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1 explain
v объяснять: to explain smth to smb — объяснять что-либо кому-либо; to explain (to smb) that/why/how… — объяснить (кому-либо), что/почему/как …. (1). Глагол to explain может иметь два дополнения — прямое и предложное косвенное: explain smth to smb, но подлежащим пассивной конструкции может быть только прямое дополнение:The rule was explained to me — Мне объяснили это правило.
Эта же особенность пассивных форм относится к ряду других глаголов, у которых могут быть два дополнения. К таким глаголам относятся глаголы to describe, to dictate, to declare, to deliver, to mention, to prove, to present, to point out, to repeat, to recommend. (2). Косвенное дополнение при глаголе to explain, независимо от того, стоит ли оно перед или после прямого дополнения, всегда употребляется с предлогом to:Can you explain this rule to me — Вы можете мне объяснить это правило?
Ср. Explain to me how to get there — Объясните мне, как туда добраться.
(3). See describe, v (1). -
2 explain
[ɪk'spleɪn]v- explain smth to smb- explain that..., why..., how..USAGE:(1.) Глагол to explain может иметь два дополнения - прямое и предложное косвенное - explain smth to smb, но подлежащим пассивной конструкции может быть только прямое дополнение: the rule was explained to me мне объяснили это правило. Эта же особенность пассивных форм относится к ряду других глаголов, у которых могут быть два дополнения. К таким глаголам относятся глаголы to describe, to dictate, to declare, to deliver, to mention, to prove, to present, to point out, to repeat, to recommend. (2.) Косвенное дополнение при глаголе to explain, независимо от того, стоит ли оно перед прямым дополнением или после него, всегда употребляется с предлогом to: can you explain this rule to me вы можете мне объяснить это правило? ср. explain to me how to get there объясните мне, как туда добраться. (3.) See describe, v; USAGE (1.). -
3 Passive
n пассивный залог (1). Ряд глаголов не употребляются в форме Passive. К ним относятся to appear, to escape, to flee, to get, to let, to like, to race, to resemble, to survive, to seem, to suit, to survive. (2). Форма get + PP (get Passive) в разговорной речи предпочтительнее форме be + PP: to get cleaned, to get damaged, to get married, to get dressed. (3). С глаголами to explain, to describe, to dictate, to declare, to deliver, to mention, to prove, to present, to point out, to repeat, to recommend в качестве подлежащего пассивной конструкции при наличии в активной конструкции двух дополнений (прямого и косвенного) употребляется только прямое дополнение (smth), в отличие от русского языка, где любое из этих дополнений может употребляться в функции подлежащего пассивной конструкции:The rule was explained to them twice — Им объяснили это правило дважды/Это правило было объяснено им дважды.
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4 passive
['pæsɪv]nпассивный залог, страдательный залогUSAGE:(1.) Ряд глаголов не употребляется в форме Passive. К ним относятся to appear, to escape, to flee, to get, to let, to like, to race, to resemble, to survive, to seem, to suit. (2.) Форма get + PP (get Passive) в разговорной речи предпочтительнее формы be + PP: to get cleaned, to get damaged, to get married, to get dressed. (3.) С глаголами to describe, to dictate, to declare, to deliver, to mention, to prove, to present, to point out, to repeat, to recommend в качестве подлежащего пассивной конструкции двух дополнений (прямого и косвенного) употребляется только прямое дополнение ( smth), в отличие от русского языка, где любое из этих дополнений может употребляться в функции подлежащего пассивной конструкции: the rule was explained to them twice им объяснили это правило дважды/это правило было объяснено им дважды -
5 Genius
1) A High Rate of Original Thinking Characterizes the Life of the Inventive GeniusThe biography of the inventive genius commonly records a lifetime of original thinking, though only a few ideas survive and are remembered to fame. Voluminous productivity is the rule and not the exception among the individuals who have made some noteworthy contribution. (Barron, 1963, p. 139)The genius was, I suggest, in origin the Roman analogue to the psyche as here explained, the life-spirit active in procreation, dissociated from and external to the conscious self that is central in the chest. This will explain many facts not hitherto accounted for. The genius was believed to assume the form of a snake, as was the psyche. The psyche was believed to be in the head....Not only was his genius thus apparently liable to intervene or take possession of a man but we shall also see reason to believe that it was, in the time of Platus, thought to enjoy knowledge beyond what was enjoyed by the conscious self and to give the latter warning of impending events.... The idea of the genius seems to have served in great part as does the twentieth-century concept of an "unconscious mind," influencing a man's life and actions apart from or even despite his conscious mind. It is now possible to trace the origin of our idiom that a man "has" or "has not" genius, meaning that he possesses or does not possess a native source of inspiration beyond ordinary intelligence. (Onians, 1954, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Genius
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6 Napier (Neper), John
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 1550 Merchiston Castle, Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 4 April 1617 Merchiston Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish mathematician and theological writer noted for his discovery of logarithms, a powerful aid to mathematical calculations.[br]Born into a family of Scottish landowners, at the early age of 13 years Napier went to the University of St Andrews in Fife, but he apparently left before taking his degree. An extreme Protestant, he was active in the struggles with the Roman Catholic Church and in 1594 he dedicated to James VI of Scotland his Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St John, an attempt to promote the Protestant case in the guise of a learned study. About this time, as well as being involved in the development of military equipment, he devoted much of his time to finding methods of simplifying the tedious calculations involved in astronomy. Eventually he realized that by representing numbers in terms of the power to which a "base" number needed to be raised to produce them, it was possible to perform multiplication and division and to find roots, by the simpler processes of addition, substraction and integer division, respectively.A description of the principle of his "logarithms" (from the Gk. logos, reckoning, and arithmos, number), how he arrived at the idea and how they could be used was published in 1614 under the title Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio. Two years after his death his Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio appeared, in which he explained how to calculate the logarithms of numbers and gave tables of them to eight significant figures, a novel feature being the use of the decimal point to distinguish the integral and fractional parts of the logarithm. As originally conceived, Napier's tables of logarithms were calculated using the natural number e(=2.71828…) as the base, not directly, but in effect according to the formula: Naperian logx= 107(log e 107-log e x) so that the original Naperian logarithm of a number decreased as the number increased. However, prior to his death he had readily acceded to a suggestion by Henry Briggs that it would greatly facilitate their use if logarithms were simply defined as the value to which the decimal base 10 needed to be raised to realize the number in question. He was almost certainly also aware of the work of Joost Burgi.No doubt as an extension of his ideas of logarithms, Napier also devised a means of manually performing multiplication and division by means of a system of rods known as Napier's Bones, a forerunner of the modern slide-rule, which evolved as a result of successive developments by Edmund Gunther, William Oughtred and others. Other contributions to mathematics by Napier include important simplifying discoveries in spherical trigonometry. However, his discovery of logarithms was undoubtedly his greatest achievement.[br]BibliographyNapier's "Descriptio" and his "Constructio" were published in English translation as Description of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (1857) and W.R.MacDonald's Construction of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (1889), which also catalogues all his works. His Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis per Virgulas Libri Duo (1617) was published in English as Divining Rods, or Two Books of Numbering by Means of Rods (1667).Further ReadingD.Stewart and W.Minto, 1787, An Account of the Life Writings and Inventions of John Napier of Merchiston (an early account of Napier's work).C.G.Knott (ed.), 1915, Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume (the fullest account of Napier's work).KF -
7 lay
lay [leɪ](verb: preterite, past participle laid)1. verba. ( = place) [+ cards, objects] poser ; ( = stretch out) [+ cloth] étendre• if you so much as lay a finger on me... si tu oses lever la main sur moi...• I wish I could lay my hands on a good dictionary si seulement je pouvais mettre la main sur un bon dictionnaireb. ( = put down) poserc. [+ egg] pondre• to lay o.s. open to criticism s'exposer à la critiqueg. [+ money] parierh. [+ accusation, charge] porter• to get laid se faire sauter (inf !)4. nouna. [of countryside] configuration f• he's/she's a good lay c'est un bon coup (inf !)5. compoundsa. ( = save) mettre de côtéb. [+ prejudice, principles] laisser de côté ; [+ disagreements] faire tairea. [+ object] poserb. [+ rule] établir ; [+ condition, price] fixer• it is laid down in the rules that... il est stipulé dans le règlement que...[+ goods, reserves] faire provision de• he laid into him ( = attacked) il lui est rentré dedans (inf) ; ( = scolded) il lui a passé un savon (inf)► lay off[+ workers] licencier( = leave alone) (inf) you'd better lay off drinking for a while tu ferais mieux de t'abstenir de boire pendant un temps• lay off him! fiche-lui la paix ! (inf)b. [+ clothes] préparer ; [+ goods for sale] étalerc. [+ reasons, events] exposere. ( = knock out) mettre KOa. [+ provisions] amasser* * *[leɪ] 1. 2.1) gen [helper, worker] non initié2) Religion [preacher, member, reader] laïque; [brother, sister] lai3.transitive verb (prét, pp laid)1) lit ( place) poser [object, card] (in dans; on sur); ( spread out) étaler [rug, covering, newspaper] (on sur); ( arrange) disposer (on sur); déposer [wreath]to lay hands on something — fig ( find) mettre la main sur quelque chose
to lay hands on somebody — Religion imposer les mains à quelqu'un
2) ( set for meal)3) ( prepare) préparer [plan, trail]; poser [basis, foundation]; tendre [trap]4) ( fix in place) poser [carpet, tiles, paving, turf, cable, mine]; construire [railway, road, sewer]5) Zoology pondre [egg]to lay stress ou emphasis on something — mettre l'accent sur quelque chose
7) ( bet)4.to lay a bet ou money on something — parier sur quelque chose
intransitive verb (prét, pp laid) [bird] pondrePhrasal Verbs:- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay open- lay out- lay up••to lay a finger ou hand on somebody — ( beat) lever la main sur quelqu'un
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