the+under-mentioned

tunc, adv. demonstr., of time [tum, and demonstr. suffix -ce], then, at that time; but in ante-class. and class. prose tunc is always emphatic, and generally refers to a point of time. In post-Aug. style tunc freq. occurs without emphasis, and is freely used of periods of time. Tunc = deinde occurs first in the class. per. and rarely in prose; but is very freq. after the Aug. per. Tunc in mere co-ordinative use is very rare and not ante-class. (v. I. C.). Tunc coupled with an emphatic or temporal particle is very rare in class. prose, but freq. in the postAug. period. Poets often use tunc instead of tum before vowels for the sake of the metre. In general, tunc is not freq. till after the Aug. period. Cic. has tum about thirty times as often as tunc; Caes. has tunc only five times; Livy, in the first two books, has tunc five times, tum eighty-two times; but Val. Max. has tunc four times as often as tum. Sen. almost always has tunc; tum only in a few passages, mostly in co ordinative use. In Vitr., Suet., Plin., Just., and the jurists, tunc largely predominates; but Nep. has tunc once only, and Tac., who employs both words sparingly, has tum oftener than tunc. The Codd. very freq. vary between the words, and in many passages the reading is still doubtful. Undue weight has been given by some critics to opposition to nunc and connection with cum; cf. Kritz ad Sall. J. 5, 1; Zumpt ad Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 142; 2, 5, 10, § 27. Both tum and tunc are freq. opposed to nunc, and connected with cum.

Referring an event to a time before mentioned.

To definite past time.

To a period of time, = illis temporibus (only post-Aug.):

tunc melius tenuere fidem cum paupere cultu Stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus,

Tib. 1, 10, 19:

nulli tunc subsessores alienorum matrimoniorum oculi metuebantur,

Val. Max. 2, 1, 5:

sed tunc clarissimus quisque juvenum pro amplificanda patria plurimum periculi sustinebat,

id. 3, 2, 6:

nunc quo ventum est? A servis vix impetrari potest ne eam supellectilem fastidiant qua tunc consul non erubuit,

id. 4, 3, 7:

quo pacto inter amicos viguisse tunc justitiam credimus, cum inter accusatores quoque, etc.,

id. 6, 5, 6:

si vere aestimare Macedonas qui tunc erant volumus, fatebimur, etc.,

Curt. 4, 16, 33:

sed civitati nullae tunc leges erant,

Just. 2, 7, 3; 6, 9, 5.—

Referring to a point of time spoken of: cives Romani [p. 1914] tunc facti sunt Campani, Enn. ap. Censor. 14 (Ann. v. 174 Vahl.): tanto sublatae sunt Augmine tunc lapides, id. ap. Non. p. 211, 8 (Ann. v. 542 ib.): tunc ipsos adoriant, ne quis Spartam referat nuntium, Naev. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 801 P. (Trag. Rel. v. 16 Rib.):

(Sulla) statim ex iis rebus quas tunc vendebat jussit ei praemium tribui, etc.,

Cic. Arch. 10, 25:

neque ego tunc princeps ad salutem esse potuissem si, etc.,

id. Sull. 3, 9:

his tunc cognitis rebus amici regis his... liberaliter responderunt,

Caes. B. C. 3, 104:

tunc duces Nerviorum... colloqui sese velle dicunt,

at this time, id. B. G. 5, 41:

quod se facturos minabantur, aegreque tunc sunt retenti quin oppidum irrumperent,

id. B. C. 2, 13 fin.:

Romanus tunc exercitus in agro Larinati erat,

Liv. 22, 24, 1:

itaque cum in ipsum, et innocentia tutum et magistratu in quo tunc erat, impetus fieri non posset, etc.,

id. 4, 44, 6; cf. id. 2, 2, 2; 4, 8, 6; 10, 37, 10;

44, 44, 3: nec, si rescindere posses (sc. jussa Jovis), Tunc aderas,

Ov. M. 2, 679:

tunc ego nec cithara poteram gaudere sonora, nec, etc.,

Tib. 3, 4, 69:

tunc urbis custodiis praepositus C. Maecenas,

Vell. 2, 88, 2:

forte evenit ut tunc summae dignitatis ibi femina veneno consumere se destinarit,

Val. Max. 2, 6, 8:

qui tunc Libitinam exercebant,

id. 5, 2, 10:

Coriolanus ad Volscos, infestos tunc Romanis, confugit,

id. 5, 4, 1; cf. id. 2, 10, 3; 4, 8, 5; 5, 5, 3; 7, 6, 5 fin.;

8, 1 damn. 1: Carthaginiensium legati ad celebrandum sacrum anniversarium more patrio tunc venerant,

Curt. 4, 2, 10:

et tunc aestas erat, cujus calor, etc.,

id. 3, 5, 1:

perierat imperium, quod tunc in extremo stabat, si Fabius, etc.,

Sen. Troad. 1, 11, 5:

tunc,distractis Orientis viribus, casus Mithridati datus est occupandi Armeniam,

Tac. A. 11, 9; cf. id. ib. 2, 25:

quidam ex eis qui tunc egerant, decesserunt,

Plin. Ep. 4, 24, 3:

ardente tunc in Africa bello,

Suet. Caes. 70; cf. id. Calig. 48; id. Ner. 20; 21:

Asiam tunc tenebat imperio rex Darius,

Gell. 17, 9, 20:

hostes tunc populi Romani fuerant Fidenates,

id. 17, 21, 17; cf. id. 13, 5, 2 and 3; 14, 1, 8; Ael. Spart. Had. 11; 23; 24.—Repeated by anaphora:

tunc victus abiere feri, tunc consita pomus, tunc bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, Aurea tunc pressos, etc.,

Tib. 2, 1, 43:

tunc Parmenio et Philotas, tunc Amyntas consobrinus, tunc noverca fratresque interfecti, tunc Attalus, Eurylochus... occurrebant,

Just. 12, 6, 14; so id. 43, 3, 2; 43, 4, 2.—Attributively:

regem tunc Lacedaemoniorum,

Just. 6, 2, 4.—

Referring to a state no longer in existence:

silvae tunc circa viam erant, plerisque incultis,

Liv. 21, 25, 8:

urbs (Corinthus) erat tunc praeclara ante excidium,

id. 45, 28, 2:

hic (Curio) primo pro Pompei partibus, id est, ut tunc habebatur, pro republica, mox... pro Caesare stetit,

Vell. 2, 48, 3:

certissimum tunc proscriptorum perfugium penetravit,

Val. Max. 7, 3, 9:

docuit in atrio Catulinae domus, quae pars Palatii tunc erat,

Suet. Gram. 17: tunc (i. e. olim) in usu erat, eam hereditatem, etc., Gai Inst. 2, 254 erat autem tunc mos ut cum princeps causam cognosceret... sententiam ex omnium deliberatione proferret, Ael. Spart. Had. 8.—

Expressly opposed to present time: tunc igitur pelles, nunc aurum et purpura exercent hominum vitam, Lucr 5, 1423;

ea lege quae tunc erat Sempronia, nunc est Cornelia,

Cic. Clu. 56, 154:

cum vero causam justam deus ipse dederit, ut tunc Socrati, nunc Catoni, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 30, 74, cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45; 2, 3, 67, § 156; id. Arch. 3, 5; id. Pis. 13, 30; id. Rab. Post. 12, 34; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:

cur privati non damus remiges, sicut tunc dedimus?

Liv. 34, 6, 18:

munitiones et locis opportunioribus tunc fuerunt et validiores impositae (i. e. quam nunc),

id. 36, 17, 4:

parva nunc res videri potest quae tunc patres ac plebem accendit,

id. 4, 25, 13; cf. id. 8, 31, 4; 21, 18, 5:

Macedones milites ea tunc erant fama qua nunc Romani feruntur,

Nep. Eum. 3, 4: nunc solvo poenas;

tunc tibi inferias dedi,

Sen. Phoen. 172:

nunc haberent socios quos tunc hostes habuerant,

Just. 6, 7, 5; cf. id. 8, 2, 9:

hoc tunc Veii fuere, nunc fuisse quis meminit?

Flor. 1, 12, 11.—And tunc and tum in co-ordinated sentences: qui ager nunc multo pluris est quam tunc fuit. Tum enim, etc., nunc, etc.;

tum erat ager incultus, nunc est cultissimus,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33: vos etiamsi tunc faciendum non fuerit, nunc utique faciendum putatis;

ego contra, etiamsi tum migrandum fuisset, nunc has ruipas relinquendas non censerem,

Liv. 5, 53, 3 (in such connections tum generally refers to a previous tunc, rarely vice versa).—

Opposed to a previous or a later time:

quae ipsum Hannibalem, armis tunc invictum voluptate vicit (i. e. etsi non postea),

Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 95:

raro alias tribuni popularis oratio acceptior plebi quam tunc severissimi consulis fuit,

Liv. 3, 69, 1:

(Syphax) tunc accessio Punici belli fuerat, sicut Gentius Macedonici,

id. 45, 7, 2; 5, 37, 2; 45, 25, 10:

non ab Scipionibus aliisque veteribus Romanorum ducum quidquam ausum fortius quam tunc a Caesare,

Vell. 2, 80, 3:

et tunc Aeanti, ut deo, immolaverunt, et deinceps, etc.,

Val. Max. 1, 5, ext. 2:

praetor hic Alexandri fuerat, tunc transfuga,

Curt. 3, 11, 18; cf. id. 4, 13, 18:

Cilicum nationes saepe et alias commotae, tunc Troxoboro duce, montes asperos castris cepere,

Tac. A. 12, 55; cf. id. ib. 2, 62; id. H. 3, 58:

ob res et tunc in Africa, et olim in Germania gestas,

Suet. Galb. 8; cf. id. Tib. 10; 18; id. Oth. 4:

idem tunc Faesulae quod Carrhae nuper,

Flor. 1, 5, 8.—

In general statements, applied to the actual state of affairs:

mos est regibus quotiens in societatem coeant, pollices inter se vincire, etc. Sed tunc, qui ea vincula admovebat decidisse simulans, genua Mithridatis invadit,

Tac. A. 12, 47:

legebatur ergo ibi tunc in carmine Latino, etc.,

Gell. 2, 22, 2.— Pregn., as matters then stood:

aptissimum tempus fuerat, delinimentum animis Bolani agri divisionem obici: tunc haec ipsa indignitas angebat animos,

Liv. 4, 51, 6.—

Of coincidence in time: tunc = cum hoc fieret, on that occasion:

quodsi tu tunc, Crasse, dixisses, omnem eorum importunitatem evellisset oratio tua,

Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 230; id. Clu. 56, 153; id. Lig. 5, 16; id. Phil. 7, 5, 14:

tunc Lacedaemoniis accusantibus respondendum erat, nunc a vobis ipsis accusati sumus,

Liv. 39, 36, 7:

jam Horatius secundam pugnam petebat. Tunc... clamore adjuvant militem suum,

while he was doing so, id. 1, 25, 9; 45, 23, 17:

sed neque... nubes Tunc habuit, nec... imbres,

Ov. M. 2, 310:

quid mihi tunc animi fuit?

id. ib. 7, 582:

quid mihi tunc animi credis, germane, fuisse?

id. H. 11, 87; 12, 31:

quid tunc homines timuerint, quae senatus trepidatio... neque mihi exprimere vacat, neque, etc.,

Vell. 2, 124, 1:

non Catoni tunc praetura, sed praeturae Cato negatus est,

Val. Max. 7, 5, 6; cf. id. 1, 8, 6; 4, 5, 3; 6, 1, 8; 6, 2, 3; 6, 2, 6; 6, 6, ext. 1;

9, 3, 1: tunc ego dicere debui,

Sen. Ep. 63, 15:

non possum dicere aliud tunc mihi quam deos adfuisse,

Plin. Ep. 1, 5, 5:

tunc domus priscorum ducum arserunt,

Suet. Ner. 38; Just. 18, 3, 14; Gell. 6 (7), 3, 48; 12, 13, 21; 19, 1, 11.—Tunc and tum co-ordinate: sanguine tunc (Phaethontis) credunt... Tum facta'st Libya... arida;

tum, etc.,

Ov. M. 2, 235 sqq.: tunc... sorores Debuerant, etc.;

Tum potui Medea mori bene,

id. H. 12, 3 sqq.—And referring to a supposed action at a definite time:

nobis tunc repente trepidandum in acie instruenda erat,

if we had accepted the battle then, Liv. 44, 38, 11.—

Redundant (post-class.):

id quale fuerit, neque ipse tunc prodidit, neque cuiquam facile succurrat,

Suet. Tit. 10; cf.: in ejusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur, Vitr 5, 9, 9.—

= nunc, in oblique discourse (rare):

quod si consulatus tanta dulcedo sit, jam tunc ita in animum inducant, consulatum captum a tribunicia potestate esse,

Liv. 2, 54, 5:

ut cum multis saeculis murus urbi civium virtus fuerit, tunc cives salvos se fore non existimaverint nisi intra muros laterent,

Just. 14, 5, 7.—

Referring to indefinite time.

Then, at such a time of the year, day, etc.; at such a season:

tunc (i. e. autumno) praecidi arbores oportere secundum terram,

Varr. R. R. 1, 27:

ab eo in fastis dies hordicalia nominantur, quod tunc hordae boves immolantur,

id. ib. 2, 5:

omnes (nubes sol) enim sub se tunc (= medio die),

Sen. Q. N. 1, 8, 7:

tunc enim maximae et integrae adhuc nives (= aestate prima),

id. ib. 4, 2, 21:

et tunc potest ventis concitari mare,

id. ib. 4, 2, 25; cf. id. ib. 4, 5, 2.—

With the force of an indefinite temporal clause:

tunc ignes tenuissimi iter exile designant et caelo producunt, of shooting stars,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 6: nemo observat lunam nisi laborantem. Tunc urbes conclamant, tunc pro se quisque superstitione vana trepidat, id. ib. 7, 1, 2:

adjuvari se tunc (i. e. cum faces vident) periclitantes existimant Pollucis et Castoris numine,

id. ib. 1, 1, 13; cf. id. ib. 1, 8, 3; 2, 55, 2; 5, 3, 1; 6, 12, 2; id. Ep. 42, 4; id. Brev. Vit. 11, 1: si ancilla ex cive Romand conceperit, deinde civis Romana facta sit, et tunc pariat, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 88; 1, 90; Dig. 1, 6, 8; 40, 12, 22, § 3.—

With the force of a conditional clause, in this instance: Tr. Erus peregre venit. Si. Tunc tibi actutum chorda tenditur, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 55 Lorenz (al. tum):

dominae mentem convertite... Tunc ego crediderim vobis, et sidera et amnes Posse, etc.,

Prop. 1, 1, 23:

itaque tunc dividere optimum erit (= si plura sunt quae nocent),

Quint. 4, 2, 101; so id. 6, 1, 22:

cuperem tecum communicare tam subitam mutationem mei: tunc amicitiae nostrae certiorem fiduciam habere coepissem,

Sen. Ep. 6, 2: nemo est ex inprudentibus qui reliqui sibi debeat. Tunc mala consilia agitant, tunc aut aliis aut ipsis pericula struunt;

tunc cupiditates improbas ordinant, tunc... tunc... denique, etc.,

id. ib. 10, 2;

7, 2: tunc enim (i. e. si cottidie reputes) subit recordatio: Quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi!

Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 3:

propter liberos retentio fit (dotis) si culpa mulieris divortium factum sit, tunc enim sextae retinentur ex dote,

Ulp. Fragm. 6, 10: veluti si a femina manumissa sit: tunc enim e lege Atilia petere debet tutorem, Gai Inst. 1, 195; 1, 76; 1, 40; 3, 181; Fragm. Vat. 52; Dig. 2, 4, 8; 5, 3, 13, § 12; 7, 3, 1; 19, 1, 11, § 15; 11, 1, 20; Just. Inst. 1, 12, § 6; in the jurists, saep.—

Referring to future time.

In gen.: tunc illud vexillum... coloniae Capuae inferetur;

tunc contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 86:

tunc, ut quaeque causa crit statuetis, nunc libertatem repeti satis est,

Liv. 3, 53, 10:

senatus consultum adjectum est ut... praetor qui tunc esset... apud eorum quem qui manumitteretur... jusjurandum daret, etc.,

id. 41, 9, 11:

nec taedebit avum parvo advigilare nepoti... Tunc operata deo pubes discumbet in herba, etc.,

Tib. 2, 5, 95:

tunc interea tempus exercitus ex hoc loco educendi habebis,

Gell. 3, 7, 7.—

With the force of a conditional clause:

tunc me biremis Tutum... Aura feret geminusque Pollux (i. e. si mugiat malus procellis),

Hor. C. 3, 29, 62:

vectabor umeris tunc ego inimicis eques (i. e. si hoc feceris),

id. Epod. 17, 74:

tunc tua me infortunia laedent (i. e. si dolebis tibi),

id. A. P. 103:

tunc ego jurabo quaevis tibi numina... Tunc ego... Efficiam, etc.,

Ov. H. 15 (16), 319:

tunc piger ad nandum, tunc ego cautus ero,

id. ib. 17 (18), 210.—

Representing sequence or succession in events, = deinde.

Simple sequence in time.

Time proper (rare till after the Aug. per.;

in Cic. perh. only in the foll. passages): Herodotus cum Roma reverteretur, offendit eum mensem qui sequitur mensem comitialem. Tunc Cephaloeditani decrerunt intercalarium XLV dies longum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130:

veni in eum sermonem ut docerem, etc. Tunc mihi ille dixit quod, etc.,

id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:

dixi ei, me ita facturum esse ut, etc. Tunc ille a me petivit, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 6, 2 is finis pugnae equestris fuit. Tunc adorti peditum aciem, nuntios ad consules rei gestae mittunt, Liv. 3, 70, 8:

tandem curia excesserunt. Tunc sententiae interrogari coeptae,

id. 45, 25, 1:

equites, relictis equis, provolant ante signa... Tunc inter priores duorum populorum res geritur,

id. 7, 8, 1:

iterum deinde interpellatus, in proposito persistit. Tunc Poppedius, abjecturum inde se... minatus est,

Val. Max. 3, 1, 2; cf. id. 5, 4, 1; 7, 3, 2; 7, 3, 6: tunc intendit arcum, et ipsum cor adulescentis figit, Sen. de Ira, 3, 14, 2; so id. Ot. Sap. 1, 1; id. Q. N. 1, 12, 1:

Dareum XXX inde stadia abesse praemissi indicabant. Tunc consistere agmen jubet,

Curt. 3, 8, 24:

contionem discedere in manipulos jubet. Tunc a veneratione Augusti orsus flexit ad victorias,

Tac. A. 1, 34; cf. id. ib. 1, 67; 12, 31; 12, 33; 12, 69; id. H. 4, 72; Vitr. 1, 4, 12; 1, 6, 7; 2, 1, 2; 2, 1, 4; 5, 12, 5; 7, praef. 5; 7, 1, 3; 7, 2, 2; 8, 1, 1; Suet. Ner. 49; id. Vit. 15 fin.; id. Dom. 16; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 4; Gell. 1, 22, 6; 6 (7), 17, 6; 13, 31 (30), 6; 14, 2, 9; [p. 1915] Flor. 2, 13 (4, 2), 71; Just. 11, 4, 1; 11, 10, 2; 12, 7, 7; 13, 3, 4; 18, 4, 10 et saep.; Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 26.—

Before an abl. absol. (postclass.):

statuunt tempus quo foedissimum quemque invadant. Tunc, signo inter se dato, inrumpunt contubernia,

Tac. A. 1, 48:

tunc, Campaniae ora proximisque insulis circuitis, Caprearum secessui quadriduum impendit,

Suet. Aug. 98:

tunc, exercitu in Aetoliam promoto, pecunias civitatibus imperat,

Just. 14, 1, 6; 21, 5, 2; 22, 2, 7; 25, 2, 6.—

Implying a consequence, then, under these circumstances, hence, accordingly:

caedere januam saxis, instare ferro, ligna circumdare ignemque circumicere coeperunt. Tunc cives Romani, qui Lampsaci negotiabantur, concurrunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 27, § 69: huc tota Vari conversa acies suos fugere videbat. Tunc Rebilus; Perterritum, inquit, hostem vides;

quid dubitas, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 34:

animadversum est, extra consuetudinem longius a vallo esse aciem Pompei progressum. Tunc Caesar apud suos Differendum est iter, inquit, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 85:

omnium spe celerius Saguntum oppugnari adlatum est. Tunc relata de integro res ad senatum,

Liv. 21, 6, 5; cf. id. 9, 30, 10:

Tisiphoneque Saevit et huc illuc impia turba fugit. Tunc niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore Stridet,

Tib. 1, 3, 71:

apud patres disseruit, nec posse Orientem nisi Germanici sapientia conponi, etc. Tunc decreto patrum permissae Germanico provinciae,

Tac. A. 2, 43; id. H. 4, 83; Vitr. 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 16; Just. 39, 3, 11.—Emphatically, = tum vero:

donec ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces ut, etc.,

Liv. 1, 31, 6.—And = tum primum:

multitudo tandem perrumpit ordines hostium. Tunc vinci pertinacia coepta, et averti manipuli quidam,

Liv. 9, 39, 10. —

In enumerations with tum... deinde... postea, etc.

In gen. (postclass.): ante omnia instituit ut e libertorum bonis dextans... cogeretur; deinde ut ingratorum, etc.;

tunc ut lege majestatis facta omnia... tenerentur,

Suet. Ner. 32 med.; so,

tunc... deinde... tunc, etc.,

Vitr. 1, 6, 12 and 13:

tunc... tunc... deinde... tunc,

id. 3, 5, 5 and 6; cf. id. 5, 12, 4; cf. Suet. Oth. 6; Flor. 4, 2, 88.—With tum: terras primum situmque earum quaerit; deinde condicionem maris;

tunc quidquid inter caelum terrasque interjacet perspicit... tum, peragratis humilioribus, ad summa prorumpit,

Sen. Cons. Helv. 17 fin.; so Gai Inst. 3, 6, 3.—

Of successive speakers in dialogue (rare):

tu vero abi, inquit, etc. Tunc Mucius Quandoquidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti honos, etc.,

Liv. 2, 12, 15:

apud quem Valerius in hunc modum egit, etc. Tunc Collatinus Quaero inquit, etc.,

Val. Max. 2, 8, 2.—With tum:

tunc poeta... inquit, etc. Tum Fronto ita respondit, etc.,

Gell. 19, 8, 10 and 11; 12, 13, 19; Val. Max. 7, 3, ext. 4.—

In co-ordination (very rare).

= praeterea, and then:

(Romulus) hoc consilio fultus... locupletari civis non destitit. Tunc, id quod retinemus hodie magna cum salute rei publicae, auspiciis plurimum obsecutus est Romulus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 15 sq.:

praeter has, frugalitas et continentia... splendorem illi suum adfunderent. Tunc providentia cum elegantia quantum decoris illi adderent!

Sen. Ep. 115, 3.—

In the connection cum... tunc (v. tum, I. C. 3.):

vivendum recte est cum propter plurima, tunc est Idcirco, etc.,

Juv. 9, 118 ( poet. for tum, on account of the foll. vowel).—

Vid. tunc etiam, III. B. 7. b.

As correlative of dependent clauses.

Of temporal clauses with cum.

Referring to definite past time.

Tunc as antecedent of the clause:

set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis quom hinc abit?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 108:

etiamne in ara tunc sedebant mulieres Quom ad me profectu's ire?

id. Rud. 3, 6, 8:

quo damnato tunc, cum judicia fiebant, HS. IV milibus lis aestimata est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 22:

etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiscebatur,

id. ib. 2, 5, 43, §

111: atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat: vos tunc paruistis cum paruit nemo nisi qui voluit,

id. Lig. 7, 20: se ita pugnaturos ut Romae pugnaverint in repetenda patria, ut postero die ad Gabios, tunc cum effecerint ne quis hostium, etc., Liv. 6, 28, 9:

et quod tunc fecimus cum hostem Hannibalem in Italia haberemus, id nunc, pulso Hannibale, cunctamur facere?

id. 31, 7, 5:

infelix Dido, nunc te facta impia tangunt? Tunc decuit cum sceptra dabas,

Verg. A. 4, 597 (Rib. tum; v. Prisc. p. 8, 841 P.):

prudenter sensit tunc incrementum Romano imperio petendum fuisse cum intra septimum lapidem triumphi quaerebantur,

Val. Max. 4, 1, 10:

quorum nihil tunc cum diceretur parum aptum fuit,

Quint. 11, 1, 89; cf. Val. Max. 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 8, ext. 1.—

Introducing the apodosis.

Of coincident actions:

cum jam adpropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubie esset... tunc injecta trepidatio,

Liv. 44, 28, 10.—

= deinde:

adversus singula quaeque cum respondere haud facile esset, et quereretur... purgaretque se invicem, tunc Papirius, redintegrata ira, virgas et secures expediri jussit,

Liv. 8, 32, 10:

divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa Alpes, imperavissetque, etc., tunc qui in eo castello fuerunt... noluerunt imperio parere,

Vitr. 2, 9, 15:

cum nuntiatum esset Leonidae a XX milibus hostium summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant,

Just. 2, 11, 5.—

Of definite present time, tunc is not found; v. tum.—

Referring to indefinite time.

As antecedent:

arbitror, quo nos etiam tunc utimur cum ea dicimus jurati quae comperta habemus,

Cic. Font. 13, 29 (9, 19):

tunc obsequatur naturae cum senserit, etc.,

id. Fragm. Hort. Phil. 75 B. and K.; id. Tusc. 2, 6, 16; id. Verr. 1, 18, 55; 2, 5, 12, § 29: qui tunc vocat me, cum malum librum legi, only... when, never... unless (= tote dê), Cat. 44, 21 Ellis (Mull. tum):

deum tunc adfuisse cum id evenisset, veteres oratores aiebant,

Quint. 10, 7, 14:

tunc est commovendum theatrum cum ventum est ad illud Plodite,

id. 6, 1, 52; cf. id. 4, 2, 8; 12, 11, 7; Vitr. 2, 9, 3:

voluptas tunc, cum maxime delectat, exstinguitur,

Sen. Vit. Beat. 7, 4; cf. id. Q. N. 1, prol. 3; 5, 3, 3; 6, 3, 1; id. Ep. 10, 5; 85, 38:

in tantam quantitatem tenetur quae tunc in peculio fuit cum sententiam dicebat,

Dig. 5, 1, 15: tunc cum certum esse coeperit neminem ex eo testamento fore heredem, Gai Inst. 3, 13; 4, 71; Dig. 28, 3, 6, § 6; 40, 12, 16, § 2; 40, 7, 34.—

Introducing the apodosis:

cum autem fundamenta ita distantia inter se fuerint constituta, tunc inter ea alia transversa... collocentur,

Vitr. 1, 5, 7; 2, 1, 6; 2, 3, 2; 2, 5, 2;

3, 5, 13: cum folia pauca in acumine germinent, tunc maxime serendas ficus,

Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 245; Just. 41, 2, 9.—

Referring to future time:

ex ceteris autem generibus tunc pecunia expedietur cum legionibus victricibus erunt quae spopondimus persolvenda, Cic. Fragm. Ep. Caes. jun. 1, 8: tunc inter eas fore finem belli dixit cum alterutra urbs in habitum pulveris esset redacta,

Val. Max. 9, 3, ext. 3:

poterant videri tunc incohanda cum omnia quae... peregissem,

Quint. 6, 4, 1; Col. praef. 33; v. infra, III. A. 2. b.—

With temporal clauses introduced by ubi (rare).

Of definite past time:

ad quod bellum ubi consules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare tunc enixe tribuni,

Liv. 4, 55, 2:

haec ubi convenerunt, tunc vero Philomelus consuetudinem nocte egrediendi frequentiorem facere,

id. 25, 8, 9.—

Of indefinite time.

As antecedent:

tunc autem est consummata infelicitas, ubi turpia non solum delectant, sed etiam placent,

Sen. Ep. 39, 6; id. Ben. 2, 3, 3; 2, 17, 3; id. Ep. 89, 19.—

In apodosis:

stillicidia ubi plura coiere et turba vires dedit, tunc fluere et ire dicuntur,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; 6, 17, 2; 6, 18, 2.—

With temporal clauses introduced by postquam (posteaquam); rare.

Of definite past time:

posteaquam ingenuae virgines et ephebi venerunt ad deprecandum, tunc est pollicitus his legibus ut, etc.,

Vitr. 10, 16, 7 (but in Sall. C. 51, 40 Dietsch reads tum).—

Of indefinite time: si vero posteaquam eam destinasses, tunc perierit, etc., Dig 17, 2, 58, § 1.—

With temporal clauses introduced by ut (very rare):

ut vero... casus suorum miseris eluxit, tunc toto littore plangentium gemitus, tunc infelicium matrum ululatus... audiebantur,

Just. 19, 2, 11.—

With temporal clauses introduced by quando (rare).

As antecedent:

tunc quando abiero,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 7, 19 (4, 8, 8): tunc inserentur (cerasi) quando his vel non est, vel desinit gummi effluere, Pall. Oct. 12.—

In apodosis:

quando quodque eorum siderum cursum decorum est adeptum... tunc ex alterius naturae motione transversa... vinci a tardioribus videbantur,

Cic. Univ. 9.—

With temporal clauses introduced by dum (very rare):

tunc tamen utrumque tolerabile est, dum illi vis sua est,

Sen. Ep. 83, 21.—

With conditional clauses.

In gen.

As antecedent:

consilium istud tunc esset prudens si rationes ad Hispaniensem casum accommodaturi essemus,

Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:

sin autem ventus interpellaverit et... tunc habeat canalem longum pedes quinque, etc.,

Vitr. 8, 5, 2:

tunc fidem fallam, tunc inconstantiae crimen audiam si, cum omnia eadem sint quae erant promittente me, non praestitero promissum,

Sen. Ben. 4, 35, 2.—

In apodosis:

si se simul cum gloria rei gestae exstinxisset, tunc victorem, quidquid licuerit in magistro equitum, in militibus ausurum,

Liv. 8, 31, 7:

quem si inclusit mare, tum ille exitu simul redituque praecluso, volutatur,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 15:

quod si non illum, sed me peccasse putabis, tunc ego te credam cordis habere nihil,

Mart. 2, 8, 6: si nullus sit suorum heredum, tunc hereditas pertinet ad adgnatos, Gai Inst. 3, 9:

si vero dissentiunt, tunc praetoris partes necessariae sunt,

Dig. 2, 14, 7, § 19; Sen. Q. N. 6, 9, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 205; Dig. 1, 3, 22.—

With a supposition contrary to fact:

audivi te cum alios consolareris: tunc conspexissem, si te ipse consolatus esses,

Sen. Prov. 4, 5.—

After abl. absol. (rare):

legatis auditis, tunc de bello referre sese Aemilius dixit,

Liv. 44, 21, 1:

his ita praeparatis, tunc in rotae modiolo tympanum includatur,

Vitr. 10, 9 (14), 2.

Particular connections.

With other particles of time.

Jam tunc (rare):

nisi jam tunc omnia negotia diligentissime confecissem,

Cic. Fam. 3, 12, 3: bellum jam tunc ab illis geri coeptum cum sibi Phrygiam ademerint, Trog. Pomp. ap. Just. 38, 53:

At. C. Marius L. Sullam jam tunc, ut praecaventibus fatis, copulatum sibi quaestorem habuit,

Vell. 2, 12, 1:

Archilochum Nepos Cornelius tradit, Tullo Hostilio Romae regnante, jam tunc fuisse poematis clarum et nobilem,

Gell. 17, 21, 8:

palam jam tunc multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam fremebant,

Just. 13, 5, 5. —

With demum and denique, not until then, then only, then at last.

Tunc demum.

Absol.:

tunc demum nuntius missus ad tertiam legionem revocandam,

Liv. 41, 3, 5:

tunc demum pectora plangi Contigit,

Ov. H. 11, 91:

tunc demum intrat tabernaculum,

Curt. 4, 13, 20:

tunc demum alia mala (exstiterunt),

Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 6:

(aquilae) primo deponunt, expertaeque pondus, tunc demum abeunt,

Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 14:

tunc demum... invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt,

Suet. Calig. 9:

tunc demum ad otium concessit,

id. Claud. 5.—

With cum clause:

postero die cum circumsessi aqua arceremur, nec ulla... erumpendi spes esset, tunc demum pacti sumus, etc.,

Liv. 21, 59, 6:

et serius cum redisset, tum demum, recepto sospite filio, victoriae tantae gaudium consul sensit,

id. 44, 44, 3:

cum ab his oritur, tunc demum ei ratio constat,

Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.: quos ordine suo tunc demum persequar cum praefaturus fuero, Col. praef. 33; Sen. Ep. 84, 6; id. Q. N. 7, 13, 1.—

Tunc denique (very rare): hi dicebantur in eo tempore mathêmatikoi. Exinde ad perspicienda principia naturae procedebant ac tunc denique nominabantur phusikoi, Gell. 1, 9, 7.—

Tunc primum:

quia tunc primum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est,

Sall. J. 5, 2:

tunc primum circo qui nunc maximus dicitur, designatus locus est,

Liv. 1, 35, 8:

eum dolorem ulta est (plebs) tunc primum plebeis quaestoribus creatis,

id. 4, 54, 2:

tunc primum equo merere equites coeperunt,

id. 5, 7, 13:

lectisternio tunc primum in urbe Romana facto,

id. 5, 13, 6; Tac. A. 11, 38; Suet. Ner. 17; Just. 8, 5, 1; 11, 10, 2; Jul. Capitol. Anton. Phil. 5; 7.—

With deinde (cf.: tum deinde).

Deinde tunc:

roga bonam mentem, bonam valetudinem animi, deinde tunc corporis,

Sen. Ep. 10, 4; 74, 23; 117, 1.—

Tunc deinde: primum militiae vinculum est religio et signorum amor, et deserendi nefas; tunc deinde facile cetera [p. 1916] exiguntur, Sen. Ep. 95, 35; 11, 4; Val. Fl. 8, 109; Cels. 4, 15.—So, tunc postea, Vitr. 1, 6, 7.—

Tunc tandem:

simul enim cessit possessione Dii, excitavit hostem, ut tunc tandem sciret recuperanda esse quae prius amissa forent,

Liv. 44, 8, 4.—

With emphatic particles.

Tunc vero (or enimvero):

in turbatos jam hostes equos inmittunt. Tunc vero Celtiberi omnes in fugam effunduntur,

Liv. 40, 40, 10:

cunctantem tamen ingens vis morbi adorta est. Tunc enim vero deorum ira admonuit,

id. 2, 36, 6:

tunc vero impotentis fortunae species conspici potuit,

Curt. 3, 11, 23: Tiberioque suspensa semper verba;

tunc vero nitenti, etc.,

Tac. A. 1, 11.—

Tunc quidem: et tunc quidem Perseus copias reduxit;

postero die, etc.,

Liv. 42, 57, 9:

tunc quidem sacrificio rite perpetrato, reliquum noctis rediit, etc.,

Curt. 4, 13, 16; cf. id. 3, 12, 21.—

Ne tunc quidem:

quia ne tunc quidem obsistebatur,

Front. Strat. 3, 17, 9:

ac ne tum quidem senatu aut populo appellato,

Suet. Ner. 41; cf. Just. 27, 3, 6.—

Tunc maxime (or tunc cum maxime).

Chiefly at that time, especially then:

Theophrastus est auctor, in Ponto quosdam amnes crescere tempore aestivo... aut quia tunc maxime in umorem mutabilis terra est, aut quia, etc.,

Sen. Q. N. 3, 26, 2.—

Just then:

hospitem tunc cum maxime utilia suadentem abstrahi jussit ad capitale supplicium,

Curt. 3, 2, 17:

non incidunt causae quae iram lacessant? sed tunc maxime illi oppugnandae manus sunt, Sen. de Ira, 2, 14, 2: sapiens tunc maxime paupertatem meditatur cum in mediis divitiis constitit,

id. Vit. Beat. 26, 1.—

Tunc interea, Gell. 3, 7, 7; v. supra, I. A. 4. a.—

Etiam tunc.

Even then:

experiri etiam tunc volens an ullae sibi reliquae vires essent, etc.,

Gell. 15, 16, 3.—

Still:

quam defunctam praetextatus etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit,

Suet. Calig. 10.— And with cum, Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 8; v. supra, II. A. 1. a.—

Tunc etiam.

Etiam as connective, tum = eo tempore:

in civitate plena religionum, tunc etiam ob recentem cladem superstitiosis principibus, ut renovarentur auspicia, res ad interregnum redit,

Liv. 6, 5, 6.—

Poet. for tum etiam, on account of the vowel:

ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo, Tunc etiam... Tethys solet ipsa vereri,

Ov. M. 2, 68.—

Tunc quoque.

Also then:

irae adversus Vejentes in insequentem annum dilatae sunt. Tunc quoque ne confestim bellum indiceretur religio obstitit,

Liv. 4, 30, 13; 44, 37, 12: saepe legit flores;

et tunc quoque forte legebat,

Ov. M. 4, 315:

quare et sereno tonat? quia tunc quoque per quassum et scissum aera spiritus prosilit,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 18:

cum quidam histriones producti olim, tunc quoque producerentur,

Suet. Claud. 21:

tunc quoque in Hyrcaniam remittitur,

Just. 38, 9, 9.—

Even then:

tunc quoque cum antiqui illi viri inclite viverent, cura comere capillum fuit,

Sen. Q. N. 1, 17, 7:

faba vero non antequam trium foliorum. Tunc quoque levi sarculo purgare melius quam fodere,

Plin. 18, 26, 65, § 241; Suet. Ner. 26; Flor. 1, 7, 12.—With tum demum:

tametsi ad audiendum pigre coitur. Plerique in stationibus sedent... ac sibi nuntiari jubent an jam recitator intraverit... an ex magna parte evolverit librum: tum demum ac tunc quoque lente cunctanterque veniunt,

Plin. Ep. 1, 13, 2.—

= sic quoque, even as it was:

quin nisi firmata extrema agminis fuissent, ingens in eo saltu accipienda clades fuerit. Tunc quoque ad extremum periculi ventum est,

Liv. 21, 34, 8.—

Tunc temporis (postclass.;

v. tum, III. E.): ex gente obscura tunc temporis Persarum,

Just. 1, 4, 4:

parvae tunc temporis vires Atheniensibus erant,

id. 3, 6, 6:

ad abolendam invidiae famam qua insignis praeter ceteros tunc temporis habebatur,

id. 8, 3, 7:

erat namque tunc temporis urbs Appulis Brundisium,

id. 12, 2, 7.

vĕl, conj. and adv. [old imv. of volo] prop., will, choose, take your choice; hence,

As disjunctive conjunction, to introduce an alternative as a matter of choice or preference, or as not affecting the principal assertion (while aut introduces an absolute or essential opposition; cf. Madv. Gr. § 436; Zumpt, Gr. § 339; Fischer, Gr. § 383).

Singly.

In gen., or (if you will), or else, or (at your pleasure), or (at least), or (it is indifferent), or (what is the same thing), etc.:

dic igitur me passerculum... haedillum me tuom dic esse vel vitellum,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 77: viginti minis? Ba. Utrum vis, vel quater quinis minis, id. Ps. 1, 3, 111:

lege vel tabellas redde,

id. ib. 1, 1, 29:

in solem ponito vel sine sale in defrutum condito,

Cato, R. R. 7: orabant (sc. Ubii), ut sibi auxilium ferret... vel... exercitum modo Rhenum transportaret, or at least, i. e. or, if he preferred it, Caes. B. G. 4, 16:

ejusmodi conjunctionem tectorum oppidum vel urbem appellaverunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 26, 41:

in unius voluntate vel moribus,

id. ib. 2, 28, 51:

in unā urbe vel in hac ipsā,

id. ib. 3, 10, 17:

constituere vel conservare,

id. ib. 2, 38, 64:

in ardore caelesti, qui aether vel caelum nominatur,

id. N. D. 2, 15, 41:

transfer idem ad modestiam vel temperantiam,

id. Fin. 2, 19, 60; cf. Madv. ad id. ib. 2, 25, 81:

unum illud extimescebam, ne quid turpiter facerem, vel dicam, jam effecissem,

id. Att. 9, 7, 1: haec neque confirmare argumentis neque refellere in animo est;

ex ingenio suo quisque demat vel addat fidem,

Tac. G. 3.—

Esp.

With potius, to correct or make more precise what has been said, or rather:

ex hoc populo indomito vel potius immani,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

post obitum vel potius excessum Romuli,

id. ib. 2, 30, 53:

cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri vel potius paruit,

id. Lig. 7, 22:

vide quid licentiae nobis tua liberalitas det, vel potius audaciae,

id. ib. 8, 23:

ludorum plausus vel testimonia potius,

id. Phil. 1, 15, 36:

quam valde ille reditu vel potius reversione meā laetatus!

id. Att. 16, 7, 5; id. Phil. 13, 9, 19:

novem tibi orbibus, vel potius globis conexa sunt omnia,

id. Rep. 6, 17, 17:

plurimas vel potius omnes ex se ipso virtutes contulit,

Quint. 10, 1, 109.—In climax after a negative:

tu certe numquam in hoc ordine vel potius numquam in hac urbe mansisses,

Cic. Phil. 2, 15, 38.—

So corrective, without potius:

sed haec tu melius vel optime omnium,

Cic. Fam. 4, 13, 7:

clariore vel plane perspicua,

id. Fin. 5, 20, 55; id. Lael. 12, 41:

Capua ab duce eorum Capye, vel. quod propius vero est, a campestri agro appellata,

Liv. 4, 37, 1:

cum P. Decius se in Samnium vel in Etruriam proficisci paratum esse ostendisset,

id. 10, 26, 4.—Esp. in the phrase vel dicam, or let me rather say, or rather:

quando enim nobis, vel dicam aut oratoribus bonis aut poëtis, ullus... ornatus defuit?

Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 10; id. Brut. 57, 207; id. Cael. 31, 75; id. Phil. 2, 12, 30; id. Att. 9, 7, 1; Suet. Calig. 13.—So intensive, or I may even say (cf. II. A. 3. infra):

omnes binos consules, vel dicam amplius, omnia nomina,

Varr. L. L. 8, p. 106 Bip.:

a plerisque vel dicam ab omnibus,

Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 3; id. Brut. 70, 246.—

Vel etiam, or even:

ut expositio quarundam rerum gestarum vel etiam fabulosarum,

Quint. 4, 3, 12. —

= aut, or else.

With an alternative necessary consequence:

id autem nec nasci potest nec mori, vel concidat omne caelum omnisque natura consistat necesse est,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 23, 54 Tischer ad loc.:

vel tu ne faceres tale in adulescentiā,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 22.—

In gen. ( poet. and post class.):

si copias armatorum... secum expenderent, vincendum illā acie vel cadendum esse,

Tac. A. 14, 35:

mortem omnibus ex naturā aequalem oblivione apud posteros vel gloriă distingui,

id. H. 1, 21; cf. id. A. 14, 61; 14, 62:

quod imperium variā sorte laetum rei publicae aut atrox, principibus prosperum vel exitio fuit,

id. H. 2, 1 init.; 2, 10; 2, 68; cf. Ov. M. 9, 624 sq.; 15, 601 sq.—

In a subordinate alternative after aut:

nec aut tibi ipsi aut huic Secundo vel huic Apro ignotas,

Tac. Or. 28:

ne contra Gai quidem aut Claudii vel Neronis... domum,

id. H. 2, 76:

abscedens in hortos aut Tusculanum vel Antiatem in agrum,

id. A. 14, 3 init.:

dementiae quoque judicia aut propter id quod factum est aut propter id quod adhuc fieri vel non fieri potest instituuntur,

Quint. 7, 4, 29.—

As co-ordinate.

Vel... vel, either... or, be it... or; in gen. (class.; but where the alternatives are necessary and exclusive, that is, where one must be right and the other wrong, aut... aut is used; v. infra, and cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 4, 11, 27): sed hic numquis adest? Pa. Vel adest vel non, i. e. just as you please, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 28 Brix ad loc.:

paucis me misit ad eam... vel ut ducentos Philippos reddat aureos, vel ut hinc eat secum,

id. Bacch. 4, 1, 18 sq.:

ubi illic biberit, vel servato meum modum vel ego dabo,

id. Stich. 5, 4, 37:

vel tu me vende, vel face quod tibi lubet,

id. Pers. 3, 1, 70:

nunc quamobrem huc sum missa, amabo, vel tu mihi ajas, vel neges,

id. Rud. 2, 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 5, 2, 44:

Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros... existimabant, vel vi coacturos, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 6:

ut (Romani) vel sibi agros attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere, etc.,

id. ib. 4, 7:

vel sumptuosae vel desidiosae illecebrae,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4, 8:

in omni vel officio vel sermone sollers,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

maximum virtutis vel documentum, vel officium,

id. ib. 1, 20, 33:

pace vel Quirini vel Romuli dixerim,

id. Off. 3, 10, 42:

erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vi,

id. Mil. 5, 13; 7, 20; id. Leg. 3, 14, 32; id. Lig. 6, 17; id. Deiot. 1, 1; 5, 13; id. Brut. 69, 242:

animus vel bello vel paci paratus,

Liv. 1, 1, 8:

hunc ordinem ex censu descripsit vel paci decorum vel bello,

id. 1, 42, 5: Etruriam et Samnium provincias esse;

utram mallet eligeret: suo exercitu se vel in Etruriā vel in Samnio rem gesturum,

id. 10, 19, 9:

gladioque ruptis omnibus loris, oraculi sortem vel elusit vel implevit,

Curt. 3, 1, 18:

nihil illo fuisset excellentius vel in vitiis vel in virtutibus,

Nep. Alcib. 1, 1; 2, 1; id. Milt. 3, 4.—

Connected with aut, but not corresponding to it (cf. infra, 2. e.):

num aut tuum aut cujusquam nostrum nomen vel Caucasum hunc transcendere potuit vel illum Gangem transnatare?

Cic. Rep. 6, 20, 22:

ubi enim potest illa aetas aut calescere vel apricatione melius vel igni aut vicissim umbris aquisve refrigerari salubrius?

id. Sen. 16, 57:

si velim scribere quid aut legere aut canere vel voce vel fidibus, aut geometricum quiddam aut physicum aut dialecticum explicare, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 59, 122.—

Esp.

With weakened disjunctive force (nearly = et... et). quemadmodum ille vel Athenis vel Rhodi se doctissimorum hominum sermonibus dedisset, Cic. de Or. 2, 1, 3:

multos sine ratione, sine litteris, quā vel inpudentia vel fames duxit, ruentes,

Quint. 2, 20, 2:

affectus vel illos mites vel hos concitatos in suā potestate habuisse,

id. 10, 1, 48: eadem quaestio potest eundem vel accusatorem facere vel reum, id. 3, 6, 18: et nundina vetera ex ordine instituit, vel dies vel tempora, Lampr Alex. Sev. 43: pestilentia tanta exstiterat vel Romae, vel Achaicis urbibus, ut, etc., Treb. Gall. 5.—

More than twice, either... or... or, etc. tu vel suda, vel peri algu, vel tu aegrota, vel vale, Plaut. Rud. 2, 7, 24:

hance tu mihi vel vi vel clam vel precario Fac tradas: meā nil re fert, dum potiar modo,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 28:

vel in tempestate, vel in agris, vel in corporibus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 44, 68:

vel quod ita vivit vel quod ita rem publicam gerit vel quod ita factus est,

id. Phil. 2, 5, 10:

vel spectator laudum tuarum vel particeps vel socius vel minister consiliorum,

id. Fam. 2, 7, 2; id. Red. Quir. 9, 23;

so eight times,

id. Rep. 1, 3, 6. —

The second (or last) vel strengthened,

By etiam:

quae vel ad usum vitae vel etiam ad ipsam rem publicam conferre possumus,

or even, Cic. Rep. 1, 8, 30; so id. ib. 1, 29, 45; 2, 1, 1; cf.:

ut vel ea defendam, quae Pompejus velit, vel taceam, vel etiam ad nostra me studia referam litterarum,

id. Fam. 1, 8, 3.—

By vero etiam:

in mediocribus vel studiis vel officiis, vel vero etiam negotiis,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3, 4.—

By omnino: haec vel ad odium, vel ad misericordiam, vel omnino ad animos judicum movendos ex iis quae sunt ante posita, sumentur ( or in general), Cic. Part. Or. 36, 128.—

Rarely after a negative = neque, nor:

neque satis Bruto... vel tribunis militum constabat, quid agerent,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14.—

In irregular construction, without the second vel:

utrumque est in his, quod ab hoc oratore abhorreat: vel quod omnis, qui sapientes non sint, insanos esse dicunt... accedit quod, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 3, 18, 65; id. Att. 11, 7, 5; cf. esp. Lucr. 5, 383 sqq. Munro ad loc. —

Vel... vel = aut... aut:

habere ea, quae secundum naturam sint, vel omnia vel plurima et maxima,

i. e. so nearly all that the difference is unimportant, Cic. Fin. 4, 11, 27; cf.

Madv. ad loc.: cum bonā quidem spe, ut ait idem, vel vincendi vel in libertate moriendi,

id. Att. 7, 9, 4.—For vel... vel, in a subordinate alternative after aut, v. the examples under I. B. 1. b. supra.—

Vel, correl. with aut (post-Aug. and rare):

verborum quoque vis ac proprietas confirmatur vel praesumptione... aut reprehensione,

Quint. 9, 2, 18:

voces... aut productione tantum vel correptione mutatae,

id. 9, 3, 69 (but the line Ov. M. 1, 546, is spurious); so,

aut... aut... vel: ut aut de nomine aut scripto et sententiā vel ratiocinatione quaeratur,

Quint. 3, 6, 72:

aut... aut... aut... aut... vel,

id. 8, 6, 68 sq.; cf.:

ubi regnat Protogenes aliquis vel Diphilus aut Erimarchus,

Juv. 3, 120.

As intens. particle (prop. ellipt., implying an alternative the first member of which is omitted, something else or even this, etc.).

In gen., or even, if you will, or indeed, or... itself, even, assuredly, certainly.

With subst.:

tum opsonium autem pol vel legioni sat est,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 24; id. Capt. 1, 2, 23; id. Curc. 5, 2, 13:

ita me di ament, vel in lautumiis, vel in pistrino mavelim Agere aetatem, Quam, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 5: Ep. Si arte poteris accubare. Ge. Vel inter cuneos ferreos, id. Stich. 4, 2, 39:

vel rex semper maxumas Mihi agebat gratias,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 7:

sed tamen vel regnum malo quam liberum populum,

Cic. Rep. 3, 34, 46:

isto quidem modo vel consulatus vituperabilis est,

id. Leg. 3, 10, 23:

cum se vel principes ejus consilii fore profiterentur,

Caes. B. G. 7, 37:

vel Priamo miseranda manus,

Verg. A. 11, 259:

ego vel Prochytam praepono Suburae,

Juv. 3, 5:

facile me paterer vel illo ipso acerrimo judice quaerente vel apud Cassianos judices... pro Sex. Roscio dicere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 85:

populus Romanus auctoritatem suam vel contra omnes defendere potest,

even if necessary, id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63:

id se probaturum vel ipso Verginio judice,

Liv. 3, 44, 10:

belli necessitatibus eam patientiam non adhibebimus, quam vel lusus ac voluptas elicere solet?

id. 5, 6, 3:

timebant ne Romana plebs... vel cum servitute pacem acciperet,

even if it should involve their enslavement, id. 2, 9, 5.—

With adjj.: Ch. Pax, te tribus verbis volo. Sy. Vel trecentis, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 122: Ca. Ut opperiare hos sex dies saltem modo... Ba. Animo bono es. Vel sex mensis opperibor, id. Ps. 1, 3, 89; cf.: jam hercle vel ducentae [p. 1964] minae, id. ib. 1, 3, 68;

1, 3, 111: hoc ascensu vel tres armati quamlibet multitudinem arcuerint,

Liv. 9, 24, 7: Ph. Dane suavium? Di. Immo vel decem, Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 22:

ego illum eunuchum, si opus sit, vel sobrius,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 26:

si sit opus, vel totum triduom,

id. ib. 2, 1, 17:

haec sunt omnia ingenii vel mediocris,

Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 119.—

With verbs: namque edepol quamvis desubito vel cadus vorti potest, may even be turned over, i. e. will be empty, Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 39:

ubi ego hinc abiero, vel occidito,

if you will, even, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 93:

per me vel stertas licet, inquit Carneades, non modo quiescas,

Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93:

ut ipsis sententiis, quibus proluserunt, vel pugnare possint,

id. de Or. 2, 80, 325:

cum vel abundare debeam, cogor mutuari,

id. Att. 15 15, 3—

With pronn.:

videndum erit, quid quisque vel sine nobis aut possit consequi aut non possit,

Cic. Off. 1, 18, 59:

existiment quod velint, ac vel hoc intellegant,

id. Fin. 5, 11, 33:

est tibi ex his ipsis qui assunt bella copia, vel ut a te ipso ordiare,

especially as you can begin with yourself, id. Rep. 2, 40, 67.—

With superlatives, to denote the highest possible degree, the very; the utmost; the most...possible.

With adjj.: hoc invenisset unum ad morbum illum homini vel bellissimum, the very loveliest, the most beautiful possible, Lucil. ap. Non. 527, 28:

vidi in dolore podagrae ipsum vel omnium maximum Stoicorum Posidonium,

Cic. Fragm. ib. 32:

hoc in genere nervorum vel minimum, suavitatis autem est vel plurimum,

the very least... the utmost possible, id. Or. 26, 91:

quarum duarum (civitatum) si adessent (legationes), duo crimina vel maxima minuerentur,

id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 14:

patre meā sententiā vel eloquentissimo temporibus illis,

the most eloquent possible, id. de Or. 2, 23, 98:

quod erat ad obtinendam potentiam nobilium vel maximum, vehementer id retinebatur,

id. Rep. 2, 32, 56:

cujus (sc. Hannibalis) eo tempore vel maxima apud regem auctoritas erat,

Liv. 36, 41, 2:

vident unum senatorem vel tenuissimum esse damnatum,

Cic. Verr. 1, 16, 46:

fora templaque occupabantur, ut vel exspectatissimi triumphi laetitia praecipi posset,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 51:

sed vel potentissima apud Amphictyonas aequi tractatio est,

Quint. 5, 10, 118; 11, 1, 81.—

With advv.:

vel studiosissime quaerere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15:

cum Sophocles vel optime scripserit Electram,

id. Fin. 1, 2, 5:

vel maxime confirmare,

id. N. D. 2, 65, 162; so,

vel maxime,

id. Ac. 2, 3, 9; id. de Or. 1, 8, 32; id. Att. 9, 12, 3; Quint. 1, 3, 12; 4, 3, 4.—

In adding an instance implying that other instances might be mentioned at will, or this one; for instance, for example, as for example, in particular:

Per pol quam paucos reperias Fideles amatores... Vel hic Pamphilus jurabat quotiens Bacchidi, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 3:

vel heri in vino quam inmodestus fuisti,

id. Heaut. 3, 3, 7: nullast tam facilis res quin difficilis siet Quom invitus facias;

vel me haec deambulatio... ad languorum dedit,

id. ib. 4, 6, 1:

sed suavis accipio litteras, vel quas proxime acceperam, quam prudentis!

Cic. Fam. 2, 13, 1:

cujus innumerabilia sunt exempla, vel Appii majoris illius, qui, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 70, 284.—

Concessive.

With superlatives, perhaps:

adulescens vel potentissimus nostrae civitatis,

Cic. Rosc. A. 2, 6:

domus vel optima Messanae, notissima quidem certe,

the best known, at any rate, if not the finest, id. Verr. 2, 4, 2, § 3.—

= saltem, at least:

quā re etsi minus veram causam habebis, tamen vel probabilem aliquam poteris inducere,

Cic. Fam. 11, 22, 2:

plurimi semetipsos exhortantur vel aliquas partes earum (scientiarum) addiscere, quamvis universas percipere non possint,

Col. 11, 1, 11:

ac, ni flexisset animos, vel Aegypti praefecturam concedi sibi oraret,

Suet. Ner. 47:

ut messe vel unā releves colla perusta,

Mart. 10, 12, 5; Plin. Ep. 1, 12, 8; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 4, 16, 43.

υἱός, ὁ (written ϝηιός in

A

Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. 1931.103

(Nemea, vi B. C.)), declined regul. υἱοῦ, υἱῷ, υἱόν, but in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. only after 350 B.C. (exc.

υἱός IG12.529

,530, 598, 625; ὑός ib. 585, 828; ὑόνib.70.8), and then always so: —in earlier [dialect] Att. and other Inscrr. inflected as a [pron. full] ῠ- stem (like πῆχυς), nom. υἱύς (written huihus) Klein Vasen mit Meister-signaturen 72 (Brit.Mus.Cat. 701) (

ὑύς IG12.571

, 670, 686; [var] contr. ὕς ib.663); gen. υἱέος (

ὑέος IG22.4883

); dat. υἱεῖ: dual

υἱεῖ Lys.19.46

, written ηυιε in IG12.775 (corrupted to υἱέε in Pl.Ap. 20a cod. B), υἱέοιν: pl. υἱεῖς (

ὑεῖς IG12.115.14

, al.), υἱέων, υἱέσι (S.Ant. 571, Ar. Nu. 1001 (anap.)), ὑέ[σιν] (IG12.54.14), υἱεῖς (

ὑεῖς IG22.1.73

): but gen. υἱέως, and acc. υἱέα, υἱέας, which are formed as though from nom. Υἱεύς, are rejected by Phryn.48,49, Thom.Mag.p.367 R., as not [dialect] Att., though the two latter forms are used by later writers (as

υἱέα Euph. 5

, Arr.Cyn.16,

ὑέα IG42(1).244.4

(Epid., ii B. C.), but υἱέως is f. l. in Th.1.13, J.AJ18.2.4, etc.): dat. pl. υἱεῦσιν is mentioned as a form that would be regular by Eust.1348.27:—Homer uses nom. υἱός (very freq.); gen. υἱοῦ only in Od.22.238, elsewh. υἱέος; dat. υἱέϊ or υἱεῖ; acc.

υἱέα Il.13.350

(cf. IGRom.4.360.29 (Pergam., hex.)), elsewh. υἱόν (very freq.): pl., nom.

υἱέες Il.5.10

, al., or

υἱεῖς Od.15.248

, 24.387, 497; gen.

υἱῶν Il.21.587

, 22.44, Od.24.223; dat. υἱοῖσι ([etym.] ν ) only Od.19.418, υἱάσι ([etym.] ν) Il.5.463, al. (never υἱέσι); acc. υἱέας ib. 149, al.:— he also uses the shorter forms, gen. υἷος, υἷι, υἷα, dual υἷε (distd. from the voc. sg. υἱέ by the accent), pl. υἷες, υἷας; but these were confined to [dialect] Ep.: their accentuation (in which codd. agree with Hdn.Gr.1.409) may preserve a trace of their Aeolic origin (v. infr.). The declension υἱῆος, υἱῆϊ, υἱῆα, υἱῆες, υἱήεσσι, υἱῆας (like βασιλῆος, etc., as though from Υἱεύς), belongs solely to later [dialect] Ep. poets, as A.R.2.1093, 1119, Nic.Fr.110, AP9.23 (Antip.), etc. Dialect Inscrr. have the foll. archaic forms, nom.

υἱύς IG5

(1).720 ([dialect] Lacon.), Leg.Gort.12.17 ( υιυις lapis); acc.

υἱύν Inscr.Olymp.30

, Leg.Gort.10.15; gen. υἱέος ib.6.3, Schwyzer 105 (Methana, vi B. C.); but

υἱοῦ IG9(1).867

(Corc., vii B. C.); nom. pl.

υἱέες Leg.Gort.7.25

; acc. pl. υἱύνς ib. 4.40, IG12.407 (Cret. or Argive); dat. pl.

υἱάσι Leg.Gort.4.37

(as in Hom., influenced by θυγατράσι, πατράσι, which have ρα = ṛ, cf. Skt. pitṛ[snull ]u);

ὑέεσσι IG14.10

(Syrac.); υἷος in SIG55 (Thessaly, v B. C.) is perh. the [dialect] Aeol. gen. ( ὑός is nom. rather than gen. in IG12.828); acc.

ὗα Schwyzer 625

(Mytil., ii/i B. C.); a nom. ὑϊς (scanned - ?υἱόςX) IG12.472 (Boeotia, vi B. C.), cf. Simon.249 (v. infr.); nom. pl.

ὗες IG22.3632.24

(hex., Eleusis, ii A. D.). The initial syll. is both υἱ- and ὑ- in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. down to 400 B.C. (e. g.

ὑεῖς IG12.115.14

, ὑέ[σιν] ib.54.14, ὑόν v. supr.), afterwards ὑ-, but υἱός reappears under the Empire; in Plato cod. A usually has ὑιος, which is found also in T, cod. B always has υἱός, editors restore ὑός; acc. υἱόν is recommended by Phryn. l. c.; in Inscrr. of Pergamon, Magnesia, and Delphi, and in non-literary Papyri, ὑός is at all times less common than υἱός:— ὁ υεἱός CIG (add.) 3857p; dat. υεἱῷ ib.3846z82 (both Phrygia), cf. BCH11.471:—son, Il.6.366, etc.; υἱὸν ποιεῖσθαί τινα to adopt as a son, Aeschin.2.28; υἱεῖς ἄνδρες grown-up sons, D. 25.88: metaph., Κόρον Ὕβριος υἱόν Orac. ap. Hdt.8.77: rarely of animals, Ev.Matt.21.5.

2 periphr., υἷες Ἀχαιῶν, for Ἀχαιοί, Il. 1.162, al.; cf.

παῖς 1.3

.

3 generally, child, and so υἱ. ἄρρην male child, Apoc.12.5, PSI9.1039.36 (iii A. D.).

4 freq. in LXX in periphrases (Hebraisms with various meanings),

υἱὸς ἐτῶν ἑκατόν 100

years old, Ge.11.10, al.;

υἱοὶ ἀδικίας 2 Ki.7.10

;

υἱοὶ θανατώσεως 1 Ki. 26.16

;

υἱοὶ τῶν συμμίζεων

hostages,

4 Ki.14.14

; so

υἱὸς εἰρήνης Ev.Luc.10.6

.

5 in some dialects, including the [dialect] Ion. Prose of Hdt., υἱός is replaced by παῖς: υἱός is rare in Trag., A.Th. 609, Fr. 320, E.Or. 1689 (anap.), al., and 7 times in S.: Hom. has both words in this sense.

6 as a general term of affection, PGiss.68.2 (ii A. D.), POxy.1219.2 (iii A. D.); υἱέ, an author's address to the reader, LXX Pr.1.8, al.

7 δάμου υἱός, υἱὸς πόλεως, Ἑλλάδος, as titles of honour, SIG804.10 (Cos, i A. D.), 813A,B (Delph., i A. D.), 854 (Eleusis, i A. D.).

8 υἱοὶ ἀνθρώπων sons of men, periphr. for men (cf. supr. 2,4), LXXPs.89(90).3; οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀ. ib.Ge.11.5, Ev.Marc.3.28;

υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου

man,

LXXEz.2.1

,3, al.; of the Messiah, ib.Da.7.13, Apoc.14.14; used by Jesus of himself, Ev.Matt.8.20, al. (by Stephen recalling the words of Jesus, Act.Ap.7.56).

9 υἱοὶ Θεοῦ sons of God, implying inheritors of the nature of God (cf. supr. 4), Ev.Matt.5.9, cf. 45, Ev.Luc.6.35; implying participants in the glory of God, ib.20.36.

b of Jesus, τὸ γεννώμενον κληθήσεται υἱὸς Θεοῦ ib. 1.35; ὁ Χριστός, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, Ev.Matt.26.63, cf.Ev.Jo.1.34.

c Θεοῦ υἱός, = Lat. Divi (sc. Caesaris) filius, patronymic of Augustus, BGU543.3 (27 B.C.), PTeb.382.21 (i B. C.), IG12(3).174.2 (Epist. ad Cnidios, 5 A. D.). [Hom.sts. has the first syll. short in nom., voc. and acc. sg.,

οὐδὲ Δρύαντος υἱός Il.6.130

;

Ἀμφιτρύωνος υἱός Od.11.270

;

Ποδῆς υἱὸς Ἠετίωνος Il.17.575

, cf. 590;

Ἀνθεμίωνος υἱόν 4.473

;

Σελάγου υἱόν 5.612

;

Ἕκτορ, υἱὲ Πριάμοιο 7.47

; and Πηλῆος υἱός, Μηκιστῆος υἱός seem to be the better readings in 1.489, 2.566: in these places some other form ought perh. to be restored, but none of the known forms has a short [pron. full] ῠ: ὑός has [pron. full] ῡ in IG12.585 (vi B. C.), 828 (v B. C.), 2.2338, 22.4319 (both iv B. C.); Simon.l.c. seems to have used a monosyll. nom. υἷς, and Hdn.Gr. may have read it as ὕις ([etym.] ?υἱόςX?υἱόςX), but this is uncertain, as in Sch.Il.5.266 he seems to say that ὕις ( υἷις cod.) does not occur.] (Prob. from *sū-yú-s, cf. Skt. sūte 'procreate', Tocharian (A-dial.) se, (B-dial.) soyä 'son'; different suffix in *sū-nu-s, Skt. sūnūs, etc., and in *s[ucaron]-nu-s, OE. sunu, etc. (all = son); *sūyú- perh. became *s[ucaron]wyú-, then *suiwú-; υἱός and υἱόν perh. by dissimilation from υἱύς υἱύν, since the o-stem forms appear first where υ-υ would otherwise be repeated; ὗϊς ([etym.] ὑΐς) may be another dissimilation; the precise origin of υἷος υἷι υἷες etc. is uncertain.)

1. conversation; 2. chat; 3. discussion; 4. talk; 5. word

Английские эквиваленты уточняют характер разговора, беседы. В русском языке такие уточнения чаще всего передаются словосочетаниями.

1. conversation — разговор (обычно формальный, частный, личный): to open (to start) a conversation — начать (завести) разговор Later in the evening the conversation turned to politics. — Позднее вечером разговор перешел на политические темы. It was a telephone conversation between two friends. — Это был телефонный разговор двух друзей. She had a long conversation with her mother. — У нее был длинный разговор с матерью. With so loud a music conversation was almost impossible. — При таком громкой музыке разговаривать было почти невозможно. Существительное conversation ассоциируется с путешествием, поездкой или передвижением говорящих с одного места на другое. Этот, лежащий в основе значений conversation, образ прослеживается в ряде словосочетаний, используемых в ходе любого разговора: I'm listening, go on, please. — Я вас слушаю, продолжайте дальше. I don't think you are on the right track. — Мне кажется, обсуждение идет по неверному пути. We have covered a lot of ground but could not arrive at any decision. — Мы шронули много вопросов, но не смогли принять никакого решения. The conversation drifted to less important problems. — Разговор постепенно перешел к менее важным вопросам./Разговор незаметно перешел к менее важным вопросам. Let's return to the point, where we have started. — Давайте вернемся к вопросу, с которого мы начали. I can quite well see where you are heading. — Я хорошо понимаю, к чему мы ведете./Я хорошо понимаю, на что вы намекаете./Я хорошо понимаю, куда вы клоните. The conversation took an unexpected turn/direction. — Разговор принял неожиданный оборот. I am just coming to that. — Я как раз сейчас к этому подхожу. We eventually arrived at a conclusion. — Мы в конце концов пришли к решению. We wandered off the topic. — Мы отклонились от темы разговора. We kept going round and round in circles. — Мы все время кружили вокруг одного и того же вопроса.

2. chat — разговор, беседа, дружеский разговор (на несерьезные темы, 0 мелочах): to have a chat with smb — поговорить с кем-либо о том о сем/поболтать с кем-либо о том о сем In our chat he mentioned your name. — В разговоре со мной он упомянул паше имя. It is time we had a chat. — Пора бы нам с тобой поговорить. 1 just rang up for a chat. — Я позвонил просто для того, чтобы поговорить./Я позвонил просто для того, чтобы поболтать. I had an interesting chat with his sister. — У меня была интересная беседа с его ссстрой./У меня был интересный разговор с его сестрой.

3. discussion — разговор, обсуждение, дискуссия ( обмен мнениями по какому-либо вопросу для принятия правильного решения): A lively discussion took place. — Шло живое обсуждение./Шла живая дискуссия. The question under discussion is of great interest. — Обсуждаемый вопрос представляет большой интерес. We had a discussion about it. — Мы это обсуждали./У нас об этом был разговор. Preliminary discussions between the two leadersare now underway. — Сейчас идет предварительное обсуждение этого вопроса двумя руководителями. Discussions with management have broken down. — Переговоры с администрацией сорвались./Обсуждение вопроса с администрацией сорвалось. We met to have a discussion about your schoolwork. — Мы собрались, чтобы обсудить вашу работу в школе. Parents and teachers will be holding discussions next month. — Родители и учителя проведут совместные обсуждения в следующем/будущем месяце. Discussions about the peace plan took place last week. — На прошлой неделе прошло обсуждение плана мирного договора.

4. talk — (существительное talk многозначно): a) разговор, беседа (обычный разговор с кем-либо, сообщение о чем-либо): to have a talk with smb — поговорить с кем-либо; to give a talk about smth. (on some subject) — провести беседу о чем-либо (на какую-либо тему) It was just all talk. — Это все пустые разговоры. There is talk of his going to America. — Говорят, что он поедет в Америку. I had a talk with my son. — Я поговорил со своим сыном. Не gave a talk on his trip to Africa. — Он сделал сообщение о своей поездке в Африку./Он провел беседу о своей поездке в Африку./Он рассказал о своей поездке в Африку. We had a nice talk yesterday. — У нас вчера был приятный разговор. William gave a series of talks on his travels. — Вильям провел серию бесед о своих путешествиях. 1 sat there listening to the sailor's talk. — Я сидел и слушал рассказы моряка. Talk of housework worried her. — Разговоры о домашней работе волновали ее. Then the talk turned to the upcoming exams. — Затем разговор перешел на тему о предстоящих экзаменах. There was no talk of any cuts in wages. — О снижении зарплаты не было никаких разговоров. b) переговоры ( существительное употребляется только в форме множественного числа): Talks between the leaders of several countries will be held next month. — В следующем месяце пройдут переговоры руководителей нескольких стран./В следующем месяце сосгоятся переговоры руководителей нескольких стран. The results of the talks were published in newspapers. — Результаты переговоров были опубликованы в газетах.

5. word — разговор, короткий разговор: to have a word with smb — поговорить с кем-либо/перекинуться парой слов с кем-либо; to have high words with smb — иметь малоприятный разговор с кем-либо David wants a quiet word with you. — Дэвид хочет с вами спокойно поговорить. Can I have a word with you. — Можно мне с вами поговорить?/Можно вас на пару слов? Let me say a word on the subject of security. — Разрешите мне сказать несколько слов по вопросу безопасности. I would just like to say a few words about our guests. — Я хочу сказать пару слов о наших гостях.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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To give a smooth surface to cloth such as the old English broadcloth, the nap was raised and then sheared off. Hand-operated shears of enormous size cut the fibres standing proud of the surface while the cloth was laid over a curved table top. Great skill was required to achieve a smooth finish. Various attempts, such as that in 1784 by James Harmer, a clergyman of Sheffield, were made to mechanize the process by placing several pairs of shears in a frame and operating them by cranks, but these were not successful. The first version of a rotary machine was made by Samuel Griswold Dore (sometimes spelt Dorr), an American from Albany, New York. His first frame, patented in 1792 in America, consisted of a wheel of twelve "spring knives" that were fixed like spokes and set at an angle of about 45° to the horizontal. Under this wheel, and on the same axle, rode a second one, carrying four "tangent knives" that lay almost flat upon the cloth. As the two wheels rotated above the cloth's surface, they acted in "the manner of shears". The principle used in Dore's machine is certainly different from that in the later, successful machine of John Lewis. The machine was thought to be too complicated and expensive for American woollen manufacturers and was much better suited to circumstances in the English industry, Dore therefore moved to England. However, in his British patent in 1793, he introduced a different design, which was more like that on which both Lewis's machine and the lawnmower were based, with knives set across the periphery of a hollow cylinder or barrel. Little more was heard of his machine in Britain, possibly because of Dore's death, which is mentioned in his patent of 1794, although it was used in America and France. Dore's son and others improved the machine in America and brought new specifications to England in 1811, when several patents were taken out.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Peter Ewart, the youngest of six sons, was born at Traquair manse, where his father was a clergyman in the Church of Scotland. He was educated at the Free School, Dumfries, and in 1782 spent a year at Edinburgh University. He followed this with an apprenticeship under John Rennie at Musselburgh before moving south in 1785 to help Rennie erect the Albion corn mill in London. This brought him into contact with Boulton \& Watt, and in 1788 he went to Birmingham to erect a waterwheel and other machinery in the Soho Manufactory. In 1789 he was sent to Manchester to install a steam engine for Peter Drinkwater and thus his long connection with the city began. In 1790 Ewart took up residence in Manchester as Boulton \& Watt's representative. Amongst other engines, he installed one for Samuel Oldknow at Stockport. In 1792 he became a partner with Oldknow in his cotton-spinning business, but because of financial difficulties he moved back to Birmingham in 1795 to help erect the machines in the new Soho Foundry. He was soon back in Manchester in partnership with Samuel Greg at Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, where he was responsible for developing the water power, installing a steam engine, and being concerned with the spinning machinery and, later, gas lighting at Greg's other mills.

In 1798, Ewart devised an automatic expansion-gear for steam engines, but steam pressures at the time were too low for such a device to be effective. His grasp of the theory of steam power is shown by his paper to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1808, On the Measure of Moving Force. In 1813 he patented a power loom to be worked by the pressure of steam or compressed air. In 1824 Charles Babbage consulted him about automatic looms. His interest in textiles continued until at least 1833, when he obtained a patent for a self-acting spinning mule, which was, however, outclassed by the more successful one invented by Richard Roberts. Ewart gave much help and advice to others. The development of the machine tools at Boulton \& Watt's Soho Foundry has been mentioned already. He also helped James Watt with his machine for copying sculptures. While he continued to run his own textile mill, Ewart was also in partnership with Charles Macintosh, the pioneer of rubber-coated cloth. He was involved with William Fairbairn concerning steam engines for the boats that Fairbairn was building in Manchester, and it was through Ewart that Eaton Hodgkinson was introduced to Fairbairn and so made the tests and calculations for the tubes for the Britannia Railway Bridge across the Menai Straits. Ewart was involved with the launching of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway as he was a director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce at the time.

In 1835 he uprooted himself from Manchester and became the first Chief Engineer for the Royal Navy, assuming responsibility for the steamboats, which by 1837 numbered 227 in service. He set up repair facilities and planned workshops for overhauling engines at Woolwich Dockyard, the first establishment of its type. It was here that he was killed in an accident when a chain broke while he was supervising the lifting of a large boiler. Engineering was Ewart's life, and it is possible to give only a brief account of his varied interests and connections here.

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διάβολος, ον (s. διαβολή)

① pert. to engagement in slander, slanderous (since Aristoph.; Thuc. 6, 15, 2 as adv.; Herm. Wr. 13, 13b; 22b; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 32 p. 215, 6) Pol 5:2. γυναῖκες 1 Ti 3:11. πρεσβύτιδες Tit 2:3.—2 Ti 3:3.

② subst. ὁ δ. one who engages in slander (since X., Ages. 11, 5; Athen. 11, 508e; Esth 7:4; 8:1; pap first Christian; cp. PLond VI, 1923, 9 [IV A.D.] ‘the devil’; Tat. 22, 1), in our lit. as title of the principal transcendent evil being the adversary/devil, already current in the LXX as transl. of הַשָּׂטָן (Job 2:1, but here not ‘as an entity opposed to the divine will’, JGammie, HUCA 56, ’85, 1–19 [s. p. 13]; Zech 3:1f; 1 Ch 21:1; cp. Wsd 2:24; TestNapht 8:4, 6; TestSol, TestJob; JosAs 12:9; GrBar 4:8; ApcSed, ApcMos, AssMos; Just., Mel., P. 67, 477 al.; δ. ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμου τούτου Hippol., Ref. 6, 33) Mt 4:1, 5, 8, 11; 13:39; 25:41; Lk 4:2f, 6, 13; 8:12; J 13:2; Ac 10:38; Eph 4:27; 6:11; Hb 2:14; Js 4:7. κρίμα … τοῦ διαβόλου the judgment that befalls the devil 1 Ti 3:6; παγὶς τοῦ διαβόλου devil’s trap 3:7; 2 Ti 2:26 (s. IScheftelowitz, Das Schlingen-u. Netzmotiv 1912, 11). ὁ ἀντίδικος ὑμῶν διάβολος your adversary, the devil 1 Pt 5:8; Μιχαὴλ … τῷ δ. διακρινόμενος Jd 9. In Rv 12:9; 20:2 w. ὄφις and σατανᾶς; s. also 2:10; 12:12; 20:10. τοῦ δ. βοτάνη weed of the devil IEph 10:3; ἐνέδραι τοῦ δ. the devil’s ambuscades ITr 8:1; cp. MPol 3:1. Of tortures inflicted by the devil IRo 5:3. τῷ δ. λατρεύειν serve the devil ISm 9:1; ὄργανα τοῦ δ. tools of the devil (of non-Christians) 2 Cl 18:2; πολυπλοκία τοῦ δ. the devil’s cunning Hm 4, 3, 4; tempting to sin (cp. πειράζων τὸν σωτῆρα δ. Orig., C. Cels. 6, 43, 29) m 4, 3, 6; dwells in anger m 5, 1, 3; ἔργα τοῦ δ. m 7:3; doubt described as the devil’s daughter m 9:9; likew. evil desire m 12, 2, 2. The πνεῦμα or basic character of the devil is mentioned m 11:3; it is a πνεῦμα ἐπίγειον m 11:17 (Just., D. 82, 3 ἀκάθαρτον); ἐντολαὶ τοῦ δ. m 12, 4, 6; παλαίειν μετὰ τοῦ δ. Hs 8, 3, 6.—In imagery, those who oppose divine interests or purpose (s. πατήρ 3b) are υἱοὶ δ. Ac 13:10; τέκνα τοῦ δ. 1J 3:10; they are descended ἐκ τοῦ δ. vs. 8; the devil is their father J 8:44. (Cp. οἱ μὲν τοῦ θεοῦ, οἱ δὲ τοῦ διαβόλου Orig., C. Cels. 8, 25, 16.) On the designation of Judas as δ. 6:70 (sim. Peter as σατανᾶς Mk 8:33), cp. 13:2 (cp. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ὁ σατανᾶς 13:27).—Lit. under δαιμόνιον end, and ἄγγελος end. BNoack, Satanas u. Soteria ’48, 55f.—B. 1487. EDNT. TW.