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  • 21 vorbeikommen

    v/i (unreg., trennb., ist -ge-)
    1. pass (by), come past; an einem Hindernis vorbeikommen get past ( oder [a]round), pass
    2. umg. (besuchen) drop by ( bei at), drop in (on), come by; kommt ihr heute Abend mal vorbei? are you going to pop in (bes. Am. drop by) this evening?
    * * *
    (besuchen) to drop in (ugs.); to drop by (ugs.);
    (passieren) to pass; to pass by
    * * *
    vor|bei|kom|men
    vi sep irreg aux sein
    1) (an jdm/etw sb/sth) to pass, to go past; (an einem Hindernis) to get past or by

    an einer Sache/Aufgabe nicht vorbéíkommen — to be unable to avoid a thing/task

    wir kommen nicht an der Tatsache vorbei, dass... — there's no escaping the fact that...

    2)

    bei jdm vorbéíkommen (inf) — to drop or call in on sb, to stop or drop by sb's house (inf)

    komm doch mal wieder vorbei! (inf) — drop or call in again sometime!, stop or drop by again sometime! (inf)

    * * *
    ((also come around) to visit: Come round and see us soon.) come round
    * * *
    vor·bei|kom·men
    vi irreg Hilfsverb: sein
    1. (passieren) to pass
    sag Bescheid, wenn wir an einer Telefonzelle \vorbeikommen let me know when we pass a telephone box
    2. (fam: besuchen)
    ▪ [bei jdm] \vorbeikommen to call [or drop] in [at sb's]
    komm doch mal bei mir vorbei, wenn du in der Gegend bist drop in at my place when you're in the area
    ▪ [irgendwo [o an etw/jdm]] [nicht] \vorbeikommen to [not] get past [or by] [somewhere [or sth/sb]]
    an einen Hindernis \vorbeikommen to get past an obstacle
    an einer Wache \vorbeikommen to get past a guard
    nicht daran \vorbeikommen, dass (fig) not to be able to get around [or BRIT round] the fact that
    wir kommen nicht daran vorbei, dass wir verantwortlich sind we can't get round the fact that we're responsible
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) pass

    an etwas (Dat.) vorbeikommen — pass something

    2)

    [bei jemandem] vorbeikommen — (ugs.) drop in (coll.) [at somebody's]

    3) (vorbeigehen, -fahren können) get past or by

    daran kommt man nicht vorbei — (fig.) there's no getting around or away from that

    * * *
    vorbeikommen v/i (irr, trennb, ist -ge-)
    1. pass (by), come past;
    vorbeikommen get past ( oder [a]round), pass
    2. umg (besuchen) drop by (
    bei at), drop in (on), come by;
    kommt ihr heute Abend mal vorbei? are you going to pop in (besonders US drop by) this evening?
    * * *
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) pass

    an etwas (Dat.) vorbeikommen — pass something

    2)

    [bei jemandem] vorbeikommen — (ugs.) drop in (coll.) [at somebody's]

    3) (vorbeigehen, -fahren können) get past or by

    daran kommt man nicht vorbei — (fig.) there's no getting around or away from that

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > vorbeikommen

  • 22 Psychoanalysis

       [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)
       Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)
       3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations
       here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)
       Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)
       5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History
       Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)
       6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis
       In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)
       [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]
       1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.
       2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.
       3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)
       Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)
       Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)
       The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis

  • 23 obtener

    v.
    1 to get (beca, cargo, puntos).
    2 to obtain, to gain, to get, to acquire.
    Ricardo ganó reconocimiento Richard gained renown.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener
    1 (beca, resultados) to get, obtain; (premio) to win; (ganancias) to make
    1 to get, be obtained
    * * *
    verb
    1) to obtain, get
    * * *
    VT [+ resultado, información, permiso] to get, obtain; [+ mayoría, votos] to win, obtain; [+ premio, medalla, victoria] to win; [+ apoyo] to gain, get, obtain; [+ beneficios] to make

    esperamos obtener mejores resultados este año — we are hoping to get o obtain o achieve better results this year

    con la venta de los derechos la editorial obtuvo varios millones de dólares — the publishers got several million dollars from the sale of the copyright

    nunca obtuvo respuesta — he never got o received a reply

    * * *
    verbo transitivo < premio> to win, receive; <resultado/autorización> to obtain; < calificación> to obtain, set
    * * *
    = derive, gain, generate, get, obtain, procure, secure, yield, spin off, elicit, reap, receive, come by, acquire.
    Ex. The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    Ex. To many, therefore, this emphasis on information can provide a much-needed opportunity to gain the public library new influence and respect.
    Ex. Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS does not get a new document number, but reserves this document for you, so that no one else can change it while you are working on it.
    Ex. In the event that the position in the matrix contains more than 32 entries, it is necessary for the user to interact with the system to obtain the miniature catalog that will contain the entry s/he seeks.
    Ex. They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex. They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex. This mixture of approaches is designed to yield maximum retrieval for as many users as possible by combining the different strengths of controlled and natural language indexing.
    Ex. A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    Ex. This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex. Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex. If you receive a large number of titles on you initial search, you can narrow your search by using qualifiers.
    Ex. This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex. Many libraries have special collections of foreign, unpublished or unusual materials which include items unlikely to be acquired by other libraries.
    ----
    * difícil de obtener = difficult to come by.
    * fácil de obtener = easy to come by.
    * obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * obtener algo de = get + something out of.
    * obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * obtener credibilidad = attain + credibility.
    * obtener de = get out of.
    * obtener el derecho para = win + the right to.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.
    * obtener el mayor rendimiento posible = maximise + opportunities.
    * obtener éxito = achieve + success.
    * obtener éxitos y fracasos = experience + problems and successes.
    * obtener fondos de = derive + finances from.
    * obtener ganancia = gain + benefit.
    * obtener gratificación = obtain + gratification.
    * obtener gratis = obtain + free.
    * obtener indicios sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener información = obtain + information, glean + information, gain + information, pick up + information, secure + information.
    * obtener información de = elicit + information from.
    * obtener la aprobación = meet with + approval.
    * obtener partido de = capitalise on/upon [capitalize, -USA].
    * obtener perspectiva de = gain + perspective on.
    * obtener pistas sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener placer = take + pleasure, obtain + pleasure from, derive + pleasure.
    * obtener placer de = get + pleasure from.
    * obtener + Posesivo + aprobación = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * obtener promoción = arrive at + promotion.
    * obtener provecho = get + Posesivo + money's worth out of.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * obtener resultado = obtain + result.
    * obtener resultados = get + things done.
    * obtener satisfacción = derive + satisfaction, gain + satisfaction, derive + gratification, obtain + satisfaction.
    * obtenerse = accrue.
    * obtenerse de = flow from.
    * obtener titulación = receive + degree.
    * obtener + Título = earn + Título.
    * obtener una categoría = gain + status.
    * obtener una cita bibliográfica = glean + citation.
    * obtener una idea = get + a sense of, gain + a sense of.
    * obtener una idea de = get + a taste of.
    * obtener una impresión = gain + picture.
    * obtener una perspectiva = gather + perspective.
    * obtener una referencia = glean + reference.
    * obtener un estatus = gain + status.
    * obtener un premio = earn + an award, win + award, win + prize.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * obtener un título = gain + a degree in.
    * obtener ventaja = gain + advantage.
    * obtener ventajas = reap + advantages.
    * se obtendrá algo de provecho = something is bound to come of it.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo < premio> to win, receive; <resultado/autorización> to obtain; < calificación> to obtain, set
    * * *
    = derive, gain, generate, get, obtain, procure, secure, yield, spin off, elicit, reap, receive, come by, acquire.

    Ex: The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.

    Ex: To many, therefore, this emphasis on information can provide a much-needed opportunity to gain the public library new influence and respect.
    Ex: Human indexers sometimes make inappropriate judgements, misinterpret ideas, have lapses of memory or concentration, and generate omissions and inconsistencies in their indexing.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS does not get a new document number, but reserves this document for you, so that no one else can change it while you are working on it.
    Ex: In the event that the position in the matrix contains more than 32 entries, it is necessary for the user to interact with the system to obtain the miniature catalog that will contain the entry s/he seeks.
    Ex: They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex: They are responsible for putting together advertisements, securing proofs, procuring the matrices, electrotypes, and other duplicate plates needed for insertion in publications.
    Ex: This mixture of approaches is designed to yield maximum retrieval for as many users as possible by combining the different strengths of controlled and natural language indexing.
    Ex: A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    Ex: This article looks at ways in which librarians in leadership roles can elicit the motivation, commitment, and personal investment of members of the organisation.
    Ex: Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex: If you receive a large number of titles on you initial search, you can narrow your search by using qualifiers.
    Ex: This article shows how teachers came by such information and the use they made it of in their work.
    Ex: Many libraries have special collections of foreign, unpublished or unusual materials which include items unlikely to be acquired by other libraries.
    * difícil de obtener = difficult to come by.
    * fácil de obtener = easy to come by.
    * obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.
    * obtener algo de = get + something out of.
    * obtener beneficios = gain + benefit, make + a profit, realise + benefits, derive + benefit, reap + rewards, reap + benefits, reap + returns, make + profit.
    * obtener conocimiento = gain + an understanding.
    * obtener credibilidad = attain + credibility.
    * obtener de = get out of.
    * obtener el derecho para = win + the right to.
    * obtener el enunciado del problema = elicit + problem statement.
    * obtener el máximo beneficio = reap + full potential.
    * obtener el mayor rendimiento posible = maximise + opportunities.
    * obtener éxito = achieve + success.
    * obtener éxitos y fracasos = experience + problems and successes.
    * obtener fondos de = derive + finances from.
    * obtener ganancia = gain + benefit.
    * obtener gratificación = obtain + gratification.
    * obtener gratis = obtain + free.
    * obtener indicios sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener información = obtain + information, glean + information, gain + information, pick up + information, secure + information.
    * obtener información de = elicit + information from.
    * obtener la aprobación = meet with + approval.
    * obtener partido de = capitalise on/upon [capitalize, -USA].
    * obtener perspectiva de = gain + perspective on.
    * obtener pistas sobre = get + an indication of.
    * obtener placer = take + pleasure, obtain + pleasure from, derive + pleasure.
    * obtener placer de = get + pleasure from.
    * obtener + Posesivo + aprobación = meet + Posesivo + approval.
    * obtener promoción = arrive at + promotion.
    * obtener provecho = get + Posesivo + money's worth out of.
    * obtener reconocimiento = gain + recognition.
    * obtener resultado = obtain + result.
    * obtener resultados = get + things done.
    * obtener satisfacción = derive + satisfaction, gain + satisfaction, derive + gratification, obtain + satisfaction.
    * obtenerse = accrue.
    * obtenerse de = flow from.
    * obtener titulación = receive + degree.
    * obtener + Título = earn + Título.
    * obtener una categoría = gain + status.
    * obtener una cita bibliográfica = glean + citation.
    * obtener una idea = get + a sense of, gain + a sense of.
    * obtener una idea de = get + a taste of.
    * obtener una impresión = gain + picture.
    * obtener una perspectiva = gather + perspective.
    * obtener una referencia = glean + reference.
    * obtener un estatus = gain + status.
    * obtener un premio = earn + an award, win + award, win + prize.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * obtener un título = gain + a degree in.
    * obtener ventaja = gain + advantage.
    * obtener ventajas = reap + advantages.
    * se obtendrá algo de provecho = something is bound to come of it.

    * * *
    vt
    ‹premio› to win, receive; ‹resultado› to obtain, achieve; ‹calificación/autorización/préstamo› to obtain, get
    se han obtenido importantes mejoras significant improvements have been obtained o achieved
    obtuvimos los fondos necesarios del banco we got o obtained o ( frml) secured the necessary funding from the bank
    * * *

     

    obtener ( conjugate obtener) verbo transitivo ‹ premio› to win, receive;
    ‹resultado/autorización› to obtain;
    ‹ calificación› to obtain, set
    obtener vtr (conseguir) to obtain, get
    ' obtener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conseguir
    - sigilo
    - abastecer
    - alcanzar
    - apuntar
    - capacitar
    - coger
    - diplomarse
    - ello
    - obtuve
    - sacar
    English:
    bid
    - blank
    - clear
    - derive
    - elicit
    - extort
    - get
    - get in
    - obtain
    - poll
    - procure
    - profit
    - qualify
    - raise
    - secure
    - access
    - achieve
    - cream
    - drum
    - gain
    - hope
    - length
    - lobby
    - process
    * * *
    [beca, cargo, puntos, información] to get, to obtain; [resultado] to obtain, to achieve; [premio, victoria] to win; [ganancias] to make; [satisfacción, ventaja] to gain, to obtain;
    obtuvieron dos millones de beneficio de la venta de su casa they made a profit of two million from the sale of their house;
    la sidra se obtiene de las manzanas cider is obtained o made from apples
    * * *
    <part obtuvo> v/t get, obtain fml
    * * *
    obtener {80} vt
    : to obtain, to secure, to get
    ♦ obtenible adj
    * * *
    1. (conseguir en general) to get / to obtain
    2. (conseguir premios, medallas, etc) to win [pt. & pp. won]

    Spanish-English dictionary > obtener

  • 24 отмечать

    (= отметить) mark, note, mention, notice, observe, intimate, list, point out
    • В заключение отметим, что... - We remark, in conclusion, that...
    • В связи с этим мы отметим, что... - In this connection, we observe that...
    • В связи с этим необходимо отметить, что... - In this connection, it should be noted that...
    • В связи с этим стоит отметить, что... - In this connection, it is worth noting that...
    • Во-вторых, мы отметим, что... - Secondly, we note that...
    • Возможно, что это подходящее место для того, чтобы отметить, что... - This is perhaps the place to comment that...
    • Далее, важно отметить, что... - Furthermore, it is important to note that...
    • Достаточно интересно отметить, что... - It is of some interest to observe that...
    • Еще раз отметим, что... - Once again it is noted that...
    • Можно (было бы) здесь отметить, что... - It may be mentioned here that...
    • Можно было бы отметить здесь другую меру предосторожности. - One other precaution might be mentioned here.
    • Можно отметить другие недостатки. - Other disadvantages may be noted.
    • Можно отметить три особенности. - Three features can be noted.
    • Можно отметить три специальных случая. - Three special cases may be noticed.
    • Мы должны также отметить, что... - We should also remark that...
    • Мы могли бы мимоходом отметить, что... - We may note in passing that...
    • Мы уже отмечали (= замечали), что... - We have already called attention to...
    • Мы уже отмечали по нескольким поводам... - We have noted on several occasions that...
    • Мы уже трижды отмечали (наличие)... - We have cited three instances of...
    • На самом деле мы обязаны отметить, что... - It is only fair to mention that...
    • На этом шаге стоит отметить, что... - It is worth remarking at this stage that...
    • Необходимо (= следует) еще отметить следующее. - There is a further point to be made here.
    • Необходимо сразу отметить, что... - It is to be noted immediately that...
    • Необходимо отметить, что... - It is to be noted that...
    • Необходимо четко отметить, что... - It must be carefully noted that...
    • Обращаясь теперь к уравнению (1), мы отметим (= заметим), что... - Turning to (1), we note that...
    • Один существенный момент, который необходимо отметить, состоит в том, что... - One vital point to be noticed is that...
    • Однако на данного этапе следует отметить, что... - The point to notice at this stage, however, is that...
    • Особенно следует отметить, что... - Of special note is...
    • Отметим (= подчеркнем) отличие в определениях... и... - Let us contrast the definitions of... and...
    • Отметим для дальнейшего, что... - For later use, we remark that...
    • Отметим здесь для ссылки, что... - For reference, let us note here that...
    • Отметим мимоходом, что... - We observe in passing that...
    • Отметим один факт, необходимый далее, а именно... - We record a fact to be used later, namely that...
    • Отметим теперь, что... - Next observe that...
    • Отметим, что существует только одно значение... - We notice that there is only one value of...
    • Отметим другой важный практический момент... - Another important practical point to notice is that...
    • Сначала мы отметим, что... - Our first step is to notice that...
    • Поучительно отметить, что... - It is instructive to note that...
    • Прежде чем продолжить изложение, стоит отметить, что... - Before we go further, it is worth observing that...
    • При решении данной задачи важно отметить, что... - In solving this problem it is important to notice that...
    • Ранее (уже) было отмечено, что... - It has been noted previously that...
    • Для того, чтобы ссылаться в дальнейшем, мы отметим, что... - We note for future reference that...
    • Сейчас мы просто отметим, что... - For the present, we merely note that...
    • Следует, однако, отметить, что... - It is fair to remark, however, that...
    • Стоит отметить, что... - It is noteworthy that...; It is worth pointing out that...; It is worth remarking that...; It is worth noticing that...
    • Чтобы вывести данное соотношение, мы отметим, во - первых, что... - In order to obtain this relation, we first note that...
    • Чтобы рассмотреть это более детально, отметим, что... - То see this in greater detail, let us note that...
    • Этот факт был отмечен без доказательства, в главе 4. - This fact was noted without proof in Chapter 4.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > отмечать

  • 25 говорить

    (см. также сказать) speak, say, indicate, state, assert
    • Будем говорить, что... - We say P is of class С if...
    • В такой ситуации мы часто говорим, что... - In this situation, we often say that...
    • В-третьих, опыт автора говорит, что..'. - Thirdly, it is the author's experience that...
    • Вряд ли необходимо говорить, что... - It hardly needs to be stated that...
    • Данная классификация практически ничего не говорит нам о... - This classification tells us very little about...
    • Если это возможно, то будем говорить, что... - If this is possible, we say that...
    • Иногда говорят, что... - It is sometimes said that...
    • На самом деле, подобные неопределенные идеи нам не говорят ничего. - Such vague ideas really tell us nothing.
    • Не вполне правильно говорить, что... - It is not quite true to say that...
    • По существу, это говорит нам о том, что... - In essence, this tells us that...
    • Это просто говорит, что... - This says, very simply, that...
    • Поэтому мы говорим, что... - For this reason we say that...
    • Принято говорить, что... - It is customary to speak of...; It is usual to speak of...
    • Следовательно, более логично говорить о... - It is therefore more logical to speak of...
    • Следовательно, можно говорить о... - Thus one can speak of...
    • Следовательно, мы можем достоверно говорить (= утверждать), что... - We can therefore speak without ambiguity of...
    • Следовательно, теперь законно сказать, что... - It is therefore legitimate to speak of...
    • Та же самая последовательность рассуждений говорит нам, что... - The same line of argument tells us that...
    • Тем не менее в общем случае мы говорим, что... - Nevertheless, we generally say that...
    • Тот факт, что..., ничего не говорит о... - The fact that... says nothing about...
    • Удобно также говорить, что... - It is also convenient to say that...
    • Этот факт говорит в пользу гипотезы. — This fact counts in favor of the hypothesis.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > говорить

  • 26 derivar

    v.
    1 to divert.
    derivó el debate hacia otro tema he steered the debate onto another topic
    2 to derive (Mat).
    3 to change direction, to drift.
    4 to extract, to obtain as a subproduct.
    * * *
    1 (proceder) to spring, arise, come, stem
    2 MARÍTIMO to drift
    3 LINGÚÍSTICA to be derived (de, from), derive (de, from)
    ■ 'pequeñito" deriva de "pequeño' "pequeñito" is derived from "pequeño"
    4 (conducir) to drift
    1 (dirigir) to direct, divert
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA to derive
    4 MATEMÁTICAS to derive
    1 (proceder) to result (de, from), stem (de, from)
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA to be derived (de, from)
    * * *
    verb
    - derivar en
    * * *
    1. VI
    1)

    derivar de algo — (=provenir de) to derive from sth

    de estos datos se deriva que... — from this it follows that...

    2)

    derivar en algo — (=tener como resultado) to lead to sth, result in sth

    esto derivó en la pérdida de las colonias — this led to o resulted in the loss of the colonies

    3)
    4) (Náut) to drift
    2. VT
    1) [+ carretera, río] to divert
    2) [+ conversación, charla] to divert, steer

    derivó el debate hacia temas menos controvertidos — he diverted o steered the discussion towards less controversial subjects

    3) (Mat) to derive
    4) (Elec) to shunt
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( proceder)

    derivar de algo — (Ling) to derive from something, come from something; (Quím) to derive from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    derivar en algo — to result in something, lead to something

    2.
    derivar vt (Med) (AmL)
    3.
    derivarse v pron ( proceder)

    derivarse de algo — palabra to be derived from something, come from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    * * *
    = derive, spin off.
    Ex. The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    Ex. A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    ----
    * derivar conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * derivar de = strip from, be born of, proceed from.
    * derivar placer de = obtain + pleasure from.
    * derivarse = accrue, come.
    * derivarse de = come out of, flow from.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( proceder)

    derivar de algo — (Ling) to derive from something, come from something; (Quím) to derive from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    derivar en algo — to result in something, lead to something

    2.
    derivar vt (Med) (AmL)
    3.
    derivarse v pron ( proceder)

    derivarse de algo — palabra to be derived from something, come from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    * * *
    = derive, spin off.

    Ex: The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.

    Ex: A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    * derivar conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * derivar de = strip from, be born of, proceed from.
    * derivar placer de = obtain + pleasure from.
    * derivarse = accrue, come.
    * derivarse de = come out of, flow from.

    * * *
    derivar [A1 ]
    vi
    A
    1 (proceder) derivar DE algo ( Ling) to derive FROM sth, come FROM sth; ( Quím) to derive FROM sth; «problema/situación» to arise FROM sth
    palabras derivadas del latín words of Latin origin, words derived from Latin
    el problema deriva de la falta de confianza the problem arises o stems from a lack of confidence
    2 (traer como consecuencia) derivar EN algo to result IN sth, lead TO sth
    derivó en un deterioro de la calidad it resulted in o led to a decline in quality
    B
    1 ( Náut) «barco» to drift
    2 (cambiar de dirección) derivar HACIA/ EN algo:
    una charla que derivó en discusión a chat which degenerated into o turned into o became an argument
    nuestra amistad derivaba hacia el odio our friendship was turning to hatred
    3 ( Elec) to short-circuit
    deriva a tierra it goes to ground ( AmE) o ( BrE) earth
    ■ derivar
    vt
    A (dirigir) to steer
    derivó la conversación hacia otros temas he steered o moved the conversation on to other matters
    B ( Elec) to shunt
    C ( Med) ( AmL) to refer
    derivar a algn a un especialista to refer sb to a specialist o ( BrE) consultant
    (proceder) derivarse DE algo ( Ling) to be derived FROM sth, come FROM sth; «problema/situación» to arise FROM sth
    * * *

     

    derivar ( conjugate derivar) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( proceder) derivar de algo [ palabra] to derive from sth, come from sth;

    [problema/situación] to arise from sth
    b) ( traer como consecuencia) derivar en algo to result in sth, lead to sth

    verbo transitivo (Med) (AmL)

    derivarse verbo pronominal ( proceder) derivarse de algo [ palabra] to be derived from sth, come from sth;

    [problema/situación] to arise from sth
    derivar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (proceder) to derive, stem [de, from]
    2 (desviarse, tomar otra dirección) to move on [ hacia, to]
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (dirigir la conversación) to steer [hacia, towards]
    2 (desviar un río, etc) to divert
    ' derivar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    resultar
    English:
    derive
    - issue
    - refer
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [desviar] to divert (a o hacia to o towards);
    derivó el debate hacia otro tema he steered the debate onto another topic;
    su médico de cabecera lo derivó a un especialista his GP referred him to a specialist
    2. Mat to derive
    3. Ling to derive
    ♦ vi
    1. [desviarse] to move, to drift (a o hacia to o towards);
    el barco derivaba sin rumbo fijo the ship was drifting out of control;
    la tertulia derivaba hacia derroteros políticos the discussion was drifting onto politics
    2. [proceder]
    derivar de to derive from;
    la crisis deriva de una mala gestión the crisis was caused by bad management
    3. [acabar]
    derivar en to end in;
    la tensa situación familiar derivó en tragedia the highly charged domestic situation ended in tragedy;
    la rivalidad entre ellos derivó en abierta hostilidad the rivalry between them ended in open hostility
    4. Ling
    derivar de to be derived from, to derive from, to come from
    * * *
    v/i
    1 derive (de from)
    2 de barco drift
    * * *
    1) : to drift
    2)
    derivar de : to come from, to derive from
    3)
    derivar en : to result in
    : to steer, to direct
    derivó la discusión hacia la política: he steered the discussion over to politics

    Spanish-English dictionary > derivar

  • 27 evidenciar

    v.
    1 to show, to demonstrate.
    2 to evidence, to give evidence of, to demonstrate, to evince.
    Ella mostró culpa She evidenced guilt.
    * * *
    1 to show, make evident, prove, make obvious
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=probar) to prove, demonstrate
    2) (=hacer ver) to make evident
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to show, bear witness to
    2.
    evidenciarse v pron to become evident

    según se evidencia en... — as can be clearly seen in...

    * * *
    = bespeak, evidence, evince.
    Ex. I think this attitude somewhat bespeaks a professional abdication by a lot of us.
    Ex. Although in this case there is no SLIS presence in the teaching, it is noteworthy that the same concern as that evidenced in the City University programme is present.
    Ex. New computer based technologies are evincing revolutionary changes in the educational curriculum for schools of library and information science.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to show, bear witness to
    2.
    evidenciarse v pron to become evident

    según se evidencia en... — as can be clearly seen in...

    * * *
    = bespeak, evidence, evince.

    Ex: I think this attitude somewhat bespeaks a professional abdication by a lot of us.

    Ex: Although in this case there is no SLIS presence in the teaching, it is noteworthy that the same concern as that evidenced in the City University programme is present.
    Ex: New computer based technologies are evincing revolutionary changes in the educational curriculum for schools of library and information science.

    * * *
    evidenciar [A1 ]
    vt
    to show, bear witness to
    los bombardeos evidenciarían trágicamente este hecho the bombings were to provide tragic evidence of this fact
    con este hecho se evidenció una vez más su falta de organización this incident was further evidence o proof of his lack of organization
    según se evidencia en la actual exposición de su obra as can be clearly seen o as is clearly shown in the current exhibition of her work
    * * *

    evidenciar verbo transitivo show, make clear, prove: tu alegría ante la noticia evidencia tu falta de escrúpulos, the fact that you're happy about the news proves just how unscrupulous you are
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to show, to demonstrate;
    estos hechos evidencian la falta de interés del gobierno these facts demonstrate the government's lack of interest;
    los candidatos evidenciaron falta de preparación the candidates showed a lack of preparation
    * * *
    v/t demonstrate
    * * *
    : to demonstrate, to show

    Spanish-English dictionary > evidenciar

  • 28 extraer

    v.
    1 to extract.
    Ricardo extrajo la espina de su dedo Richard extracted the thorn from his finger
    2 to quarry for, to mine, to mine for, to quarry out.
    Ricardo extrajo oro de la mina Richard quarried for gold in the mine.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TRAER], like link=traer traer
    1 (gen) to extract
    2 (muelas) to extract, take out
    3 (conclusión) to draw
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) [+ diente, bala, astilla] to extract
    2) (Min) [+ minerales] to mine, extract; [+ petróleo] to extract; [+ pizarra, mármol] to quarry
    3) [+ conclusiones] to draw
    4) [en sorteo] to draw
    5) (Mat) to extract
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < muela> to extract, pull out; < bala> to remove; < sangre> to take, extract
    b) < mineral> to extract, mine; <petróleo/resina> to extract
    c) <humo/aire> to extract
    d) <información/cita> to extract
    e) ( en lotería) to draw
    2) (Mat) to extract
    3) < conclusión> to draw
    * * *
    = cull, derive, dig out, draw from, extract, draw, mine, distil, excerpt, pull off.
    Ex. The contents of an extract will often be culled from the results, conclusions or recommendations, i.e. the concluding segments, of the document.
    Ex. The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    Ex. I would also have dug out information references to which readers can be directed who want to know more about the setting.
    Ex. These headings may be drawn from an alphabetical list of subject headings or from a classification scheme.
    Ex. The keywords are extracted from the titles and displayed as a heading.
    Ex. The 'Root Thesaurus' presents other refinements which permit the part of the hierarchy from which a term is drawn to be specified.
    Ex. For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    Ex. From studying the seven libraries, the report was able to distil the following characteristic features of a community information service.
    Ex. This article was excerpted from 'The Internet for everyone: a guide for users and providers,' McGraw-Hill, 1994.
    Ex. The ionisation in the air pulls off massive, if random charges so the speed of lightning is actually less than that of the speed of light.
    ----
    * extraer conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * extraer con palanca = pry + Nombre + out, prise + Nombre + out.
    * extraer de = extract from, wretch from, take from.
    * extraer + Nombre + de = wring + Nombre + out of/from, extricate + Nombre + from.
    * extraer pasajes de = excerpt.
    * extraer una conclusión = draw + conclusion.
    * extraer una idea = draw + idea.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < muela> to extract, pull out; < bala> to remove; < sangre> to take, extract
    b) < mineral> to extract, mine; <petróleo/resina> to extract
    c) <humo/aire> to extract
    d) <información/cita> to extract
    e) ( en lotería) to draw
    2) (Mat) to extract
    3) < conclusión> to draw
    * * *
    = cull, derive, dig out, draw from, extract, draw, mine, distil, excerpt, pull off.

    Ex: The contents of an extract will often be culled from the results, conclusions or recommendations, i.e. the concluding segments, of the document.

    Ex: The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    Ex: I would also have dug out information references to which readers can be directed who want to know more about the setting.
    Ex: These headings may be drawn from an alphabetical list of subject headings or from a classification scheme.
    Ex: The keywords are extracted from the titles and displayed as a heading.
    Ex: The 'Root Thesaurus' presents other refinements which permit the part of the hierarchy from which a term is drawn to be specified.
    Ex: For instance, if children are doing a project work on dogs, they will hunt out anything and everything that so much as mentions them and the bits thus mined are assiduously transcribed into project folders.
    Ex: From studying the seven libraries, the report was able to distil the following characteristic features of a community information service.
    Ex: This article was excerpted from 'The Internet for everyone: a guide for users and providers,' McGraw-Hill, 1994.
    Ex: The ionisation in the air pulls off massive, if random charges so the speed of lightning is actually less than that of the speed of light.
    * extraer conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * extraer con palanca = pry + Nombre + out, prise + Nombre + out.
    * extraer de = extract from, wretch from, take from.
    * extraer + Nombre + de = wring + Nombre + out of/from, extricate + Nombre + from.
    * extraer pasajes de = excerpt.
    * extraer una conclusión = draw + conclusion.
    * extraer una idea = draw + idea.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 ‹muela› to extract, pull out; ‹bala› to remove, extract; ‹sangre› to take, extract
    2 ‹mineral› to extract, mine; ‹petróleo/resina› to extract
    3 ‹humo/aire› to extract
    4 ‹información/cita› to extract
    B ( Mat) to extract
    C ‹conclusión› to draw
    de este libro se extrae una lección there is a lesson to be learnt o drawn from this book
    * * *

     

    extraer ( conjugate extraer) verbo transitivo ( en general) to extract;
    ‹ bala› to remove;
    ‹ conclusión› to draw
    extraer verbo transitivo to extract, take out
    ' extraer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    sacar
    - chupar
    - descargar
    English:
    extract
    - mine
    - pull out
    - quarry
    - remove
    - separate
    - drain
    - draw
    - hew
    - squeeze
    * * *
    1. [sacar] [astilla, bala] to extract, to take out (de from); [diente, sangre, humo] to extract (de from);
    extraiga una de las bolas que hay en esta bolsa take out one ball from this bag
    2. [obtener] [datos, cita] to extract (de from); [conclusiones] to draw (de from);
    trató de extraernos información she tried to extract information from us;
    ¿qué enseñanza podemos extraer de todo esto? what lesson can we learn from all this?
    3. [carbón, mineral] to mine (de from); [petróleo] to extract (de from)
    4. Mat to extract
    * * *
    v/t
    1 extract, pull out
    * * *
    extraer {81} vt
    : to extract
    * * *
    1. (muela) to extract / to pull out
    2. (producto) to extract

    Spanish-English dictionary > extraer

  • 29 tener en cuenta

    to take into account
    * * *
    * * *
    (v.) = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind
    Ex. It also allows for and identifies three levels of detail which might be adopted in descriptive cataloguing.
    Ex. Editors should bear in mind problems of translation so that the revised edition can be rendered more easily into other languages.
    Ex. Labelling of subjects presents problems mainly because, in order to achieve a user-orientated approach, the various approaches of different users must be catered for.
    Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex. Such variations also make it difficult for a cataloguer inserting a new heading for local use to discern the principles which should be heeded in the construction of such a heading.
    Ex. Title indexes then are not true subject indexes, and allowances should be made during searching.
    Ex. Most of the centralised and shared cataloguing projects take account of and probably use the MARC record format.
    Ex. All documents possess physical form but this does not mean it is always taken cognisance of in subject analysis.
    Ex. Of course, in both enumerative and faceted schemes, it is necessary to take cognition of new simple subject.
    Ex. Taking into account both indexing and searching effort a KWIC index is most appropriate for an index that will be studied only infrequently.
    Ex. A certain number of days is to be added to today's date to calculate the date due, taking into consideration the dates the library is closed.
    Ex. We must of course make provision for those users who look for information under one of the other terms, and this is discussed below in the section on showing semantic relationships.
    Ex. Deliberation, evaluation, and thought must be brought into play before a final decision is made.
    Ex. Once a willing ear is given to the suggestions and complaints, then morale will increase, as will production.
    Ex. Library funding was factored against the comprehensive budgets of WTALC institutions, resulting in a measurement of the comparative percentage of university money made available to its libraries.
    Ex. The apparent success of the project suggests it can be used or adapted for other members of the beef industry, having regard for their particular circumstances = El aparente éxito del proyecto sugiere que se puede utilizar o adaptar para otros miembros de la industria del ganado bovino, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias particulares.
    Ex. However, we must factor in the added impact of community-based telecommunications.
    Ex. Although this may seem an obvious statement, there are many instances when the searcher is not fully aware of what can or might be retrieved.
    Ex. Sometimes the number of tickets issued is noted on the form.
    Ex. This fact should be kept in mind when deciding upon the sequence of materials types.
    * * *
    (v.) = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind

    Ex: It also allows for and identifies three levels of detail which might be adopted in descriptive cataloguing.

    Ex: Editors should bear in mind problems of translation so that the revised edition can be rendered more easily into other languages.
    Ex: Labelling of subjects presents problems mainly because, in order to achieve a user-orientated approach, the various approaches of different users must be catered for.
    Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex: Such variations also make it difficult for a cataloguer inserting a new heading for local use to discern the principles which should be heeded in the construction of such a heading.
    Ex: Title indexes then are not true subject indexes, and allowances should be made during searching.
    Ex: Most of the centralised and shared cataloguing projects take account of and probably use the MARC record format.
    Ex: All documents possess physical form but this does not mean it is always taken cognisance of in subject analysis.
    Ex: Of course, in both enumerative and faceted schemes, it is necessary to take cognition of new simple subject.
    Ex: Taking into account both indexing and searching effort a KWIC index is most appropriate for an index that will be studied only infrequently.
    Ex: A certain number of days is to be added to today's date to calculate the date due, taking into consideration the dates the library is closed.
    Ex: We must of course make provision for those users who look for information under one of the other terms, and this is discussed below in the section on showing semantic relationships.
    Ex: Deliberation, evaluation, and thought must be brought into play before a final decision is made.
    Ex: Once a willing ear is given to the suggestions and complaints, then morale will increase, as will production.
    Ex: Library funding was factored against the comprehensive budgets of WTALC institutions, resulting in a measurement of the comparative percentage of university money made available to its libraries.
    Ex: The apparent success of the project suggests it can be used or adapted for other members of the beef industry, having regard for their particular circumstances = El aparente éxito del proyecto sugiere que se puede utilizar o adaptar para otros miembros de la industria del ganado bovino, teniendo en cuenta sus circunstancias particulares.
    Ex: However, we must factor in the added impact of community-based telecommunications.
    Ex: Although this may seem an obvious statement, there are many instances when the searcher is not fully aware of what can or might be retrieved.
    Ex: Sometimes the number of tickets issued is noted on the form.
    Ex: This fact should be kept in mind when deciding upon the sequence of materials types.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tener en cuenta

  • 30 beweisen

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (nachweisen) auch MATH. prove, back up; (Ausdruck sein) be evidence of; jemandem etw. beweisen prove s.th. to s.o.; etw. durch Zeugen / Dokumente beweisen prove s.th. with witnesses / documents; die Richtigkeit einer Behauptung / Aussage beweisen prove the accuracy of ( oder back up) a claim / statement; beweisen, dass man Recht hat prove o.s. right; das beweist, dass du Recht hast that proves you right; man konnte ihm seine Schuld nicht beweisen they couldn’t prove that he was guilty, they couldn’t prove his guilt; das lässt sich ( nicht mehr) beweisen that can’t be proved (any more); das beweist zur Genüge, dass... it’s ample proof ( oder evidence) that, it proves beyond doubt that...; es ist eine bewiesene Tatsache, dass... it’s a proven fact that...; das beweist noch gar nichts that doesn’t prove a thing; das musst du mir erst ( einmal) beweisen! I’d like to see you prove it; was zu beweisen war bes. MATH., Schlussformel bei Beweis: QED (quod erat demonstrandum)
    2. (zeigen) show; (an den Tag legen) auch display; sie hat großen Mut bewiesen she displayed great courage
    II v/refl prove o.s. / itself
    * * *
    to prove; to show; to evidence; to demonstrate
    * * *
    be|wei|sen ptp bewiesen irreg [bə'viːzn]
    1. vt
    1) (= nachweisen) to prove

    was zu bewéísen war — QED, quod erat demonstrandum

    was noch zu bewéísen wäre — that remains to be seen

    2) (= erkennen lassen, dated: = erweisen) to show
    2. vr
    to prove oneself/itself
    * * *
    1) (to show clearly: This demonstrates his ignorance of the situation.) demonstrate
    2) (to show to be true or correct: This fact proves his guilt; He was proved guilty; Can you prove your theory?) prove
    * * *
    be·wei·sen *
    I. vt
    ▪ [jdm] etw \beweisen to prove sth [to sb]
    der Angeklagte ist unschuldig, bis das Gegenteil bewiesen wird the defendant [or accused] is innocent until proven guilty
    was zu \beweisen war which was [the thing] to be proved, quod erat demonstrandum
    was [noch] zu \beweisen wäre which remains to be proved
    ▪ etw \beweisen to display [or show] sth
    ▪ \beweisen, dass/wie... to show that/how...
    3. MATH
    ▪ etw \beweisen to demonstrate sth
    II. vr (sich zeigen)
    ▪ sich akk \beweisen to show [itself]
    es beweist sich wieder einmal... this shows once again... [or is further proof...]
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    2) (zeigen) show
    2.
    unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb prove oneself or one's worth (vor + Dat. to)
    * * *
    beweisen (irr)
    A. v/t
    1. (nachweisen) auch MATH prove, back up; (Ausdruck sein) be evidence of;
    jemandem etwas beweisen prove sth to sb;
    etwas durch Zeugen/Dokumente beweisen prove sth with witnesses/documents;
    die Richtigkeit einer Behauptung/Aussage beweisen prove the accuracy of ( oder back up) a claim/statement;
    beweisen, dass man Recht hat prove o.s. right;
    das beweist, dass du Recht hast that proves you right;
    man konnte ihm seine Schuld nicht beweisen they couldn’t prove that he was guilty, they couldn’t prove his guilt;
    das lässt sich (nicht mehr) beweisen that can’t be proved (any more);
    das beweist zur Genüge, dass … it’s ample proof ( oder evidence) that, it proves beyond doubt that …;
    es ist eine bewiesene Tatsache, dass … it’s a proven fact that …;
    das beweist noch gar nichts that doesn’t prove a thing;
    das musst du mir erst (einmal) beweisen! I’d like to see you prove it;
    was zu beweisen war besonders MATH, Schlussformel bei Beweis: QED (quod erat demonstrandum)
    2. (zeigen) show; (an den Tag legen) auch display;
    sie hat großen Mut bewiesen she displayed great courage
    B. v/r prove o.s./itself
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    2) (zeigen) show
    2.
    unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb prove oneself or one's worth (vor + Dat. to)
    * * *
    v.
    to demonstrate v.
    to manifest v.
    to prove v.
    to substantiate v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > beweisen

  • 31 civilizado

    adj.
    civilized, civil, developed, cultured.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: civilizar.
    * * *
    1→ link=civilizar civilizar
    1 civilized
    * * *
    * * *
    - da adjetivo civilized
    * * *
    = civilised [civilized, -USA], civil.
    Ex. This fact further reinforces the notion that Western Europeans ' civilized' the world in the best interests of us -- the majority -- all.
    Ex. This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo civilized
    * * *
    = civilised [civilized, -USA], civil.

    Ex: This fact further reinforces the notion that Western Europeans ' civilized' the world in the best interests of us -- the majority -- all.

    Ex: This situation only really stands out because this place is normally such an oasis of gentlemanly and civil behaviour.

    * * *
    civilized
    * * *

    Del verbo civilizar: ( conjugate civilizar)

    civilizado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    civilizado    
    civilizar
    civilizado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    civilized
    civilizar ( conjugate civilizar) verbo transitivo ‹país/pueblo› to civilize;

    ‹ persona› to teach … to behave properly
    civilizarse verbo pronominal [ pueblo] to become civilized;
    [ persona] to learn to behave properly
    civilizar verbo transitivo to civilize
    ' civilizado' also found in these entries:
    English:
    civilized
    - uncivilized
    * * *
    civilizado, -a adj
    civilized
    * * *
    adj civilized

    Spanish-English dictionary > civilizado

  • 32 en consecuencia

    consequently, therefore, thus
    * * *
    = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so
    Ex. If the edition of the work is emphasised, then the work is entered accordingly as an edition of the original work.
    Ex. The headings consequently correspond to current American usage in both use of terms and spelling and often need amendment to make them consistent with local usage.
    Ex. Hence there is a vast range of different sizes and codings of marginal storage cards.
    Ex. In consequence, libraries found that they had to classify a substantial proportion of their intake if they were using DC, but very much less if they used LC.
    Ex. As a consequence of this fact the bibliographic control of maps is usually quite good in most countries.
    Ex. It follows that offenders who are remorseful should not be treated more leniently.
    Ex. On this basis innovative programmes would provide graduates with in-demand skills to complement the currently dominant model of technology-driven programmes.
    Ex. On that basis, consistency rose significantly, with 81% agreement among the three indexers = Como consecuencia, la coincidencia aumentó significativamente, obteniéndose una coincidencia del 81% entre los tres indizadores.
    Ex. The task of a modern information system is to describe such unformatted data automatically and in doing so, to support the user in storing and especially in retrieving natural language documents.
    * * *
    = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so

    Ex: If the edition of the work is emphasised, then the work is entered accordingly as an edition of the original work.

    Ex: The headings consequently correspond to current American usage in both use of terms and spelling and often need amendment to make them consistent with local usage.
    Ex: Hence there is a vast range of different sizes and codings of marginal storage cards.
    Ex: In consequence, libraries found that they had to classify a substantial proportion of their intake if they were using DC, but very much less if they used LC.
    Ex: As a consequence of this fact the bibliographic control of maps is usually quite good in most countries.
    Ex: It follows that offenders who are remorseful should not be treated more leniently.
    Ex: On this basis innovative programmes would provide graduates with in-demand skills to complement the currently dominant model of technology-driven programmes.
    Ex: On that basis, consistency rose significantly, with 81% agreement among the three indexers = Como consecuencia, la coincidencia aumentó significativamente, obteniéndose una coincidencia del 81% entre los tres indizadores.
    Ex: The task of a modern information system is to describe such unformatted data automatically and in doing so, to support the user in storing and especially in retrieving natural language documents.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en consecuencia

  • 33 testimonio

    m.
    1 testimony (law).
    falso testimonio perjury, false evidence
    2 proof (prueba).
    como testimonio de as proof of
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: testimoniar.
    * * *
    1 DERECHO testimony, evidence
    2 (prueba) evidence, proof
    \
    dar testimonio to give evidence
    levantar falsos testimonios to commit perjury
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Jur) (=declaración) testimony, evidence; (=afidávit) affidavit
    give evidence (de of)

    falso testimonio — perjury, false testimony

    2) (=prueba) proof; (=indicación) evidence

    como testimonio de mi afecto — as a token o mark of my affection

    * * *
    a) (Der) ( declaración) testimony, statement
    b) ( prueba) proof, testimony (frml)
    * * *
    = testimony, testament, testimonial.
    Ex. Sidney Ditzion's assessment of Ticknor as a man who 'loved and trusted the great majority of his fellow citizens' just will not stand the test when compared with the testimony of Ticknor's contemporaries.
    Ex. This work can serve as a model of clear, expository prose, a rich source of colourful and sometimes even poetic names, and an eloquent testament to the American Dream.
    Ex. Testimonials from the participants showed that the workshops had economic, social and environmental benefits.
    ----
    * dar testimonio = bear + witness, give + testimony.
    * falso testimonio = perjury.
    * según el testimonio de = on the evidence of.
    * ser testimonio de = bear + testimony to, be testimony to.
    * * *
    a) (Der) ( declaración) testimony, statement
    b) ( prueba) proof, testimony (frml)
    * * *
    = testimony, testament, testimonial.

    Ex: Sidney Ditzion's assessment of Ticknor as a man who 'loved and trusted the great majority of his fellow citizens' just will not stand the test when compared with the testimony of Ticknor's contemporaries.

    Ex: This work can serve as a model of clear, expository prose, a rich source of colourful and sometimes even poetic names, and an eloquent testament to the American Dream.
    Ex: Testimonials from the participants showed that the workshops had economic, social and environmental benefits.
    * dar testimonio = bear + witness, give + testimony.
    * falso testimonio = perjury.
    * según el testimonio de = on the evidence of.
    * ser testimonio de = bear + testimony to, be testimony to.

    * * *
    1 ( Der) (declaración) testimony, statement
    2 (prueba) proof, testimony ( frml)
    como testimonio de nuestra voluntad negociadora as proof of our will to negotiate
    como testimonio de nuestro agradecimiento as a token of our gratitude
    cifras que dan testimonio de este alarmante incremento figures which bear witness to this alarming rise
    * * *

     

    Del verbo testimoniar: ( conjugate testimoniar)

    testimonio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    testimonió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    testimoniar    
    testimonio
    testimonio sustantivo masculino

    b) ( prueba) proof, testimony (frml);


    testimoniar
    I verbo intransitivo to testify
    II verbo transitivo to testify
    testimonio sustantivo masculino
    1 (prueba) evidence, proof
    2 Jur testimony
    Jur falso testimonio, perjury
    levantar un falso testimonio, to give false evidence
    ' testimonio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fe
    - falso
    - prueba
    English:
    evidence
    - testimony
    - witness
    * * *
    1. [en juicio] testimony;
    prestar testimonio to give evidence
    2. [prueba] proof;
    como testimonio de as proof of;
    como testimonio de nuestro agradecimiento as a token of our gratitude;
    dar testimonio de algo to bear witness to sth;
    los cuadros dan testimonio de su calidad artística the paintings testify to his quality as an artist
    * * *
    m testimony, evidence;
    jurar en falso testimonio commit perjury, perjure o.s.;
    dar testimonio de algo testify to sth
    * * *
    : testimony, statement

    Spanish-English dictionary > testimonio

  • 34 засвидетелствувам

    1. bear witness (to), testify, (to)
    2. (установявам) certify, attest; evidence, establish
    документите засвидетелствуват факта, че the documents certify/attest the fact that
    3. (изразявам) manifest, mark
    засвидетелствувам своята почит към present/pay o.'s respects/compliments to
    * * *
    1. (изразявам) manifest, mark 2. (установявам) certify, attest;evidence, establish 3. bear witness (to), testify, (to) 4. ЗАСВИДЕТЕЛСТВУВАМ своята почит към present/pay o.'s respects/compliments to 5. документите засвидетелствуват факта, че the documents certify/attest the fact that 6. този факт е засвидетелствуван от this fact has been evidenced by

    Български-английски речник > засвидетелствувам

  • 35 proceder

    m.
    1 conduct, behavior.
    2 course of action, doing so, action, proceeding.
    v.
    1 to act.
    2 to proceed.
    procedemos a leer el nombre de los ganadores we will now read out the names of the winners
    3 to be appropriate (ser oportuno).
    * * *
    1 (pasar a ejecutar) to proceed
    2 (actuar) to act
    3 (ser adecuado) to be appropriate
    4 DERECHO to start proceedings ( contra, against)
    1 behaviour (US behavior)
    \
    proceder de (venir de) to come from
    ■ ¿de dónde procede su familia? where is her family from?
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=provenir)

    proceder de — to come from, originate in

    procede de una familia rica — she comes from o belongs to a wealthy family

    de donde procede que... — (from) whence it happens that... frm

    2) [al actuar] (=obrar) to act; (=conducirse) to proceed, behave

    conviene proceder con cuidado — it is best to go carefully, it would be best to proceed with caution

    proceder contra algn — (Jur) to take proceedings against sb

    3) (=pasar) to proceed
    4) (=ser correcto) to be right (and proper), be fitting

    luego, si procede,... — then, if appropriate,...

    5) * (=estar de moda) to be in *, be in fashion
    2.
    SM (=conducta) behaviour, behavior (EEUU); (=línea de acción) course of action
    * * *
    I
    masculino (frml) behavior*, conduct (frml)
    II
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( provenir)
    2) ( actuar) to proceed (frml)

    proceder contra alguien — (Der) to iniciate proceedings against somebody

    3) (frml) ( iniciar)

    procede/no procede la protesta — (Der) objection sustained/overruled

    * * *
    = derive.
    Ex. The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    ----
    * cuando proceda = where appropriate, when applicable.
    * donde proceda = where applicable.
    * proceder de = emanate from, originate (from), come from, hail from, proceed from.
    * proceder dudoso = unfair practice.
    * proceder injusto = unfair practice.
    * que procede del exterior = inbound.
    * si procede = if applicable, if appropriate.
    * * *
    I
    masculino (frml) behavior*, conduct (frml)
    II
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( provenir)
    2) ( actuar) to proceed (frml)

    proceder contra alguien — (Der) to iniciate proceedings against somebody

    3) (frml) ( iniciar)

    procede/no procede la protesta — (Der) objection sustained/overruled

    * * *

    Ex: The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.

    * cuando proceda = where appropriate, when applicable.
    * donde proceda = where applicable.
    * proceder de = emanate from, originate (from), come from, hail from, proceed from.
    * proceder dudoso = unfair practice.
    * proceder injusto = unfair practice.
    * que procede del exterior = inbound.
    * si procede = if applicable, if appropriate.

    * * *
    ( frml)
    behavior*, conduct ( frml)
    su proceder en aquella ocasión fue muy extraño the way she acted o her conduct on that occasion was very strange
    ignoro la causa de su proceder I don't know why she behaved o acted like that
    proceder2 [E1 ]
    vi
    A (provenir) proceder DE algo to come FROM sth
    esa palabra procede del árabe that word comes from Arabic
    B (actuar) to proceed ( frml)
    debemos proceder con cautela we should proceed with caution
    siempre procedió con mucha corrección he always behaved very correctly
    proceder contra algn ( Der) to iniciate proceedings against sb
    C ( frml) (iniciar) proceder A algo to proceed TO sth
    una vez presentados los candidatos se procedió a la votación once the candidates had been introduced voting began
    la policía procedió a su detención the police proceeded to arrest him
    D
    (ser conveniente): vistos los hechos procede actuar rápidamente in view of the circumstances it would be wise to act swiftly
    ejerceremos, cuando proceda, las acciones oportunas we will take the necessary action, where appropriate
    * * *

     

    proceder ( conjugate proceder) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( provenir) proceder DE algo to come from sth
    2 ( actuar) to act, to proceed (frml);

    proceder contra algn (Der) to iniciate proceedings against sb
    3 (frml) ( iniciar) proceder A algo to proceed to sth
    4 ( ser conveniente):

    rellenar lo que proceda complete as appropriate
    proceder
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (provenir) proceder de, to come from: procede de una familia noble, he comes from a noble family
    2 (actuar) to act, proceed: tu amigo procedió de un modo extraño, your friend acted strangely
    3 (ser pertinente) to be appropriate o right
    II m (modo de actuar) behaviour, conduct
    ' proceder' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    derivar
    - exhumación
    - homologación
    - obrar
    - venir
    - descender
    English:
    come on to
    - go along
    - modus operandi
    - proceed
    * * *
    1. [originarse]
    proceder de to come from;
    la sidra procede de la manzana cider comes from apples;
    esta costumbre procede del siglo XIX this custom dates back to the 19th century
    2. [actuar] to act, to proceed ( con with);
    no procedió correctamente he did not behave correctly;
    hay que proceder con cuidado en este asunto we should proceed with care in this matter
    3. [empezar] to proceed (a with);
    procedemos a leer el nombre de los ganadores we will now read out the names of the winners;
    vamos a proceder a la votación we will now proceed with the vote
    4. [ser oportuno] to be appropriate;
    procede estudiar la propuesta con detenimiento it would be wise to study the proposal carefully;
    procede cambiar de táctica it would be a good idea to change tactics
    5. [legalmente]
    van a proceder contra la empresa they are going to start proceedings against the company
    conduct, behaviour
    * * *
    I v/i
    1 ( venir) come (de from)
    2 ( actuar) proceed;
    proceder a proceed to;
    proceder contra alguien initiate proceedings against s.o.
    3 ( ser conveniente) be fitting
    II m conduct
    * * *
    1) avanzar: to proceed
    2) : to act, to behave
    3) : to be appropriate, to be fitting
    4)
    proceder de : to originate from, to come from
    * * *
    proceder vb to come [pt. came; pp. come]

    Spanish-English dictionary > proceder

  • 36 con estudios

    (adj.) = schooled, educated
    Ex. The new federal constitution of the country initiated the development of the underdeveloped regions and due to this fact a lot of schooled professionals of all kinds were needed.
    Ex. This impressive work, which serves educated adults and serious students, intends to be a comprehensive, authoritative compendium of the world's most important knowledge and information.
    * * *
    (adj.) = schooled, educated

    Ex: The new federal constitution of the country initiated the development of the underdeveloped regions and due to this fact a lot of schooled professionals of all kinds were needed.

    Ex: This impressive work, which serves educated adults and serious students, intends to be a comprehensive, authoritative compendium of the world's most important knowledge and information.

    Spanish-English dictionary > con estudios

  • 37 reforzar una idea

    (v.) = reinforce + idea, reinforce + notion, strengthen + the view
    Ex. He goes on to show that a similar percentage of people are 'relatively ill-educated' and that this might ' reinforce the idea that the majority will not be in the market for new technology information systems'.
    Ex. This fact further reinforces the notion that Western Europeans 'civilized' the world in the best interests of us -- the majority -- all.
    Ex. The results strengthen the view that suffering from recurrent major depression confers per se an important biological risk for suicide.
    * * *
    (v.) = reinforce + idea, reinforce + notion, strengthen + the view

    Ex: He goes on to show that a similar percentage of people are 'relatively ill-educated' and that this might ' reinforce the idea that the majority will not be in the market for new technology information systems'.

    Ex: This fact further reinforces the notion that Western Europeans 'civilized' the world in the best interests of us -- the majority -- all.
    Ex: The results strengthen the view that suffering from recurrent major depression confers per se an important biological risk for suicide.

    Spanish-English dictionary > reforzar una idea

  • 38 richiamare

    ( chiamare di nuovo) call again
    ( chiamare indietro) call back
    attirare draw
    fig rimproverare rebuke, reprimand
    richiamare l'attenzione di qualcuno draw someone's attention (su to)
    richiamare qualcuno all'ordine call s.o. to order
    * * *
    richiamare v.tr.
    1 ( chiamare di nuovo) to call again: chiamai e richiamai, ma nessuno rispose, I called and called, but no one answered; vuoi richiamare più tardi?, would you call again later?; ha telefonato alle 8, richiamerà domani, he phoned at 8, he'll call back (o again) tomorrow // richiamare alle armi, to recall for military service // richiamare qlcu. in carica, to recall s.o. to office
    2 ( chiamare indietro, far tornare) to call back, to recall: gli affari lo richiamarono a Roma, he was called back to Rome on business; richiamalo, ho dimenticato di dirgli qlco., call him back, I have forgotten to tell him sthg.; richiamare il cane, to call off one's dog; richiamare un generale, un ambasciatore, to recall a general, an ambassador // richiamare all'ordine, to call to order // richiamare qlcu. al dovere, to recall s.o. to his duty // richiamare in vita, to restore (o to bring back) to life // richiamare qlcu. alla realtà, to bring s.o. back to reality // richiamare qlco. alla mente di qlcu., to remind s.o. of sthg.: questa scena mi richiama alla mente qlco., this scene reminds me of sthg.; questo mi richiama alla mente la mia ultima visita, this reminds me of (o brings to my mind) my last visit here // (banca) richiamare una cambiale ( ritirarla prima della scadenza), to retire (o to rebate) a bill
    3 ( ritirare) to withdraw*: richiamare le truppe dalle posizioni occupate, to withdraw the troops from the positions occupied
    4 ( attirare) to attract; to draw*: vestiva sempre di rosso per richiamare l'attenzione, she always dressed in red to attract people's attention; la sua ultima commedia richiamò molti spettatori, his last play drew large audiences; basta il suo nome a richiamare il pubblico, his name is enough to draw the public; voglio richiamare la tua attenzione su questo fatto, I want to call (o to draw) your attention to this fact (o I want to point out this fact to you)
    5 ( rimproverare) to rebuke, to reprimand
    6 ( citare) to quote: mi si conceda di richiamare Dante, I would like to take the liberty of quoting Dante
    7 (rar.) (dir.) ( chiamare in giudizio) to summon.
    ◘ richiamarsi v.intr.pron.
    1 ( riferirsi) to refer: richiamare a un documento, a un'autorità, to refer to a document, an authority
    2 ( appellarsi) to appeal: richiamare alla giustizia, to appeal to the law.
    * * *
    [rikja'mare]
    1. vt
    1) (gen), (al telefono) to call back, Mil, Inform to recall
    2) (attrarre: folla) to attract, draw

    desidero richiamare la vostra attenzione su... — I should like to draw your attention to...

    3)

    (ricordare) richiamare qc alla memoria di qn — (sogg : avvenimento) to remind sb of sth

    4) (rimproverare) to reprimand

    richiamarsi a — (riferirsi a) to refer to

    * * *
    [rikja'mare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (chiamare di nuovo) to call [sb.] again; (al telefono) to call [sb.] back, to phone [sb.] back, to ring* [sb.] back
    2) (fare ritornare indietro) to call [sb.] back, to call [sb.] off [persona, cane]; mil. pol. (ritirare) to recall, to summon back, to withdraw* [truppe, ambasciatore]

    richiamare qcs. alla memoria — fig. to bring o call sth. (back) to mind

    3) (rimproverare) to rebuke, to reprimand

    richiamare qcn. all'ordine — to call sb. to order

    richiamare qcn. al dovere — to recall sb. to his duty

    richiamare qcn. all'obbedienza — to bring sb. to heel

    4) (attirare) to attract, to draw* [folla, interesse]

    richiamare l'attenzione su qcs. — to draw o focus attention on sth

    5) (ricordare) to remind
    2.
    verbo pronominale richiamarsi (fare riferimento) to refer (a to)
    * * *
    richiamare
    /rikja'mare/ [1]
     1 (chiamare di nuovo) to call [sb.] again; (al telefono) to call [sb.] back, to phone [sb.] back, to ring* [sb.] back
     2 (fare ritornare indietro) to call [sb.] back, to call [sb.] off [persona, cane]; mil. pol. (ritirare) to recall, to summon back, to withdraw* [truppe, ambasciatore]; richiamare qcs. alla memoria fig. to bring o call sth. (back) to mind
     3 (rimproverare) to rebuke, to reprimand; richiamare qcn. all'ordine to call sb. to order; richiamare qcn. al dovere to recall sb. to his duty; richiamare qcn. all'obbedienza to bring sb. to heel
     4 (attirare) to attract, to draw* [folla, interesse]; richiamare l'attenzione su qcs. to draw o focus attention on sth.
     5 (ricordare) to remind
    II richiamarsi verbo pronominale
      (fare riferimento) to refer (a to).

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > richiamare

  • 39 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 40 глава

    (см. также абзац, параграф, книга, обзор) chapter
    • Более прямой метод получения величины F рассматривается в главе 9. - A more direct procedure for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
    • Большая часть материала, представленного в данной главе, имела дело с... - Much of the material presented in this chapter has dealt with...
    • В дальнейших главах излагается методология для... - The following chapters outline the methodology involved in...
    • В данной главе мы будем заниматься подобными процессами. - This chapter will be concerned with such processes.
    • В данной главе мы будем рассматривать лишь... - In this chapter we shall be concerned only with...
    • В данной главе мы заложим теоретические основания для... - In this chapter we lay the theoretical foundations for...
    • В данной главе мы предлагаем обсудить... - In this chapter we propose to discuss...
    • В данной главе мы представим некоторые избранные материалы... - In the present chapter we shall give a selection of...
    • В данной главе мы продолжим наше изучение (проблемы и т. п.)... - In this chapter, we will continue our study of...
    • В данной главе мы разовьем теорию... - In this chapter we shall develop the theory of...
    • В данной главе мы рассмотрим путь, которым... - In this chapter, we consider the way in which...
    • В данной главе мы сформулируем метод для... - In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
    • В данной главе мы уделим некоторое внимание (чвму-л)... - In this chapter we shall devote some attention to...
    • В данной главе мы, главным образом, интересуемся... - We are concerned mainly in this chapter with...
    • В данной главе позднее станет очевидно, что... - It will become evident later in this chapter that...
    • В данной главе рассматривается... - It is the object of the present chapter to...
    • В данной главе рассматривается еще один подход... - This chapter is concerned with yet another approach to...
    • В предшествующих главах мы видели, что... - We have seen in preceding chapters that...
    • В следующей главе мы (еще) вернемся к этому выражению. - We shall return to this expression in the next chapter.
    • В следующей главе мы дадим количественное представление... - In the next chapter we give a more quantitative account of...
    • В следующей главе мы увидим, что... - We shall see in the next chapter that...
    • В следующих четырех главах мы будем рассматривать исключительно... - In the next four chapters we shall be concerned exclusively with...
    • В соответствии с методом, намеченным в Главе 1, мы... - In accordance with the method outlined in Chapter 1, we...
    • В третьей главе (= В главе 3) мы встретим другое обобщение той же самой основной идеи. - In Chapter 3 we shall meet another generalization of the same basic idea.
    • В этой вводной главе мы сделаем обзор... - In this introductory chapter we shall review...
    • В этой главе будут описываться два подхода к... - This chapter will describe two approaches to...
    • В этой главе мы даем эффективный метод... - In this chapter we give an efficient method for...
    • В этой главе мы рассматриваем различные случаи... - In this chapter we consider various cases of...
    • В этой главе мы сосредоточимся на (проблеме, вопросе и т. п.)... - In this chapter we concentrate on...
    • В этой главе не делалось попыток обсудить очень сложную проблему... -In this chapter no attempt has been made to discuss the very difficult problem of...
    • В этой главе основное внимание будет направлено на... - In this chapter we will direct most of the attention toward...
    • В этой главе рассматривается... - This chapter is concerned with...
    • В этой главе формулируются основные положения... - This chapter provides an outline of...
    • Данная глава будет посвящена описанию... - This chapter will be devoted to an exposition of...
    • Данная глава начинается с описания... - This chapter begins with a description of...
    • Данная глава завершается обсуждением... - The chapter concludes with a discussion of...
    • Данная глава, в основном, посвящена объяснению... - This chapter is devoted primarily to explaining...
    • Данная методика будет использоваться в последующих главах. - This procedure will be followed in subsequent chapters.
    • Заключим данную главу несколькими словами относительно... - We conclude this chapter with a few words on...
    • Значительная часть настоящей главы посвящена... - A large proportion of the present chapter is concerned with...
    • Из содержания предыдущих глав мы уже знаем, что... - We already know from earlier chapters that...
    • Книга состоит из восьми глав. - The book is divided into eight chapters.
    • Многие идеи и результаты последней главы могут быть распространены на случай... - Many of the ideas and results of the last chapter can now be extended to the case of...
    • Многие идеи, рассматриваемые в данной главе,... - Many of the ideas appearing in this chapter are...
    • Мы (еще) вернемся к этой аналогии во второй главе. - We shall return later to this analogy in Chapter 2.
    • Мы завершаем данную главу демонстрацией того, что... - We end this section by showing that...
    • Мы можем применить некоторые результаты этой главы, чтобы проиллюстрировать... - We may apply some of the results of this chapter to illustrate...
    • Мы обсудим этот эффект в другой главе. - We shall discuss this effect in a later chapter.
    • Мы откладываем обсуждение этого явления до главы 5. - We defer discussion of this phenomenon until Chapter 5.
    • Мы продолжим это (исследование) в главе 4. - We shall go further into this in Chapter 4.
    • Мы также уже обсудили эту задачу в главе 2. - We have also discussed this problem in Chapter 2.
    • Некоторые дальнейшие замечания могут быть найдены в главе 2. - Some further remarks may be found in Chapter 2.
    • Некоторые из этих вопросов будут развиваться в следующей главе. - Some of these points will be developed further in the next chapter.
    • Основная часть этой работы была проделана в главе 2. - The bulk of the work was done in Chapter 2.
    • Основным вопросом данной главы является... - Our main business in this chapter is to...
    • Остальная часть этой главы посвящена... - The rest of the chapter deals with... (
    • Первые четыре главы данной книги должны быть доступны... - The first four chapters of this book should be accessible to...
    • Всюду в данной главе мы будем предполагать, что... - Throughout this chapter we have assumed that...
    • Позднее в этой главе мы узнаем, что... - Later in this chapter we will learn that...
    • Пример его (метода) использования уже приведен в Главе 2. - An example of its use has already been given in Chapter 2.
    • Рассуждение, приведенное в конце последней главы, показывает, что... - The argument at the end of the last chapter shows that...
    • Результаты данной главы позволяют нам... - The results of the present chapter enable us to...
    • Строгое обсуждение будет дано в главе 2. - A rigorous discussion will be given in Chapter 2.
    • Теперь возвратимся к вопросу, поставленному в начале этой главы. - We now return to the question posed at the beginning of the chapter.
    • Целью данной главы является представление... - It is the purpose of this chapter to present...
    • Целью данной главы является разработка... - The aim of this chapter is to develop...
    • Мы собираемся сделать в этой главе... - What we seek to do in this chapter is to...
    • Что такое тензоры объясняется подробно в главе 3. - The subject of tensors is explained at length in Chapter 3.
    • Эта глава почти полностью посвящается... - This chapter has been almost wholly concerned with...
    • Эта глава представляет один подход к решению... - This chapter presents one approach to the solution of...
    • Эта тема будет развиваться в следующей главе. - This subject will be developed in the following chapter.
    • Эти данные будут использованы в следующей главе. - This information will be put into use in the next chapter.
    • Эти явления обсуждаются в главе 5. - These phenomena are discussed in Chapter 5.
    • Это будет темой следующей главы. - This will be the theme of the next chapter.
    • Далее это обсуждается в главе 4 в связи с... - This is further discussed in Chapter 4 in conjunction with...
    • Это не согласуется с терминологией главы 1. - This is at variance with the terminology of Chapter 1.
    • Этот факт был отмечен без доказательства в главе 4. - This fact was noted without proof in Chapter 4.
    • Этот эффект будет обсуждаться в главе 2, где будет показано, что... - This effect will be discussed in Chapter 2, where it will be shown that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > глава

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