Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

the+literary

  • 81 pelado

    adj.
    1 bare, bald, barren, desert.
    2 unprotected from the wind, exposed.
    3 peeled, without skin.
    He ate a peeled orange [sin piel] Se comió una naranja pelada.
    4 peeled, naked, in the raw.
    5 flat broke.
    6 hairless.
    7 foulmouthed, ill-bred, impolite, discourteous.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: pelar.
    * * *
    1 familiar short haircut
    ————————
    1→ link=pelar pelar
    1 bald, bare
    2 (cabeza) hairless, bald
    3 (terreno) barren, treeless
    1 familiar short haircut
    * * *
    (f. - pelada)
    adj.
    1) bald
    2) bare
    * * *
    pelado, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=sin pelo)
    2) [por el sol]
    3) [fruta, patata] peeled; [gamba] shelled
    4) [terreno] treeless, bare; [paisaje] bare; [tronco] bare, smooth
    5) (=escueto) bare
    6) * (=sin dinero) broke *, penniless
    7) Méx (=grosero) coarse, rude
    8) * [número] round
    9) CAm, Caribe (=descarado) impudent
    2.
    SM * (=corte de pelo) haircut
    3. SM / F
    1) † (=pobre) pauper
    2) Méx * (=obrero) working-class person
    3) And, CAm * (=bebé) baby
    PELADO A stock figure in Mexican theatre and film, the pelado is a kind of rural anti-hero cum lovable rogue who survives by his quick wits in the foreign environment of the city. The Mexican actor and comedian Mario Moreno (1911-94) based the character Cantinflas, for which he is famous all over the Spanish-speaking world, on the pelado. The pelado is closely related to the literary figure of the pícaro and forms part of a long line of anti-heroic characters in Hispanic literature.
    See:
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1)

    lo dejaron pelado or con la cabeza pelada (al rape) — they cropped his hair very short

    b) (CS) ( calvo) bald
    2)
    a) < manzana> peeled; < pollo> plucked; < hueso> clean
    b) <nariz/espalda>

    tengo la nariz/espalda pelada — my nose/back is peeling

    3) (fam) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)

    estoy pelado — I'm broke o (BrE) skint (colloq)

    4)
    a) (fam) <número/cantidad> exact, round (before n)
    b) (Chi fam) <pies/trasero> bare
    5) (Méx fam) ( grosero) foulmouthed
    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    1) (CS fam) ( calvo)

    ¿quién es ese pelado? — who's that bald guy? (colloq)

    2) pelado masculino
    a) (Chi fam) ( conscripto) conscript
    b) (Esp fam) pelada 1) a)
    * * *
    = hairless, skint, broke, shelled, treeless, peeled.
    Ex. Jonah was thrown clothed into the mouth of the sea monster and emerged nude and hairless.
    Ex. How does it feel to be skint in a world that seems to be obsessed with money and riches?.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Tough luck: To be a professional sport climber in America probably means you're broke, fed up and still no match for the foreign competition'.
    Ex. Everybody was served shelled shrimp marinated in a balsamic seasoning and grilled over a hardwood fire.
    Ex. On the treeless mound he took out his fieldglasses and began to survey the enemy's positions on the hills about 2 miles away.
    Ex. Like potatoes, peeled parsnips will turn dark when exposed to air.
    ----
    * a grito pelado = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * cantar a grito pelado = belt out.
    * chillar a grito pelado = scream at + the top of + Posesivo + head, shout + Posesivo + head off, scream + Posesivo + head off, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.
    * cigüeña de cabeza pelada = wood stork.
    * dejar pelado a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * pelado al cepillo = crewcut [crew-cut].
    * pelado a lo militar = crewcut [crew-cut].
    * pelado al rape = crewcut [crew-cut].
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1)

    lo dejaron pelado or con la cabeza pelada (al rape) — they cropped his hair very short

    b) (CS) ( calvo) bald
    2)
    a) < manzana> peeled; < pollo> plucked; < hueso> clean
    b) <nariz/espalda>

    tengo la nariz/espalda pelada — my nose/back is peeling

    3) (fam) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)

    estoy pelado — I'm broke o (BrE) skint (colloq)

    4)
    a) (fam) <número/cantidad> exact, round (before n)
    b) (Chi fam) <pies/trasero> bare
    5) (Méx fam) ( grosero) foulmouthed
    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    1) (CS fam) ( calvo)

    ¿quién es ese pelado? — who's that bald guy? (colloq)

    2) pelado masculino
    a) (Chi fam) ( conscripto) conscript
    b) (Esp fam) pelada 1) a)
    * * *
    = hairless, skint, broke, shelled, treeless, peeled.

    Ex: Jonah was thrown clothed into the mouth of the sea monster and emerged nude and hairless.

    Ex: How does it feel to be skint in a world that seems to be obsessed with money and riches?.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Tough luck: To be a professional sport climber in America probably means you're broke, fed up and still no match for the foreign competition'.
    Ex: Everybody was served shelled shrimp marinated in a balsamic seasoning and grilled over a hardwood fire.
    Ex: On the treeless mound he took out his fieldglasses and began to survey the enemy's positions on the hills about 2 miles away.
    Ex: Like potatoes, peeled parsnips will turn dark when exposed to air.
    * a grito pelado = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * cantar a grito pelado = belt out.
    * chillar a grito pelado = scream at + the top of + Posesivo + head, shout + Posesivo + head off, scream + Posesivo + head off, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, shout at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + voice, scream at + the top of + Posesivo + lungs, scream like + a banshee, wail like + a banshee.
    * cigüeña de cabeza pelada = wood stork.
    * dejar pelado a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * pelado al cepillo = crewcut [crew-cut].
    * pelado a lo militar = crewcut [crew-cut].
    * pelado al rape = crewcut [crew-cut].

    * * *
    pelado1 -da
    A
    1
    (con el pelo corto): lo dejaron con la cabeza pelada (al rape) they cropped his hair very short, they scalped him ( colloq)
    2 (CS) (calvo) bald
    es/se está quedando pelado he is/he's going bald
    3
    (a causa del sol): tengo la nariz pelada my nose is peeling
    4 ‹manzana› peeled; ‹pollo› plucked
    almendras peladas blanched almonds
    B ( fam) (sin dinero) broke ( colloq)
    estoy pelado I'm broke o ( BrE) skint ( colloq)
    salió pelado del casino he lost his shirt at the casino
    C
    1 ( fam); ‹pared/habitación› bare
    los ladrones les dejaron la casa pelada the thieves stripped the house bare, the thieves cleaned us/them out
    dejó el hueso pelado he picked the bone clean
    le sirvieron la chuleta pelada all he got was just a plain chop, on its own
    cobra el sueldo pelado she earns a basic salary with no extras or bonuses
    2 ( fam); ‹número/cantidad› exact, round ( before n)
    3 ( Chi fam) ‹pies/trasero› bare
    no salgas a pie pelado don't go out barefoot o in your bare feet
    D ( Méx fam) (grosero) foulmouthed
    pelado2 -da
    masculine, feminine
    A
    (CS fam) (calvo): ¿quién es ese pelado? who's that bald guy? ( colloq)
    B ( Col fam) (niño) kid ( colloq)
    C
    ( Méx fam) (grosero): es un pelado he's really foulmouthed
    D
    1 ( Esp fam) (corte de pelo) haircut
    ¡vaya pelado te han hecho! they've really cropped your hair short, you've been scalped ( colloq)
    2 ( Chi fam) (conscripto) conscript
    * * *

    Del verbo pelar: ( conjugate pelar)

    pelado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    pelado    
    pelar
    pelado
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1
    a) ( con el pelo corto): lo dejaron pelado or con la cabeza pelada (al rape) they cropped his hair very short

    b) (CS) ( calvo) bald

    2
    a) ‹ manzana› peeled;

    ‹ hueso› clean;
    ‹ almendras› blanched
    b) ‹nariz/espalda›:

    ◊ tengo la nariz/espalda pelada my nose/back is peeling

    3 (Chi fam) ‹pies/trasero› bare;

    4 (Méx fam) ( grosero) foulmouthed
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino (CS fam) ( calvo) baldy (colloq)
    pelar ( conjugate pelar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹fruta/zanahoria› to peel;

    ‹habas/marisco› to shell;
    ‹ caramelo› to unwrap
    b) ‹ ave› to pluck

    2 ( rapar): lo peladoon al cero or al rape they cropped his hair very short
    3 (fam) ( en el juego) to clean … out (colloq)
    4 (Chi fam) ‹ persona› to badmouth (AmE colloq), to slag off (BrE colloq)
    pelarse verbo pronominal ( a causa del sol) [ persona] to peel;
    [cara/hombros] (+ me/te/le etc) to peel;

    pelado,-a adjetivo
    1 (sin cáscara o piel) peeled
    2 (rapado) shorn
    3 (terreno, pared) bare
    4 fam (justo, escaso) bare, scarce: sacó el curso pelado, he just scraped a pass
    ♦ Locuciones: a grito pelado, shouting at the top of one's voice
    pelar verbo transitivo
    1 (piel, fruta) to peel
    2 (un ave) to pluck
    3 fam (cortar el pelo a) to cut the hair of
    ♦ Locuciones: hace un frío que pela, it's freezing cold
    duro de pelar, a hard nut

    ' pelado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    grito
    - pelada
    - pie
    English:
    bald
    - bare
    - broke
    - nectarine
    - top
    * * *
    pelado, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [cabeza] shorn
    2. [fruta] peeled
    3. [piel, cara]
    tengo la nariz pelada my nose is peeling
    4. [habitación, monte, árbol] bare
    5. [número] exact, round;
    el treinta pelado a round thirty
    6. [mínimo]
    saqué un aprobado pelado I passed, but only just;
    nos sirvieron un vino pelado, y ya está they gave us a measly glass of wine, and that was it
    7. Fam [sin dinero] broke, Br skint;
    estar pelado to be broke o Br skint
    8. CSur Fam [calvo] bald
    9. CAm, Méx Fam [grosero] rude, foulmouthed
    ♦ nm
    Esp Fam [corte de pelo]
    ¡qué pelado te han metido! you've really been scalped!
    ♦ nm,f
    1. Andes Fam [niño, adolescente] kid
    2. Andes Fam [novio] childhood sweetheart
    3. CAm, Méx Fam [persona humilde] common person, Br pleb, Br oik;
    la plaza estaba llena de pelados the square was full of riffraff o Br plebs
    4. CSur Fam [calvo] baldy
    * * *
    adj
    1 peeled; fig
    bare; fam ( sin dinero) broke fam
    grosero rude
    * * *
    pelado, -da adj
    1) : bald, hairless
    2) : peeled
    3) : bare, barren
    4) : broke, penniless
    5) Mex fam : coarse, crude

    Spanish-English dictionary > pelado

  • 82 lettré

    lettre [lεtʀ]
    1. feminine noun
       a. ( = caractère) letter
       b. ( = missive) letter
    • Anne Lemoine, féministe avant la lettre Anne Lemoine, a feminist before the term existed
    2. plural feminine noun
       a. ( = littérature) les (belles) lettres literature
       b. (à l'université, au collège) arts subjects ; ( = français) French
    • lettres modernes ( = discipline) French
    * * *
    lɛtʀ
    1.
    1) ( signe graphique) letter

    lettre majuscule or capitale — capital letter

    en toutes lettres — lit in full

    c'est écrit en toutes lettres dans le rapport — fig it's down in black and white in the report

    2) ( écrit adressé) letter
    3) ( contenu d'un texte) letter

    à la lettre, au pied de la lettre — [appliquer, suivre] to the letter


    2.
    lettres nom féminin pluriel
    1) Université, École ( français) French; ( plus général) arts GB, humanities US

    étudiant en lettres — ( français) student reading French GB, student majoring in French US; ( plus général) arts GB ou humanities US student

    docteur ès lettres — ≈ Doctor of Philosophy

    2) ( culture littéraire) letters
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    passer comme une lettre à la poste — (colloq) [réforme] to go through smoothly; [excuse] to be accepted without any questions

    * * *
    lɛtʀ
    1. nf
    1) [alphabet] letter

    en lettres majuscules; en lettres capitales — in capital letters, in capitals

    2) (= courrier) letter

    avant la lettre — before the term existed, before the term was coined

    ..., écologiste avant la lettre —..., an ecologist before the term existed,..., an ecologist before the term was coined

    2. lettres nfpl
    2) (= littérature) literature sg
    3) ÉDUCATION arts subjects
    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( signe graphique) letter; les lettres de l'alphabet the letters of the alphabet; lettre minuscule small letter; lettre majuscule or capitale capital letter; lettre d'imprimerie block letter; en lettres majuscules in capital letters; un mot de trois lettres a three-letter word; en toutes lettres lit in full; écrire la date/somme en toutes lettres write the date/sum out in full; c'est écrit en toutes lettres dans le rapport fig it's down in black and white in the report; c'est écrit en grosses lettres it's written in big letters; les Romains furent des urbanistes avant la lettre the Romans were city planners before they were invented; ⇒ cinq;
    2 ( écrit adressé) letter; une lettre de félicitations/remerciements/condoléances a letter of congratulations /thanks/condolence; lettre d'accompagnement covering letter; lettre de réclamation letter of complaint; lettre de rupture letter ending a relationship; une lettre de recommandation/candidature/démission a letter of recommendation/application/resignation; lettre anonyme/de menaces anonymous/threatening letter; une petite lettre a note;
    3 ( contenu d'un texte) letter; l'esprit et la lettre d'un texte the spirit and the letter of a text; à la lettre, au pied de la lettre [appliquer, suivre] to the letter; il prend à la lettre tout ce qu'on lui dit he takes everything you say literally.
    B lettres nfpl
    1 Univ, Scol ( français) French; ( plus général) arts GB, humanities US; étudiant en lettres ( français) student reading French GB, student majoring in French US; ( plus général) arts GB ou humanities US student; faculté de lettres arts faculty GB, school of the humanities; être en lettres, faire des études de lettres to do an arts degree, to study humanities US; professeur de lettres teacher of French (for native speakers); docteur ès lettres ≈ Doctor of Philosophy;
    2 ( culture littéraire) letters; homme/femme de lettres man/woman of letters; les gens de lettres writers; avoir des lettres to be well read; le monde des lettres the literary world.
    lettre de cachet lettre de cachet; lettre de cadrage Pol scoping document (outlining issues for inclusion in the next budget); lettre capitulaire Édition decorated initial; lettre de change bill of exchange; lettre de château thank you letter, bread and butter letter; lettre circulaire circular; lettre de crédit letter of credit; lettre d'intention letter of intention; lettre ornée illuminated letter; lettre ouverte open letter (à to); lettre recommandée registered letter; lettre de voiture Comm waybill, consignment note; lettres classiques French and Latin; lettres de créance credentials; lettres modernes French language and literature; lettres de noblesse letters patent of nobility; avoir ses lettres de noblesse fig to have an illustrious history; gagner ses lettres de noblesse fig to win one's spurs; lettres patentes letters patent; lettres supérieures preparatory class for entrance exam for the École Normale Supérieure.
    passer comme une lettre à la poste○ [décision, réforme] to go through smoothly ou without a hitch; [excuse] to be accepted without any questions; un événement à graver en lettres d'or an event to remember; écrit en lettres de feu written in letters of fire; devenir lettre morte to become a dead letter; rester lettre morte to go unheeded.
    ( féminin lettrée) [lɛtre] adjectif
    1. (soutenu) [cultivé] well-read
    2. (Belgique) [sachant lire et écrire]
    ————————
    , lettrée [lɛtre] nom masculin, nom féminin

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > lettré

  • 83 rentré

    rentrée ʀɑ̃tʀe adjectif
    1) ( retenu) [colère] suppressed
    2) ( en retrait) [joues, yeux] sunken; [ventre, fesses] held in (après n)
    * * *
    rentré, rentrée
    A pp ⇒ rentrer.
    B pp adj
    1 ( retenu) [colère, envie, rire] suppressed;
    2 ( en retrait) [joues, yeux] sunken; [ventre, fesses] held in ( après n).
    C nm Cout faire un rentré to turn in ou fold under the raw edge (of a hem).
    D rentrée nf
    1 ( reprise d'activité) (general) return to work (after the slack period of the summer break, in France); ( début d'année scolaire) start of the (new) school year; ( début de trimestre) beginning of term; ( pour une institution) reopening; la rentrée de septembre a été agitée the return to work after the Summer holidays was turbulent; des grèves sont prévues pour la rentrée strikes are expected after the summer break; la mode/les livres de la rentrée the autumn ou new season's fashion/books; mon livre sera publié à la rentrée my book will be published in the autumn GB ou fall US; il s'est cassé la jambe le jour de la rentrée he broke his leg on the first day of term;
    2 ( retour) (de vacancier, voitures) return; (d'employés, élèves) return (to work); la rentrée à Paris un dimanche soir going back to Paris on a Sunday evening; la rentrée du personnel après le déjeuner the staff coming in at the end of lunch hour; surveiller la rentrée des enfants à la fin de la récréation to supervise the children at the end of break GB ou recess US;
    3 ( réapparition publique) comeback; rentrée politique political comeback; faire sa rentrée [homme politique, artiste, sportif] to make one's comeback;
    4 ( d'argent) ( recette) receipts (pl); ( revenu) income ¢; ( dans une caisse) takings (pl); les rentrées Compta receipts; leur seule rentrée d'argent étant le loyer de leurs ateliers their only income being the rent from the workshops; il n'y a pas eu de rentrée importante depuis deux mois there hasn't been any significant amount of money coming in for two months; rentrée de fonds cash inflow; rentrées fiscales ( annuelles) tax revenue ¢; ( ponctuelles) tax revenues;
    5 Astronaut, Mil (de vaisseau, capsule, missile) re-entry; à sa or lors de sa rentrée dans l'atmosphère on re-entry into the atmosphere; point de rentrée d'un missile re-entry point of a missile;
    6 Agric ( mise à l'abri) la rentrée des foins/de la récolte se fera la semaine prochaine the hay/the harvest will be brought in next week.
    rentrée des classes start of the school year; rentrée littéraire the beginning of the literary year; rentrée parlementaire reassembly of Parliament; rentrée scolaire = rentrée des classes; rentrée sociale opening of a new season of trade union activity and negotiation; rentrée universitaire start of the academic year.
    ( féminin rentrée) [rɑ̃tre] adjectif
    1. [refoulé] suppressed
    colère/jalousie rentrée suppressed anger/jealousy
    2. [creux]
    des joues rentrées hollow ou sunken cheeks

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > rentré

  • 84 kierun|ek

    m (G kierunku) 1. (strona) direction C/U
    - iść w kierunku centrum to go toward the town centre
    - patrzeć w kierunku rzeki to look in the direction of the river, to look towards the river
    - spojrzał w moim kierunku he looked toward me a. in my direction
    - wiatr z kierunku wschodniego/południowo-wschodniego an easterly/south-easterly wind, wind out of the east/south-east
    - w kierunku południowym/północnym (to the) south/north, in a southerly/northerly direction
    - widok w kierunku południowym/północnym the view to the south/north
    - idź w kierunku południowym/północnym go south/north
    - droga/rzeka biegnie dalej w kierunku południowym/północnym the road/river continues in a southerly/northerly direction
    - jedziemy w przeciwnym kierunku (niż ktoś inny) we’re going the other way; (niewłaściwym) we’re going the wrong way a. in the wrong direction
    - w kierunku przeciwnym do ruchu wskazówek zegara anticlockwise a. in an anticlockwise direction GB, counterclockwise a. in a counterclockwise direction US
    - w kierunku ruchu wskazówek zegara clockwise, in a clockwise direction
    - zmienić kierunek to change direction
    - busola wskazywała mu kierunek he used a compass to establish a course
    - wskazywać/ustalać kierunek to show/establish (the) direction
    - kierunek wiatru the direction of the wind
    - szosa w kierunku Katowic the road to a. for Katowice, the Katowice road
    - szosa z kierunku Rzeszowa the road from Rzeszów
    - ruch w kierunku Wrocławia Wrocław-bound traffic
    2. (postępowanie) trend, direction
    - kierunki polityki zagranicznej trends in foreign policy
    - projekt ustawy zmierza w kierunku zliberalizowania kodeksu handlowego the bill aims to liberalize the commercial code
    3. (w sztuce, muzyce, literaturze) movement, trend; (w nauce) trend, direction
    - kierunek literacki zwany symbolizmem the literary movement known as symbolism
    - nowe kierunki w lingwistyce new trends a. directions in linguistics
    - kierunek studiów Uniw. (przedmiot) subject, field of study, major US
    4. Wojsk. line
    - kierunek ataku a line of attack
    ■ pod czyimś kierunkiem under sb’s direction

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > kierun|ek

  • 85 pras|a

    f 1. sgt (gazety) the press
    - prasa codzienna/tygodniowa the daily/weekly press
    - prasa poranna/popołudniowa the morning/evening papers
    - prasa literacka/sportowa/fachowa the literary/sports/specialist press
    - prasa brukowa a. bulwarowa the gutter press
    - prasa regionalna/podziemna local papers/the underground press
    - przeglądać prasę to look through the papers
    - w prasie a. na łamach prasy in the press
    - ta wiadomość obiegła całą prasę the information appeared in all the papers
    - prasę zaczyna czytać od wiadomości sportowych he reads the papers starting with the sports column
    - o tym skandalu dowiedziałem się z prasy I learnt about the scandal in the press
    - wydrukować a. opublikować coś w prasie to have sth printed a. published in the press
    - zamieścić ogłoszenie w prasie to put an ad in a newspaper
    - w prasie opublikowano wywiad z autorem the newspapers published an interview with the author
    - czy w dzisiejszej prasie jest coś ciekawego? is there anything interesting in today’s papers?
    - pisano o tym w prasie the papers wrote about it
    - prasa donosi, że… it has been reported in the press that…
    - wolność prasy the freedom of the press
    2. sgt (instytucje) the press
    - pracownicy prasy, radia i telewizji the employees of the press, radio, and television
    3. sgt (dziennikarze) the press a. Press, the press corps
    - po południu premier spotkał się z prasą in the afternoon the premier met the press
    - galeria dla prasy a press gallery
    4. Techn. (maszyna) press
    - prasa automatyczna/mechaniczna/hydrauliczna an automatic/a power/a pneumatic press
    - prasa do tłoczenia winogron/oliwy a wine/an olive press
    5. Druk. press
    - prasa drukarska a printing press
    - te ulotki dopiero co wyszły spod prasy these leaflets have just come off the press
    - książka jest już pod prasą pot. the book has gone to press
    ■ mieć dobrą/złą prasę to have a good/a bad press
    - zyskać (sobie) dobrą prasę to get a good press

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > pras|a

  • 86 we|jść

    pf — w|chodzić impf (wejdę, wejdziesz, wszedł, weszła, weszli — wchodzę) vi 1. (znaleźć się) to enter, to come/go in
    - wejść do domu tylnymi drzwiami to enter a house by the back door
    - proszę wejść (please) come in!
    - no wchodź! come on in!
    - piłka weszła do bramki the ball went into the goal
    - rakieta weszła na orbitę the rocket went into orbit
    - gwóźdź łatwo wszedł w deskę the nail went smoothly into the plank
    - klucz z trudem wchodził do zamka the key didn’t want to go in the lock
    - otwórz okno, żeby weszło trochę świeżego powietrza open the window to let a bit of fresh air in
    - wejść pod kołdrę/łóżko to get under the bedclothes/bed
    - wejść na pokład statku to board a ship
    - wejść do łóżka/samochodu to get into bed/into a car
    - wejść w kałużę to walk into a puddle
    2. (do góry) to go up; (wspiąć się) to climb
    - wejść na piętro/strych to go upstairs/up to the attic
    - wejść na drzewo/mur to climb a tree/wall
    - wejść na drabinę a. po drabinie to climb (up) a ladder
    - wejść na szczyt to reach the summit
    - jak tam wszedłeś? how did you get up there?
    3. przen. (znaleźć się w jakiejś sytuacji) to enter
    - wejść na rynek [firma] to enter the market
    - wejść z kimś w spółkę to go into partnership a. enter a partnership with sb
    - wejść z kimś w sojusz to enter an alliance with sb
    - wejść z kimś w konflikt to come into conflict with sb
    - wejść w związek małżeński książk. to enter marriage książk.
    - wejść w interes pot. to go into a. enter business
    - chcesz w to wejść? are you interested?
    - wejść do firmy to join a. enter a firm
    - wejść do zarządu towarzystwa to get onto the board of a society
    - wejść do parlamentu [poseł] to enter parliament
    - wejść w rolę to enter a role także przen.
    - szybko weszła w rolę gospodyni domowej/kobiety interesu she quickly got used to the role of housewife/a woman of business
    - wejść w stan nieważkości to enter a state of zero gravity
    - wejść do finału/półfinału Sport [zawodnik, drużyna] to get through to a. reach the final/semi-final
    - wejść w kłus/galop [koń] to break into a trot/gallop
    - wejść w posiadanie czegoś książk. to come into possession of sth
    - wejść w reakcję/w związek Chem. to react/combine
    - wchodzimy w nową erę we’re entering a new era
    4. (zmieścić się) to fit a. go into
    - moja stopa nie wejdzie w ten but my foot’s too big for this shoe
    - do tego pudełka wchodzi 30 piłek this box holds 30 balls
    5. (być częścią) w skład zestawu wchodzą trzy krzesła i stół the set consists of three chairs and a table 6. przen. (zacząć badać) to enter, to go into
    - wchodzić w szczegóły to go a. enter into details
    - nie będę już wchodzić w to, dlaczego to zrobiłem I won’t go into why I did it
    7. Komput. (skorzystać) (z bazy danych) to access; (z menu, katalogu) to open
    - wszedł do Internetu/na stronę WWW he went on(to) the Internet/entered a web page
    8. (przy stosunku) [mężczyzna] to enter vt, to penetrate vt
    ■ wejść komuś w nałóg a. nawyk a. zwyczaj pot. to become a habit with sb
    - niech ci to nie wejdzie w nałóg! don’t make a habit of it!
    - wejść na ekrany/scenę pot. (zacząć być granym) to come out, to open
    - wejść do historii książk. to go down in history
    - wejdzie do historii jako wielki mąż stanu he will go down in history as a great statesman
    - wejść do literatury książk. to enter the (literary) canon
    - wejść w życie pot. (o młodych) to start one’s adult life; książk. [ustawa] to come into effect a. force
    - wyrzucą go drzwiami, a on wchodzi oknem ≈ shut the door on him and he comes in through the window pot.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > we|jść

  • 87 Caxton, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. c.1422 Kent, England
    d. 1491 Westminster, England
    [br]
    English printer who produced the first book to be printed in English.
    [br]
    According to his own account, Caxton was born in Kent and received a schooling before entering the Mercers' Company, one of the most influential of the London guilds and engaged in the wholesale export trade in woollen goods and other wares, principally with the Low Countries. Around 1445, Caxton moved to Bruges, where he engaged in trade with such success that in 1462 he was appointed Governor of the English Nation in Bruges. He was entrusted with diplomatic missions, and his dealings with the court of Burgundy brought him into contact with the Duchess, Margaret of York, sister of the English King Edward IV. Caxton embarked on the production of fine manuscripts, making his own translations from the French for the Duchess and other noble patrons with a taste for this kind of literature. This trend became more marked after 1470–1 when Caxton lost his post in Bruges, probably due to the temporary overthrow of King Edward. Perhaps to satisfy an increasing demand for his texts, Caxton travelled to Cologne in 1471 to learn the art of printing. He set up a printing business in Bruges, in partnership with the copyist and bookseller Colard Mansion. There, late in 1474 or early the following year, Caxton produced the first book to be printed in English, and the first by an English printer, The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy, which he had translated from the French.
    In 1476 Caxton returned to England and set up his printing and publishing business "at the sign of the Red Pale" within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. This was more conveniently placed than the City of London for the likely customers among the court and Members of Parliament for the courtly romances and devotional works he aimed to produce. Other printers followed but survived only a few years, whereas Caxton remained successful for fifteen years and then bequeathed a flourishing concern to his assistant Wynkyn de Worde. During that time, 107 printed works, including seventy-four books, issued from Caxton's press. Of these, some twenty were his own translations. As printer and publisher, he did much to promote English literature, above all by producing the first editions of the literary masterpieces of the Middle Ages, such as the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate and Malory's Morte d'Arthur. Among the various dialects of spoken English in use at the time, Caxton adopted the language of London and the court and so did much to fix a permanent standard for written English.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    W.Blades, 1877, The Biography and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer, London; reprinted 1971 (the classic life of Caxton, superseded in detail by modern scholarship but still indispensable).
    G.D.Painter, 1976, William Caxton: A Quincentenary Biography of England's First
    Printer, London: Chatto \& Windus (the most thorough recent biography, describing every known Caxton document and edition, with corrected and new interpretations based on the latest scholarship).
    N.F.Blake, 1969, Caxton and His World, London (a reliable account, set against the background of English late-medieval life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Caxton, William

  • 88 Roberts, Richard

    [br]
    b. 22 April 1789 Carreghova, Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire, Wales
    d. 11 March 1864 London, England
    [br]
    Welsh mechanical engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.
    One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.
    During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.
    In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member, Institution of Civil Engineers 1838.
    Further Reading
    There is no full-length biography of Richard Roberts but the best account is H.W.Dickinson, 1945–7, "Richard Roberts, his life and inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25:123–37.
    W.H.Chaloner, 1968–9, "New light on Richard Roberts, textile engineer (1789–1864)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 41:27–44.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Roberts, Richard

  • 89 Young, Arthur

    [br]
    b. 11 September 1741 London, England
    d. 20 April 1820 Bradford, England
    [br]
    English writer and commentator on agricultural affairs; founder and Secretary of the Board of Agriculture (later the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food).
    [br]
    He was the youngest of the three children of Dr Arthur Young, who was at one time Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. He learned Latin and Greek at Lavenham School, and at the age of 17 was apprenticed to a mercantile house, an occupation he disliked. He first published The Theatre of the Present War in North America in 1758. He then wrote four novels and began to produce the literary magazine The Universal Museum. After his father's death he returned home to manage his father's farm, and in 1765 he married Martha Allen.
    Young learned farming by experiment, and three years after his return he took over the rent of a 300 acre farm, Samford Hall in Essex. He was not a practical farmer, and was soon forced to give it up in favour of one of 100 acres (40.5 hectares) in Hertfordshire. He subsidized his farming with his writing, and in 1768 published The Farmer's Letters to the People of England. The first of his books on agricultural tours, Six Weeks Tours through the Counties of England and Wales, was published in 1771. Between 1784 and 1809 he published the Annals of Agriculture, one of whose contributors was George III, who wrote under the pseudonym of Ralph Robinson.
    By this time he was corresponding with all of influence in agricultural matters, both at home and abroad. George Washington wrote frequently to Young, and George III was reputed to travel always with a copy of his book. The Empress of Russia sent students to him and had his Tours published in Russian. Young made three trips to France in 1787, 1788 and 1789–90 respectively, prior to and during the French Revolution, and his Travels in France (1792) is a remarkable account of that period, made all the more fascinating by his personal contact with people differing as widely as Mirabeau, the French revolutionary leader, and King Louis XVI.
    Unfortunately, in 1811 an unsuccessful cataract operation left him blind, and he moved from London to his native Bradford, where he remained until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chairman, Agricultural Committee of the Society of Arts 1773: awarded three Gold Medals during his career for his achievements in practical agriculture. FRS. Honorary Member of the Dublin, York and Manchester learned societies, as well as the Economic Society of Berne, the Palatine Academy of Agriculture at Mannheim, and the Physical Society of Zurich. Honourary member, French Royal Society of Agriculture. Secretary, Board of Agriculture 1793.
    Bibliography
    His first novels were The Fair Americans, Sir Charles Beaufort, Lucy Watson and Julia Benson.
    His earliest writings on agriculture appeared as collected letters in a periodical with the title Museum Rusticum in 1767.
    In 1770 he published a two-volume work entitled A Course of Experimental Agriculture, and between 1766 and 1775 he published The Farmer's Letters, Political Arithmetic, Political Essays Concerning the Present State of the British Empire and Southern, Northern and Eastern Tours, and in 1779 he published The Tour of Ireland.
    In addition he was author of the Board of Agriculture reports on the counties of Suffolk, Lincoln, Norfolk, Hertford, Essex and Oxford.
    Further Reading
    J.Thirsk (ed.), 1989, The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. VI (deals with the years 1750 to 1850, the period associated with Young).
    T.G.Gazeley, 1973, "The life of Arthur Young, 1741–1820", Memoirs, American Philosophical Society 97.
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Young, Arthur

  • 90 μή

    μή (Hom.+) negative particle, ‘not’: ‘μή is the negative of will, wish, doubt. If οὐ denies the fact, μή denies the idea’ (Rob. 1167). For the Koine of the NT the usage is simplified to such a degree that οὐ is generally the neg. used w. the indicative, and μή is used w. the other moods (B-D-F §426; Rob. 1167).
    ① marker of negation, not
    ⓐ in negative clauses
    α. in conditional clauses after ἐάν Mt 5:20; 6:15; 10:13; 12:29; 18:3, 16, 35; 26:42; Mk 3:27; 7:3f; 10:30; 12:19; Lk 13:3, 5; J 3:2f, 5, 27 al. After ὸ̔ς ἄν (=ἐάν) Mt 10:14; 11:6; 19:9; Mk 6:11; 10:15; 11:23; Lk 8:18; 18:17. After ὅσοι ἄν Lk 9:5; Rv 13:15. After ὅστις ἄν Ac 3:23. After εἰ in a simple condition (B-D-F §428, 1) Lk 6:4; 1 Ti 6:3. After εἰ in a contrary to fact condition (B-D-F §428, 2; Rob. 1169) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; J 9:33; 15:22, 24; 18:30; 19:11; Ac 26:32; Ro 7:7. εἰ μή if not, except (that), εἰ δὲ μήγε otherwise with verb and elliptically (B-D-F §428, 3; 439, 1; Rob. 1024f; cp. POxy 1185, 30) Mt 5:13; 6:1; 9:17; 11:27; 12:4, 24 and very oft. (GHarder, 1 Cor 7:17: TLZ 79, ’54, 367–72).
    β. in purpose clauses ἵνα μή in order that…not Mt 5:29f; 7:1; 17:27; Mk 3:9; 4:12; Lk 8:10, 12; 16:28; J 3:20; 7:23; Ac 2:25 (Ps 15:8); 4:17; 24:4; Ro 11:25; 15:20 al. ὅπως μή in order that…not Mt 6:18; Lk 16:26; Ac 20:16; 1 Cor 1:29. μὴ ἵνα IRo 3:2. On the inf. w. neg. as periphrasis for purpose clauses s. below.
    γ. in result clauses ὥστε μή w. inf. foll. (cp. PHib 66, 5) so that not Mt 8:28; Mk 3:20; 1 Cor 1:7; 2 Cor 3:7; 1 Th 1:8; w. impv. foll. 1 Cor 4:5.
    δ. in interrog. clauses w. an element of doubt: δῶμεν ἢ μὴ δῶμεν; should we pay (them) or should we not? Mk 12:14.
    ε. in a few relative clauses (B-D-F §428, 4; Mlt. 171; 239f) διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ Tit 1:11 (cp. Lucian, Dial. Deor. 13, 1; PGM 4, 2653 ὸ̔ μὴ θέμις γενέσθαι; CPR I, 19, 17; 2 Macc 12:14; Sir 13:24). The literary language is the source of ᾧ μὴ πάρεστιν ταῦτα τυφλός ἐστιν 2 Pt 1:9, where the relat. clause has a hypothetical sense. ὅσα μὴ θέλετε Ac 15:29 D. Cp. Col 2:18 v.l. On ὸ̔ μὴ ὁμολογεῖ (v.l. ὸ̔ λύει) 1J 4:3 s. ARahlfs, TLZ 40, 1915, 525.
    ζ. in a causal clause contrary to the rule, which calls for οὐ: ὅτι μὴ πεπίστευκεν εἰς τὸ ὄνομα J 3:18 (cp. Epict. 4, 4, 8; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 217 διήμαρτον, ὅτι μὴ ταῖς ἱεραῖς ἡμῶν βίβλοις ἐνέτυχον; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 8, 4; 11, 8; 32; Ath. 14, 2 ὅτι μὴ κοινῶς ἐκείνοις θεοσεβοῦμεν; Dio Chrys. 31, 94; 110.—B-D-F §428, 5; Mlt. 171; 239; Mlt-Turner 284; Rahlfs, loc. cit.).
    ⓑ w. various moods
    α. w. inf. (B-D-F §399, 3; 400, 4; 5; Mlt-Turner 285f)
    א. after verbs expressing a negative concept, usu. omitted in translation ἀντιλέγοντες ἀνάστασιν μὴ εἶναι Lk 20:27 (v.l. λέγοντες). ἀπαρνεῖσθαι 22:34. παραιτεῖσθαι Hb 12:19. ἐγκόπτειν τινά Gal 5:7. προσέχειν Mt 6:1. οὐ δύναμαι μὴ I can do nothing else than Ac 4:20.
    ב. gener., after verbs of saying, reporting, ordering, judging, etc.—in declarative clauses: after ἀποκρίνεσθαι Lk 20:7. λέγειν Mt 22:23; Mk 12:18; Lk 20:27 v.l.; Ac 23:8; AcPlCor 2:19. ὀμνύναι Hb 3:18. θέλειν Ro 13:3. χρηματίζεσθαι Lk 2:26.—In clauses denoting a summons or challenge: after λέγειν Mt 5:34, 39; Ac 21:4; Ro 2:22; 12:3. γράφειν 1 Cor 5:9, 11. κηρύσσειν Ro 2:21. παραγγέλλειν Ac 1:4; 4:18; 5:28, 40; 1 Cor 7:10f (w. acc.); 1 Ti 1:3; 6:17. αἰτεῖσθαι Eph 3:13. εὔχεσθαι 2 Cor 13:7 (w. acc.). χρηματίζεσθαι Mt 2:12. ἀξιοῦν Ac 15:38. βοᾶν 25:24.
    ג. after predicates that contain a judgment upon the thing expressed by the inf. (with or without the art.; cp. Just., D. 68, 8 ταῦτα τολμῶσι λέγειν μὴ οὕτως γεγράφθαι): καλόν (sc. ἐστιν) 1 Cor 7:1 (ApcEsdr 1, 6, 21); Gal 4:18; cp. Ro 14:21. ἄλογον Ac 25:27 (w. acc.). κρεῖττον ἦν 2 Pt 2:21. αἱρετώτερον ἦν αὐτοῖς τὸ μὴ γεννηθῆναι Hv 4, 2, 6. Cp. δεῖ Ac 27:21 (cp. use w. ἐχρῆν TestJob 37:6).
    ד. w. gen. of the subst. inf.: τοῦ μή that not (Lat. ne): after verbs of hindering κατέχειν Lk 4:42. παύειν 1 Pt 3:10 (Ps 33:14). καταπαύειν Ac 14:18. κωλύειν 10:47. κρατεῖσθαι Lk 24:16; cp. ἀνένδεκτόν ἐστιν τοῦ…μὴ ἐλθεῖν 17:1.—Also after other expressions: ὀφθαλμοὶ τοῦ μὴ βλέπειν, ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν eyes that should not see, ears that should not hear Ro 11:8, 10 (Ps 68:24). In place of a result clause: τοῦ μὴ εἶναι αὐτὴν μοιχαλίδα so that she commits no adultery, if... 7:3.
    ה. w. subst. inf. after prepositions: εἰς τὸ μή so that…not; to the end that…not Ac 7:19; 1 Cor 10:6; 2 Cor 4:4. W. acc. and inf. foll. 2 Th 2:2; 1 Pt 3:7.—διὰ τὸ μή because…not (PPetr II, 11, 1, 7 [III B.C.] τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀθροῦν ἡμᾶς; 2 Macc 2:11; ApcMos 42 διὰ τὸ μὴ γινώσκειν; Just., D. 95, 1 διὰ τὸ μὴ πάντα φυλάξαι; Tat. 2, 1 διὰ τὸ μὴ βούλεσθαι) Mt 13:5f; Mk 4:5f; Lk 8:6; Js 4:2 (w. acc.).—πρὸς τὸ μὴ in order that…not (Ptolem. Pap. aus Alexandria 4, 3 in Witkowski p. 51 πρὸς τὸ μὴ γίνεσθαι τῷ βασιλεῖ τὸ χρήσιμον; Esth 3:13d, e; Bar 1:19; 2:5) 2 Cor 3:13; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8.
    ו. w. dat. of the subst. inf. τῷ μή because…not 2 Cor 2:13.
    ז. w. nom. or acc. of the subst. inf. (2 Esdr 6:8; s. B-D-F §399, 3; s. Rob. 1038) Ro 14:13; 2 Cor 2:1; 10:2; 1 Th 4:6.
    β. very oft. w. the ptc., in keeping w. the tendency of later Gk. to prefer μή to οὐ; exceptions in B-D-F §430; s. Rob. 1172.
    א. μή is regularly used to negative the ptc. used w. the article, when the ptc. has a hypothet. sense or refers to no particular person, and has a general mng. (Artem. 4, 22 p. 215, 14 οἱ μὴ νοσοῦντες; ParJer 6:24 ὁ δὲ μὴ ἀκούων; Just., A I, 4, 2 τοὺς μὴ ἐλεγχομένους): ὁ μὴ ὢν μετʼ ἐμοῦ every one who is not with me Mt 12:30ab; Lk 11:23ab; ὁ μὴ πιστεύων J 3:18. πᾶς ὁ μή... Mt 7:26; 1J 3:10ab; 2J 9. πάντες οἱ μή 2 Th 2:12. μακάριοι οἱ μή J 20:29; cp. Ro 14:22. τῶν τὴν ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι Mt 10:28b and oft.
    ב. w. the ptc. when it has conditional, causal, or concessive sense: πᾶν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν Mt 3:10; 7:19. Cp. 9:36; 13:19; Lk 11:24. θερίσομεν μὴ ἐκλυόμενοι we will reap, if we do not become weary (before the harvest) Gal 6:9. μὴ ὄντος νόμου when there is no law Ro 5:13. νόμον μὴ ἔχοντες although they have no law 2:14. μὴ ὢν αὐτὸς ὑπὸ νόμον though I am not under the law 1 Cor 9:20 (cp. TestAbr B 11 p. 115, 22 [Stone p. 78] μὴ ἰδὼν θάνατον). μὴ μεμαθηκώς without having learned (them) J 7:15 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 1 [Stone p. 60] μὴ εἰδὼς τίς ἐστιν; TestJob 11:7 μὴ λαμβάνων…ἐνέχυρα; Just., A I, 5, 1 μὴ φροντίζοντες, D. 110, 2 μὴ συνιέντες). μὴ ἔχοντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀποδοῦναι but since he could not pay it back Mt 18:25. μὴ βουλόμενος since (God) did not wish to AcPlCor 2:12 (cp. TestAbrB 5 p. 109, 24f [Stone p. 66] μὴ θέλων…παρακοῦσαι).
    ג. when it is to be indicated that the statement has subjective validity (Just., D. 115, 3 ὡς μὴ γεγενημένου ἱερέως): ὡς μὴ λαβών as though you had not received 1 Cor 4:7. ὡς μὴ ἐρχομένου μου vs. 18.
    ד. but also very freq. where earlier Gk. would require οὐ (on developments s. Schwyzer II 595f; B-D-F §430, 3; Burton §485 [464 Z.]; cp. οὐ 2b; for μή here, cp. Just., A I, 3, 9, 3 ἄνδρες δεκαδύο…λαλεῖν μὴ δυνάμενοι; D. 85, 4 διὰ τοὺς μὴ…συνόντας ἡμῖν; Mel., P. 71, 518f): τὰ μὴ ὄντα what does not exist (in reality, not only in Paul’s opinion) Ro 4:17; 1 Cor 1:28 (Philo, Op. M. 81 τὸ τὰ μὴ ὄντα εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγεῖν; Ath. 4:2 τὸ ὸ̓ν οὐ γίνεται ἀλλὰ τὸ μὴ ὄν); Hv 1, 1, 6. τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα what is unseen 2 Cor 4:18ab. τὰ μὴ δέοντα 1 Ti 5:13. τὰ μὴ καθήκοντα (3 Macc 4:16) Ro 1:28. τὰ μὴ σαλευόμενα Hb 12:27. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν 2 Cor 5:21. τυφλὸς μὴ βλέπων Ac 13:11. S. also μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει κατενόησεν Ro 4:19 where, as oft., the main idea is expressed by the ptc.
    ⓒ in a prohibitive sense in independent clauses, to express a negative wish or a warning
    α. w. subjunctive let us not, we should not: pres. subj. μὴ γινώμεθα κενόδοξοι Gal 5:26. μὴ ἐγκακῶμεν 6:9. μὴ καθεύδωμεν 1 Th 5:6; cp. 1 Cor 5:8. W. aor. subj. μὴ σχίσωμεν αὐτόν J 19:24.
    β. w. optative (B-D-F §427, 4; Rob. 1170) μὴ αὐτοῖς λογισθείη 2 Ti 4:16 (cp. Job 27:5). ἐμοὶ δὲ μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι Gal 6:14 (cp. 1 Macc 9:10; 13:5). Esp. in the formula μὴ γένοιτο (s. γίνομαι 4a) Lk 20:16; Ro 3:4, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Cor 6:15; Gal 2:17; 3:21.
    γ. w. pres. impv.
    א. to express a command that is generally valid (TestReub 2:10) μὴ γίνεσθε ὡς οἱ ὑποκριταί Mt 6:16; cp. vs. 19. μὴ μεριμνᾶτε τῇ ψυχῇ ὑμῶν vs. 25; Lk 12:22.—Mt 7:1; 10:31; 19:6; Lk 6:30; 10:4, 7; 1 Cor 6:9; 7:5, 12f, 18; Eph 4:26 (Ps 4:5), 29 and oft.
    ב. to bring to an end a condition now existing (Aeschyl., Sept. 1036; Chariton 2, 7, 5 μὴ ὀργίζου=‘be angry no longer’; PHib 56, 7 [249 B.C.]; PAmh 37, 7; POxy 295, 5; Wsd 1:12 and elsewh. LXX; TestAbr B 9 p. 113, 20 [Stone p. 74]; JosAs 14:11; GrBar 7:6 and ApcMos 16 μὴ φοβοῦ; Just., D. 87, 1 μὴ…λοιπὸν ὑπολάμβανε; Mlt. 122ff) μὴ φοβεῖσθε do not be afraid (any longer) Mt 14:27; 17:7; Lk 2:10; cp. 1:13, 30. μὴ κλαῖε do not weep (any more) 7:13; cp. 23:28 (GrBar16:1) μὴ σκύλλου do not trouble yourself (any further) 7:6; cp. 8:49 v.l. (TestAbr B 2 p. 107, 2 [Stone p. 62] μὴ σκύλλε τὸ παιδάριον).—9:50; Mk 9:39; J 2:16; 6:43. μὴ γράφε do not write (any longer)=it must no longer stand written 19:21. μή μου ἅπτου do not cling to me any longer = let go of me 20:17. μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος vs. 27.—Ac 10:15; 20:10; Ro 11:18, 20; 1 Th 5:19; Js 2:1 and oft.
    δ. w. aor. impv. (Od. 16, 301; Lucian, Paras. μὴ δότε; 1 Km 17:32; TestJob 45:1 μὴ ἐπιλάθεσθε τοῦ κυρίου) μὴ ἐπιστρεψάτω Mt 24:18; Lk 17:31b. μὴ καταβάτω Mt 24:17; Mk 13:15; Lk 17:31a. μὴ γνώτω Mt 6:3.
    ε. w. aor. subj.
    א. almost always to prevent a forbidden action fr. beginning (Plut., Alex. 696 [54, 6] μὴ φιλήσῃς=‘don’t kiss’; PPetr II, 40a, 12 [III B.C.]; POxy 744, 11; BGU 380, 19; LXX; TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 8 [Stone p. 6] μὴ ἐνέγκωσιν ἵππους; 16 p. 97, 5 [Stone p. 42] μὴ ἐκφοβήσῃς αὐτόν; TestJob 39:11 μὴ κάμητε εἰκῇ; ParJer 3:5 μὴ ἀπολέσητε τὴν πόλιν; ApcEsdr 7:11 μὴ μνησθῇς; Just., D. 137, 1 μὴ κακόν τι εἴπητε.—This is the sense of μὴ θαυμάσῃς Herm. Wr. 11, 17; s. ב below) μὴ φοβηθῇς Mt 1:20; 10:26 (JosAs 23:15; cp. TestJob 17:6 μὴ φοβηθῆτε ὅλως). μὴ δόξητε 3:9; cp. 5:17. μὴ ἅψῃ Col 2:21. μὴ ἀποστραφῇς Mt 5:42. μὴ κτήσησθε 10:9 and oft. Also w. the third pers. of the aor. subj. μή τις αὐτὸν ἐξουθενήσῃ no one is to slight him 1 Cor 16:11. μή τίς με δόξῃ εἶναι 2 Cor 11:16. μή τις ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατήσῃ 2 Th 2:3. μὴ σκληρύνητε Hb 3:8, 15 (quot. fr. Ps 94:8) is hardly a pres. subj.; it is rather to be regarded as an aor.
    ב. only rarely to put an end to a condition already existing (the pres. impv. is regularly used for this; s. above 1 cγב) (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 19 [Stone p. 70] μὴ κλαύσῃς weep no more) μὴ θαυμάσῃς you need no longer wonder J 3:7 (‘you needn’t be surprised’: s. Mlt. 124; 126; and s. א above).
    ζ. in abrupt expressions without a verb (ParJer 1:7 μὴ κύριέ μου): μὴ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ (we must) not (proceed against him) during the festival Mt 26:5; Mk 14:2. Cp. J 18:40. καὶ μὴ (ποιήσωμεν) Ro 3:8 (B-D-F §427, 4). μὴ ὀκνηροὶ (γίνεσθε) 12:11. Cp. 14:1; Gal 5:13; Eph 6:6 al. (B-D-F §481).
    ⓐ after verbs of fearing, etc. that…(not), lest B-D-F §370.
    α. w. pres. subj. (3 Macc 2:23) ἐπισκοποῦντες…μή τις ῥίζα…ἐνοχλῇ Hb 12:15
    β. w. aor. subj. (Pla., Apol. 1, 17a) φοβηθεὶς μὴ διασπασθῇ Ac 23:10. Also after a pres. 27:17 (cp. Tob 6:15). After βλέπειν in the mng. take care (PLond III, 964, 9 p. 212 [II/III A.D.] βλέπε μὴ ἐπιλάθῃ μηδέν) Mt 24:4; Mk 13:5; Lk 21:8; Ac 13:40; 1 Cor 10:12; Gal 5:15; Hb 12:25. σκοπῶν σεαυτὸν, μὴ καὶ σὺ πειρασθῇς Gal 6:1. στελλόμενοι τοῦτο, μή τις ἡμάς μωμήσηται 2 Cor 8:20. ὁρᾶν Mt 18:10; 1 Th 5:15. Elliptically, like an aposiopesis ὅρα μή take care! you must not do that! Rv 19:10; 22:9 (B-D-F §480, 5; Rob. 932; 1203).
    γ. w. fut. ind. instead of the subj. following (X., Cyr. 4, 1, 18 ὅρα μὴ πολλῶν ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν χειρῶν δεήσει) βλέπετε μή τις ἔσται Col 2:8; cp. Hb 3:12
    ⓑ taking the place of a purpose clause=so that…not: w. aor. subj. Mk 13:36; Ac 27:42; 2 Cor 12:6.
    ③ marker of expectation of a negative anwer to a question (B-D-F §427, 2; 4; 440; Rob. 1168; 1175; Mlt-Turner 283).
    ⓐ in direct questions (X. Eph. 398, 26 H.; Job 1:9; 8:11; TestAbr A 2 p. 79, 9f [Stone p. 6]; B 6 p. 110, 6 [Stone p. 68]; TestJob 15, 6; 27, 1; ApcSed 7:2; ApcMos 8:27) somewhat along the lines ‘it isn’t so, is it, that...?’, with expectation of a neg. answer; in tr. the negation can in fact be variously expressed in a form suggesting that an inappropriate answer would be met with complete dismay, e.g. μή τινος ὑστερήσατε; you didn’t lack anything, did you? Lk 22:35; μὴ λίθον ἐπιδώσει αὐτῷ; will one give the person a stone? Mt 7:9; sim. vs. 10; 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34; 11:11 v.l.; 17:9; J 3:4; 4:12, 33; 6:67; 7:35, 51f; 21:5 (cp. μήτι); Ac 7:28 (Ex 2:14), 42 (Am 5:25); Ro 3:3, 5 (cp. Job 8:3); 9:14, 20 (Is 29:16); 1 Cor 1:13; 9:8f; 10:22 al. μὴ γάρ J 7:41; 1 Cor 11:22.—In cases like Ro 10:18f; 1 Cor 9:4f μή is an interrog. word and οὐ negatives the verb. The double negative causes one to expect an affirmative answer (B-D-F §427, 2; s. Rob. 1173f; Tetrast. Iamb. 17, 2 p. 266 μὴ οὐκ ἔστι χλόη;=‘there is grass, is there not?’).
    ⓑ in indirect questions whether…not Lk 11:35 (cp. Epict. 4, 5, 18a; Arrian, Anab. 4, 20, 2 μή τι βίαιον ξυνέβη=whether anything violent has happened [hopefully not]; Jos., Ant. 6, 115).
    ④ marker of reinforced negation, in combination w. οὐ, μή has the effect of strengthening the negation (Kühner-G. II 221–23; Schwyzer II 317; Mlt. 187–92 [a thorough treatment of NT usage]; B-D-F §365; RLudwig: D. prophet. Wort 31 ’37, 272–79; JLee, NovT 27, ’85, 18–23; B-D-F §365.—Pla., Hdt. et al. [Kühner-G. loc. cit.]; SIG 1042, 16; POxy 119, 5, 14f; 903, 16; PGM 5, 279; 13, 321; LXX; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 11 [Stone p. 46]; JosAs 20:3; GrBar 1:7; ApcEsdr 2:7; Just., D. 141, 2). οὐ μή is the most decisive way of negativing someth. in the future.
    ⓐ w. the subj.
    α. w. aor. subj. (TestAbr A 17 p. 99, 7 οὐ μὴ δυνηθῇς θεάσασθαι; JosAs 20:3; ParJer 2:5; 8:5; ApcSed 12:5; 13:6; Just., D. 141, 2; Ael. Aristid. 50, 107 K.=26 p. 533 D.: οὐ μὴ ἡμῶν καταφρονήσωσι; Diogenes, Ep. 38, 5; UPZ 62, 34; 79, 19) never, certainly not, etc. Mt 5:18, 20, 26; 24:2; Mk 13:2; Lk 1:15; 6:37ab; 10:19; J 8:52; 10:28; 11:26; 13:8; 1 Cor 8:13; Hb 8:12 (Jer 38:34); 13:5; 1 Pt 2:6 (Is 28:16); Rv 2:11; 3:12; 18:21–23 al.—Also in a rhetorical question, when an affirmative answer is expected οὐ μὴ ποιήσῃ τὴν ἐκδίκησιν; will he not vindicate? Lk 18:7. οὐ μὴ πίω αὐτό; shall I not drink it? J 18:11. τίς οὐ μὴ φοβηθῇ; who shall not fear? Rv 15:4.—In relative clauses Mt 16:28; Mk 9:1; Ac 13:41 (Hab 1:5); Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); cp. Lk 18:30.—In declarative and interrogative sentences after ὅτι Mt 24:34; Lk 22:16 (οὐκέτι οὐ μή v.l.); J 11:56; without ὅτι Mt 26:29; Lk 13:35.—Combined w. οὐδέ: οὐδʼ οὐ μὴ γένηται (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 122, 4 [6 A.D.]) Mt 24:21 (B-D-F §431, 3).
    β. w. pres. subj. Hb 13:5 v.l. ἐγκαταλείπω (accepted by Tdf., whereas most edd. read ἐγκαταλίπω)
    ⓑ w. fut. ind. (En 98:12; 99:10; TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 11 [Stone p. 20] οὐ μή σοι ἀκολουθήσω; GrBar 1:7 οὐ μὴ προσθήσω; ApcEsdr 2:7 οὐ μὴ παύσομαι) οὐ μὴ ἔσται σοι τοῦτο Mt 16:22.—Hm 9:5; Hs 1:5; 4:7. Cp. Mt 15:6; 26:35; Lk 10:19 v.l.; 21:33; J 4:14; 6:35b; 10:5 (ἀκολουθήσωσιν v.l.); Hb 10:17. οὐκέτι οὐ μὴ εὑρήσουσιν Rv 18:14. οὐ γὰρ μὴ κληρονομήσει Gal 4:30 (Gen 21:10 v.l.); but the tradition wavers mostly betw. the fut. and aor. subj. (s. Mlt. and B-D-F loc. cit.).—DELG. M-M. EDNT.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > μή

  • 91 πτωχός

    πτωχός, ή, όν (s. two prec. entries; Hom.+; PPetr III, 36a, 17f; 140a, 1; LXX; TestSol 10:12 C; TestJob; Test12Patr; JosAs 10:13; Philo, Hypoth. f. 1 [Eus., PE 8, 7, 6]; Joseph.; Tat. 6, 2)
    ① pert. to being economically disadvantaged, orig. ‘begging’ (s. πένης for a differentiation betw. the two words; note the juxtaposition in Ps 39:18; 69:6 al.), dependent on others for support, but also simply poor (as Mod. Gk. φτωχός) χήρα πτωχή Mk 12:42; cp. vs. 43; Lk 21:3. Mostly as subst. (Jos., Bell. 5, 570) opp. ὁ πλούσιος one who has more than enough (Pla., Tht. 24, 175a; Maximus Tyr. 1, 9a) Lk 6:20 (cp. vs. 24); Rv 13:16; 1 Cl 38:2; Hs 2:4.—Mt 26:11; Mk 14:7; Lk 14:13, 21; 16:20, 22; J 12:6, 8; Ro 15:26 (οἱ πτ. τῶν ἁγίων τῶν ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ, part. gen. On the other hand πτωχοί [in the sense of 2]=ἅγιοι: KHoll, SBBerlAk 1921, 937–39 and Ltzm., exc. on Ro 15:25); 2 Cor 6:10 (in wordplay w. πλουτίζειν); Gal 2:10; Js 2:2f, 6; B 20:2; D 5:2. οἱ πτ. τῷ κόσμῳ those who are poor in the world’s estimation Js 2:5 (opp. πλούσιοι ἐν πίστει). διδόναι (τοῖς) πτ. Mt 19:21; Mk 10:21; Lk 19:8; cp. 18:22; J 13:29; D 13:4. Pass. Mt 26:9; Mk 14:5; J 12:5.
    ② pert. to being thrust on divine resources, poor. At times the ref. is not only to the unfavorable circumstances of these people from an economic point of view; the thought is also that since they are oppressed and disillusioned they are in special need of God’s help, and may be expected to receive it shortly (cp. Od. 6, 207f πρὸς γὰρ Διός εἰσιν ἅπαντες ξεῖνοί τε πτωχοί τε=all strangers and needy persons are wards of Zeus; LXX; HBruppacher, D. Beurteilung d. Armut im AT 1924; WSattler, D. Anawim im Zeitalter Jes. Chr.: Jülicher Festschr. 1927, 1–15; A Meyer, D. Rätsel des Jk 1930, 146ff; HBirkeland, ˓Ani u. ˓anāw in den Psalmen ’33; LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 76f; KSchubert, The Dead Sea Community ’59, 85–88; 137–39; AGelin, The Poor of Yahweh, ’64; FDanker, The Literary Unity of Mk 14:1–25: JBL 85, ’66, 467–72; s. πλοῦτος 1). The gospel is preached to them (Is 61:1) Mt 11:5; Lk 4:18; 7:22; 1 Cl 52:2 (Ps 68:33); Pol 2:3 (εἶπεν ὁ κύριος διδάσκων).
    ③ lacking in spiritual worth, fig. ext. of 1 (Tat. 6, 2 of humans ὁ μὲν πτωχός [in contrast to God]) οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 (cp. 1QM 14:7 עַנְוֵי רוּחַ; s. πνεῦμα 3b and Goodsp., Probs. 16f;; EBest, NTS 7, ’60/61, 255–58; SLégasse, NTS 8, ’61/62, 336–45 (Qumran); HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT I, ’66, 13; LKeck, The Poor among the Saints in Jewish Christianity and Qumran, ZNW 57, ’66, 54–78; add. lit. Betz, SM 111). The ‘messenger’ of the church at Laodicea, who says of himself πλούσιός εἰμι καὶ πεπλούτηκα, is termed πτωχός Rv 3:17. In 1 Cl 15:6, Ps 11:6 is quoted w. ref. to the situation in the Corinthian church.
    ④ pert. to being extremely inferior in quality, miserable, shabby (Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verb. 4 νοήματα; Iren. 2, 33, 5 [Hv I, 380, 2] of God οὐ … π. οὐδὲ ἄπορος) of the στοιχεῖα (w. ἀσθενής) Gal 4:9. Of the grace of God πτωχὴ οὐκ ἐγενήθη did not turn out to be shabby 1 Cor 15:10 v.l. (this is in keeping with the Aristotelian view that exceptional generosity produces exceptional results Aristot., EN 4, 2, 19).—JRoth, The Blind, the Lame, and the Poor etc. diss. Vanderbilt 1994. B. 782; 784. TRE IV s.v. ‘Armut’, 69–121. DELG s.v. πτήσσω III. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πτωχός

  • 92 Ἰούδας

    Ἰούδας, α, ὁ (יְהוּדָה Judah, etym. unknown; LXX; TestSol 1:12 D; Test12Patr; JosAs 27:6; AscIs, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just., Mel., P. 93, 703.—The indecl. form Ἰουδά, which occasionally occurs in the LXX [e.g. Gen 29:35; 2 Macc 14:13 Swete; Thackeray 163] is not to be postulated for our lit., not even Mt 2:6; Lk 1:39) Judas, Judah (Hebr., the Engl. sp. conventionally used for 1 and 2), Judas (Gk., conventional sp. for nos. 3–7), Jude (s. 8 below); cp. B-D-F §53, 1; 55, 1a; Mlt-H, 143f.
    ① Judah, son of the patriarch Jacob
    ⓐ in pers.: in the genealogy of Jesus Mt 1:2f; Lk 3:33. κατὰ τὸν Ἰούδαν through Judah 1 Cl 32:2.
    ⓑ the tribe of Judah (Judg 1:2) ἐξ Ἰούδα ἀνατέταλκεν ὁ κύριος Hb 7:14. Also φυλὴ Ἰούδα Rv 5:5; 7:5 (Just., D. 43, 1).
    ⓒ the country belonging to the tribe of Judah (Josh 11:21; 2 Ch 28:18) Βηθλέεμ γῆ Ἰούδα Mt 2:6a; cp. Lk 2:4 D; ἡγεμόνες Ἰ. Mt 2:6b; πόλις Ἰ. (2 Ch 23:2) Lk 1:39 (cp. CTorrey, HTR 17, 1924, 83–91). ὁ οἶκος Ἰ. (w. ὁ οἶκος Ἰσραήλ) the inhabitants of the land Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31).
    ② Judah, a pers. in the genealogy of Jesus
    ⓐ Ἰ. son of Ἰωσήφ 2: Lk 3:30.
    ⓑ Ἰ. son of Ἰωανάν: Lk 3:26 v.l.
    ③ Judas, called ὁ Γαλιλαῖος, a revolutionary in the time of Quirinius ‘in the days of the census’ (cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 4–10, 23–25; 20, 102, Bell. 2, 118; 433; 7, 253.—Schürer I 381f; 414; 417f; 425; II 599–606) Ac 5:37.—WLodder, J. de Galileër: NTS 9, 1926, 3–15.
    ④ Judas of Damascus, Paul’s host Ac 9:11.
    ⑤ Judas, an apostle, called Ἰ. Ἰακώβου son of Jacob or James (linguistically speaking, ἀδελφός might also be supplied: Alciphron 4, 17, 10 Τιμοκράτης ὁ Μητροδώρου, i.e. his brother), to differentiate him fr. the informer. He is mentioned in lists of apostles only in the writings of Luke, where two men named Judas are specifically referred to Lk 6:16 and presupposed Ac 1:13; cp. J 14:22.
    ⑥ Judas, several times called Ἰσκαριώθ or (ὁ) Ἰσκαριώτης (q.v.), the one who turned in Jesus Mt 10:4; 26:14, 25, 47; 27:3; Mk 3:19; 14:10, 43; Lk 6:16 (προδότης ‘traitor’); 22:3, 47f; J 12:4; 13:29; 18:2f, 5; Ac 1:16, 25; GEb 34, 61; Agr 23b; MPol 6:2 (also Mel., P. 93, 703). His father was Simon J 13:2, and this Simon is also called Ἰσκαριώτης 6:71; 13:26 (v.l. described him as Ἰσκαρ.). On Judas himself and the tradition concerning him, incl. the manner of his death, s. Papias (1:5 Lat. [cp. Hippolytus in Da 60 p. 338, 3 Bonwetsch]; 3:1, 2).—Cp. EPreuschen, Antileg.2 1905, 98. Lit. in Hennecke-Schneemelcher (Wils.) II 62–64 (s. also I 313f) as well as GMarquardt, D. Verrat des J. Isch.—eine Sage 1900; WWrede, Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 127–46; FFeigel, D. Einfluss d. Weissagungsbeweises 1910, 48ff; 95; 114; WSmith, Ecce Deus 1911, 295–309; KWeidel, StKr 85, 1912, 167–286; GSchläger, Die Ungeschichtlichkeit des Verräters J.: ZNW 15, 1914, 50–59; MPlath, ibid. 17, 1916, 178–88; WCadman, The Last Journey of Jesus to Jerus. 1923, 129–36; JRobertson, Jesus and J. 1927; DHaugg, J. Isk. in den ntl. Berichten 1930 (lit.); JFinegan, D. Überl. d. Leidens-u. Auferstehungsgesch. Jesu ’34; FDanker, The Literary Unity of Mk 14:1–25: JBL 85, ’66, 467–72. Esp. on the death of J.: RHarris, AJT 4, 1900, 490–513; JBernard, Exp. 6th ser., 9, 1904, 422–30; KLake, Beginn. V ’33, note 4, 22–30; PBenoit, La mort de Judas, AWikenhauser Festschr. ’53, 1–19; KLüthi, Judas Iskarioth in d. Geschichte d. Auslegung von d. Reformation bis zur Gegenwart ’55; idem, D. Problem d. Judas Iskarioth neu untersucht: EvTh 16, ’56, 98–114; MEnslin, How the Story Grew: Judas in Fact and Fiction: FGingrich Festschr., ed. Barth and Cocroft, ’72, 123–41; and s. παραδίδωμι and πρηνής.—JBrownson, Neutralizing the Intimate Enemy—The Portrayal of Judas in the Fourth Gospel: SPSBL ’92, 49–60; WKlassen, Judas—Betrayer or Friend of Jesus? ’96; s. also WVogler, Judas Iskarioth ’83.
    ⑦ Judas, called Βαρσαββᾶς (s. the entry), a Christian prophet in a leading position in the Jerusalem congregation Ac 15:22, 27, 32. His name also appears in the interpolated vs. 34.
    ⑧ Judas, a brother of Jesus Mt 13:55; Mk 6:3. Prob. the same man is meant by the Jude of Jd 1.—M-M. EDNT.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > Ἰούδας

  • 93 Д-398

    ЗА ДУШОЙ (у кого) нет, не иметь чего, есть что PrepP Invar adv usu. used with negated predic) ( s.o. does not have anything, s.o. has sth.) of s.o. 's own: (in refer, to money, material possessions) у X-a нет ни копейки ( ни гроша etc) за душой - X doesn't have (is without) a kopeck (a penny, a cent etc) to his name X is (flat) broke
    (in refer, to convictions, spiritual values, morals etc) что у X-a - ? - what is (going on) inside (of) X?
    what is in X's heart (soul) ? what does X believe in? what are the principles (beliefs etc) that guide X? what principles does X live by?
    у X-a нет ничего - - X's soul is a wasteland (a void)
    X is without beliefs or convictions X has no spiritual fiber X's heart is empty.
    ...В тринадцатом году она («Бродячая Собака», ночной клуб) была единственным островком в ночном Петербурге, где литературная и артистическая молодежь, в виде общего правила не имевшая ни гроша за душой, чувствовала себя как дома (Лившиц 1)....In 1913 it (the Stray Dog night-club) was the only haven in night-time Petersburg where the literary and artistic youth (usually without a penny to its name) could feel at home (1a).
    О Дессере думают: всесилен. В газетах его называют «некоронованным королём». А он - нищий. У него ничего за душой (Эренбург 4). They thought he (Desser) was all-powerful. They (the newspapers) called him the "uncrowned king." And in reality he was destitute. His heart was empty (4a).
    Интеллигенция... на досуге занялась переоценкой ценностей - это был период массовой капитуляции (перед новым режимом)... Психологически всех толкал на капитуляцию страх остаться в одиночестве и в стороне от общего движения... Но самое главное это то, что у самих капитулянтов ничего за душой не было (Мандельштам 1). ( context transl) The intellectuals...set about a leisurely "revaluation of all values." This was the period of mass surrender (to the new regime)....Psychological factors that worked in favor of capitulation we:e the fear of being left out in the cold, of not moving with the times....But the main thing was that those who surrendered had nothing of their own to offer (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Д-398

  • 94 за душой

    • ЗА ДУШОЙ (у кого) нет, не иметь чего, есть что
    [PrepP; Invar; adv; usu. used with negated predic]
    =====
    ⇒ (s.o. does not have anything, s.o. has sth.) of s.o.'s own:
    - [in refer, to money, material possessions] у X-a нет ни копейки < ни гроша etc> за душой≈ X doesn't have (is without) a kopeck (a penny, a cent etc) to his name;
    || [in refer, to convictions, spiritual values, morals etc] что у X-a - ? - what is (going on) inside (of) X?;
    - what is in X's heart (soul) ?;
    - what does X believe in?;
    - what are the principles (beliefs etc) that guide X?;
    - what principles does X live by?;
    - X's heart is empty.
         ♦...В тринадцатом году она ["Бродячая Собака", ночной клуб] была единственным островком в ночном Петербурге, где литературная и артистическая молодежь, в виде общего правила не имевшая ни гроша за душой, чувствовала себя как дома (Лившиц 1)....In 1913 it [the Stray Dog night-club] was the only haven in night-time Petersburg where the literary and artistic youth (usually without a penny to its name) could feel at home (1a).
         ♦ О Дессере думают: всесилен. В газетах его называют "некоронованным королём". А он - нищий. У него ничего за душой (Эренбург 4). They thought he [Desser] was all-powerful. They [the newspapers] called him the "uncrowned king." And in reality he was destitute. His heart was empty (4a).
         ♦ Интеллигенция... на досуге занялась переоценкой ценностей - это был период массовой капитуляции [перед новым режимом]... Психологически всех толкал на капитуляцию страх остаться в одиночестве и в стороне от общего движения... Но самое главное это то, что у самих капитулянтов ничего за душой не было (Мандельштам 1). [context transl] The intellectuals...set about a leisurely "revaluation of all values." This was the period of mass surrender [to the new regime].... Psychological factors that worked in favor of capitulation we:e the fear of being left out in the cold, of not moving with the times....But the main thing was that those who surrendered had nothing of their own to offer (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > за душой

  • 95 consagración

    f.
    consecration, crowning, consummation.
    * * *
    1 RELIGIÓN consecration
    2 (artista etc) recognition
    3 (de una costumbre) establishment
    4 (dedicación) dedication
    * * *
    noun f.
    consecration, dedication
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Rel) consecration, dedication
    2) [de costumbre] establishment
    * * *
    1) (Relig) consecration
    2) (de monumento, tiempo, esfuerzo) dedication
    3)
    a) (de artista, profesional)
    b) ( de costumbre) establishment
    * * *
    = enshrining, consecration.
    Ex. Proponents of the enshrining in legislation of the citizen's basic right to know what his government is doing and why, often point to the US as an example.
    Ex. These include: the consecration of images and their use in devotion and pilgrimage; the role of images in infamy, justice and witchcraft; sexual arousal by image; censorship and iconoclasm.
    * * *
    1) (Relig) consecration
    2) (de monumento, tiempo, esfuerzo) dedication
    3)
    a) (de artista, profesional)
    b) ( de costumbre) establishment
    * * *
    = enshrining, consecration.

    Ex: Proponents of the enshrining in legislation of the citizen's basic right to know what his government is doing and why, often point to the US as an example.

    Ex: These include: the consecration of images and their use in devotion and pilgrimage; the role of images in infamy, justice and witchcraft; sexual arousal by image; censorship and iconoclasm.

    * * *
    A ( Relig) consecration
    B
    1 (de un monumento) dedication
    2 (de tiempo, esfuerzo) dedication
    C
    1
    (de un artista, un profesional): aquel éxito teatral contribuyó a su consagración como dramaturgo the success of that play helped establish him o his reputation as a playwright o helped him achieve acclaim as a playwright
    2 (de una costumbre) establishment, establishing
    * * *

    consagración sustantivo femenino
    1 (dedicación exclusiva a una actividad) dedication: su consagración al mundo literario no sorprendió, we were not surprised by her dedication to the literary world
    2 (conquista de la fama) reputation: su consagración se produjo en la última temporada, he earned his reputation during this latest season
    3 Rel consecration
    ' consagración' also found in these entries:
    English:
    blessing
    * * *
    1. Rel [de pan, vino, templo] consecration
    2. [dedicación] dedication;
    su consagración al trabajo es admirable her dedication to her work is admirable
    3. [reconocimiento] recognition;
    esta obra supuso la consagración del joven escritor this work gained recognition for the young writer
    * * *
    f REL consecration
    * * *
    consagración nf, pl - ciones : consecration

    Spanish-English dictionary > consagración

  • 96 crema

    adj.
    1 cream.
    color crema cream(-colored)
    2 beige, cream-coloured, cream-colored, buttermilk-colored.
    f.
    1 cream.
    crema de base foundation cream
    crema de cacao cocoa butter
    crema de espárragos cream of asparagus (soup)
    crema facial face cream
    crema hidratante moisturizer
    crema de manos hand cream
    crema de marisco seafood bisque
    crema pastelera (confectioner's) custard
    crema para zapatos shoe polish
    2 cream (de leche). (especially Latin American Spanish)
    crema líquida single cream
    3 custard, mousse.
    4 beige color, buttermilk color, buttermilk, beige colour.
    5 shoe polish.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: cremar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: cremar.
    * * *
    1 (de leche, licor, ungüento) cream
    2 (natillas) custard
    3 (betún) shoe polish
    1 cream, cream coloured (US cream colored)
    \
    crema bronceadora suntan cream
    crema de afeitar shaving cream
    crema de belleza beauty cream
    crema de champiñones cream of mushroom soup
    crema hidratante moisturizing cream
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) [en cosmética, de zapatos] cream

    crema bronceadora — suntan lotion, suntan cream

    crema depilatoria — hair removing cream, depilatory cream

    crema hidratante — moisturizer, moisturizing cream

    2) (=licor) cream liqueur, crème
    3) (Culin) (tb: crema de leche) cream

    crema líquida — single cream, pouring cream

    crema agria — sour cream, soured cream

    crema catalana — dessert similar to crème brûlée

    crema de cacao, crema de chocolate — chocolate filling

    crema pastelera — confectioner's cream, custard, crème pâtissière

    4)

    la crema — (=lo mejor) the cream

    5) (Tip) (=diéresis) diaeresis, dieresis (EEUU)
    - dejar la crema
    2.
    ADJ INV [color] cream, cream-coloured, cream-colored (EEUU)

    una chaqueta crema claro — a light cream o cream-coloured jacket

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable cream

    (de) color crema — cream, cream-colored

    II
    1) (Coc)
    b) (esp AmL) ( de la leche) cream
    c) ( sopa) cream
    2)

    la crema — ( lo mejor) the cream

    3) ( en cosmética) cream
    •
    * * *
    = ointment, cream, lotion.
    Ex. The first epigram gives the reason for the following epigrams, which are about particular gifts: peacocks, purple fish, deer, ointment, and roses.
    Ex. Various items that may be stored or kept in the containers include, but are not limited to, creams, balms, waxes, gels, candles, and bath salts.
    Ex. Anyone can create their own natural skin care using simple and quick recipes for lotions, moisturizers and toners.
    ----
    * crema batida = whipped cream.
    * crema de manos = hand cream.
    * crema hidratante = moisturiser [moisturizer, -USA], moisturising cream.
    * crema limpiadora de manos = handcleaner.
    * crema para el cuerlpo = body lotion.
    * crema para la piel = skin cream.
    * crema solar = suntan lotion, suntan cream.
    * de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable cream

    (de) color crema — cream, cream-colored

    II
    1) (Coc)
    b) (esp AmL) ( de la leche) cream
    c) ( sopa) cream
    2)

    la crema — ( lo mejor) the cream

    3) ( en cosmética) cream
    •
    * * *
    = ointment, cream, lotion.

    Ex: The first epigram gives the reason for the following epigrams, which are about particular gifts: peacocks, purple fish, deer, ointment, and roses.

    Ex: Various items that may be stored or kept in the containers include, but are not limited to, creams, balms, waxes, gels, candles, and bath salts.
    Ex: Anyone can create their own natural skin care using simple and quick recipes for lotions, moisturizers and toners.
    * crema batida = whipped cream.
    * crema de manos = hand cream.
    * crema hidratante = moisturiser [moisturizer, -USA], moisturising cream.
    * crema limpiadora de manos = handcleaner.
    * crema para el cuerlpo = body lotion.
    * crema para la piel = skin cream.
    * crema solar = suntan lotion, suntan cream.
    * de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.

    * * *
    una camisa crema or una camisa (de) color crema a cream-colored shirt, a cream shirt
    A ( Coc)
    echarle or ponerle mucha crema a sus tacos ( Méx fam); to boast, blow one's own trumpet
    3 (sopa) cream
    crema de espárragos cream of asparagus (soup)
    Compuestos:
    ● crema agria or ácida
    ( AmL) sour o soured cream
    ( AmL) whipped cream
    ● crema chantilly or chantillí
    whipped cream (with sugar, vanilla and egg white)
    crème de cacao
    crème de menthe
    ( AmL) double cream
    ( Ven) double cream
    ( AmL) single cream
    ( Ven) single cream
    crème pâtissière, confectioner's custard
    B
    la crema (lo mejor) the cream
    la crema de la sociedad the cream of society
    Compuestos:
    anti-wrinkle cream
    suntan lotion o cream
    hair lotion
    ● crema de afeitar or ( esp Méx) de rasurar
    shaving cream
    ( Esp) shoe cream
    hair-removing cream, depilatory cream
    ● crema hidratante or humectante
    moisturizer, moisturizing cream
    D ( Ling) diaeresis, dieresis ( AmE)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cremar: ( conjugate cremar)

    crema es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    crema    
    cremar
    crema sustantivo femenino

    b) (esp AmL) ( de la leche) cream;


    crema agria or ácida (AmL) sour o soured cream;
    crema chantilly or chantillí (AmL) whipped cream (with sugar, vanilla and egg white);
    crema doble/líquida (AmL) double/single cream;
    crema pastelera crème pâtissière, confectioner's custard
    c) ( sopa) cream


    ◊ crema bronceadora suntan lotion o cream;

    crema de afeitar shaving cream;
    crema de calzado (Esp) shoe cream;
    crema hidratante moisturizer, moisturizing cream
    ■ adjetivo invariable
    cream;

    cremar ( conjugate cremar) verbo transitivo
    to cremate
    crema sustantivo femenino
    1 (para uso cosmético) cream
    2 Culin cream
    una crema de zanahorias, a cream of carrot soup
    3 (betún) shoe polish
    4 (lo más selecto) cream

    ' crema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    depilatoria
    - depilatorio
    - hidratante
    - liposoma
    - aplicación
    - batir
    - chantillí
    - depilación
    - doble
    - echar
    - nata
    - pote
    - queso
    - torta
    English:
    cream
    - cream puff
    - custard pie
    - effectively
    - face cream
    - foundation
    - handcream
    - lotion
    - moisturizer
    - multipurpose
    - polish
    - rub in
    - cleanser
    - cold
    - creamer
    - creamy
    - custard
    - double
    - eclair
    - hand
    - heavy
    - lemon
    - light
    - single
    - sundae
    - trifle
    - whip
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [sustancia pastosa] cream
    crema de afeitar shaving cream;
    crema dental toothpaste;
    crema depilatoria hair remover;
    crema facial face cream;
    crema hidratante moisturizer;
    crema de manos hand cream;
    crema para la piel skin cream;
    crema solar sun cream;
    crema para zapatos shoe polish
    2. [sopa] cream
    crema de espárragos cream of asparagus (soup);
    crema de marisco seafood bisque
    3. [dulce]
    crema (pastelera) confectioner's custard
    crema de cacahuete peanut butter;
    crema catalana = custard dessert covered with caramelized sugar, ≈ crème brûlée
    4. [de leche] cream
    Am crema agria sour cream; Am crema batida whipped cream; Am crema chantillí o chantilly whipped cream; RP crema doble double cream; Am crema líquida cream, Br single cream; Urug crema rusa sour cream
    5.
    la crema de… [lo mejor de] the cream of…;
    la crema del mundo literario the cream of the literary world
    ♦ adj inv
    cream;
    color crema cream(-coloured)
    * * *
    I adj
    :
    color crema cream(-colored, Br -coloured)
    II f GASTR cream
    * * *
    crema nf
    1) : cream
    2)
    la crema y nata : the pick of the crop
    * * *
    1. (en general) cream
    2. (de pastelería) custard

    Spanish-English dictionary > crema

  • 97 світ

    I ч
    1) ( всесвіт) world; universe; ( суспільство) society; world

    вищий світ — society, high life

    зовнішній світ — outside/outer world

    навколишній світ — the world around, surrounding world, outward things

    світ мрій — dreamland, dream-world

    у всьому світі — in the whole world, all over the world

    увесь світ — world at large, whole world, entire world

    чотири сторони світу (південь, північ, схід, захід) — four cardinal points

    2)

    вийти у світ (про книгу) — to be published, to come out

    пішов на той світ — died; gone to the kingdom come sl

    пустити по світу — to beggar, to ruin utterly

    внутрішній світ — inward/inner life

    потойбічний світ — the other/next world, the beyond

    перевернути увесь світ — to move heaven and earth, to turn the world upside down

    переселятися в кращий світ (померти) — to leave this world, to go to a better world, to go to the next world

    II ч
    1) див. світло
    2) див. світанок

    Українсько-англійський словник > світ

  • 98 république

    république [ʀepyblik]
    feminine noun
    • on est en république ! it's a free country!
    • la République française/d'Irlande the French/Irish Republic
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    The term la Cinquième République refers to the French Republic since the presidency of General de Gaulle (1959-1969), during which a new Constitution was established.
    * * *
    ʀepyblik
    nom féminin republic

    après tout, on vit en république — after all, it's a free country

    * * *
    ʀepyblik nf
    * * *
    république nf Pol republic; après tout, on vit en république after all, it's a free country; république des lettres republic of letters.
    [repyblik] nom féminin
    1. [régime politique] republic
    je fais ce que je veux; on est en république, non? (familier) I'll do as I like, it's a free country, isn't it?
    ‘la République’ Platon ‘The Republic’
    2. [État] Republic
    la République d'Irlande the Irish Republic, the Republic of Ireland
    3. [confrérie]
    dans la république des lettres in the literary world, in the world of letters

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > république

  • 99 мир

    I м.
    1) (вселенная; планета) world

    окружа́ющий мир — the world around

    в мире — in the world; (на Земле тж.) on earth

    весь мир — all the world, the whole world

    объе́хать весь мир — travel the world

    со всего́ мира — from every corner of the globe

    во всём мире — all over the world, the world over, in the whole world

    изве́стный во всём мире — world-famous

    из друго́го мира — from another world

    2) (сфера, область, категория) world

    мир живо́тных [расте́ний] — the animal [vegetable] world

    литерату́рный мир — the literary world; the world of letters

    делово́й мир — the business world

    дре́вний мир — the ancient world

    развива́ющийся мир — the developing world

    3) рел. (светская жизнь в отличие от церковной, монашеской) worldly life, secular world

    в миру́ — in the secular world; ( при указании на светское имя) born (+ name)

    4) ист. ( сельская община) village community
    ••

    мир те́сен погов. — it's a small world

    лу́чший из миро́в — the best of all possible worlds

    на миру́ и смерть красна́ посл. — ≈ company in distress makes trouble less

    не от мира сего́ разг. — otherworldly, not of this world

    пусти́ть по́ миру (вн.) — beggar (d), ruin utterly (d)

    ходи́ть по́ миру разг. — beg, be a beggar; live by begging

    с миру по ни́тке - го́лому руба́шка посл. — ≈ many a little makes a mickle, every little helps

    тре́тий мир полит. уст. — the third world

    уйти́ в мир ино́й / лу́чший мир — go to the next [a better] world

    II м.
    1) (спокойствие, отсутствие вражды) peace

    жить в мире и согла́сии — live in peace and harmony

    зако́нчить спор миром — settle a dispute peacefully

    2) (отсутствие, войны) peace

    движе́ние сторо́нников мира — peace movement

    боре́ц за мир — peace activist / advocate

    демонстра́ция сторо́нников мира — peace march

    3) ( мирный договор) peace (treaty)

    заключи́ть мир — make peace

    ••

    отпусти́ть кого́-л с миром — let smb go in peace

    мир пра́ху его́! — may he rest in peace!

    худо́й мир лу́чше до́брой ссо́ры посл. — better a bad peace than a good quarrel

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > мир

  • 100 Sturgeon, William

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 22 May 1783 Whittington, Lancashire, England
    d. 4 December 1850 Prestwich, Manchester, England
    [br]
    English inventor and lecturer, discoverer of the electromagnet, and inventor of the first electric motor put to practical use.
    [br]
    After leaving an apprenticeship as a shoemaker, Sturgeon enlisted in the militia. Self-educated during service as a private in the Royal Artillery, he began to construct scientific apparatus. When he left the army in 1820 Sturgeon became an industrious writer, contributing papers to the Philosophical Magazine. In 1823 he was appointed Lecturer in Natural Science at the East India Company's Military College in Addiscombe. His invention in 1823 of an electromagnet with a horseshoe-shaped, soft iron core provided a much more concentrated magnetic field than previously obtained. An electric motor he designed in 1832 embodied his invention of the first metallic commutator. This was used to rotate a meat-roasting jack. Over an extended period he conducted researches into atmospheric electricity and also introduced the practice of amalgamating zinc in primary cells to prevent local action.
    Sturgeon became Lecturer at the Adelaide Gallery, London, in 1832, an appointment of short duration, terminating when the gallery closed. In 1836 he established a monthly publication, The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism and Chemistry; and Guardian of Experimental Science, the first journal in England to be devoted to the subject. It was to this journal that James Prescot Joule contributed the results of his own researches in electromagnetism. Due to lack of financial support the publication ceased in 1843 after ten volumes had been issued. At the age of 57 Sturgeon became Superintendent of the Victoria Gallery of Practical Science in Manchester; after this gallery closed, the last five years of his life were spent in considerable poverty.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Society of Arts Silver Medal 1825.
    Bibliography
    1836, Annals of Electricity 1:75–8 (describes his motor).
    All his published papers were collected in Scientific Researches, Experimental and Theoretical in Electricity, Magnetism and Electro-Chemistry, 1850, Bury; 1852, London.
    Further Reading
    J.P.Joule, 1857, biography, in Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society 14, Manchester: 53–8.
    Biography, 1895, Electrician 35:632–5 (includes a list of Sturgeon's published work). P.Dunsheath, 1957, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Sturgeon, William

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • The Literary Encyclopedia — is an online reference work first published in October 2000 which, as of May 2008, offers freely available content together with full content and services for subscribing members. Articles are written by nearly 2000 named scholars, most of whom… …   Wikipedia

  • The Literary Society — is a London dining club, founded by William Wordsworth and others in 1807. Its members are generally either prominent figures in English literature or eminent people in other fields with a strong interest in literature. No papers are delivered at …   Wikipedia

  • The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons — The The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons (zh cp|c=《文心雕龍》|p=Wén Xīn Diāo Lóng) is China s first work of aesthetics and also the first systematic work of literary criticism from that country. Its author, Liu Xie, composed the work in fifty… …   Wikipedia

  • The Literary Digest — Titelblatt des The Literary Digest vom 19. Februar 1921. The Literary Digest war eine vielgelesene wöchentliche Zeitschrift verlegt von Funk Wagnalls. Seit 1890 wurde die Zeitschrift von Isaac Kaufmann Funk publiziert als Weiterführung zweier… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Kuro no Danshou: The Literary Fragment — Kuro no Danshou: The Literary Fragment …   Википедия

  • Lonesome Luke Leans to the Literary — Infobox Film name = Lonesome Luke Leans to the Literary image size = caption = director = Hal Roach producer = Hal Roach writer = narrator = starring = Harold Lloyd music = cinematography = editing = distributor = released = 5 January, 1916… …   Wikipedia

  • the literary community — all writers and critics of literature, people of letters …   English contemporary dictionary

  • Literary theory — in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature. [Culler 1997, p.1] However, literary scholarship since the 19th century often includes in addition to, or even instead of literary… …   Wikipedia

  • Literary nonsense — (or nonsense literature) is a broad categorization of literature that uses sensical and nonsensical elements to defy language conventions or logical reasoning. Even though the most well known form of literary nonsense is nonsense verse, the genre …   Wikipedia

  • The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket —   …   Wikipedia

  • The Original of Laura —   …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»