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1 Abel
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2 Ábel
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3 Abel
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4 Abel
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5 ABEL
• Acid-Base and Electrolyte disorders: ABEL -
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7 ABEL
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8 Abel-Penski test
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9 abel-penski test
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10 Abel, Sir Frederick August
[br]b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, Englandd. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England[br]English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.[br]His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.Bibliography1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CMBiographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August
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11 Abel Tasman
m.Abel Tasman, Abel Janszoon Tasman. -
12 Abel, John Jacob
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 19 May 1857 near Cleveland, Ohio, USAd. 26 May 1938 Baltimore, Maryland, USA[br]American pharmacologist and physiologist, proponent of the "artificial kidney" and the isolator of pure insulin.[br]Born of German immigrant farming stock, his early scientific education at the University of Michigan, where he graduated PhB in 1883, suffered from a financially dictated interregnum of three years. In 1884 he moved to Leipzig and worked under Ludwig, moving to Strasbourg where he obtained his MD in 1888. In 1891 he was able to return to the University of Michigan as Lecturer in Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and in 1893 he was offered the first Chair of Pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University, a position he occupied until 1932. He was a pioneer in emphasizing the importance of chemistry, in its widest sense, in medicine and physiology. In his view, "the investigator must associate himself with those who have laboured in fields where molecules and atoms rather than multi-cellular tissues or even unicellular organisms are the units of study".Soon after coming to Baltimore he commenced work on extracts from the adrenal medulla and in 1899 published his work on epinephrine. In later years he developed an "artificial kidney" which could be used to remove diffusible substances from the blood. In 1913 he was able to demonstrate the existence of free amino-acids in the blood and his investigations in this field foreshadowed not only the developments of blood and plasma transfusion but also the possibility of the management of renal failure.From 1917 to 1924 he moved to a study of the hormone content of pituitary extracts, but in 1924 he suddenly transferred his attention to the study of insulin. In 1925 he announced the discovery of pure crystalline hormone. This work at first failed to gain full acceptance, but as late as 1955 the full elucidation of the protein structure of insulin proved the final culmination of his studies.Abel's dedication to laboratory research and his disdain for matters of administration may explain the relative paucity of worldy honours awarded to such an outstanding figure.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliography1913, "On the removal of diffusible substances from the circulating blood by means of dialysis", Transactions of the Association of American Physiologists.Further Reading1939, Obituary Notices, Fellows of the Royal Society, London: Royal Society.1946, Biographical Memoir: John Jacob Abel. 1857–1938, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.MG -
13 Abel Santamaría
m.Abel Santamaria. -
14 Abel closed tester
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Abel closed tester
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15 Abel'sche Gruppe
f < math> ■ Abelian group -
16 Abel'scher Körper
m < math> ■ Abelian domain -
17 Abel test
Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > Abel test
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18 aparat Abel-Penskyego do oznaczania temperatury zapłonu
• Abel flash-point apparatusSłownik polsko-angielski dla inżynierów > aparat Abel-Penskyego do oznaczania temperatury zapłonu
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19 Niels Abel
m.Niels Abel, Abel. -
20 St Victor, Claude Félix Abel Niepce de
Biographical history of technology > St Victor, Claude Félix Abel Niepce de
См. также в других словарях:
ABEL (N. H.) — À l’aube du XIXe siècle, le mathématicien norvégien N. H. Abel allait révolutionner sa science, et Hermite a pu déclarer: «Il a laissé aux mathématiciens de quoi s’occuper pendant cinq cents ans.» D’abord algébriste, il établit l’impossibilité de … Encyclopédie Universelle
Abel — (hebräisch Hauch, Vergänglichkeit oder auch aus dem Akadischen aplu Sohn) steht für: eine biblische Figur, siehe Abel (Bibel) einen Vornamen, siehe Abel (Vorname) einen Familiennamen, siehe Abel (Familienname) einen Mondkrater, siehe Abel… … Deutsch Wikipedia
ABEL — Selon le Livre de la Genèse, Abel, le berger, était le second fils d’Adam et d’Ève. Il fut tué par son aîné, Caïn, l’agriculteur, son sacrifice ayant été agréé par Dieu et celui de son frère refusé (IV, 1 9). Il semble qu’il ne faille plus… … Encyclopédie Universelle
ABEL — es la abreviatura de Advanced Boolean Expression Language. Es un lenguaje de descripción de hardware y un conjunto de herramientas de diseño para programar dispositivos lógicos programables (PLDs). ABEL no debe ser confundido con el lenguaje de… … Enciclopedia Universal
abel — abel·am; abel·ite; abel·mos·chus; abel·mosk; abel; abel·tree; abel·musk; … English syllables
ABEL — (Heb. הֶבֶל), the second son of Adam and Eve, murdered by Cain, his older brother (Gen. 4:1–9). According to the biblical story, Abel was a shepherd and Cain worked the soil. Each brought an offering to the Lord from fruits of his labor. Abel s… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
ABEL — es la abreviatura de Advanced Boolean Expression Language. Es un lenguaje de descripción de hardware y un conjunto de herramientas de diseño para programar dispositivos lógicos programables (PLDs). Contenido 1 Características 2 Ejemplo de código… … Wikipedia Español
Abel — C est en Lorraine (57, 88) que le nom est le plus répandu, mais on le rencontre dans de nombreux autres départements (38, 07, 66, 67, 83 notamment). Il renvoie dans la plupart des régions au fils d Adam et Eve, victime de la jalousie de son frère … Noms de famille
Abel [2] — Abel, 1) Karl Friedrich, der letzte Gambenvirtuos, geb. 1725, gest. 20. Juni 1787 in London, war 1748–58 Mitglied der Hofkapelle in Dresden, seit 1759 in London, wo er mit Joh. Christian Bach bis zu dessen Tode (1782) Abonnementkonzerte (die Bach … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Abel — m Biblical: name of the younger son of Adam and Eve, who was murdered out of jealousy by his brother Cain (Genesis 4: 1–8). The Hebrew form is Hevel, ostensibly representing the vocabulary word hevel breath, vapour, and so taken to imply vanity… … First names dictionary
Abel — [ā′bəl] n. [L < Gr Abel < ? Heb hevel, lit., breath] 1. a masculine name 2. Bible the second son of Adam and Eve, killed by his brother Cain: Gen. 4 … English World dictionary
