the+middle+ages

époque [epɔk]

time ; ( = période historique) era ; (en art, géologie) period

• à des époques différentes at different times

• les chansons de l'époque the songs of the time

• j'étais jeune à l'époque I was young at the time

• à cette époque(-là) at that time

• l'époque révolutionnaire the revolutionary era

• à l'époque des Grecs at the time of the Greeks

• la Belle Époque the Belle Époque

• à l'époque glaciaire in the ice age

• documents d'époque contemporary historical documents

• instruments/meubles d'époque period instruments/furniture

• est-ce que c'est d'époque ? is it a genuine antique?

• être de son époque to be in tune with one's time

• quelle époque ! what is the world coming to!

• nous vivons une drôle d'époque these are strange times we're living in

* * *

1) ( période quelconque) time

2) ( période historique) era

3) ( période stylistique) period

4) ( en géologie) epoch

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[histoire] age, era, [année, la vie] time

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époque nf

1 ( période quelconque) time; à l'époque, à cette époque at that time; à l'époque où at the time when; à cette époque de l'année ( présente) at this time of the year; (passée, future) at that time of the year; l'an passé/prochain à la même époque at the same time last/next year; de l'époque [objet, mode, esprit] of the time; un témoin/souvenir de l'époque où a witness/memory from the time when; d'une autre époque from another time; il est d'une autre époque he belongs to another time; c'est l'époque qui veut ça it's a sign of the times; il faut vivre avec son époque one must move with the times; l'époque est au pragmatisme pragmatism is the order of the day; quelle époque! what's the world coming to!; nous vivons une époque moderne/formidable iron it's a modern/an amazing world iron; à mon/leur etc époque in my/their etc day; à notre époque ( aujourd'hui) these days; la pensée/psychiatrie de notre époque contemporary thought/psychiatry; les grands artistes/chefs d'œuvre de notre époque the great artists/masterpieces of our time;

2 ( période historique) era; l'époque féodale/stalinienne the feudal/Stalinist era; l'époque victorienne the Victorian age;

3 ( période stylistique) period; de l'époque surréaliste from the surrealist period; un costume/décor d'époque ( authentique) a costume from the period/an authentic setting; ( imité) a period costume/setting; d'époque Renaissance/Louis-Philippe from the Renaissance/Louis-Philippe period; des meubles d'époque antique furniture; joué sur instruments d'époque played on period instruments;

4 Astron, Géol epoch.

[epɔk] nom féminin

1. [moment, date] time

2. [période historique] age, era, epoch

3. [style] period

a. [Moyen Âge] the Middle Ages

b. [XVIème siècle] the High Renaissance

4. GÉOLOGIE period

5. ASTRONOMIE epoch

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d'époque locution adjectivale

la pendule est d'époque it's a period clock

1. (кон) prance

(мечка) make dance

(кукли) work, operate

2. (въртя, разкарвам) lead s.o. a pretty dance, tantalize; put off order about; drive from pillar to post

3. (комедия и пр.) enact, act out

разигравам комедия прен. play-act

разигравам кръвта/сърцето make the blood tingle, send the blood pulsing through the veins

разигравам си коня ride roughshod (over); call the tune; boss the show

разигравам лотария run a lottery

разигравам на лотария raffle

разигравам се begin to play/dance, frisk about

(за сцена и пр.) be acted out/enacted

(случвам се, ставам за събитие и пр.) take place, occur, happen

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разигра̀вам,

1. ( кон) prance; ( мечка) make dance; ( кукли) work, operate;

2. ( въртя, разкарвам) lead s.o. a pretty dance, tantalize; drive from pillar to post;

3. ( комедия и пр.) enact, act out; \разигравам комедия прен. play-act; \разигравам кръвта/сърцето make the blood tingle, send the blood pulsing through the veins;

\разигравам се begin to play/dance, frisk about; (за сцена и пр.) be acted out/enacted; ( случвам се, ставам ­ за събитие и пр.) take place, occur, happen; • \разигравам коня си ride roughshod (over); call the tune; boss the show; \разигравам лотария run a lottery; \разигравам на лотария raffle.

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dance; operate (кукли); enact (театър); run: разигравам a lottery - разигравам лотария; prance (кон); take place: The story took place in the Middle Ages. - Историята се е разиграла през средновековието.

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mod. dans, n. a word of for. origin; [cp. mid. Lat. dansare; Fr. danser; Ital. danzare; Engl. dance; Germ. tanz, tanzen.] This word is certainly not Teutonic, but of Roman or perhaps Breton origin: the Icel. or Scandin. have no genuine word for dancing,—leika means ‘to play’ in general: the word itself (danza, danz, etc.) never occurs in the old Sagas or poetry, though popular amusements of every kind are described there; but about the end of the 11th century, when the Sagas of the bishops (Bs.) begin, we find dance in full use, accompanied by songs which are described as loose and amorous: the classical passage is Jóns S. (A. D. 1106–1121), ch. 13. Bs. i. 165, 166, and cp. Júns S. by Gunnlaug, ch. 24. Bs. i. 237—Leikr sá var kær mönnum áðr en hinn heilagi Jón varð biskup, at kveða skyldi karlmaðr til konu í danz blautlig kvæði ok rægilig; ok kona til karlmanns mansöngs vísur; þenna leik lét hann af taka ok bannaði styrkliga; mansöngs kvæði vildi hann eigi heyra né kveða láta, en þó fékk hann því eigi af komið með öllu. Some have thought that this refers to mythical (Eddic) poetry, but without reason and against the literal sense of the passage; the heathen heroic poems were certainly never used to accompany a dance; their flow and metre are a sufficient proof of that. In the Sturl. (Hist. of the 12th and 13th century) dancing is mentioned over and over again; and danz is used of popular ballads or songs of a satirical character (as those in Percy’s ballads): flimt ( loose song) and danz are synonymous words; the Sturl. has by chance preserved two ditties (one of A. D. 1221, running thus—Loptr liggr í Eyjum, bítr lunda bein | Sæmundr er á heiðum, etr berin ein. Sturl. ii. 62, and one referring to the year 1264—Mínar eru sorgirnar þungar sem blý, Sturl. iii. 317) sufficient to shew the flow and metre, which are exactly the same as those of the mod. ballads, collected in the west of Icel. (Ögr) in the 17th century under the name of Fornkvæði, Old Songs, and now edited by Jon Sigurdsson and Svend Grundtvig. Danz and Fornkvæði are both of the same kind, and also identical with Engl. ballads, Dan. kæmpeviser. There are passages in Sturl. and B.S. referring to this subject — færðu Breiðbælingar Lopt í flimtun ok görðu um hann danza marga, ok margskonar spott annat, Sturl. ii. 57, cp. 62; Danza-Bergr, the nickname of a man (Stud, ii), prob. for composing comic songs; danza-görð, composing comic songs; fylgðar-menn Kolbeins fóru með danza-görð, … en er Brandr varð varr við flimtan þeirra, iii. 80; þá hrökti Þórðr hestinn undir sér, ok kvað danz þenna við raust, 317.

β. a wake, Arna S. ch. 2; in Sturl. i. 23; at the banquet in Reykhólar, 1119, the guests amused themselves by dancing, wrestling, and story-telling; þá var sleginn danz í stofu, ii. 117; í Viðvík var gleði mikil ok gott at vera; þat var einn Drottins dag at þar var danz mikill; kom þar til fjöldi manna; ok ríðr hann í Viðvík til danz, ok var þar at leik; ok dáðu menn mjök danz hans, iii. 258, 259; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða danz um kveldit, 281;—the last reference refers to the 21st of January, 1258, which fell on a Sunday (or wake-day): in ballads and tales of the Middle Ages the word is freq.:—note the allit. phrase, dansinn dunar, Ísl. Þóðs. ii. 8: the phrases, stiga danz; ganga í danz; brúðir í danz, dansinn heyra; dans vill hun heyra, Fkv. ii. 7. Many of the burdens to the mod. Icel. ballads are of great beauty, and no doubt many centuries older than the ballads to which they are affixed; they refer to lost love, melancholy, merriment, etc., e. g. Blítt lætur veröldin, fölnar fögr fold | langt er síðan mitt var yndið lagt í mold, i. 74; Út ert þú við æginn blá, eg er hér á Dröngum, | kalla eg löngum, kalla eg til þin löngum; Skín á skildi Sól og sumarið fríða, | dynur í velli er drengir í burtu riða, 110; Ungan leit eg hofmann í fögrum runni, | skal eg í hljóði dilla þeim mér unm; Austan blakar laufið á þann linda, 129; Fagrar heyrða eg raddirnar við Niflunga heim; Fagrt syngr svanrinn um sumarlanga tíð, | þá mun list að leika sér mín liljan fríð, ii. 52: Einum unna eg manninum, á meðan það var, | þó hlaut eg minn harm að bera í leyndum stað, 94; Svanrinn víða. svanurinn syngr viða, 22; Utan eptir firðinum, sigla fagrar fleyr | sá er enginn glaður eptir annan þreyr, 110; Svo er mér illt og angrsamt því veldur þú, | mig langar ekki í lundinn með þá jungfrú, Espol. Ann. 1549. The earliest ballads seem to have been devoted to these subjects only; of the two earliest specimens quoted in the Sturl. (above), one is satirical, the other melancholy; the historical ballads seem to be of later growth: the bishops discountenanced the wakes and dancing (Bs. l. c., Sturl. iii), but in vain: and no more telling proof can be given of the drooping spirits of Icel. in the last century, than that dancing and wakes ceased, after having been a popular amusement for seven hundred years. Eggert Olafsson in his poems still speaks of wakes, as an eyewitness; in the west of Icel. (Vestfirðir) they lasted longer, but even there they died out about the time that Percy’s ballads were published in England. The Fornkvæði or songs are the only Icel. poetry which often dispenses with the law of alliteration, which in other cases is the light and life of Icel. poetry; vide also hofmaðr, viki-vakar, etc. In the 15th century the rímur (metrical paraphrases of romances) were used as an accompaniment to the danz, höldar danza harla snart, ef heyrist vísan mín; hence originates the name man-söngr ( maid-song), minne-sang, which forms the introduction to every ríma or rhapsody; the metre and time of the rímur are exactly those of ballads and well suited for dancing. An Icel. MS. of the 17th century, containing about seventy Icel. Fornkvæði, is in the Brit. Mus. no. 11,177; and another MS., containing about twenty such songs, is in the Bodl. Libr. no. 130.

(-s, -ar), m.

1) helm, helmet;

2) rick (of hay or barley).

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m. [Goth. hilms; A. S., Engl., Hel., O. H. G., and Germ. helm; Dan.-Swed. hjalm; Ital. elmo; old Fr. heaume; a Teut. word prob. derived from hylja, to hide]:—a helm, helmet; distinguished from stálhúfa, a steel hood; luktr hjálmr, a closed, shut helm, only occurs in very late writers, e. g. D. N. i. 321; steyptir hjálmar, Gkv. 2. 19, cannot mean cast-iron helmets, but must be helmets coming over the face, as cast-iron was unknown in the Middle Ages, see Aarb. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 9; aringreypir hjálmar, helms shaped like an eagle’s beak, Akv. 3; gull-h., a gilt helm; ár-hjálmr, a brazen helmet, Hkm.: the word âr is A. S., since helmets were of English workmanship, as is seen also in Valskir hjálmar, foreign helmets, which are mentioned by Sighvat.

2. in the mythology Odin is called Hjálm-beri, a, m. helm-bearer, Gm.; he and the Valkyrias were represented as wearing helmets, Edda, Hkm. 9, Hkv. 1. 15; whence the poets call the helmet the hood of Odin (Hropts höttr): the vault of heaven is called the ‘helm’ of the wind, sun, etc., lopt-h., vind-h., sólar-h., Lex. Poët.: the head is called hjálm-stofn, hjálm-staup, hjálm-stallr, hjálm-setr, the stem, knoll, seat of the helm: the weapons, hjálm-angr, -grand, -gagarr, -gríðr, -reyr, -skass, -svell, are called the bane, ogre, etc. of the helm: battle is hjálm-drífa, -grap, -hríð, -rödd, -skúr, -þrima, the storm, gale of the helm: a warrior is hjálm-lestir, -njótr, -njörðungr, -rækjandi, -stafr, -stýrandi, -týr, -þollr, -þróttr: it appears in adjectives, hjálm-faldinn, helm-hooded; hjálm-göfugr, -prýddr, -samr, -tamiðr, decked with, wearing a helm, Lex. Poët.

3. metaph. and mythol.; huliðs-hjálmr, a ‘hiding-helm,’ cap of darkness, Germ. tarn-kappe, which in the popular tales makes the wearer invisible, in Alm. the clouds are so called; ægis-hjálmr (ýgrs-h.), cp. the Αιγίς of the Greek, helm of terror, properly used of serpents, Sæm. 13 (prose), Edda 73, Fas. i. 175: in the phrase, bera ægishjálm yfir e-m, to bear the ægis over or before another, i. e. to hold him in awe and submission, Fm. 16, 17, Ld. 130, Fms. viii. 101, Fas. i. 162, Sd. 155, Hrafn. 19, cp. Ad. 4: in mod. usage, hafa ægis-hjálm í augum, to have an ægis in one’s eyes, i. e. a magical overawing power of eye; cp. hjalm = horror, Ivar Aasen: in pr. names, Hjálmr, Hjálmarr, Hjálm-geirr, Hjálm-grímr, Hjálm-gunnarr, Hjálm-týr, Hjálmr-gerðr, not freq., Landn., Fbr. iii, Edda; suffixed in Vil-hjálmr, William.

II. of helmet-shaped things:

1. a rick of barley, hay, or the like (bygg-h., hey-h., korn-h., q. v.); hlaða korni í hjálma, Ó. H. 30, Stj. 413, N. G. L. ii. 358: also a hay-house, barn, hjálma ok hús, i. 38; cp. hjálm-hús.

2. kerta-hjálmr, ljósa-h., a chandelier.

n. heathen temple.

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n. [in A. S., Hel., and O. H. G. hof means a hall, Lat. aedes, (whence mod. Germ. hof = a farm, answering to Icel. bær or Norse ból,) and spec. the court or king’s household, (in the old Scandin. languages this sense is unknown); Ulf renders ναός and ἱερόν by alhs; in Danish local names -vé prevails, but in Norse and Icel. Hof still survives in many local names, Hof, Hof-garðr, Hof-staðir, Hofs-fell, Hofs-teigr, Hofs-vágr, Landn., Munch’s Norg. Beskriv.; and as the temple formed the nucleus of the old political life (see goði and goðorð), all these names throw light on the old political geography; cp. Hofland near Appleby in Engl.]:—a temple; distinction is made between hof, a temple ( a sanctuary with a roof), and hörgr, an altar, holy circle, or any roofless place of worship: passages referring to hof and worship are very numerous, e. g. for Norway, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 12, Hák. S. Aðalst. ch. 16, Ó. T. ch. 76 (by Odd Munk ch. 41), Ó. H. (1853) ch. 113–115, O. H. L. ch. 36, Fær. ch. 23, Nj. ch. 88, 89, Fas. i. 474 (Hervar. S.); for Iceland, Landn. 1. ch. 11, 21, 2. ch. 12, 3. ch. 16 (twice), 4. ch. 2, 6 (interesting), 7, 5. ch. 3 (p. 284), 8 (interesting), 12, Eb. ch. 3, 4, 10, Glúm. ch. 25, Harð. ch. 19, 37, Vd. ch. 15, 17, Hrafn. ch. 2, Eg. ch. 87, Gullþ. ch. 7, Vápn. pp. 10, 11, Dropl. pp. 10, 11, Kristni S. ch. 2, etc.; cp. also Vsp. 7, Vþm. 38, Hkv. Hjörv. 4: poët., orð-hof, the word’s sanctuary = the mouth, Stor.

2. a hall (as in Germ. and Saxon), Hým. 33 (απ. λεγ.)

COMPDS:

I. with gen., hofs-dyrr, n. pl. temple-doors, Fms. i. 97. hofs-eiðr, m. a temple-oath, Glúm. 388. hofs-goði, a, m. = hofgoði, Eg. 754. hofs-helgi, f. = hofhelgi. hofs-hurð, f. a temple-door ( janua), Fms. i. 302. hofs-höfðingi, a, m. a temple-lord, Post. 645. 90. hofs-mold, f. temple-earth, holy mould, see Landn. 254. hofs-teigr, m. a strip of temple-land, glebe, Landn. 241.

II. hof-garðr, m. a temple-yard, a local name, Landn. hof-goði, a, m. a temple-priest (see goði), Landn. 254, Hkr. i. 6, Eb. 12, 14, 16 new Ed. hof-grið, n. pl. asylum in a sanctuary, Landn. 80, v. l. hof-gyðja, u, f. a priestess, Vápn. 10, Landn. 265, v. l. hof-helgi, f. a temple-holiday, feast; halda h., Ísl. ii. 15: the sanctity of a hof, Bret. 38, Eg. 251. hof-prestr, m. a temple-priest, Stj. hof-staðr, m. a ‘temple-stead,’ sanctuary, Eb. 26, Fms. ii. 73. hof-tollr, m. a temple-toll, rate, Vápn. 10, Eb. 6, 12 new Ed., Bs. i. 6, Gullþ. 11, answering to the modern church-rate.

B. A court, almost solely in compds, and not earlier than the 14th century, from Romances: hof-ferð, f. pride, pomp, Bs. ii. 122. hof-ferðugr, adj. proud. hof-fólk, n. pl. courtiers, Thom. 322, 479, Grett. 161, Karl. 51, Pass. 21. 8. hof-frakt, n. pomp, Fas. i. 46, Snót 86. hof-garðr, m. a lordly mansion, Thom., Bév., Rétt. hof-list, f. pomp, Thom. 479. hof-lýðr, m. = hoffólk, Clar. hof-maðr, m. a courtier; in pl. hofmenn, lords; hertogi greifi ok aðrir hofmenn, Ann. 1303; gentry, chiefly in the ballads of the Middle Ages, Ungan leit eg hofmann, Fkv. In the old dancing parties the leader of the gentlemen was styled hofmann (cp. Germ. Hoffmann). Before dancing began, men and maids having been drawn up in two rows, he went up to the ladies, and the following dialogue ensued: Hér er Hofmann, hér eru allir Hofmanns sveinar.—Hvað vill Hofmann, hvað vilja allir Hofmanns sveinar?—Mey vill Hofmann, mey vilja allir Hofmanns sveinar. Then each dancer engaged his lady for the dance; það var hlaup, og það var hofmanns hlaup, Safn i. 689. A plain in the neighbourhood of the alþingi, where the people met, is still called Hofmanna-flöt, f. ‘Gentry’s Lea.’ hof-móðugr, adj. haughty, Pass. 18. 5. hof-tyft, f. urbanity, Clar. hof-verk, n. a great feat, Safn i. 71. hof-þénari, a, m. a court servant, Fas. iii. 408.

1. v/t scale go back up

2. v/i ( rincarare) go up again

risalire alle origini go back to source

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risalire v.tr.

1 to go* up again, to go* back up, to climb (up) again, to re-ascend: risalire la collina, la montagna, to climb (up) the hill, the mountain again; risalire le scale, to go back up the stairs

2 (nuotare, navigare contro corrente) to go* up; ( di pesce) to run* up: la barca risalì il fiume, the boat went up the river; risalire la corrente, to go upstream; (fig.) to fight one's way back; il ragazzo risalì la corrente a nuoto, the boy swam upstream // risalire la china, (fig.) to get back on top

◆ v. intr.

1 to go* up again, to go* back up, to climb (up) again, to re-ascend: risali da lui, per piacere, please, go up to his room again; risali subito nella tua camera, go upstairs to your room at once // risalire sul trono, to re-ascend the throne

2 (fig.) ( aumentare) to go* up again, to go* back up, to rise* again: le nostre azioni sono risalite, our shares have gone up again; i prezzi risalgono, prices are rising (o going up) again; la temperatura risale, the temperature is rising (o going up) again

3 ( andare indietro nel tempo) to go* back, to date back: dovete risalire al Medioevo per trovare le origini di questa leggenda, you have to go back to the Middle Ages to find the origins of this legend; le origini della sua famiglia risalgono al XIII secolo, the origins of his family date back to the thirteenth century; la sua antipatia per le ciliegie risale a un'indigestione, his dislike for cherries goes back to an attack of indigestion; risalire col pensiero a dieci anni fa, to think back to ten years ago

4 ( essere avvenuto prima) to date back, to go* back: la sua morte risale a dieci giorni fa, he died ten days ago.

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1. vt

(salire di nuovo: gen) to go up again, (scale) to climb again

2. vi (aus essere)

1) (gen), (livello, prezzi) to go up again, rise again

2)

3)

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verbo transitivo [ battello] to go* up [ fiume]

verbo intransitivo (aus. essere)

1) (salire di nuovo) [ persona] to go* up again

2) (aumentare) [prezzi, livello] to rise* again, to go* up again

3) (avere origine)

4) (indagare)

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risalire

/risa'lire/ [104]

I verbo transitivo

 [ battello] to go* up [ fiume]; risalire la corrente [ salmone] to swim upstream; [ imbarcazione] to sail o go against the current; abbiamo risalito la collina a piedi we walked back up the hill

II verbo intransitivo

 (aus. essere)

 1 (salire di nuovo) [ persona] to go* up again; risalire in macchina to get back in the car; risalire a cavallo to get up on the horse again, to get back on o remount a horse; puoi risalire a prendermi la borsa? can you go back upstairs and get my bag? siamo risaliti per il sentiero we walked back up by the path

 2 (aumentare) [ prezzi, livello] to rise* again, to go* up again

 3 (avere origine) risalire a [ tradizione, opera] to go o date back to

 4 (indagare) risalire a to trace [ causa].