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41 налет
total flying time, (total) flight
(количество часов работы aгрегата, двигателя, самолета в воздухе) — hours
- (отложение на поверхности) — deposit
- в пассажиро-километрах — passenger-kilometers
- в пассажиро-милях — passenger-miles
- за день — flying time today, total time /total hours/ flown today
- коррозии — traces of corrosion
- летчика — pilot's total flying time pilot's total flight experience
-, общий — total flying time
- самолета к моменту снятия (какого-либо агрегата) — airplane time /hours/ ar removal
- самолета к моменту установки (двигателя или какоголибо агрегата) — airplane time /hours/ at installation
по налету — by flight hour. periodic maintenance checks by flight hours.
при налете (600 л.ч.) — at the lapse of (600 fh)
часы h. — flight hours (fh)Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > налет
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42 follow
A vtr1 ( move after) suivre [person, car] (into dans) ; follow that cab! suivez ce taxi! ; to have sb followed faire suivre qn ; I think I'm being followed je crois qu'on me suit ; followed by suivi par ; to follow sb in/out entrer/sortir derrière qn ; she followed her father into politics elle est entrée dans la politique comme son père ; they'll follow us on a later flight ils nous rejoindront par un autre vol ;2 ( come after in time) suivre [event, period, incident, item on list] ; succéder à [leader, monarch] ; I chose the salad and followed it with fish j'ai choisi la salade, et ensuite j'ai commandé du poisson ; I followed up my swim with a sauna après la piscine j'ai fait un sauna ; followed by suivi de ;3 (go along, be guided by) suivre [clue, path, river, arrow, map, line of inquiry, tradition, fashion, instinct, instructions] ; if you follow this argument to its logical conclusion… si vous poursuivez le raisonnement jusqu'au bout… ;4 (support, be led by) suivre [teachings, example] ; pratiquer [religion] ; adhérer à [faith, ideas] ; être le disciple de [person, leader] ; on this question I follow Freud sur cette question j'adhère à la théorie de Freud ; he follows his sister in everything il imite sa sœur en tout ;5 ( watch or read closely) suivre [sport, stock market, serial, trial, lecture, film] ; to follow sth with one's eyes suivre qch des yeux ; to follow the play in one's book suivre la pièce dans le texte ; to follow the fortunes of suivre la carrière de [person] ; suivre [team] ;6 ( understand) suivre [explanation, reasoning, plot] ; do you follow me? tu me suis? ; if you follow my meaning, if you follow me si tu vois ce que je veux dire ;B vi1 ( move after) suivre ; she followed on her bike elle a suivi en vélo ; to follow in sb's footsteps suivre les traces de qn ;2 ( come after in time) suivre ; in the days that followed dans les jours qui ont suivi ; there followed a lengthy debate il s'ensuivit un débat interminable ; what follows is just a summary ce qui suit n'est qu'un résumé ; there's ice cream to follow ensuite il y a de la glace ; the results were as follows les résultats ont été les suivants ; the sum is calculated as follows la somme est calculée comme suit or de la façon suivante ;3 ( be logical consequence) s'ensuivre ; it follows that il s'ensuit que ; it doesn't necessarily follow that ça ne veut pas forcément dire que ; problems are sure to follow il en résultera forcément des problèmes ; that doesn't follow ce n'est pas évident ; that follows ça me paraît logique ; to follow from sth that… découler de qch que… ;4 ( understand) suivre ; I don't follow je ne suis pas.follow that ○ ! faut le faire ○ !■ follow about, follow around:▶ follow [sb] around suivre [qn] partout.■ follow on [person] suivre ; to follow on from faire suite à ; following on from yesterday's lecture… à la suite du cours d'hier…■ follow out US:▶ follow out [sth] suivre [orders, instructions, advice].▶ follow through Sport faire un swing complet ;▶ follow through [sth], follow [sth] through mener [qch] à terme [project, scheme, experiment] ; tenir [promise] ; mettre [qch] à exécution [threat] ; aller jusqu'au bout de [idea, theory, argument].■ follow up:▶ follow up [sth], follow [sth] up1 (reinforce, confirm) confirmer [victory, success] (with par) ; consolider [good start, debut] (with par) ; donner suite à [letter, visit, threat] (with par) ; to follow up a letter with sth faire suivre une lettre de qch ; he followed up with a left hook [boxer] il a enchaîné avec un crochet de la gauche ;2 (act upon, pursue) suivre [story, lead] ; donner suite à [complaint, offer, call, article] ; examiner [suggestion] ; utiliser [tip, hint] ; -
43 jusque
jusque [ʒysk(ə)]• ils sont montés jusqu'à 2 000 mètres they climbed up to 2,000 metres• jusqu'à cinq ans, il a vécu à la campagne he lived in the country until he was fived. ( = y compris) even• jusqu'où ? how far?• jusqu'à quand ? until when?• j'en ai jusque-là ! I'm sick and tired of it!• il faudra le lui répéter jusqu'à ce qu'il ait compris you'll have to keep on telling him until he understands* * *
1.
( jusqu' before vowel) ʒysk préposition1) ( dans l'espace)aller jusqu'à Paris/jusqu'en Amérique — ( insistant sur la destination atteinte) to go as far as Paris/America; ( insistant sur la distance parcourue) to go all the way to Paris/America
courir jusqu'au bout du jardin — to run right down to the bottom of the garden GB ou the end of the yard US
suivre quelqu'un jusque dans sa chambre — to follow somebody right into his/her room
ils l'ont suivi jusque chez lui — they followed him all the way home ou right up to his front door
descendre jusqu'à 100 mètres de profondeur — to go down to a depth of 100 metres [BrE]
jusqu'où comptez-vous aller? — lit, fig how far do you intend to go?
2) ( dans le temps) until, tillje t'ai attendu jusqu'à huit heures — I waited for you until ou till eight o'clock
jusqu'à présent or maintenant, jusqu'ici — (up) until now
3) ( limite supérieure) up to; ( limite inférieure) down toje le suivrai jusqu'au bout — fig I'll follow him all the way
4) ( avec une notion d'exagération) to the point of5) ( y compris) evendes détritus jusque sous la table — rubbish everywhere, even under the table
ils sont venus, jusqu'au dernier — every last one of them came
2.
jusqu'à ce que locution conjonctive until* * *ʒysk prép1) (endroit) as far as, toJe l'ai raccompagnée jusque chez elle. — I went with her as far as her house.
2) (moment)3) (limite)jusque sous; Il y avait du sable jusque sous le lit. — There was even sand under the bed.
Ils ont creusé jusque sous les immeubles du centre-ville pour retrouver des traces de cette abbaye. — They even dug under city-centre buildings in search of the remains of this abbey.
jusque dans; Ils ont fouillé jusque dans nos armoires. — They even searched our wardrobes.
* * *jusque (jusqu' before vowel)A prép1 ( dans l'espace) aller jusqu'à Paris/jusqu'en Amérique ( insistant sur la destination atteinte) to go as far as Paris/America; ( insistant sur la distance parcourue) to go all the way to Paris/America; courir jusqu'au bout du jardin to run right down to the bottom of the garden GB ou the end of the yard US; suivre qn jusque dans sa chambre to follow sb right into his/her room; il a marché jusqu'à moi he walked right up to me; la nouvelle n'était pas officiellement arrivée jusqu'à nous the news hadn't reached us officially; ils l'ont suivi jusque chez lui they followed him all the way home ou right up to his front door; descendre jusqu'à 100 mètres de profondeur to go down to a depth of 100 metresGB; jusqu' où comptez- vous aller? lit, fig how far do you intend to go?;2 ( dans le temps) until, till; je t'ai attendu jusqu'à huit heures I waited for you until ou till eight o'clock; jusque vers (les) dix heures until ou till about ten o'clock; ne bougez pas jusqu'à mon retour don't move until ou till I get back; jusqu'alors until then; jusqu'à présent or maintenant, jusqu'ici (up) until now; jusqu'à ce jour tout s'était bien passé (up) until that day everything had gone well; jusqu'au dernier moment up to ou until ou till the last moment; jusqu'à l'âge de 10 ans il n'a pas fréquenté l'école until he was 10 (years old) he didn't go to school; jusqu'à quand restes-tu à Oxford? how long are you staying in Oxford?; laisser mijoter jusqu'à évaporation complète de l'eau leave to simmer until all the water has evaporated;3 ( limite supérieure) up to; ( limite inférieure) down to; il peut soulever jusqu'à dix kilos he can lift up to ten kilos; cela peut coûter jusqu'à 200 euros par personne it can cost up to 200 euros per person; transport gratuit jusqu'à 10 ans free transport up to the age of 10; avoir de l'eau jusqu'aux chevilles/cuisses to be up to one's ankles/thighs in water, to be ankle-/thigh-deep in water; un repli du dollar qui descend jusqu'à 0,89 euro a fall in the dollar which has gone down to 0.89 euro; je le suivrai jusqu'au bout fig I'll follow him all the way;4 ( avec une notion d'exagération) to the point of; pousser la cruauté jusqu'au sadisme to carry cruelty to the point of sadism, to be so cruel as to be sadistic; être poli jusqu'à l'obséquiosité to be polite to the point of obsequiousness, to be so polite as to be obsequious; il est bien trop bon, jusqu'à la bêtise he's too nice for his own good; jusqu'à faire to the point ou extent of doing; aller jusqu'à faire to go so far as to do;5 ( y compris) even; l'épidémie s'est répandue jusque dans les régions les plus reculées the epidemic spread to even the most remote regions; jusqu'à ses amis ont refusé de lui parler even his friends refused to speak to him; il y avait des détritus jusque sous la table/derrière la porte there was rubbish everywhere, even under the table/behind the door; ils sont venus, jusqu'au dernier every last one of them came; il a repeint toute la pièce, jusqu'aux boutons de porte he repainted the whole room, right down to the door knobs.B jusqu'à ce que loc conj until; je reste toujours jusqu'à ce qu'il s'endorme I always stay until he is asleep; je reste jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit rétablie I'll stay until she has recovered; je suis resté jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit rétablie I stayed until she had recovered.[ʒyskə] (devant voyelle ou 'h' muet jusqu' [ʒysk], littéraire devant voyelle jusques [ʒyskə]) préposition1. [dans l'espace] (suivi d'une preposition)jusqu'où peut aller la bêtise/cruauté! (just) how stupid/cruel can people be!2. (suivi d'une preposition) [dans le temps]j'attendrai jusque vers 11 h I'll wait till ou until about 11 o'clockjusqu'alors (up) until ou till then3. [même, y compris] even————————jusqu'à locution prépositionnelle1. [dans l'espace]le sous-marin peut plonger jusqu'à 3 000 m de profondeur the submarine can dive (down) to 3,000 m2. [dans le temps] until3. [indiquant le degré]jusqu'à quel point peut-on lui faire confiance? to what extent ou how far can we trust him?jusqu'à concurrence de 3 000 euros up to 3,000 euros maximum, up to (a limit of) 3,000 eurosil nous aura embêtés jusqu'à la fin ou la gauche (familier) ! he will have been a nuisance to us (right) to the bitter end!4. [même, y compris] evenil a mangé tous les bonbons jusqu'au dernier he's eaten all the sweets (down to the last one), he's eaten every last ou single sweetjusqu'à ce que locution conjonctivejusqu'au moment où locution conjonctiveje t'ai attendu jusqu'au moment où j'ai dû partir pour mon rendez-vous I waited for you until I had to go to my meeting————————jusque-là locution adverbialejusque-là, tout va bien so far so good2. [dans l'espace]je n'ai pas encore lu jusque-là I haven't got ou read that far yetj'en ai jusque-là de tes caprices! (familier) I've had it up to here with your whims!, I'm sick and tired of your whims!————————jusqu'ici locution adverbialeje ne suis pas venu jusqu'ici pour rien! I haven't come all this way ou as far as this for nothing! -
44 -A
or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at-tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical consonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indifferently, t being particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus,—skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur,—bíti-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; væri-a, ne esset; urðu-a, non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t are more current forms: v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sa’r aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. ‘flo-at,’ Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Norse poems of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né (using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37–39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113–115, 126–128, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðsljóð, Lokasenna—all these poems probably composed by the same author, and not before the 10th century—about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or né): so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Skálaglam in Vellekla (circa 940–995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingavísur (composed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduction of Christianity in Icel. (995–1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tek-k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Subsequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose. The suffixed verbal negation was used,α. in the delivering of the oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit í dóm þenna til liðs mér um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek finna, hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í dóm þenna ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form.β. the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in publicly reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat landeigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at …, 48; erat þat sakar spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sakráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat fé, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr við at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting til fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við í öðru fé nema hann vili, 209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þá skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigandi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit, i. 23; skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann til véfangs ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat hann fleirum baugum bœta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5; skalat hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita þat fé, 59; í skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta þat, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann lóga fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá menn, 167; skalat svá skipta manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi vísu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut mál hans standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakbóta ( it does not count), 178; ef hann villat ( will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræðrat hann öðrum mönnum á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá sínum ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat honum þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 141; þarfat hann bíða til þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reflexive form: kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath—vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd ok egg—said, vask at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncing ‒ ‒́ instead of ‒́ ⏑. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir, Nj. 61 (now commonly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara þótt hœna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu á ísi, 19: also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age—erat vinum líft Ingimundar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þess meiri þörf, because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167; kannka ek til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.; mona ( will not) mín móna ( my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði verða, thou shalt not; esa þat undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann máttia sofna, he could not sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt á strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir menn hér koma, Niðrst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eirspennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at-tu, and the anastrophe in t, though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.] -
45 в течение времени
•Amplification takes place for a time T2 - T1.
•The paper traces the role of continental drift through geological time.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в течение времени
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46 в течение времени
•Amplification takes place for a time T2 - T1.
•The paper traces the role of continental drift through geological time.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в течение времени
-
47 AFLA
* * *(að), v.1) to gain, earn, procure (afla e-m e-s);afla sér fjár ok frama, to earn fame and wealth;aflaði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame;2) with acc., to earn (aflaði hann þar fé mikit);refl., e-m aflast e-t, one gains a thing;3) with dat., to perform, accomplish (hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu);with infin., to be able (ekki aflar hann því at standa í móti yður).* * *að, [cp. Swed. afvel, breed, slock: Dan. avling, farming; avlsgaard, farm; faareavl, qvægavl, breed of sheep or cattle. In Norse (mod.) avle is to harvest; Swed. afla, to beget. In the Icel. verb afla the idea of producing or gathering prevails, whereas the nouns branch off; the weak afli chiefly denotes produce, means, stores, resources, troops, forces; the strong one—afl— force alone. Yet such phrases as ramr at afli indicate something besides the mere notion of strength. In the mod. Scandin. idioms—Dan., Swed., Norse—there are no traces left of the idea of ‘force:’ cp. the Lat. opes and copiae. The Icel. spelling and pronunciation with bl (abl) is modern, perhaps from the time of the Reformation: cp. the words efla etc. with a changed vowel. The root is OP-, as shown in Lat. ope, ŏpes, the ŏ being changed into a?].I. with gen. of the thing, to gain, acquire, earn, procure; vandara at gæta fengins fjár en afla þess (a proverb); þá bjöggu þeir skip ok öfluðu manna til, got men to man it, Eg. 170.β. the phrase, afla sér fjár ok frægðar, to earn fame and wealth, of young heroes going sea-roving; fóru um sumarit í víking ok öfluðu sér fjár, Eg. 4; afla sér fjár ok frama, Fs. 5; fjár ok virðingar, id.; hann hafði aflat sér fjár ( made money) í hólmgöngum, Eg. 49; aflaði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame, Fms. ii. 307; kom honum í hug, at honum mundi mikillar framkvæmdar afla, bring him great advantage, Eb. 112.2. as a law term, to cause, inflict a wound; ef maðr aflar einum blóðs eðr bens af heiptugri hendi, N. G. L. i. 387.II. with acc., mostly in unclassical writers, but now rare, to earn; aflaði hann þar fé mikit, Fms. vii. 80; aflandi þann thesaur er, 655 xxxii. i; hafit ér ok mikit í aflat, Al. 159; mun ek til hafa atferð ok eljun at afla mér annan við, to contrive, Ld. 318, where, however, the excellent vellum MS. A. M. 309, 4to, has gen.—annars viðar—more classically, as the Saga in other passages uses the gen., e. g. afla sér manna ok hrossa, to procure horses and men, l. c. little below.β. reflex., e-m aflask e-t, gains, Fb. 163.γ. absol., njót sem þú hefir aflat, of ill-earned means, Nj. 37.δ. part. aflandi, Njarð. 366.2. now used absol. to fish, always with acc.; a standing phrase in Icel., the acc. only being used in that particular connection.III. with dat. in the sense of to perform, manage, be able to; hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu, ok var hagr vel, Fms. i. 289; fyr mun hann því afla en ek færa honum höfuð mitt, it will sooner happen, Fms. iv. 291, where the Hkr. reads orka; bauð út leiðangri, sem honum þótti landit mestu mega afla, to the utmost that the country could produce, Fms. x. 118; ekki aflar harm því at standa í móti yðr, he is not man enough to stand against you, Fas. iii. -
48 -GI
(or -ki after t or s), a particle suffixed to nouns and adverbs.A. In a positive sense [Lat. - que], ever, Lat. -que, -cunque:1. with the pronoun hverr ( quis) through all cases, answering to the Lat. quis-que: out of the Laws we can nearly make a full paradigm:—nom. hverr-gi or hver-gi, Lat. quis-que, qui-cunque, Grág. Kb. i. 14, 31, 45, 85, 171 (twice), 183, 195, 221, ii. 7, 23, 82, 101: nom. and acc. neut. hvat-ki ( quod-que). i. 34, 155, 162, 183, 244, ii. 77, 140, 154, Jómsv. 15, Íb. 3; also hvárt-ki, id., Grág. Kb. i. 61 (twice): gen. hvers-kis (cujus-que), 238: dat. hverjun-gi (cui-que), 31, 156: acc. masc. hvern-gi (quem-que), 147, 155, 221, 225, 245, ii. 47, 66: abl. hve-gi or hví-gi, however, i. 147, 195, ii. 64, 101, 128, 151, Jómsv. 14:—plur. acc. neut. hver-gi (quae-que): dual dat. sing. hvárun-gi megin, on both sides (of a river), Grág. Kb. ii. 93:—even in historical prose, því at hit næsta sumar gat hvergi ber á Íslandi, the following summer every man gathered berries in Iceland (to make some kind of wine), Bs. i. 135, (or are we to read hvar-gi, everywhere?).2. with adverbs; hvert-ki (quocun-que modo), Grág. ii. 50; nær-gi, whenever ( ubi-cunque), i. 191; hvar-gi, wherever, 25, 166, 240, ii. 128, 212.B. In a negative sense, with a few pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and rarely in old poems with substantives:1. with nouns, in the pr. name Lopt-ki, an απ. λεγ., Ls. 19: with appellatives, þörf-gi, no need, an απ. λεγ., Hkv. Hjörv. 39; freq. in mann-gi, no man, cp. Lat. nēmo, Íb., which is even used in mod. writers and poets; væt-ki, naught; vettu-gi (dat.) and vetter-gis (gen.), Vsp.: with adjectives, ein-gi (q. v.), none, a common word; otherwise rare, sjálf-gi, ‘self-not,’ i. e. not oneself, Ls. 29, an απ. λεγ.: with a dat. case of langr, þá löngu-gi, then not for a long time, Konr. (MS.): with pronouns, in the dual, hvárr-gi, neither, Lat. neuter, Grág. Kb. i. 46, ii. 93, 151; gen. hvárs-kis ( neutrius), freq.; dat. hvárun-gi ( neutri), i. 215; hvárum-gi, ii. 63: neut. hváru-gi, 216; hitt-ki, ne illud quidem, Hm. 21, 23; þat-ki, Hbl. 6; þat-ki at ek fá ( not even that I get) mála minn falslausan, Mork. 83.2. with adverbs, only in poetry or laws or very old prose; svá-gi, not so, Grág. Kb. ii. 99, Mork. 83; þá-gi, then not; þey-gi, though not, qs. þó-gi; æva-gi, never: again, hver-gi (q. v.), nowhere; ei-gi (q. v.), not; aldri-gi (q. v.), never; hvár-ki (q. v.), neither, are common words in prose and in speech. The negative -gi can never be suffixed to verbs (vide ‘-at,’ p. 2); therefore býð-gi, non jubeo (in Íslands-vaka 61, a poem of the last century, Fél. i. 236), is a spurious imitation of the old idiom; neither can -at be put to nouns; ráð-at hann kunni, Jónas 105, ought therefore to be ráð hann kunni-t, issue be knew not.C. In an indefinite sense; in a few instances -gi seems to be used almost like Latin quidem with a preceding negative: eigi miklo-gi minna, ne multo quidem minus, Heiðar. S., Ísl. ii. 360; eigi stóru-gi meiri, ne multo quidem majora, 386; engi miklo-gi görr …, nemo multo quidem plus …, Grág. i. 209; cp. also the adverbs öllun-gis or öldun-gis, quite, altogether (allr, -gi); einun-gis, only, solely (einn, -gi). both formed from dat. sing.: the obsolete vil-gi (qs. vel-gi) is ambiguous, being used both in a neg. sense = not well, and posit. = well, bene quidem, cp. Bs. i. 393, note; Hm. 66, málun-gi, is doubtful;—prob. þyrftig-at málun-gi mat should be read, -at being taken not as a prep. but as a negative verbal suffix, and -gi as a positive suffix; Icel. now say, hann á ekki málungi matar, he does not know where to look for his next meal.☞ The negative -gi is peculiar to Scandin., and no traces of it are found in any Saxon nor German idioms; whereas, as a positive suffix, it is common to all Teutonic tongues, and remains in the Engl. many and any; ‘many’ being qs. man-y = man-ever, ‘homo-cunque,’ Goth. manags, and ‘any’ qs. ane-y = every-one; so also is the g in Icel. margr and hvárigr, which are remnants—the former of the positive, the latter of the negative -gi. -
49 leave
[li:v] nto take [one's] \leave [of sb] sich akk [von jdm] verabschieden3) (permission, consent) Erlaubnis f;to ask sb's \leave jdn um Erlaubnis bitten;to get/have sb's \leave [to do sth] jds Erlaubnis bekommen/haben[, etw zu tun];with/without sb's \leave mit/ohne jds Erlaubnis;absence without \leave unerlaubtes Fernbleiben;without so much as a by your \leave ( iron) ohne auch nur im Mindesten um Erlaubnis zu fragenmaternity \leave Mutterschaftsurlaub m;sick \leave Genesungsurlaub m;annual \leave Jahresurlaub m;to be/go on \leave in Urlaub sein/gehen;to be on \leave for sth für etw akk beurlaubt sein;to get \leave to do sth freibekommen, um etw zu tunPHRASES:to have taken [complete] \leave of one's senses [völlig] übergeschnappt sein ( fam)have you taken \leave of your senses? that's a very dangerous animal! bist du noch bei Trost? das ist ein sehr gefährliches Tier! ( fam)1) ( depart from)to \leave sth place etw verlassen;the train \leaves the station in five minutes der Zug fährt in fünf Minuten vom Bahnhof ab;he left them and came over to speak with us er ließ sie stehen und kam herüber, um mit uns zu sprechen2) ( go away permanently)to \leave home von zu Hause weggehen [o fortgehen];to \leave one's husband/ wife seinen Ehemann/seine Ehefrau verlassen;to \leave a job eine Stelle aufgeben;to \leave school/ university die Schule/Universität beenden;to \leave work aufhören zu arbeiten3) ( not take away with)to \leave sth etw zurücklassen;I'll \leave my winter coat - I won't need it ich lasse meinen Wintermantel da - ich werde ihn nicht brauchen;to \leave a message/note [for sb] [jdm] eine Nachricht/ein paar Zeilen hinterlassen;to \leave sb/ sth with sb jdn/etw bei jdm lassen4) ( forget to take)to \leave sth etw vergessen5) ( let traces remain)to \leave footprints/ stains Fußabdrücke/Flecken hinterlassen;the incident left a feeling of resentment der Vorfall hinterließ einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack6) ( cause to remain)to \leave sth etw übrig bleiben lassen;five from twelve \leaves seven zwölf weniger fünf macht sieben;to \leave sb sth [or to \leave sth for sb] jdm etw übriglassen;if you take two, then that \leaves me three wenn du zwei nimmst, bleiben drei für mich übrig;we were left with five pieces that we couldn't fit into the jigsaw uns blieben am Ende fünf Teile übrig, die wir nicht in das Puzzle einfügen konntento \leave sb/ an animal alone jdn/ein Tier alleine lassen;to \leave sb better/ worse off jdn in einer besseren/schlechteren Situation zurücklassen;to be left homeless obdachlos sein;to \leave sth on/ open etw eingeschaltet/offen lassen;to \leave sb/ sth doing sth;I left the children watching television ich ließ die Kinder vor dem Fernseher zurück;he left the engine running er ließ den Motor laufen8) ( not change)to \leave sth etw lassen;\leave that, I'll take care of it later lass das, ich kümmere mich später darum9) ( not eat)to \leave sth etw übrig lassento \leave sth etw hinterlassen;to \leave sb sth in one's will jdm etw testamentarisch vermachento \leave sb jdn hinterlassen;he \leaves a wife and two young children er hinterlässt eine Frau und zwei kleine Kinder12) ( put off doing)to \leave sth etw lassen;I'll \leave the rest of the work for tomorrow ich hebe mir den Rest der Arbeit für morgen auf;don't \leave it too late! schieb es nicht zu lange auf!;you've left it too late to apply again du hast damit zu lange gewartet, um dich nochmal bewerben zu können;do you always \leave doing things till the very last possible minute? schiebst du immer alles bis zur allerletzten Minute auf?to \leave a question/ subject eine Frage/ein Thema lassen;let's \leave it at that lassen wir es dabei bewendento \leave sth to sb decision jdm etw überlassen;I left making the important decisions to Martha ich überließ es Martha, die wichtigen Entscheidungen zu treffen;to \leave sb to do sth;I left her to make the decision ich ließ sie die Entscheidung treffen;to \leave it to sb [to do sth] es jdm überlassen[, etw zu tun]PHRASES:to \leave sth up in the air etw offenlassen;to \leave nothing/sth to chance nichts/etw dem Zufall überlassen;to \leave sb out in the cold jdn ignorieren;everyone else had been invited, only he had been left out in the cold alle anderen waren eingeladen worden, nur ihn hatte man übergangen;the new taxation system \leaves single mothers out in the cold das neue Steuersystem lässt alleinerziehende Mütter im Regen stehen;to \leave sb to their own devices jdn sich dat selbst überlassen;to \leave the door open to sth etw begünstigen;this will \leave the door open to domestic companies to compete for international business dies wird es inländischen Firmen erleichtern, um das internationale Geschäft zu konkurrieren;to \leave a lot to be desired viel zu wünschen übrig lassen;to \leave sb on the sidelines;to \leave sb standing jdn ausstechen;to \leave no stone unturned nichts unversucht lassen;to \leave a bad [or sour] [or unpleasant] taste [in one's mouth] einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack hinterlassen ( fig)to \leave sb alone jdn in Ruhe lassen;\leave well [enough] alone! lass die Finger davon!;to \leave sb cold jdn kaltlassen;to \leave oneself wide open sich dat eine Blöße geben;to \leave sb be jdn in Ruhe lassen;just \leave it be lass es gut sein;\leave it to sb to do sth du kannst darauf zählen, dass jd etw tut;\leave it to John to forget the keys! natürlich hat John wieder die Schlüssel vergessen! vi <left, left> [weg]gehen; vehicle abfahren; plane abfliegen;our train is leaving in five minutes unser Zug fährt in fünf Minuten ab;we are leaving for Paris wir fahren nach Paris -
50 kutsu
iz.a. ( aztarna) trace, vestige; eztia husten duzunean, gelditzen zaio beti ere ontziari zenbait hondar edo \kutsu when you empty it of honey, there's always some remnant or aftertaste left behind in the vessel; etsaien etxeen \kutsurik bat ere gelditu gabe without leaving any trace of the enemies' houses behindb. ( erlikia) remains; ongi nahi diegun zeruko santuen edozein \kutsu asko estimatzen dugu we greatly appreciate any relic of the heavenly saints of whom we are so fondc. (irud.) bizimodu gaiztoak ariman uzten dituen \kutsu gaiztoak the evil traces that an evil lifestyle leaves in the soul; lotsaren \kutsurik ez dute they're not the least bit ashamed; ez du bere aitaren \kutsurik ere he doesn't look like his father in the very least; gogo \kutsurik gabe without the slightest inclinationd. ( irud.) zalantza \kutsurik gabe without the slightest doubt2.a. ( mantxa, narrioa) taint, markb. (irud.) taint; aiena itzazu nigandik bekatuaren \kutsuak keep me away from the taint of sin; zuetarik bekatu \kutsurik gabe enea jaurti biezaio lehen let he among you who is without sin cast the first stone3.a. contagion, taint; e-i \kutsua eman to contaminate sth; \kutsua hartu to be contaminated; nafarreria, sendatuz gero, uzten zuen bere ondotik ere, zenbait \kutsu smallpox, once overcome, usually left some taint in its wakeb. infection4.a. ( izaera, tankera) character, trait; -(r)i \kutsua eman to set the tone for ; auzoko \kutsua, onerako zein txarrerako, itsaskorra da the character of the town, for better or worse, grows on you apaiztegiko \kutsua ez zaizula joan ezagun da it's obvious that character you got while at the seminary hasn't rubbed off; talde hori antzinako klasikoen \kutsua euskal letretan txertatzeko sortu zen that group was formed to implant the temperament of the ancient classics in Basque letters; herri \kutsua duten bertsoak verses with a touch of the folk tradition; herri horrek euskal \kutsua badu that town does have a Basque character to itb. ( hizkerari d.) accent, intonation, inflection; Zarauzko (hizkeraren) \kutsua hartu duzu you've taken on a bit of a Zarautz accent5. ( zaporea) taste; \kutsu latza du it's got a sour taste; \kutsu ona du it's got a good taste; erre \kutsua burnt aftertaste; eltzeak luzaro edukiz berrian hartzen duen usaina eta \kutsua the pot keeps the smell and taste of a new pot for a long timeb. ( irud.) ( gustua) alprojen \kutsu duen janzkera bat a rakish manner of dress; asmoz, \kutsuz, eta jantziz by design, in taste and in dress6. ( ondarea, jarauntsia)a. inheritance; \kutsurik utzi al dizu? did he leave you any inheritance?b. ( irud.) heritage, legacy; arbasoen \kutsua gorde egin behar da we must preserve our forefathers' heritage7. Sukal. ( zukua) broth; urdaiaren \kutsuan busti ditugu xerrak we dipped the steaks into a bacon broth8. ( pittin) bit; \kutsua edan dut I drank a little bit; ene \kutsua kendu zidaten my little bit was taken away from me9. ( partaidetza) participation, part; e-tan \kutsu izan ( du/ad.) to have a part in sth; horretan ez dut \kutsurik I play no part in that10. ( hondarra, hondakina)a. ( esneari d.) dregsb. ( ardoari d.) dregs, leesc. ( hondakina) sediment, settlings io. ahaide \kutsu distant relative; oraindik \kutsukoak gara we're still distantly related -
51 track
1. n выслеживание, преследование2. n воен. трасса3. n воен. направляющий рельс4. n физ. трек, след5. n остаток; признак, след6. n курс, путь7. n ав. маршрут полёта8. n жизненный путь; образ жизни; карьераoff the track — сбившийся с пути, на ложном пути
stub track — тупик; подъездной путь
9. n путь, дорогаin the same track — тем же путём, по проторённой дороге
10. n дорога; тропинка, тропа11. n спорт. беговая дорожка12. n лыжня13. n дорожка; фонограммаtiming track — синхронизирующая дорожка; синхродорожка
14. n ж. -д. колея, рельсовый путьwait for the train to pass before you cross the tracks — прежде чем переходить через полотно, подождите, пока пройдёт поезд
15. n ширина колеиtrack gauge — ширина колеи; путевой шаблон
16. n ход; цепь, ряд, вереница17. n амер. учебный цикл18. n амер. группа студентов, сформированная по способностям или интересам19. n спорт. лёгкая атлетика20. n спорт. соревнования по лёгкой атлетике21. n спорт. звено гусеничной цепи, трак22. n спорт. гусеница23. n спорт. спец. направляющее устройство24. n спорт. спец. расстояние между передними и задними колёсами25. n спорт. вчт. перфорацияwhat you say is true, but off the track — то, что вы говорите, совершенно правильно, но дело не в том
26. v следить, прослеживать; выслеживатьtrack out — выслеживать; выследить
27. v идти по обнаруженному следуthe first point was to track the animal to its den — первым делом нужно было пройти по следу зверя до его берлоги
28. v прослеживать, устанавливатьto track the course of an ancient wall — установить, где проходила древняя стена
29. v отслеживать; сопровождать, вести30. v оставлять следы; наследить, напачкать31. v нанести или занестиhe tracked dirt over the floor — он наследил на полу, он натаскал грязи на пол
32. v прокладывать путь; намечать курс33. v амер. разг. пройти, покрыть34. v катиться по колее35. v прокладывать колею, укладывать рельсы36. v ходить; бродить37. v мор. тянуть бечевой38. v мор. буксироватьСинонимический ряд:1. footprint (noun) footprint; footstep; imprint; mark; print; step; tract; tread2. path (noun) alley; course; lane; line; path; racetrack; rail; railroad track; roadway; route3. scent (noun) pathway; scent; spoor; trace; trail; vestige4. way (noun) artery; avenue; boulevard; highway; road; street; thoroughfare; way5. follow (verb) dog; follow; follow footprints; hunt; pursue; scent; shadow; tail; trace; trail6. leave footprints (verb) dirty; leave a trail of dirt; leave footprints; leave mud; leave traces; make tracks; mark; muddy; soil; stain7. trek (verb) backpack; cover; do; go through; hike; journey; pass over; range; travel; traverse; trek -
52 sign
sign [saɪn]signe ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e)-(g) symbole ⇒ 1 (a) geste ⇒ 1 (b) signal ⇒ 1 (c) panneau ⇒ 1 (d) écriteau ⇒ 1 (d) enseigne ⇒ 1 (d) signer ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a) engager ⇒ 2 (b) signer un contrat ⇒ 3 (b)1 noun∎ this sign means "real leather" ce symbole signifie "cuir véritable";∎ plus/minus sign signe m plus/moins(b) (gesture, motion) signe m;∎ to make a sign to sb faire signe à qn;∎ to make a rude sign faire un geste grossier;∎ she made a sign for me to enter elle m'a fait signe d'entrer;∎ the chief made signs for me to follow him le chef m'a fait signe de le suivre;∎ to make the sign of the cross faire le signe de croix;∎ wait until the policeman gives the sign to cross attendez que le policier vous fasse signe de traverser;∎ the victory sign le signe de la victoire(c) (arranged signal) signal m;∎ a lighted lamp in the window is the sign that it's safe une lampe allumée à la fenêtre signifie qu'il n'y a pas de danger;∎ when I give the sign, run à mon signal, courez(d) (written notice → gen) panneau m; (→ smaller) écriteau m; (→ on shop, bar, cinema etc) enseigne f;∎ the signs are all in Arabic tous les panneaux sont en arabe;∎ follow the signs for Manchester suivre les panneaux indiquant Manchester;∎ I didn't see the stop sign je n'ai pas vu le stop;∎ traffic signs panneaux mpl de signalisation;∎ a 'for sale' sign un écriteau 'à vendre'∎ his speech was interpreted as a sign of goodwill on a interprété son discours comme un signe de bonne volonté;∎ as a sign of respect en témoignage ou en signe de respect;∎ they wear red as a sign of mourning ils portent le rouge en signe de deuil;∎ a distended belly is a sign of malnutrition un ventre dilaté est un signe de sous-alimentation;∎ a red sunset is a sign of fair weather un coucher de soleil rouge est signe qu'il fera beau;∎ it's a sign of the times c'est un signe des temps;∎ it's a good sign if he's making jokes c'est bon signe s'il fait des plaisanteries;∎ at the first sign of trouble, he goes to pieces au premier petit problème, il craque;∎ it's a sure sign that… à n'en pas douter, c'est le signe que…+ indicative;∎ were there any signs of a struggle? y avait-il des traces de lutte?;∎ all the signs are that the economy is improving tout laisse à penser que l'économie s'améliore;∎ the room showed signs of having been recently occupied il était clair que la pièce avait récemment été occupée;∎ there's no sign of her changing her mind rien n'indique qu'elle va changer d'avis;∎ there's no sign of the file anywhere on ne trouve trace du dossier nulle part;∎ he gave no sign of having heard me il n'a pas eu l'air de m'avoir entendu;∎ is there any sign of Amy yet? - not a sign est-ce qu'on a eu des nouvelles de Amy? - pas la moindre nouvelle;∎ is there any sign of the missing child? est-ce qu'il y a une trace de l'enfant disparu?;∎ since then, he's given no sign of life depuis lors, il n'a pas donné signe de vie;∎ there is little sign of progress in the negotiations les négociations ne semblent pas avancer∎ what sign are you? de quel signe êtes-vous?∎ a sign from God un signe de Dieu(a) (document, book) signer;∎ sign your name here signez ici;∎ here are the letters to be signed voici les lettres à signer;∎ a signed Picasso lithograph une lithographie signée par Picasso;∎ he gave me a signed photo of himself il m'a donné une photo dédicacée;∎ American do you want to sign this to your room? je le mets sur votre note?;∎ she signs herself A.M. Hall elle signe A.M. Hall;∎ to sign a deal passer un marché;∎ the deal will be signed and sealed tomorrow l'affaire sera définitivement conclue demain;∎ Law signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of… fait et signé en présence de…;∎ figurative you're signing your own death warrant vous signez votre arrêt de mort(b) (footballer, musician, band) engager;∎ he's been signed for next season il a été engagé pour la saison prochaine(c) (provide with signs) signaliser;∎ the museum is not very well signed la signalisation du musée n'est pas très bonne∎ to sign assent faire signe que oui;∎ to sign sb to do sth faire signe à qn de faire qch(a) (write name) signer;∎ he signed with an X il a signé d'une croix;∎ to sign on the dotted line signer à l'endroit indiqué; figurative s'engager(b) (footballer, musician, band) signer un contrat;∎ he signed for United il a signé avec United∎ to sign to sb to do sth faire signe à qn de faire qch(d) (know sign language) connaître la langue des signes; (use sign language) communiquer en langue des signes ou par signes;∎ they were signing to each other ils se parlaient par signes►► sign language (UNCOUNT) langue f des signes;∎ to speak in sign language parler par signes;∎ using sign language, he managed to ask for food (en s'exprimant) par signes, il s'est débrouillé pour demander à manger;∎ I felt I was signing away my freedom j'avais l'impression qu'en signant je renonçais à ma liberté;∎ you're signing your life away c'est comme si tu signais ton arrêt de mort∎ to sign for a delivery/a registered letter signer un bon de livraison/le récépissé d'une lettre recommandée;∎ the files have to be signed for il faut signer pour retirer les dossiers∎ she's signed for another series elle s'est engagée à faire un autre feuilleton➲ sign in∎ I'm a member, so I can sign you in je suis membre, donc je peux vous faire entrer;∎ guests must be signed in les visiteurs doivent se faire inscrire dès leur arrivée(b) (file, book) rendre, retourner∎ it's time to sign off for today il est l'heure de nous quitter pour aujourd'hui∎ I'll sign off now je vais conclure ici➲ sign on(a) (register as unemployed) s'inscrire au chômage;∎ you have to sign on every two weeks il faut pointer (au chômage) toutes les deux semaines∎ she signed on for an evening class elle s'est inscrite à des cours du soir➲ sign out∎ the keys are signed out to Mr Hill c'est M. Hill qui a signé pour retirer les clés(b) (hospital patient) autoriser le départ de;∎ he signed himself out il est parti sous sa propre responsabilitétransférer;∎ she signed the property over to her son elle a transféré la propriété au nom de son fils;∎ the house is being signed over to its new owners tomorrow les nouveaux propriétaires entrent en possession de la maison demain➲ sign up(b) (student, participant) inscrire∎ he signed up as a crew member il s'est fait embaucher comme membre d'équipage∎ to sign up for the Marines s'engager dans les marines∎ she signed up for an evening class elle s'est inscrite à des cours du soir -
53 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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54 Marey, Etienne-Jules
[br]b. 5 March 1830 Beaune, Franced. 15 May 1904 Paris, France[br]French physiologist and pioneer of chronophotography.[br]At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsForeign member of the Royal Society 1898. President, Académie des Sciences 1895.Bibliography1860–1904, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris.1873, La Machine animale, Paris 1874, Animal Mechanism, London.1893, Die Chronophotographie, Berlin. 1894, Le Mouvement, Paris.1895, Movement, London.1899, La Chronophotographie, Paris.Further Reading1905, Travaux de l'Association de l'Institut Marey, Paris. Brian Coe, 1981, History of Movie Photography, London.——1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London. Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris.See also: Demenÿ, GeorgesBC / MG -
55 أثر (في)
أَثَّرَ (في) \ affect: to have an effect on: Bad food affects our health. move the feelings of:: The news affected him greatly; Food affects our health govern. rule; control. impress: to have a strong effect on (sb.); fill (sb.) with admiration: His honesty impressed me. influence: to have an effect on (a person, his character, beliefs, actions, a course of events, etc.): His choice of work was influenced by his father’s advice. move: to stir the feelings of: This sad story moved her deeply. \ أَثَّرَ \ act: to have an effect: Acid acts on some metals. \ See Also عَمَلَ في \ أَثَّرَ (في النفس) \ touch: to have a sad effect on; to concern: Her sad story touched my heart. It was a touching story (It stirred my feelings). \ أَثَر \ effect: to result: His troubles had a bad effect on his health. Scientists study the causes and effects of a disease, the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. influence: sb. or sth. that has an effect on sb. or sth. else; effect. mark: any sign that one object has been touched by another: a dirty mark on the wall; a footmark in the sand. relic: sth. that has been left behind from a past time: relics of the war, like ruined buildings and old guns; relics of the ancient Egyptian kings. tinge: a slight sign or amount: a tinge of colour; a tinge of sadness in her voice. tint: a shade of a colour: Sunglasses have a dark tint. trace: a sign or mark that shows where sth. had been: There were traces of blood on the floor. trail: a track left by sb. or sth.: The storm left a trail of destruction. The police were on his trail (were following signs, in search of him). vestige: a slight mark, track, etc., remaining of sth. that is now gone or has been destroyed. wake: the track on the water by a ship. \ See Also تأثير (تَأْثير)، انطباع (اِنْطِباع)، علامة (عَلامَة) \ أَثَر (الجُرح المُنْدَمِل) \ scar: a mark that is left on the skin by an old wound. \ أَثَر أدَبِيّ فَنّيّ فَذّ \ classic: sth., esp. a book, of lasting quality, that will always be valued: Gulliver’s Travels is a classic. \ أَثَر الإصْبَع \ fingermark: any dirty mark that is left by a finger. \ أَثَر أَقْدَام \ footprint: a footmark. \ أَثَر أَقْدَام العَجَلات \ track: a set of footmarks; the line left by a wheel: We followed their tracks through the snow. \ أَثَر أو عَلامَة القَدَم \ footmark: the mark left by a foot or shoe: a muddy footmark; the footmarks of a dog. \ أَثَر دُولاب في الأرض الليِّنة \ rut: a deep track that is left by a wheel in soft ground: cart ruts. -
56 find
[faɪnd] 1. гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. found1) находить, встречать, обнаруживать; заставатьThey might find traces of European sojourn on the island. — На острове можно найти следы присутствия европейцев.
He was found dead. — Его нашли мёртвым.
I found a shilling on the floor. — Я нашёл на полу шиллинг.
- find oneself- find timeSyn:Ant:2) разг. красть, воровать3) мат. находить результат, вычислять4) убеждаться, приходить к заключению, считать, полагать, признаватьI find it necessary to go there. — Я считаю необходимым поехать туда.
Syn:5) юр. устанавливать, выносить решение, признавать (факт, право и пр.)The jury found for the plaintiff. — Присяжные вынесли решение в пользу истца.
They found the verdict of guilty. — Был вынесен вердикт "виновен".
- find smb. guilty6) делать вывод по записям, свидетельствамIn 1276, we find the Emperor and the King of England in constant communication. — В 1276, как следует из записей, император и английский король поддерживали постоянную связь друг с другом.
7) обретать, добиваться, получать; достигать прям. и перен.- find one's account in smth.Syn:8) попадать в цель, доставатьThe shot found him in the head. — Выстрел попал ему в голову.
Such commodities found little market. — Эти товары плохо продавались.
9) оказываться где-л. / в каком-л. состоянииWe found ourselves at the precipice. — Мы оказались у обрыва.
Lavender found himself entering a drawing-room. — Лавендер понял, что входит в гостиную.
10) снабжать, обеспечиватьto find smb. in smth. — обеспечивать кого-л. чем-л.
They find him in clothes. — Они снабжают его одеждой.
Syn:11) воен. выделять, выставлять (резервы, солдат, другие ресурсы)12) охот. поднимать зверя, находить зверяThe dogs found. — Псы подняли зверя.
•- find out••to find fault with smb. / smth. — критиковать кого-л. / что-л.
to know where to find smb. — понимать, что человек имеет в виду
- find one's way- find feet
- find in one's heart 2. сущ.1) обнаружение; находка- archaeological find- archeological find
- great find
- lucky find
- rare findSyn:2) находка (об удачно найденном, обнаруженном, подходящем для кого-л. человеке)Miss Farnell is a true find, I say! — Ну, скажу я вам, мисс Фарнелл - это настоящая находка!
3) брит.; охот. обнаружение лисы•• -
57 wake
(stop sleeping) se réveiller, s'éveiller;∎ the baby woke at six le bébé s'est réveillé à six heures;∎ he woke to the news that war had broken out à son réveil ou en se réveillant, il a appris que la guerre avait éclaté;∎ they woke to find themselves famous du jour au lendemain, ils se sont retrouvés célèbres(a) (rouse from sleep) réveiller, tirer ou sortir du sommeil;∎ wake me at seven réveillez-moi à sept heures;∎ the noise was enough to wake the dead il y avait un bruit à réveiller les morts(b) (arouse → curiosity, jealousy) réveiller, éveiller, exciter; (→ memories) réveiller, éveiller, ranimer3 noun∎ to have a wake for sb organiser une veillée de commémoration en souvenir de qn;∎ figurative it is too soon to hold a wake for the ideal of European unity il est encore trop tôt pour enterrer l'idéal de l'unité européenne∎ famine followed in the wake of the drought la famine a suivi la sécheresse;∎ he always brings trouble in his wake il amène toujours des ennuis (dans son sillage);∎ to follow in sb's wake marcher sur les traces ou dans le sillage de qn;∎ Steven followed in his father's wake and became a lawyer Steven a suivi l'exemple de son père et est devenu avocat;∎ since then many other countries have followed in our wake depuis lors bon nombre d'autres pays nous ont suivis;∎ he left the other athletes trailing in his wake il a laissé les autres athlètes à la traîne ou loin derrière lui;∎ in the wake of the storm après l'orage(in Northern England) = congé annuel (dans le Nord de l'Angleterre)►► wakes week (in Northern England) = la semaine de congé annuel (dans le Nord de l'Angleterre)➲ wake up(a) (stop sleeping) se réveiller, s'éveiller;∎ wake up! réveille-toi!;∎ they woke up to find themselves famous du jour au lendemain, ils se sont retrouvés célèbres(b) (become alert) se réveiller, prendre conscience;∎ wake up and do some work! réveille-toi ou secoue-toi et mets-toi au travail!(c) (become aware of truth, reality) ouvrir les yeux;∎ it's time you woke up to the truth il est temps que tu regardes la vérité en face;∎ it took him a while to wake up to what was going on il lui fallut un certain temps pour comprendre ou pour réaliser ce qui se passait;∎ oh, wake up (and smell the roses or the coffee)! ouvre les yeux!(a) (rouse from sleep) réveiller, tirer ou sortir du sommeil;∎ wake me up at seven réveillez-moi à sept heures(b) (make alert) réveiller, secouer;∎ a little exercise will wake you up! un peu d'exercice va vous réveiller!;∎ the accident woke us up to the dangers of nuclear power l'accident a attiré ou éveillé notre attention sur les dangers de l'énergie nucléaire(c) (make aware of truth, reality) ouvrir les yeux à qn;∎ that woke her up to what was going on ça lui a ouvert les yeux sur ce qui se passait -
58 effect
أَثَر \ effect: to result: His troubles had a bad effect on his health. Scientists study the causes and effects of a disease, the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. influence: sb. or sth. that has an effect on sb. or sth. else; effect. mark: any sign that one object has been touched by another: a dirty mark on the wall; a footmark in the sand. relic: sth. that has been left behind from a past time: relics of the war, like ruined buildings and old guns; relics of the ancient Egyptian kings. tinge: a slight sign or amount: a tinge of colour; a tinge of sadness in her voice. tint: a shade of a colour: Sunglasses have a dark tint. trace: a sign or mark that shows where sth. had been: There were traces of blood on the floor. trail: a track left by sb. or sth.: The storm left a trail of destruction. The police were on his trail (were following signs, in search of him). vestige: a slight mark, track, etc., remaining of sth. that is now gone or has been destroyed. wake: the track on the water by a ship. \ See Also تأثير (تَأْثير)، انطباع (اِنْطِباع)، علامة (عَلامَة) -
59 impression
أَثَر \ effect: to result: His troubles had a bad effect on his health. Scientists study the causes and effects of a disease, the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. influence: sb. or sth. that has an effect on sb. or sth. else; effect. mark: any sign that one object has been touched by another: a dirty mark on the wall; a footmark in the sand. relic: sth. that has been left behind from a past time: relics of the war, like ruined buildings and old guns; relics of the ancient Egyptian kings. tinge: a slight sign or amount: a tinge of colour; a tinge of sadness in her voice. tint: a shade of a colour: Sunglasses have a dark tint. trace: a sign or mark that shows where sth. had been: There were traces of blood on the floor. trail: a track left by sb. or sth.: The storm left a trail of destruction. The police were on his trail (were following signs, in search of him). vestige: a slight mark, track, etc., remaining of sth. that is now gone or has been destroyed. wake: the track on the water by a ship. \ See Also تأثير (تَأْثير)، انطباع (اِنْطِباع)، علامة (عَلامَة) -
60 influence
أَثَر \ effect: to result: His troubles had a bad effect on his health. Scientists study the causes and effects of a disease, the feeling that sth. gives to those who see or hear it: The colours of the sunset produced a wonderful effect. impression: an effect on the mind: I formed a bad impression of his work. She made a good impression on me. influence: sb. or sth. that has an effect on sb. or sth. else; effect. mark: any sign that one object has been touched by another: a dirty mark on the wall; a footmark in the sand. relic: sth. that has been left behind from a past time: relics of the war, like ruined buildings and old guns; relics of the ancient Egyptian kings. tinge: a slight sign or amount: a tinge of colour; a tinge of sadness in her voice. tint: a shade of a colour: Sunglasses have a dark tint. trace: a sign or mark that shows where sth. had been: There were traces of blood on the floor. trail: a track left by sb. or sth.: The storm left a trail of destruction. The police were on his trail (were following signs, in search of him). vestige: a slight mark, track, etc., remaining of sth. that is now gone or has been destroyed. wake: the track on the water by a ship. \ See Also تأثير (تَأْثير)، انطباع (اِنْطِباع)، علامة (عَلامَة)
См. также в других словарях:
kick over the traces — verb To rebel against authority; to defy orders or instructions. I remember that she once said to me, Women do get the worst of it when they kick over the traces, Hillyard resumed. And undoubtedly they do. On the other hand you have McKerrels… … Wiktionary
The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist — The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist In this article we shall consider: ♦ the fact of the Real Presence, which is, indeed, the central dogma; ♦ the … Catholic encyclopedia
The British Empire in fiction — The British Empire has often been portrayed in fiction. Originally such works described the Empire because it was a contemporary part of life; nowadays fictional references are also frequently made in a steampunk context.Historical eventsThis… … Wikipedia
The Slavs — The Slavs † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Slavs I. NAME A. Slavs At present the customary name for all the Slavonic races is Slav. This name did not appear in history until a late period, but it has superseded all others. The… … Catholic encyclopedia
The Irish (in Countries Other Than Ireland) — The Irish (in countries other than Ireland) † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Irish (in countries other than Ireland) I. IN THE UNITED STATES Who were the first Irish to land on the American continent and the time of their arrival are … Catholic encyclopedia
The Light of Other Days — … Wikipedia
The College Dropout — Studio album by Kanye West Released February 10, 2004 … Wikipedia
The History of Rock & Roll — was a radio documentary on rock and roll music, originally syndicated in 1969. One of the most lengthiest documentaries of any medium (48 hours in the 1969 version, 52 hours for the 1978 and 1981 versions) Fact|date=January 2008, The History of… … Wikipedia
The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao — … Wikipedia
The Cantos — by Ezra Pound is a long, incomplete poem in 120 sections, each of which is a canto . Most of it was written between 1915 and 1962, although much of the early work was abandoned and the early cantos, as finally published, date from 1922 onwards.… … Wikipedia
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress — … Wikipedia