis, on n'y peut rien;
    (oh) well, that's life bon enfin, c'est la vie;
    (oh) well, all right bon allez, d'accord;
    can I come too? - oh, very well, if you must je peux venir aussi? - bon allez, si tu y tiens
    the well ceux mpl qui sont en bonne santé
    tout ça, c'est très bien;
    so you want to go to drama school, all well and good, but… alors comme ça, tu veux faire une école de théâtre? tout ça, c'est très bien mais…
    ✾ Music 'The Well-Tempered Clavier' Bach 'Le Clavier bien tempéré'
    Didn't he/she do well? Le jeu télévisé britannique The Generation Game fut présenté pendant de nombreuses années par un nommé Bruce Forsyth. Cette expression ("il/elle s'est bien débrouillé(e), vous ne trouvez pas?") était l'une des petites phrases qu'il employait immanquablement au cours de l'émission. Il utilisait cette formule en s'adressant au public lorsqu'un concurrent venait de terminer une épreuve. Aujourd'hui, on emploie cette expression pour féliciter quelqu'un sur un ton légèrement condescendant.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > well

  • 66 Li Jie (Li Chieh)

    [br]
    fl. 1085–1110 China
    [br]
    Chinese architect who revised the Chinese treatise on architectural method, Ying Zao Fa Shi.
    [br]
    He was a first-rate architect and from 1092 was an assistant in the Directorate of Buildings and Construction. He must have shown promise as an architect for he was commissioned to revise the old manuals of architecture. The work was completed in 1100 and printed three years later as the treatise for which he is best known, the Ying Zao Fa Shi (Treatise on Architectural Method). This work has been called the greatest and definitive treatise of any age in the millennial tradition of Chinese architecture. The work is noted for the comprehensive range of constructions covered and the thoroughness of its instruction to architects. The detailed instructions for the construction and shaping of woodwork are not found in European literature until the eighteenth century. The illustrations are fine and the excellence of the constructional drawings makes them the earliest working drawings. He was a distinguished practising builder, as well as a writer, for he erected administrative offices, palace apartments, gates and gate towers, together with the ancestral temples of the Sung dynasty as well as Buddhist temples.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965, Vols IV. 2, pp. 49, 549, 551; 1971, IV. 3, pp. 84–5, 107.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Li Jie (Li Chieh)

  • 67 Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste

    [br]
    b. 1734 Lyons, France d. 1829
    [br]
    French architect particularly interested in the scientific and mathematical basis of architectural structure, and who at an early date introduced reinforced concrete into supporting piers in his buildings.
    [br]
    From 1795 Rondelet was Professor at the Ecole Centrale des Travaux Publics and while there was responsible for a major treatise on building construction: this was his Traité théorique et pratique de l'art de bâtir, published in four volumes in 1802–17. From 1806 he taught at the Ecole Spéciale d'Architecture, which was soon afterwards merged with the Ecole Polytechnique. It was when Rondelet took over the work of com-pleting the Panthéon in Paris, after the death of Jacques-Germain Soufflot, that he had the opportunity of putting some of his particular structural ideas into practice. In 1755 the King had appointed Soufflot architect of the great new church to be dedicated to the patron saint of the city, Sainte Geneviève. In this neo-classical structure based upon Greek cross plan, Soufflot intended four slender piers, each encased in three engaged columns, to support the pendentives for the dome to rise over the crossing. It was a fine and elegant building on a large scale, but by the early nineteenth century, when the church had become a pantheon, cracks were appearing in the masonry. When Rondelet succeeded as architect after Soufflot's death, he strengthened and enlarged the piers, employing a faced concrete structure reinforced with metal. He used a metalreinforced mortar with rubble aggregate.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    An article by Rondelet appears in: 1989, Le Panthéon: Symbole des Révolutions, pp. 308–10 (book of the Exhibition at the Hôtel de Sully, Paris), ed. Picard, Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites en France.
    Further Reading
    M.N.Mathuset-Bandouin, 1980, "Biographie de Jean Rondelet", Soufflot et son temps, Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites en France, 155ö7.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste

  • 68 Thornley, David

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. c. 1741 Liverpool (?), England
    d. 27 January 1772 Nottingham, England
    [br]
    English partner in Arkwright's cotton-spinning venture.
    [br]
    On 4 November 1766 David Thornley married Mary, daughter of Joseph Brown, roper, at St Peter's, Liverpool. In Gore's Dictionary for 1767 Thornley is described as "merchant" and his wife as "milliner" of Castle Street, Liverpool. David Thornley was distantly related to Richard Arkwright and certainly by 1768 Thornley had begun his active association with Arkwright when he joined him in Preston, an event recorded in the inquiry into the qualifications of those who had voted in the Burgoyne election. Thornley may have helped Arkwright with the technical development of his spinning machine.
    On 14 May 1768, Arkwright, Smalley and Thornley became partners in the cotton-spinning venture at Nottingham for a term of fourteen years, or longer if a patent could be obtained. Each partner was to have three one-ninth shares and was to advance such money as might be necessary to apply for a patent as well as to develop the spinning machine. Profits were to be divided equally as often as convenient and the partners were to devote their whole time to the business after a period of two years. How-ever, it seems that in 1769 the partners had difficulty in raising the necessary money to finance the patent, and Thornley had to reduce his stake in the partnership to a one-ninth share. By this time Thornley must have moved to Nottingham, where Arkwright established his first mill. On 19 January 1770, additional finance was provided by two new partners, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, and alterations were made to the mill buildings that the partners had leased to work the spinning machines by horse power. Arkwright and Thornley were to be responsible for the day-to-day management of the mill, receiving £25 per annum for these duties. Thornley appears to have remained at Nottingham to supervise the mill, while the other partners moved to Cromford to establish the much larger enterprise there. It was at Nottingham that David Thornley died in January 1772, and his share in the partnership was bought from his wife, Mary, by Arkwright. Mary returned to her millinery business in Liverpool.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Until copies of the original agreements between Arkwright's partners were presented to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Thornley's existence was unknown. The only account of his life is given in R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester. The "Articles of Agreement", 19 June 1769, are printed in R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. This book also includes part of Arkwright's agreement with his later partners which mentions Thornley's death and covers the technical aspects of the cotton-spinning invention.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Thornley, David

  • 69 Villard de Honnecourt

    [br]
    b. c. 1200 Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, near Cambrai, France
    d. mid-13th century (?) France
    [br]
    French architect-engineer.
    [br]
    Villard was one of the thirteenth-century architect-engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of the great Gothic cathedrals and other churches of the time. Their responsibilities covered all aspects of the work, including (in the spirit of the Roman architect Vitruvius) the invention and construction of mechanical devices. In their time, these men were highly esteemed and richly rewarded, although few of the inscriptions paying tribute to their achievements have survived. Villard stands out among them because a substantial part of his sketchbook has survived, in the form of thirty-three parchment sheets of drawings and notes, now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Villard's professional career lasted roughly from 1225 to 1250. As a boy, he went to work on the building of the Cistercian monastery at Vaucelles, not far from Honnecourt, and afterwards he was apprenticed to the masons' lodge at Cambrai Cathedral, where he began copying the drawings and layouts on the tracing-house floor. All his drawings are, therefore, of the plans, elevations and sections of cathedrals. These buildings have long since been destroyed, but his drawings, perhaps among his earliest, bear witness to their architecture. He travelled widely in France and recorded features of the great works at Reims, Laon and Chartres. These include the complex system of passageways built into the fabric of a great cathedral; Villard comments that one of their purposes was "to allow circulation in case of fire".
    Villard was invited to Hungary and reached there c. 1235. He may have been responsible for the edifice dedicated to St Elizabeth of Hungary, canonized in 1235, at Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Villard probably returned to France c. 1240, at least before the Tartar invasion of Hungary in 1241.
    His sketchbook, which dates to c. 1235, stands as a memorial to Villard's skill as a draughtsman, a student of perspective and a mechanical engineer. He took his sketchbook with him on his travels, and used ideas from it in his work abroad. It contains architectural designs, geometrical constructions for use in building, surveying exercises and drawings for various kinds of mechanical devices, for civil or military use. He was transmitting details from the highly developed French Gothic masons to the relatively underdeveloped eastern countries. The notebooks were annotated for the use of pupils and other master masons, and the notes on geometry were obviously intended for pupils. The prize examples are the pages in the book, clearly Villard's own work, related to mechanical devices. Whilst he, like many others of the period and after, played with designs for perpetual-motion machines, he concentrated on useful devices. These included the first Western representation of a perpetualmotion machine, which at least displays a concern to derive a source of energy: this was a water-powered sawmill, with automatic feed of the timber into the mill. This has been described as the first industrial automatic power-machine to involve two motions, for it not only converts the rotary motion of the water-wheel to the reciprocating motion of the saw, but incorporates a means of keeping the log pressed against the saw. His other designs included water-wheels, watermills, the Archimedean screw and other curious devices.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Of several facsimile reprints with notes there are Album de Villard de Honnecourt, 1858, ed. J.B.Lassus, Paris (repr. 1968, Paris: Laget), and The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, 1959, ed. T.Bowie, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    Further Reading
    J.Gimpel, 1977, "Villard de Honnecourt: architect and engineer", The Medieval Machine, London: Victor Gollancz, ch. 6, pp. 114–46.
    ——1988, The Medieval Machine, the Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London.
    R.Pernord, J.Gimpel and R.Delatouche, 1986, Le Moyen age pour quoi fayre, Paris.
    KM / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Villard de Honnecourt

  • 70 square

    1. четырехкантный брус
    2. устанавливать перпендикулярно (к чему-либо)
    3. трехкатный (четырехкатный) брус
    4. прямоугольник
    5. придавать квадратную форму
    6. площадь городская
    7. площадь
    8. квадратная форма рабочей части (в пуансоне)
    9. квадрат величины
    10. квадрат
    11. возводить в квадрат

     

    квадрат
    1938
    [ ГОСТ 27017-86]

    Тематики

    Обобщающие термины

    • элементы, передающие вращение

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    квадрат величины
    возводить в квадрат

    (мат.)
    [ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    квадратная форма рабочей части (15)
    -

    3633
    [ ГОСТ Р 50343-92( ИСО 8695-87)]

    Тематики

    • ковка, штамповка...

    Обобщающие термины

    EN

    FR

     

    площадь

    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    square
    An open area in a town, sometimes including the surrounding buildings. (Source: CED)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    площадь городская
    Архитектурно организованное открытое пространство общественного назначения в городе, ограниченное застройкой, зелёными массивами, например, рекой или обрывом, и связанное с улицами или проездами
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    Тематики

    • город, населенный пункт

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    прямоугольник

    [А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    трехкатный (четырехкатный) брус
    Брус, имеющий три (четыре) продольные обработанные поверхности.
    [ http://www.wood.ru/ru/slterm.html]

    Тематики

    EN

     

    устанавливать перпендикулярно (к чему-либо)
    перпендикулярный


    [ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    четырехкантный брус
    Брус, имеющий четыре продольные обработанные поверхности.
    [ ГОСТ 18288-87

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    19. Четырехкантный брус

    D. Vierkantholz

    E. Square

    F. Bois aligné parallèle

    Брус, имеющий четыре продольные обработанные поверхности

    Источник: ГОСТ 18288-87: Производство лесопильное. Термины и определения оригинал документа

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > square

  • 71 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

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    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

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