the+netherlands

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Between 1911 and 1914 Heinrich Focke and Georg Wulf built a monoplane and some years later, in 1924, they founded the Focke-Wulf company. They designed and built a variety of civil and military aircraft including the F 19Ente, a tail-first design of 1927. This canard layout was thought to be safer than conventional designs but, unfortunately, it crashed, killing Wulf. Around 1930 Focke became interested in rotary-wing aircraft, and in 1931 he set up a company with Gerd Achgelis to conduct research in this field. The Focke-Wulf company took out a licence to build Cierva autogiros. Focke designed an improved autogiro, the Fw 186, which flew in 1938; it was entered for a military competition, but it was beaten by a fixed-wing aircraft, the Fieseler Storch. In May 1935 Focke resigned from Focke-Wulf to concentrate on helicopter development with the Focke-Achgelis company. His first design was the Fa 61 helicopter, which utilized the fuselage and engine of a conventional aeroplane but instead of wings had two out-riggers, each carrying a rotor. The engine drove these rotors in opposite directions to counteract the adverse torque effect (with a single rotor the fuselage tends to rotate in the opposite direction to the rotor). Following its first flight on 26 June 1936, the Fa 61 went on to break several world records. However, it attracted more public attention when it was flown inside the huge Deutschlandhalle in Berlin by the famous female test pilot Hanna Reitsch in February 1938. Focke continued to develop his helicopter projects for the Focke-Achgelis company and produced the Fa 223 Drache in 1940. This used twin contra-rotating rotors, like the Fa 61, but could carry six people. Its production was hampered by allied bombing of the factory. During the Second World War Focke- Achgelis also produced a rotor kite which could be towed behind a U-boat to provide a flying "crow's nest", as well as designs for an advanced convertiplane (part aeroplane, part helicopter). After the war, Focke worked in France, the Netherlands and Brazil, then in 1954 he became Professor of Aeroplane and Helicopter Design at the University of Stuttgart.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Lithgow attended Glasgow Academy and then spent a year in Paris. In 1901 he commenced a shipyard apprenticeship with Russell \& Co., where his father, William Lithgow, was sole proprietor. For years Russell's had topped the Clyde tonnage output and more than once had been the world's leading yard. Along with his brother Henry, Lithgow in 1908 was appointed a director, and in a few years he was Chairman and the yard was renamed Lithgows Ltd. By the outbreak of the First World War the Lithgow brothers were recognized as good shipbuilders and astute businessmen. In 1914 he joined the Royal Artillery; he rose to the rank of major and served with distinction, but his skills in administration were recognized and he was recalled home to become Director of Merchant Shipbuilding when British shipping losses due to submarine attack became critical. This appointment set a pattern, with public duties becoming predominant and the day-to-day shipyard business being organized by his brother. During the interwar years, Lithgow served on many councils designed to generate work and expand British commercial interests. His public appointments were legion, but none was as controversial as his directorship of National Shipbuilders Security Ltd, formed to purchase and "sterilize" inefficient shipyards that were hindering recovery from the Depression. To this day opinions are divided on this issue, but it is beyond doubt that Lithgow believed in the task in hand and served unstintingly. During the Second World War he was Controller of Merchant Shipbuilding and Repairs and was one of the few civilians to be on the Board of Admiralty. On the cessation of hostilities, Lithgow devoted time to research boards and to the expansion of the Lithgow Group, which now included the massive Fairfield Shipyard as well as steel, marine engineering and other companies.

Throughout his life Lithgow worked for the Territorial Army, but he was also a devoted member of the Church of Scotland. He gave practical support to the lona Community, no doubt influenced by unbounded love of the West Highlands and Islands of Scotland.

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SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording, Telecommunications

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From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.

The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.

In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.

In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.

The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.

The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.

From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.

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Les adjectifs comme anglais peuvent aussi qualifier des personnes (par ex. un touriste anglais ⇒ Les nationalités) et des langues (par ex. un mot anglais ⇒ Les langues.)

L’anglais n’utilise pas d’article défini devant les noms de pays et de continents, sauf pour les noms qui ont une forme de pluriel (the United States, the Netherlands, the Philippines etc.) et quelques rares exceptions (the Congo, the Gambia). En cas de doute, consulter l’article dans le dictionnaire.

= France

= Brazil

= Cuba

= Africa

= to like France

= to like Africa

= the United States is a rich country

= North America

= South Korea

À, au, aux et en se traduisent par to avec les verbes de mouvement (par ex. aller, se rendre etc.) et par in avec les autres verbes (par ex. être, habiter etc.).

= to go to Brazil

= to go to Africa

= to live in Brazil

= to live in Africa

Les expressions françaises avec de se traduisent en général en anglais par l’emploi de l’adjectif. Mais voir ci-dessous quelques exceptions.

= the French embassy

= the French countryside

= the French climate

= the French team

= French rivers

= French history

= the French ambassador ou the ambassador of France

= the capital of France

= the peoples of Africa

= a map of France

= French money

= the French army

= the French air force

= French cooking

= the French Customs

= the French government

= the French language

= French literature

= the French navy

= the French nation

= French politics

= French traditions

= French politics

= a French town

En anglais, dans quelques rares cas, on trouve aussi le nom du pays ou du continent utilisé en position d’adjectif: the England team, the Africa question etc. Il est préférable de ne pas imiter ces tournures.

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

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After education at Warley Grammar School, Briggs entered St John's College, Cambridge, in 1577 and became a fellow in 1588. Having been Reader of the Linacre Lecture in 1592, he was appointed to the new Chair in Geometry at Gresham House (subsequently Gresham College), London, in 1596. Shortly after, he concluded that the logarithms developed by John Napier would be much more useful if they were calculated to the decimal base 10, rather than to the base e (the "natural" number 2.71828…), a suggestion with which Napier concurred. Until the advent of modern computing these decimal logarithms were invaluable for the accurate calculations involved in surveying, navigation and astronomy. In 1619 he accepted the Savilian Chair in Geometry at Oxford University, having two years previously published the base 10 logarithms of 1,000 numbers. The year 1624 saw the completion of his monumental Arithmetica Logarithmica, which contained fourteen-figure logarithms of 30,000 numbers, together with their trigonometric sines to fifteen decimal places and their tangents and secants to ten places!

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Chapman was born on the west coast of Sweden and was the son of a British naval officer serving in the Swedish Navy. In 1738 he followed in his father's footsteps by joining the naval dockyards as a shipbuilding apprentice. Subsequent experience was gained in other shipyards and by two years (1741–3) in London. His assiduous note taking and study of British shipbuilding were noticed and he was offered appointments in England, but these were refused and he returned to Sweden in 1744 and for a while operated as a ship repairer in partnership with a man called Bagge. In 1749 he started out on his own. He began with a period of study in Stockholm and in London, where he worked for a while under Thomas Simpson, and then went on to France and the Netherlands. During his time in England he learned the art of copper etching, a skill that later stood him in good stead. After some years he was appointed Deputy Master Shipwright to the Swedish Navy, and in 1760 he became Master Shipwright at Sveaborg (now Suomenlinna), the fortress island of Helsinki. There Chapman excelled by designing the coastal defence or skerry fleet that to this day is accepted as beautiful and fit for purpose. He understood the limitations of ship design and throughout his life strove to improve shipbuilding by using the advances in mathematics and science that were then being made. His contribution to the rationalization of thought in ship theory cannot be overemphasized.

In 1764 he became Chief Shipbuilder to the Swedish Navy, with particular responsibility for Karlskrona and for Stockholm. He assisted in the new rules for the classification of warships and later introduced standardization to the naval dockyards. He continued to rise in rank and reputation until his retirement in 1793, but to the end his judgement was sought on many matters concerning not only ship design but also the administration of the then powerful Swedish Navy.

His most important bequest to his profession is the great book Architectura Navalis Mercatoria, first published in 1768. Later editions were larger and contained additional material. This volume remains one of the most significant works on shipbuilding.

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SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

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As a medical student in Utrecht from 1879 Einthoven published an account of pronation and supination of the arm (following his own injury) as well as a paper on stereoscopy through colour differentiation. Soon after graduating in July 1885, he was appointed Professor of Physiology at Leiden.

In 1895, while involved in the study of the electric action potentials of the heart, he developed the sensitive string galvanometer, and in 1896 he was able to register the electrocardiograms of animals and humans, relating them to the heart sounds. Developing this work, he not only established the detailed geometry of the leads for these recordings, but was able to build up an insight into their variations in different forms of heart disease. In 1924 he further investigated the action currents of the sympathetic nervous system.

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SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

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Kolff studied at Leiden Medical School and qualified in 1938. While studying at Gröningen in 1938, in the utilization of cellulose sausage skin which had become available he designed an artificial kidney, developing the work of Abel in animal experiments.

At the outbreak of the Second World War he was banished to a provincial town. Even so, he succeeded in making some clandestine machines, one of which was effective in saving the life of a patient with acute renal failure. During 1950–67 he continued in general practice and at the University of Leiden, and in 1958–67 he was head of department and Professor of the Division of Artificial Organs at the University of Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA. He was decorated for his services in the establishment of blood banks in Holland during the war.

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SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Schanck first went to sea in the merchant service, but in 1758 he was transferred to the Royal Navy. After four years as an able seaman, he was made a midshipman (a rare occurrence in those days), and by perseverance was commissioned Lieutenant in 1776 and appointed to command a small vessel operating in the St Lawrence. Being known as an inventive and practical officer, he was soon placed in charge of shipbuilding operations for the British on the Great Lakes and quickly constructed a small fleet that operated on Lake Champlain and elsewhere. He was promoted Captain in 1783. In earlier years Schanck had built a small sliding-keel yacht and sailed it in Boston Harbor. The Admiralty accepted the idea and tested two similar small craft, one with and the other without sliding keels. The success of the keels encouraged the authorities to build further craft of increasing size, culminating in the Lady Nelson, which carried out many surveys in Australian waters at the end of the eighteenth century. Service with the Army and the transport board followed, when his special knowledge and skill were used to the full in the waterways of the Netherlands. Schanck rose to the rank of full Admiral, and advised not only the British Government on coastal defence but other groups on many aspects of hull design.

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1. agg

1) (gen) low, (persona) short, (suono) soft, low, (profondo) deep

2) (inferiore: qualità) poor, inferior, (abietto: azione, istinto) base, mean

3) Geog

4) (Storia: tardo) late

2. avv

(volare, mirare) low, (parlare) softly, in a low voice

3. sm

1) (parte inferiore) bottom, lower part, (di pagina) foot, bottom

2) Mus bass

1 [toestand] state, condition ⇒ status

2 [mogelijkheid, gelegenheid] condition

3 [rijk] state ⇒ country, nation, power, 〈 het staatslichaam〉 the body politic

4 [bestuurscollege] council, board

5 [opgave, overzicht] statement ⇒ record, report, survey

6 [beeldende kunst] [stadium] state

7 [stand] status, position ⇒ rank, station

♦voorbeelden:

1   de staat van beleg afkondigen • proclaim martial law

     in staat van beschuldiging stellen • indict

     staat van oorlog • state of war

     staat van verval • dilapidation

     burgerlijke staat • marital status

     in gezegende staat zijn • be in the family way

     in goede staat verkeren • be in good condition

     de huwelijkse staat • the married/wedded state; 〈 kerkelijk〉 the estate of (holy) matrimony

     in kennelijke staat verkeren/zijn • be befuddled (with drink), be under the influence

     〈informeel; figuurlijk〉 in alle staten zijn • be beside oneself

     in prima staat van onderhoud • in an excellent state of repair

     niet tot werken in staat wegens ziekte • incapable of working through illness

2   (niet) in staat zijn iemand te helpen • (not) be in a position to help someone

     in staat zijn te betalen • be able to pay

     hij is niet in staat iemand te bedriegen • he's incapable of cheating someone

     tot alles in staat zijn • be capable of anything

     iemand in staat stellen (om) te … • enable someone to …

     weer in staat zijn te werken • be able to resume work

3   de staat der Nederlanden • the kingdom of the Netherlands

     het bos is eigendom van de staat • the forest is owned by the state

4   〈 geschiedenis〉 de Staten van Holland • the States of Holland

     de Staten-Generaal • the States-General

     de Provinciale Staten • the Provincial Council

5   staat van dienst • record of service

     een staat (van dienst) bijhouden • keep a record (of service)

     een staat van ontvangsten en uitgaven opmaken • make up a statement of income and expenditure

7   de priesterlijke staat • holy orders

¶   Raad van State • Council of State, ±Privy Council

     staat maken op • rely/depend on

     op het weer is geen staat te maken • there's no trusting the weather

m

1. (Hausmüll) auch Pl. rubbish, bes. Am. garbage, trash; formell: refuse; (Müll als Masse) auch radioaktiv: waste; Abfälle auf der Straße: litter; die Tiere mit Abfällen füttern feed the animals on scraps

2. nur Sg.; (Hang) drop, decline, fall, (steep) slope

3. nur Sg.; fig. (Abnahme) decrease, deterioration; drop (auch ETECH.)

4. nur Sg.; von einer Partei: defection; von einem Glauben: auch falling away, apostasy

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(Abtrünnigkeit) defection; apostasy;

(Loslösung) break;

(Müll) litter; offal; trash; junk; waste; garbage; rubbish

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1) (= Müll) refuse; (= Hausabfall) rubbish (Brit), garbage (US), trash (US); (= Straßenabfall) litter

2) (= Rückstand) waste no pl

3) no pl (= Lossagung) break (von with); (von Partei) breaking away (von from)

4) no pl (= Rückgang) drop (+gen in), fall (+gen in), falling off; (= Verschlechterung) deterioration

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1) ((an act of) desertion.) defection

2) (a vertical descent: From the top of the mountain there was a sheer drop of a thousand feet.) drop

3) ((especially American) rubbish.) garbage

4) (an untidy mess of paper, rubbish etc: Put your litter in that bin.) litter

5) (waste material; things that have been or are to be thrown away: Our rubbish is taken away twice a week; ( also adjective) a rubbish bin/bag.) rubbish

6) (rubbish; waste material from eg a kitchen.) refuse

7) (rubbish: Throw it away! It's just trash.) trash

8) (material which is or has been made useless: industrial waste from the factories; ( also adjective) waste material.) waste

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m rubbish esp BRIT, garbage, trash esp AM, refuse form

m kein pl renunciation

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1) rubbish, (Amer.) garbage or trash no indef. art., no pl.; (FleischAbfall) offal no indef. art., no pl.; (IndustrieAbfall) waste no indef. art.; (auf der Straße) litter no indef. art., no pl.

2) o. Pl. (Rückgang) drop (Gen., in + Dat. in)

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Abfall m

1. (Hausmüll) auch pl rubbish, besonders US garbage, trash; formell: refuse; (Müll als Masse) auch radioaktiv: waste;

Abfälle auf der Straße: litter;

die Tiere mit Abfällen füttern feed the animals on scraps

2. nur sg; (Hang) drop, decline, fall, (steep) slope

3. nur sg; fig (Abnahme) decrease, deterioration; drop ( auch ELEK)

4. nur sg; von einer Partei: defection; von einem Glauben: auch falling away, apostasy

Abfall… im subst → auch Müll

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1) rubbish, (Amer.) garbage or trash no indef. art., no pl.; (FleischAbfall) offal no indef. art., no pl.; (IndustrieAbfall) waste no indef. art.; (auf der Straße) litter no indef. art., no pl.

2) o. Pl. (Rückgang) drop (Gen., in + Dat. in)

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dereliction n.

descent n.

drop n.

garbage (US) n.

litter n.

offal n.

rubbish n.

trash n.

waste n.

Canada.

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► nombre masculino

1 Canada

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masculino: tb

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= glen, ravine.

Ex. The tour will include visits to several important libraries and day trips to explore the beautiful Highland lochs and glens.

Ex. Sampling for immature stages of mosquito was done weekly between May 1999 and January 2000 by straining them from the water in ravines and gutters.

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* cañada real = droving road.

* expresión típica del Canadá = Canadianism.

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masculino: tb

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= Canada, north of the border.

Nota: Cuando se usa en los Estados Unidos.

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tb el Canadá Canada

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◊ el cañada Canada

a) (Geog) gully;

b) (AmL) ( arroyo) stream

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Canadá n

(el) Canadá Canada

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m Canada

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cañada nf

: ravine, gully

¹ = patient, sufferer.

Ex. A record is a complete unit of information about a person, item, product, book, patient, chemical, etc.

Ex. In the Netherlands there are currently some 20,000 sufferers from this affliction.

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* enfermo de Alzheimer = Alzheimer's patient.

* enfermo de lepra = leper.

* enfermo diabético = diabetic patient.

* enfermo en fase terminal = terminally ill patient.

* enfermo mental = mental patient, mentally ill.

* enfermos crónicos, los = chronically ill, the.

* enfermos en fase terminal, los = terminally ill, the.

* enfermos mentales, los = mentally disturbed, the, mentally handicapped, the, mentally ill, the, insane, the.

* enfermos terminales, los = terminally ill, the.

* enfermo terminal = terminal patient, terminally ill patient.

* los enfermos = sick, the.

* visita a los enfermos = work round.

 

Европейский Союз
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

European Union
The 15 nations (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, the UK, Austria, Finland and Sweden) that have joined together to form an economic community with common monetary, political and social aspirations. The EU came into being on 1 November 1993 according to the terms of the Maastricht Treaty; it comprises the three European Communities, extended by the adoption of a common foreign and security policy which requires cooperation between member states in foreign policy and security and cooperation in justice and home affairs. (Source: DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• European Union

DE

• Europäische Union

FR

• Union européenne

 

Европейский союз
ЕС
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]

Тематики

• информационные технологии в целом

Синонимы

• ЕС

EN

• European union
• EU

Bank for International Settlements: a bank that promotes cooperation between central banks, provides facilities for international financial operations, and acts as agent or trustee in international financial settlements. The 17-member board of directors consists of the governors of the central banks of Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Gen. -i geogr. the Antilles; Wielkie Antyle the Greater Antilles; Małe Antyle geogr. the Lesser Antilles, the Caribees; Antyle Holenderskie the Netherlands Antilles.

f domination

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dominazione s.f.

1 domination; rule, control, sway: dominazione barbarica, barbarian rule; i Paesi Bassi erano sotto la dominazione della Spagna, the Netherlands were under the rule of Spain

2 (ant.) dominion, possession

3 pl. (relig.) the Dominations.

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sostantivo femminile domination (di of; da parte di by)

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dominazione

/dominat'tsjone/

sostantivo f.

domination (di of; da parte di by); essere sotto la dominazione di to be dominated by, to be under the rule of.

the group of ten countries who contribute to the General Arrangements to Borrow fund: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Switzerland joined in 1984. [m1] Also known as Paris Club. [m1] See also GAB