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101 perché
because( affinché) so thatperché? why?* * *perché avv.interr. ( per quale motivo) why; ( a quale scopo) what for: ''Devo andare via subito'' ''Perché?'', ''I must go at once'' ''Why?'' (o ''What for?''); perché l'hai fatto?, why did you do it? (o what did you do it for?); perché non ci vai domani?, why don't you go tomorrow?; perché non mi hai detto che partivi?, why didn't you tell me you were leaving?; perché aspettare tanto?, why wait so long?; perché non dirmelo prima?, why wasn't I told before?; ''Non posso venire'' ''Perché?'', ''I can't come'' ''Why not?''; non so perché non abbia risposto alla mia lettera, I don't know why he didn't answer my letter // perché no?, why not? // chissà perché, I wonder why // ecco perché, that's why // perché mai?, why on earth?, whyever: mi domando perché mai abbia agito in quel modo, I wonder why on earth he behaved like that (o whyever did he behave like that, I wonder)◆ cong.1 ( con valore esplicativo) because, as: non posso usare l'auto perché ha una gomma a terra, I can't use the car, because it's got a flat tyre; copritevi perché fa freddo, wrap up well, because it's cold; dovete salire a piedi perché l'ascensore non funziona, you'll have to walk up, as the lift isn't working; non ho potuto parlargli perché era occupato, I wasn't able to talk to him, as he was busy; ''Perché sei così in ritardo?'' ''Perché c'era molto traffico'', ''Why are you so late?'' ''Because there was a lot of traffic'' // ''Perché vuoi proprio vedere quel film?'' ''Perché sì'', (fam.) ''Why are you so keen to see that film?'' ''Because I am''; ''Perché non vuoi parlargli?'' ''Perché no'', (fam.) ''Why won't you speak to him?'' ''Because I don't want to''2 ( con valore finale) so (that), in order that; so as (+ inf.): te lo dico perché ti sappia regolare, I'm telling you so that you'll know what to do; parlò a voce alta perché tutti lo sentissero, he spoke up so (that) everyone could hear him (o in order that everyone should hear him); accettai il loro invito perché non si offendessero, I accepted their invitation so as not to offend them // mi rivolsi a lui perché mi aiutasse, I turned to him for help3 (con valore consec., in correlazione con troppo) for; to: è troppo difficile perché tu lo possa capire, it's too hard for you to understand; è troppo furbo perché qualcuno possa imbrogliarlo, he's too crafty (o clever) to be fooled (o for anyone to fool him)◆ pron.rel. ( per cui) why: ecco la ragione perché mi piace vivere in campagna, that's why I like living in the country◆ s.m.invar.1 ( motivo) (the reason) why: è molto irritato ma non so il perché, he's very annoyed, but I don't know (the reason) why; ecco il perché della sua partenza improvvisa, that's why he left so suddenly; volete sapere il perché?, do you want to know why?; l'ho fatto senza un ( vero) perché, I did it without any particular reason; a tutto c'è un perché, there's a reason for everything // il perché e il percome, the why (s) and the wherefore (s)2 ( interrogativo, dubbio) question: a certi perché non esiste risposta, there are some questions that can't be answered // essere nell'età dei perché, to be at the questioning stage.* * *[per'ke]1. avv2. cong1) (causale: poiché) becausenon posso uscire perché ho molto da fare — I can't go out because o as I've a lot to do
2) (finale: affinché) so (that), in order that3)(consecutivo: cosicché)
l'ostacolo era troppo alto perché si potesse scavalcarlo — the obstacle was too high to climb overè troppo forte perché si possa vincerlo — he's too strong to be beaten o for anyone to beat him
3. sm inv(motivo) reasonvorrei sapere il perché di un simile atteggiamento da parte sua — I'd like to know the reason for his attitude
* * *[per'ke] 1.2.perché non andare a Venezia? — what o how about going to Venice?
1) (poiché) because, since, as"perché non mi hai telefonato?" - "perché no!" — "why haven't you phoned me?" - "because I haven't, that's why!"
2) (affinché) so thatinsistere perché qcn. faccia — to insist on sb. doing
3) (tanto da)3.sostantivo maschile invariabile* * *perché/per'ke/Perché si usa innanzitutto nelle interrogative dirette e indirette; si ricordi che in inglese queste ultime, diversamente dalle prime, non richiedono l'uso dell'ausiliare e l'inversione soggetto / ausiliare: perché l'ha buttata via? = why did he throw it away? non so perché l'abbia buttata via = I don't know why he threw it away. - Nelle risposte si usa invece because, che è anche usato con valore causale (= poiché, siccome) accanto a since o as: è già andata a dormire, perché domani si deve alzare alle 5 = she's already gone to bed, because / since / as tomorrow she has to get up at 5. Quando è usato con valore causale, because non può stare all'inizio della frase: l'esempio precedente può essere riformulato solo come since / as tomorrow..., she's already gone to bed. - Per gli altri usi di perché, si veda la voce qui sotto.I avverbio(in interrogazioni dirette e indirette) why; perché mai? why on earth? perché no? why not? perché non andare a Venezia? what o how about going to Venice? perché ridi? why are you laughing? dimmi perché tell me why; mi domando perché I wonder whyII congiunzione1 (poiché) because, since, as; faccio questo lavoro perché mi piace I do this job because I like it; "perché non mi hai telefonato?" - "perché no!" "why haven't you phoned me?" - "because I haven't, that's why!"2 (affinché) so that; insistere perché qcn. faccia to insist on sb. doing; ti faccio una piantina perché tu non ti perda I'll draw you a map so (that) you won't get lost3 (tanto da) l'acqua è troppo fredda perché si possa fare il bagno the water is too cold to have a swim; è troppo tardi perché tu possa correre ai ripari it's too late for you to take measures nowIII m. invil perché e il percome the whys and (the) wherefores; senza un perché without a reason; non posso rispondere a tutti i perché I cannot go into all the whys and wherefores. -
102 sé
1. conj ifse mai if need bese mai arrivasse... should he arrive...come se as ifse no if not2. pron = si in front of lo, la, li, le, ne* * *se1 cong.1 (con valore condiz.) if: se comincia, se comincerà a parlare, non la finirà più, if he starts talking, he'll never stop; se ci vediamo, ne parliamo, if we meet, we can talk about it; se verrai, ti divertirai, you'll enjoy yourself if you come; se tutto va bene, domani siamo a casa, if all goes well, we'll be home by tomorrow; se volete arrivare in tempo, dovete sbrigarvi, if you want to arrive in time, you'll have to hurry up; ti passiamo a prendere se vuoi, we'll call for you if you like; se non mi trovi in casa, chiamami in ufficio, if you don't find me at home, call me at the office; se non disturbo, ti vengo a trovare, I'll come and see you, if it's all right with you; se non ha contanti, può pagare con un assegno, if you haven't the cash you can pay by cheque; se non ti dispiace ci vediamo un'altra volta, we'll see each other some other time if you don't mind; se non troveremo posto in aereo, verremo in treno, if we can't find seats on the plane we'll come by train; se fossi in te, mi prenderei una vacanza, if I were you, I'd have a holiday; se avessi i soldi, mi comprerei un appartamento più grande, if I had the money, I'd buy myself a bigger flat; se potesse aiutarti lo farebbe, if he could help you, he would; se dovesse piovere, la gara sarà rinviata, should it (o if it should) rain, the competition will be postponed; se non abitassero così lontano, li vedremmo più spesso, if they didn't live so far away, we'd see them more often; se non fosse così tardi, vi direi di venire a casa mia, if it weren't so late, I'd tell you to come to my place; se avessi studiato di più, saresti stato promosso, if you had studied harder, you would have passed; sarebbe arrivato prima, se non avesse perso il treno, he would have arrived sooner, if he hadn't missed the train; promise che, se fosse passato da Milano, sarebbe venuto a salutarci, he promised that if he was passing through Milan, he would come and see us; disse che l'avrebbe comprato se non fosse stato così caro, he said he would have bought it, if it hadn't been so expensive // In alcune frasi incidentali: se non mi sbaglio, if I'm not mistaken (o wrong); se possibile, se si può, if possible; se (è) necessario, if (it's) necessary; se ho ben capito, if I've got it right; se è lecito, if I may: posso chiederti, se è lecito, dove te ne vai stasera?, I'd like to know where you're going this evening, if it isn't a rude question2 ( in frasi dubitative e interrogative indirette) whether, if: non so se dovrei dirglielo o no, I don't know whether I should tell him or not; chissà se sono già partiti, I wonder whether they have already left; mi domando se sia stata una buona idea, I wonder whether it was a good idea; è indeciso se accettare o rifiutare l'offerta, he's undecided whether to accept the offer or not; si chiedeva se lei l'avrebbe mai perdonato, he wondered whether she would ever forgive him; telefoniamogli per sentire se ha voglia di uscire, let's phone him to find out if he feels like going out // non so se mi spiego, I don't know if you get my meaning // Con uso rafforzativo o enfatico: Se è vero? Ma è verissimo!, it's as true as I'm standing here; lo so io se ce ne vuole di pazienza!, I know how much patience is needed!; immagina se ero contento!, you can imagine how happy I was!3 ( con valore desiderativo) if only: se lui fosse qui!, if only he were here!; se vincessi al totocalcio!, if only I could win the football pools!; se potessi essere a casa mia!, if only I could be back home!; se ( solo) l'avessi saputo!, if only I had known!; se fossero arrivati in tempo!, if only they had arrived in time! // se Dio vuole!, ( finalmente) thank God! // se tu sapessi!, if you only knew!; se lo prendo!, if I lay my hands on him! // e se provassimo?, suppose we try?; e se facessimo un bridge?, what about a game of bridge?4 ( con valore causale) if: se ti dico che è vero, devi credermi!, if I tell you it's true, you've got to believe me!; se eri in ritardo, potevi prendere un taxi, if you were late, you could have taken a taxi; se lo sapeva, perché non ci ha avvertito?, if he knew, why didn't he tell us?5 (con valore concessivo, spesso rafforzato da anche, pure, neppure) (even) if: se lui aveva ragione, noi non avevamo torto, even if he was right, we weren't wrong (either); se anche ha sbagliato, non per questo lo condanno, even if he made a mistake, I'm not going to condemn him for it; se pure volesse rimediare, ormai è troppo tardi, even if he wanted to make amends, it's too late now; anche se vinceranno la partita, non entreranno in finale, even if they win the match, they won't qualify for the final; non ci crederei neppure se lo vedessi con i miei occhi, I wouldn't believe it even if I saw it with my own eyes6 come se, as if, as though: come se fosse colpa mia, as if (o as though) it were my fault; come se non lo conoscessimo!, as if we didn't know him!; ti comporti come se non te ne importasse nulla, you behave as if (o as though) you didn't care.◆ FRASEOLOGIA: se mai → semmai // se no, if not (o otherwise): dammi retta, se no te ne pentirai, listen to me, if not (o otherwise) you'll be sorry // se non, if not; ( tranne) but: le vittime saranno un migliaio, se non di più, there must be about a thousand victims, if not more; questa è una delle sue opere migliori, se non la migliore di tutte, this is one of his best works, if not the best; in quelle condizioni non si poteva far altro se non aspettare, in that state of affairs there was nothing else to do but (o except) wait; non può essere stato se non lui, it can only have been he (o him) // se non altro, if nothing as if else (o more); if only; ( almeno) at least: se non altro è onesto, he's honest, if nothing else (o at least he's honest); telefonagli, se non altro per educazione, phone him, if only out of politeness; non ha vinto la gara ma, se non altro, ha partecipato, he didn't win the competition, but at least he took part; non si è divertito, ma se non altro si è riposato, he didn't enjoy himself, but at least he had a rest // se non che → sennonché // se non fosse ( stato) per..., but for...: se non fosse ( stato) per lui, non ci troveremmo in questa situazione, but for him we wouldn't have been in this situation // se non fosse che, but for the fact that, (form.) but that; se non fosse che le prove dimostrano la sua colpa, non ci crederei, but for the fact that (o form. but that) the evidence proves his guilt, I wouldn't believe it.se1 s.m.1 ( incertezza) if: con tutti i suoi ma e se non combina mai nulla, with all his ifs and buts, he never does anything2 ( obiezione) condition; (fam.) a big if: accetto, ma c'è un se, I accept, but there's one condition (o there's a big if).se2 pron.pers.m. e f. di 3a pers.sing. e pl. ( usato in luogo di si davanti ai pron.pers. lo, la, li, le e alla particella pron. ne; in inglese non si traduce): se ne andò, he, she went away; se ne discusse a lungo, they (o we) talked it over at length; se lo portarono via, they carried him away; non se l'è fatto dire due volte, he didn't need to be told twice.* * *abbr1) (= Sud-Est) SE2) (= Sua Eccellenza) HE* * *I 1. [se]1) (condizionale) ifse telefona, digli che non ci sono — if he phones, tell him I'm not in
se fossi in te o al tuo posto if I were you; sarei contento se piovesse — I would be happy if it rained
2) (causativo)se lo sapevi perché non me l'hai detto? — since you knew, why didn't you tell me?
se proprio insisti, vengo — if you insist, I'll come
3) (concessivo) ifse anche, anche se — even if, even though
è furbo, anche se non sembra — he's sly although he doesn't look it
4) (in frasi esclamative) ifse (solo o almeno) lo avessi saputo! if only I had known! had I known! se Dio vuole! God willing! se ho voglia di partire? ma certo! — do I want to leave? but of course I do!
6) (per introdurre una dubitativa o un'interrogativa indiretta) if, whether7) se non if not, unlessnon ha preso con sé nulla se non un libro — he didn't take anything with him apart from o other than a book
una delle città più belle, se non addirittura la più bella — one of the most beautiful cities, if not the most beautiful
se non fosse stato per me, sarebbe andato — he would have gone but for me
8) se no if not, otherwise, or elsesmettila, se no... — stop that now, or else...
non è per niente pericoloso, se no non lo farei — it's quite safe, otherwise I wouldn't do it
9) se maise mai vedessi — if you ever see o if ever you see
2.se mai andrò da qualche parte, sarà in Australia — I'm going to Australia, if anything o if I go anywhere
sostantivo maschile (incertezza) ifII [se]se l'è presa comoda — he took his time, he took it easy
••se ne sono andati — they left, they went away
Note:v. la nota della voce io* * *sé/se/v. la nota della voce io.pron.pers.1 (impersonale) oneself; essere sicuro di sé to be sure of oneself; per una migliore conoscenza di sé for a better self-knowledge; prendersi cura di se stesso to take care of oneself; tenere qcs. per sé to keep sth. to oneself; rimanere fedele a se stesso to remain true to oneself; parlare tra sé e sé to talk to oneself; la parte migliore di sé one's better self2 (singolare) (riferito a uomo) himself, him; (riferito a donna) herself, her; (riferito a cosa o animale) itself, it; (plurale) themselves, them; non aveva abbastanza soldi con sé he, she didn't have enough money about o on him, her; il mio anello in sé o se stesso non ha valore my ring is of no value in itself; se lo sono tenuto per sé they kept it for themselvesa sé stante [questione, problema] separate; ha fatto tutto da sé he did it all by himself o he did it all alone; si è fatto da sé he's a self-made man; di per sé, in sé (e per sé) in itself; un episodio di per sé banale an episode that is in itself commonplace; va da sé (che) it goes without saying (that); essere fuori di sé, non stare in sé to be beside oneself (da, per with). -
103 encore
encore [ɑ̃kɔʀ]adverba. ( = toujours) stillb. ► pas encore not yetc. ( = pas plus tard que) onlyd. ( = de nouveau) again• encore une fois non ! how many times do I have to tell you: no!• encore vous ! you again!• quoi encore ? what is it this time?e. ( = de plus, en plus) more• encore un ! one more!• encore une tasse ? another cup?• encore un peu de thé ? more tea?• encore quelques gâteaux ? more cakes?• encore un mot, avant de terminer one more word before I finish• que te faut-il encore ? what else do you want?• mais encore ? could you explain further?g. (restrictif) il en est sûrement capable, encore faut-il qu'il le fasse he's obviously capable, but whether he does it or not is another matter• on t'en donnera peut-être 100 €, et encore they might give you 100 euros for it, if that• c'est passable, et encore ! it's passable but only just!► encore que ( = quoique) even though* * *ɑ̃kɔʀ
1.
1) ( toujours) stilltu en es encore là? — fig haven't you got GB ou gotten US beyond that by now?
qu'il soit impoli passe encore, mais... — the fact that he's rude is one thing, but...
encore heureux or une chance que je m'en sois aperçu — it's lucky that I realized
2) ( toujours pas)cela ne s'est encore jamais vu/fait — it has never been seen/done before
3) ( de nouveau) againencore! — ( à un spectacle) more!
4) ( davantage) morec'est encore mieux/moins — it's even better/less
5) ( en plus)qu'est-ce qu'il te faut encore? — fig what more do you need ou want?
et puis quoi encore! — (colloq) what next! (colloq)
6) ( toutefois)il ne suffit pas d'avoir de bonnes idées, encore faut-il savoir les exprimer — it's not enough to have good ideas, one must be able to articulate them
7) ( seulement) only, justil y a encore trois mois — only ou just three months ago
2.
et encore locution adverbiale if that
3.
encore que locution conjonctive ( bien que) even though
••
Lorsqu'il signifie toujours, encore se traduit généralement par still dans une phrase affirmative ou interrogative: il était encore étudiant quand il s'est marié = he was still a student when he got married; habite-t-elle encore ici? = does she still live here?; pas encore se traduit par not yet: elle n'était pas encore mariée quand elle a eu son premier bébé = she wasn't yet married when she had her first baby, she still wasn't married when she had her first baby; il n'est pas encore rentré = he hasn't come home yet, he still hasn't come home; dans ce dernier cas, still marque l'étonnement ou l'exaspération, alors que yet indique un énoncé neutre des faitsDes exceptions aux traductions fournies ci-dessus et les autres sens de encore sont traités dans l'article ci-contre* * *ɑ̃kɔʀ adv1) (continuation) stillIl y travaille encore. — He's still working on it.
Il est encore au travail. — He's still at work.
Il n'est pas encore rentré. — He isn't home yet.
2) (= de nouveau) againIl m'a encore demandé de l'argent. — He asked me for money again.
J'irai encore demain. — I'll go again tomorrow.
3) (= de plus)encore un...; encore une... — one more..., another...
Il reste encore deux morceaux de gâteau. — There are two pieces of cake left.
4) (intensif) even, stillencore plus fort — even louder, louder still
encore mieux — even better, better still
non seulement..., mais encore... — not only..., but also...
5)* * *encore ⇒ Note d'usageA adv1 ( toujours) still; je m'en souviens encore I still remember; il n'est encore que midi it's only midday; tu en es encore là? fig haven't you got GB ou gotten US beyond that by now?; il se plaignait, encore et toujours he was complaining as usual; hier soir encore elle allait bien only yesterday evening she was fine; qu'il soit impoli passe encore, mais je n'accepte pas sa méchanceté the fact that he's rude is one thing, but I won't tolerate his nastiness; encore heureux ou une chance que je m'en sois aperçu it's lucky that I realized;2 ( toujours pas) pas encore not yet; tu n'as encore rien vu you haven't seen anything yet; cela ne s'est encore jamais vu/fait it has never been seen/done before; je n'ai encore jamais pu être tranquille ici up to now, I've never had any peace here; les abricots ne sont pas encore mûrs the apricots aren't ripe yet; les abricots ne sont pas encore assez mûrs the apricots aren't ripe enough yet; il n'était pas encore célèbre à cette époque at that time he wasn't yet famous; le nom de son remplaçant n'est pas encore connu the name of his replacement is still not known; ce n'est pas encore de leur âge they're not old enough yet; on n'en est pas encore là we haven't got to that stage yet; ce n'est pas encore sûr it still isn't definite, it's not definite yet;3 ( de nouveau) again; les prix ont encore augmenté prices have gone up again; encore toi! you again!; elle a encore gagné/perdu she has won/lost again; encore de la purée! not mashed potatoes again!; encore! ( à un spectacle) encore!; encore une fois ou un coup once again, one more time; c'est encore une histoire d'amour it's another love story; qu 'est-ce que j'ai encore fait? what have I done now?; il m'en reste encore autant à faire I've still got as much to do again; j'ai encore cassé une assiette I've broken another plate; elle s'est encore acheté une nouvelle robe she has bought herself yet another new dress; son dernier livre est encore un roman policier his/her last book is also a ou is another detective novel; là encore, fais attention ( à cet endroit aussi) be careful there too ou as well; là encore, tu dois utiliser le subjonctif there again, you must use the subjunctive; ici encore on retrouve le thème de la mort here again we find the theme of death;4 ( davantage) more; j'en veux encore I want some more; mange encore un peu have some more to eat; mange encore un peu d'agneau have some more lamb; je vais travailler encore un peu I'm going to do a little more work; tu devrais encore raccourcir ta robe you should take your dress up a little more; cela va encore aggraver les choses it's going to make things even worse; c'est encore mieux/pire it's even better/worse; encore moins/plus even less/more; il fait encore plus froid que d'habitude it's even colder than usual; elle est encore plus grande que moi she's even taller than me;5 ( en plus) veux-tu encore un gâteau? would you like another cake?; pendant encore trois jours for another three days; tu as encore 10 minutes you've still got 10 minutes, you've got another 10 minutes; on a encore 100 km à faire we (still) have another 100 km to do; il me reste encore 100 euros I've still got 100 euros left; que dois-je prendre encore? what else shall I take?; qu'est-ce qu'il te faut encore? fig what more do you need ou want?; et puis quoi encore○! what next○! ; quoi encore! what now!; qui encore! who is it now!; mais encore? which is to say?; que dire encore? what else can be said?; ou encore or else; vous pouvez pratiquer la natation, la plongée sous-marine ou encore vous initier à la voile you can swim, go scuba diving, or else learn to sail;6 ( toutefois) il ne suffit pas d'avoir de bonnes idées, encore faut-il savoir les exprimer it's not enough to have good ideas, one must be able to articulate them; encore faut-il qu'elle accepte but she still has to accept; encore, s'il voulait travailler, ce serait déjà bien if he were at least prepared to work, it would be something; si encore il était généreux, cela compenserait if he were at least generous, that would make up for a lot;7 ( seulement) only, just; il était pratiquement inconnu il y a encore trois mois he was practically unknown only ou just three months ago.B et encore loc adv if that; c'est tout au plus mangeable, et encore! it's only just edible, if that!; en voyage, elle n'emporte que sa brosse à dents, et encore! when she travels, she only takes her toothbrush with her, if that!C encore que loc conj ( bien que) even though; encore qu'il soit jeune, il a déjà beaucoup de talent even though he's young, he's already very talented; ce n'est pas mal, encore que cela pourrait être mieux it's not bad, but it could still be better.[ɑ̃kɔr] adverbe1. [toujours] still2. [pas plus tard que] onlyce matin encore, il était d'accord only this morning he was in agreement3. [dans des phrases négatives]encore rien still nothing, nothing yet4. [de nouveau]tu manges encore! you're not eating again, are you!encore une fois, c'est non! the answer's still no!si tu fais ça encore une fois... if you do that again ou one more time ou once more...encore de la glace? some more ou a little more ice-cream?a. [dans une énumération] what else?b. (familier) [ton irrité] now what?a. [dans une émunération] what else?c. [marquant l'incrédulité] whatever next?elle est bien élevée, charmante, mais encore? she's well brought-up and charming, and (apart from that)?5. [davantage][devant un comparatif]encore pire even ou still worse6. [introduisant une restriction]c'est bien beau d'avoir des projets, encore faut-il les réaliser it's all very well having plans, but the important thing is to put them into practicesi encore il ou encore s'il était franc, on lui pardonnerait if only ou if at least he was honest you could forgive himje t'en donne 100 euros, et encore! I'll give you 100 euros for it, if that!et encore, on ne sait pas tout! and even then we don't know the half of it!encore une chance qu'il n'ait pas été là! thank goodness ou it's lucky he wasn't there!encore que locution conjonctivej'aimerais y aller, encore qu'il soit tard I'd like to go even though it's late -
104 उत
uta1) mfn. (fr. ve q.v.), sewn, woven
mfn. woven etc. seeᅠ 1. uta
utá
often used for the sake of emphasis, especially at the end of a line after iti orᅠ a verb
(e.g.. sarva-bhūtānitampārthasadāparibhavantyuta,
all creatures, O king, certainly always despise him MBh. III, 1026)
MBh. Bhag. etc.
(As an interrogative particle, generally at the beginning of the second orᅠ following part of a double interrogation)
orᅠ, utrum - an (e.g.. kathamnirṇīyatekiṉsyānnishkāraṇobandhurutaviṡvāsa-ghātakaḥ,
how can it be decided whether he be a friend without a motive orᅠ a violator of confidence? Hit.)
Kum. Kathās. Bhartṛ. Sāh. etc.. ;
in this sense it may be strengthened by āho
(e.g.. kaccittvamasimānushīutâ̱hosurâ̱ṅganā,
art thou a mortal woman orᅠ divine? Nala), orᅠ by āho-svit
(e.g.. ṡālihotraḥkiṉnusyādutâ̱hosvidrājānalaḥ,
can it be Ṡālihotra orᅠ king Nala?)
Rarely kim is repeated before uta used in this sense
(e.g.. kimnusvargātprāptātasyārūpeṇakimutâ̱nyâ̱gatā,
has she arrived from heaven orᅠ has another come in her form? Mṛicch.)
Amar. MBh. etc.
(As a particle of wishing, especially at the beginning of a sentence followed by a potential)
would that! utinam!
(e.g.. utâ̱dhīyīta, would that he would read!)
( uta preceded by kim) on the contrary, how much more, how much less
(e.g.. samartho'sisahasramapijetuṉkimutai ͡kam,
thou art able to conquer even a thousand, how much more one R.)
Ṡak. Vikr. Ragh. etc.
( uta preceded by prati) on the contrary, rather
(e.g.. eshapṛishṭo'smābhirnajalpatihantipraty-utapāshāṇaih,
this one questioned by us does not speak, but rather throws stones a us)
Kathās. Pañcat. etc.;
utavā, orᅠ else, andᅠ (e.g.. samudrādutavāpurīshāt, from the sea orᅠ from the moisture in the air);
vā - utavā orᅠ utâ̱hovâ̱pi - vā, either - orᅠ;
uta - uta, both - andᅠ (e.g.. utabalavānutâ̱balaḥ, both the strong andᅠ the weak);
kim - utavā, whether - orᅠ else
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105 non
notnon ho fratelli I don't have any brothers, I have no brothersnon ancora not yetnon che io non voglia not that I don't want tonon cedibile not transferable, non-transferable* * *non avv.1 (come negazione di un v.) not ( spesso contratto in n't con ausiliari o 'modal verbs'): non è vecchio, he isn't old; non era vero, it wasn't true; non sarà facile, it won't be easy; la questione non è stata risolta, the problem has not been solved; non ha amici, he hasn't any friends (o he has no friends); non avevamo soldi, we didn't have any money (o we had no money); non è venuto, he didn't come; non abbiamo ancora deciso, we haven't decided yet; non posso farlo, I can't do it; non potresti passare più tardi?, couldn't you call later?; non dovete cedere, you mustn't give in; non avrebbe dovuto accettare, he shouldn't have accepted; non oso telefonargli, I daren't phone him; non volete riposarvi un po'?, don't you want to rest a while?; non permetterò che la trattino in quel modo, I won't let them treat her like that; non dirlo, don't say it; non parliamone, let's not talk about it; non lavora in quella ditta, he doesn't work for that firm; non hanno voluto ascoltarmi, they wouldn't listen to me; non parlò per tutto il giorno, he did not speak all day; è meglio non indagare, we'd better not go into it; non vedendolo arrivare, cominciai a preoccuparmi, not seeing him arrive, I began to get worried // In frasi negative, come rafforzativo di un'altra negazione: non c'era nessuno, there wasn't anybody; non so nulla, I don't know anything; non hanno avuto nessuna notizia, they haven't had any news; non ne ho parlato con nessuno, I haven't spoken to anyone about it; non ha bevuto niente, he didn't drink anything; non disse neanche una parola, he didn't say a word; non ci credo affatto, I don't believe a word of it; non gliene importava niente, it didn't matter to him at all; non è mica vero!, it's not true at all!; non ci capisco un'acca!, I can't understand a word!; non vado mai a teatro, I never go to the theatre; non l'ho mai visto, I've never seen him; non era mai stato così felice, he had never been so happy ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, l'avv. not non si usa in ingl. in presenza di un'altra negazione2 (in frasi interrogative, per lo più retoriche): non l'avevi detto proprio tu?, wasn't it you who said it?; chi non accetterebbe una simile proposta?, who wouldn't accept such an offer?; non avresti dovuto partire stasera?, shouldn't you have left this evening?; mi chiedo se non sarebbe stato meglio rinunciare, I wonder whether it wouldn't have been better to give up3 (come negazione di un agg. o avv. per affermare un concetto negandone l'opposto): non è improbabile, it's possible; è un'impresa non facile, it's a hard task; un uomo non privo di talento, a man not without talent; ha lavorato non poco per farsi una posizione, he worked hard to get on; non pochi la pensano come me, lots of people think the way I do; non sarà male ripeterlo, it won't do any harm to repeat it; non sempre si può fare quello che si vuole, you can't always do as you like; non senza fatica, not without effort; non del tutto, non completamente, not completely ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, in questo caso la negazione è spesso espressa usando l'agg. o l'avv. di significato opposto4 (seguito da un compar.) no, not: doveva avere non più di vent'anni, he couldn't have been more than twenty; saranno stati non meno di mille, there must have been no fewer than a thousand; non più tardi di ieri, no later than yesterday; arriveremo non prima delle otto, we shall arrive not before eight o'clock; non oltre il 15 di questo mese, no later than the 15th of this month; un pesciolino non più grosso del mio mignolo, a fish no bigger than my little finger; una cifra non inferiore al milione, a figure no less than a million; un locale non più grande di questa stanza, a place no bigger than this room5 ( nelle contrapposizioni) not: non è bello, ma è simpatico, he isn't good-looking, but he's nice; non tu, ma lui avrebbe dovuto pensarci, you shouldn't have had to think of it, he should; dovete presentarvi domani, non oggi, you have to go there tomorrow, not today; è un problema mio, non tuo, it's my problem, not yours6 (con uso pleonastico; in ingl. non si traduce): non appena mi vide, mi corse incontro, as soon as he saw me, he ran to meet me; è più facile di quanto non si creda, it's easier than you think; poco mancò che non ci cascassi anch'io, I nearly fell for it too; ti aspetterò finché non arriverai, I'll wait for you to arrive; a meno che tu non voglia ripensarci..., unless you want to think it over... // in men che non si dica, in less than no time // In frasi esclamative: le bugie che non mi ha raccontato!, the lies he told me!; quanto non ho fatto per lui!, what I've done for him!◆ FRASEOLOGIA: dottore o non dottore, è un ignorante, he's an ignoramus, whether he's got a degree or not // non che io ci creda, ma..., not that I believe it, but... // che è che non è, all of a sudden // non c'è di che, ( formula di cortesia in risposta a un ringraziamento) not at all, you're welcome.* * *[non]1. avv1) notnon sono inglesi — they are not o aren't English
non devi farlo — you must not o mustn't do it
non puoi venire — you cannot o can't come
non lo capisco affatto — I do not o don't understand him at all
grazie — non c'è di che — thank you — don't mention it
2) (con sostantivo, aggettivo, pronome, avverbio) notnon pochi sono d'accordo — not a few are in agreement, many are in agreement
3)non puoi non vederlo — you can't not see him, you'll have to see him2. prefnon-, un...* * *[non]"è sposata?" - "non penso" — "is she married?" - "I think not"
2) (con sostantivi) notnon una sedia — not one o a (single) chair
3) (con aggettivi e avverbi) notnon proprio — not quite o exactly
4) (con comparativi) no, not6) (con che restrittivo)non è che un graffio — it's only a scratch, it's nothing but a scratch
••non hai che da dirlo — just tell me o say so
Note:Generalmente, l'avverbio non ha il suo equivalente diretto nell'inglese not. Si ricordi tuttavia che la frase inglese non ammette una doppia negazione, e che quindi non può essere assorbito da un pronome o da un avverbio negativo: non mi conosce nessuno = nobody knows me; non ci vediamo mai = we never meet. A sua volta, diversamente dall'italiano, l'uso di not in frase negativa impone l'uso di un ausiliare se già non ne è presente uno nella frase. - La forma contratta di not, ossia n't, si lega al verbo ausiliare precedente: non l'ho vista = I haven't seen her; non è qui = she isn't here; non è potuta venire = she couldn't come; si ricordino le particolari forme contratte negative di will, shall e can, cioè won't, shan't e can't. Tutte queste forme contratte si usano solo nella lingua parlata e familiare. - Si noti, infine, l'accezione 3 sotto, che mostra come il negativo non davanti ad aggettivi o avverbi può essere reso in inglese mediante un prefisso di valore negativo* * *non/non/Generalmente, l'avverbio non ha il suo equivalente diretto nell'inglese not. Si ricordi tuttavia che la frase inglese non ammette una doppia negazione, e che quindi non può essere assorbito da un pronome o da un avverbio negativo: non mi conosce nessuno = nobody knows me; non ci vediamo mai = we never meet. A sua volta, diversamente dall'italiano, l'uso di not in frase negativa impone l'uso di un ausiliare se già non ne è presente uno nella frase. - La forma contratta di not, ossia n't, si lega al verbo ausiliare precedente: non l'ho vista = I haven't seen her; non è qui = she isn't here; non è potuta venire = she couldn't come; si ricordino le particolari forme contratte negative di will, shall e can, cioè won't, shan't e can't. Tutte queste forme contratte si usano solo nella lingua parlata e familiare. - Si noti, infine, l'accezione 3 sotto, che mostra come il negativo non davanti ad aggettivi o avverbi può essere reso in inglese mediante un prefisso di valore negativo.1 (con verbi) not (spesso contratto in n't con ausiliari e modali); non è a casa she isn't at home; a loro non è piaciuto they didn't like it; non l'ha visto? hasn't he seen it? "è sposata?" - "non penso" "is she married?" - "I think not"; si prega di non toccare (la merce) please do not handle (the goods); ho cercato di non ridere I tried not to laugh; ho una buona ragione per non farlo I have a good excuse for not doing it; non è che un bambino he's but a child; non hanno scrupoli they have no scruples; non è un posto dove fermarsi this is no place to stop; non c'è di che! don't mention it! not at all!3 (con aggettivi e avverbi) not; aumento non previsto unforeseen increase; oggetto non identificato unidentified object; le cose non dette things left unsaid; non qui not here; non proprio not quite o exactly; non tanto X quanto Y not so much X as Y4 (con comparativi) no, not; non più di no more than; non più tardi delle 6 no later than 6; non oltre maggio no later than May5 (in doppia negazione) non senza ragione not without reason; non meno difficile just as difficult; non disse nulla she didn't say anything; non c'era nessuno in giro there was no-one about; non metto mai zucchero nel caffè I never put any sugar in my coffee6 (con che restrittivo) non è che un graffio it's only a scratch, it's nothing but a scratch; non hai che da dirlo just tell me o say so; non farai che peggiorare le cose you'll only make things worse; non fa che lamentarsi she does nothing but moan7 (pleonastico) che cosa non farebbe per lei! he would do anything for her! per poco non perdevano il treno they almost missed the train. -
106 altro
['altro] altro (-a)1. agg indef1) (diverso) other, differentquesta è un'altra cosa — that's another o a different thing
2) (supplementare) othergli altri allievi usciranno più tardi — the other pupils o the rest of the pupils will come out later
3) (opposto) otherdall'altra parte della strada — on the other o opposite side of the street
4)domani l'altro — the day after tomorrow5)chi/dove/chiunque
altro — who/where/anybody else2. pron indef1)(persona, cosa diversa o supplementare)
un altro/un'altra — another (one)da un giorno all'altro — (improvvisamente) from one day to the next, (presto) any day now
2)l'altro(a) — the other (one)gli altri/ le altre — the others
e l'altro — both (of them)o l'uno o l'altro — either (of them)
né l'uno né l'altro — neither (of them)
3) (sostantivato: solo maschile) something else, (in espressioni interrogative) anything elsenon faccio altro che studiare — I do nothing but study, all I do is study
non ho altro da dire — I have nothing else to say, I don't have anything else to say
altro? — (would you like) anything else?gli dirò questo ed altro! — I'll tell him this and more besides!
ci mancherebbe altro! — that's all we need!
che altro — above allse
non altro — at leastl'altro — among other thingssei contento? — tutt'altro! — are you pleased? — far from it! o anything but!
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107 εἰ
εἰ: if, if only, whether; conjunction used in the expression of a wish or a condition, and in indirect questions.— I. As particle of wishing, εἰ or εἰ γάρ, would that, O that, is foll. by the optative.—II. Interrogatively, whether, foll. by such construction as the meaning requires, e. g., κατάλεξον | εἰ καὶ Λᾶέρτῃ αὐτὴν ὁδὸν ἄγγελος ἔλθω, ‘am to go,’ Od. 16.138.—III. In conditional clauses εἰ ( εἰ μή), and with the subj. often (sometimes w. the opt.) εἴ κεν, rarely w. ἄν, εἰ δ' ἂν ἐμοὶ τῖμὴν Πρίαμος Πριάμοιό τε παῖδες | τίνειν οὐκ ἐθέλωσιν, Il. 3.288. Conditions of which the conclusion is vague are sometimes regarded as interrogative, e. g. ἀναπεπταμένᾶς ἔχον ἆνέρες, εἴ τιν' ἑταίρων | ἐκ πολέμου φεύγοντα σαώσειαν, they held the gates open, in case they might be able to save some fugitive, Il. 12.122; thus often εἴ που or εἴ πως, ‘in the hope that,’ ‘on the chance that,’ etc. —With other particles, εἰ καί, if also (or denoting concession, though), καὶ εἰ (οὐδ' εἰ, μηδ εἰ), even if, denoting opposition; εἴ τε.. εἴ τε (sive.. sive), ὡς εἰ, ὡς εἴ τε, εἰ δή, εἴ περ, εἴ γε (q. v.); in εἰ δ' ἄγε (q. v.), εἰ is probably an interjection.A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > εἰ
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108 πυνθάνομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: to find out, learn, to ask, to inquire, to investigate' (Il.); act. πεύθω, πεῦσαι `to announce, to cite' (Crete).Other forms: ep. also πεύθομαι (metr. easier; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 111, 282, 308), fut. πεύσομαι, aor. 2. πυθέσθαι, redupl. opt. πεπύθοιτο, perf. πέπυσμαι.Derivatives: With zero grade: 1. πύστις f. `questioning, inquiry, tidings' (Att., A.; cf. below) with πυστι-άομαι `to interrogate' (Plu., Phot., H.); 2. πύσμα n. `question, interrogation' with - ματικός `interrogative, asking' (late); 3. πυστός (EM, Eust.), always as 2. member, resp. in the prefixcompp., e.g. ἄ-πυστος, ἀνά-πυστος (Od.). With full grade: 4. πευθώ f. `tidings' (A. Th. 370); 5. πεῦσις ( ἀνά-) f. `information' (Ph., Plu.; older πύστις, cf. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 27 w. lit.); 6. πευθήν, - ῆνος m. `spy' (Luc., Arr.; Solmsen Wortforsch. 143); 7. Adj. πευστικός `interrogating' (A. D., Ph.); 8. as 2. member, after the ες-stems (Schwyzer 513), - πευθής, e.g. ἀ-πευθ-ής `uninvestigated, unaware' (Od.); 9. with dentalsuffix φιλό-πευσ-τος (Phot., Suid.), - της (Ptol.) `who loves questioning' with - πευστέω, - πευστία (hell.).Etymology: The full grade thematic root-present πεύθομαι has exact formal agreements in several languages: Skt. bódhati, midd. -te `watch, observe, understand', Av. baođaiti, -te `id.', also `smell after', Germ., e.g. Goth. ana-, faur-biudan `order, arrange' resp. `forbid', OWNo. bjōða 'offer, present, make known', Slav., e.g. OCS bljudǫ, bljusti `preserve, guard, observe', Russ. bljudú, bljustí `observe, perceive', IE * bheudh-e(-ti, - toi) `observes, is attent'. The deviating meaning of the Germ. verbs agrees mainly to the (prob. secondary) active Cret. πεύθω and is related to an old opposition of the diatheses; a corresponding meaning shows a.o. the Skt. causative bodháyati `wake, instruct, inform'. The meaning `find out, ask' is a Greek innovation. -- With ( ἐ-)πύθοντο agrees exactly Skt. budhánta so these are in origin identical; complete formal congruence is also found between ( ἄ-)πυστος and Skt. buddhá-, which functions as ptc. of the caus. bodháyati ('wakes, illuminates'), to which also Av. hupō. bus-ta- `well scented'; thus as between πύστις and Skt. buddhi- f. `insight, intelligence, spirit', between ( ἀ-)πευθής and Av. baođah- n. `observation'; in all these cases one must reckon with independent innovations. A nasalized present like πυν-θάνομαι is also found in Lith. bu-n-dù, inf. bústi `wake' (with the suffixed caus. búd-inu, - inti) and in Celt., e.g. OIr. ad-bond- `give notice, announce'. Through the strong productivity of these formations is also here original identity doubtful; cf. Schwyzer 701 w. lit. -- Further forms from the diff. languages with rich lit. in WP. 2, 147f., Pok. 150, Mayrhofer s. bódhati, Fraenkel s. budė́ti, Vasmer s. bljudú.Page in Frisk: 2,625-626Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πυνθάνομαι
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109 ergo
ergō (rarely with short o in Ov. and the post-Aug. poets, Ov. H. 5, 59 Lennep.; id. Tr. 1, 1, 87; Luc. 9, 256; Val. Fl. 2, 407; Claud. Ep. 4, 17), adv. [for e-regō, from ex and root rag-, to extend upward; cf. Gr. oregô, L. rego, Germ. ragen; v. erga, and Corss. Ausspr. 1, 448 sqq.], proceeding from or out of.I.With gen. (placed after it, like causa and gratia), in consequence of, on account of, because of (ante-class, but not in Plaut. or Ter.):II.quojus rei ergo,
Cato R. R. 141, 2:hujus rei ergo,
id. ib. § 3; 4; ib. 139; Tab. Publica ap. Liv. 40, 52 fin.; 41, 28 fin.: dono militari virtutis ergo donari, S. C. ap. Liv. 25, 7; so, virtutis ergo, Lex ap. Cic. Opt. Gen. 7, 19; Sisenn. ap. Non. 107, 16: ejus victoriae ergo, Inscr. ap. Nep. Paus. 1, 3: funeris ergo, Lex ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23 fin.; 25 fin.:ejus legis ergo,
Cic. Att. 3, 23, 2; Quadrig. ap. Gell. 3, 8, 8:formidinis ergo,
Lucr. 5, 1246:illius ergo,
Verg. A. 6, 670.Absol. (for cujus rei ergo), consequently, accordingly, therefore, then (class.): unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem: ergo postque magisque viri nunc gloria claret, Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 4; Lucil. ap. Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9; Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 74:B.Polemoni et jam ante Aristoteli ea prima visa sunt, quae paulo ante dixi. Ergo nata est sententia veterum Academicorum, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 34:Albano non plus animi erat quam fidei, nec manere ergo, nec transire aperte ausus, etc.,
Liv. 1, 27; Verg. E. 5, 58 et saep.—The reason or cause sometimes follows with quia, quod:ergo istoc magis, quia vaniloquus, vapulabis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 222; cf. id. Mil. 4, 6, 18.—Ante- and postclass. pleonast.:ergo igitur,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 27; and:igitur ergo,
App. M. 1, p. 104 al. —So in Ter. and Liv.:itaque ergo,
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 25; Liv. 1, 25, 2 Drak.; 3, 31, 5 Gron.; 9, 31 fin.; 39, 25.—Transf.1.In a logical conclusion, consequently, therefore:2.negat haec filiam me suam esse: non ergo haec mater mea est,
Plaut. Ep. 4, 2, 20; Varr. L. L. 8, § 47; 48; 49;59 sq. al.: nullum dicere causae esse genus amentia est, etc.... Relinquitur ergo, ut omnia tria genera sint causarum,
Cic. Inv. 1, 9 fin.:quis est enim, in quo sit cupiditas, quin recte cupidus dici possit? Ergo et avarus erit, sed finite,
id. Fin. 2, 9, 27; 5, 9, 24:quis tam esset ferreus qui eam vitam ferre posset, etc.? Verum ergo illud est, quod a Tarentino Archyta dici solitum,
id. Lael. 23, 88 et saep.;corresponding to igitur,
id. ib. 14 fin. and 15 init.; so consecutively, igitur... ergo... ergo... igitur... id. N. D. 2, 21, 56 sq.—So with si, cum, quia, etc.:ergo ego nisi peperissem, Roma non oppugnaretur,
Liv. 2, 40, 8; Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 34; id. Capt. 2, 3, 63; id. Aul. 4, 10, 25. —So esp. in Cicero, like an (v. an I. D.), in interrogative argumentation, a minore ad majus, or ex aequo, so, so then:ergo haec veteranus miles facere poterit, doctus vir sapiensque non poterit?
Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 39; so with the future, id. ib. § 41; 1, 14, 31; 3, 15, 31; id. Off. 1, 31, 114; id. Fin. 2, 33 fin.:ergo illi intelligunt, quid Epicurus dicat, ego non intelligo?
id. ib. 2, 4, 13; cf. id. Arch. 9:ergo Ennio licuit vetera contemnenti dicere, etc.... mihi de antiquis eodem modo non licebit?
id. Or. 51, 171; cf. id. Arch. 8, 9 fin. —In interrogations.a.When an explanation is asked, do you say? do you mean? then: S. Quo agis? P. Quo tu?... S. Quo ergo, scelus? Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 23: Ipsus es? Ch. Ipsus Charmides sum. S. Ergo ipsusne es? id. Trin. 4, 2, 145; id. Ep. 1, 1, 19; Hor. S. 2, 3, 156.—b.When a consequence is inquired for, Engl. then: Ps. lstuc ego jam satis scio. Si. Cur ergo, quod scis, me rogas? Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 10:3.ergo in iis adolescentibus bonam spem esse dicemus, quos? etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 117:dedemus ergo Hannibalem? dicet aliquis,
Liv. 21, 10 fin. et saep.:num ergo is excaecat nos aut orbat sensibus, si? etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 74; so,num ergo,
Quint. 10, 1, 5; cf. id. 6, 3, 79:quid stamus? quin ergo imus?
why not then? Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 21; so,quin ergo,
id. As. 1, 1, 15; 2, 2, 113; id. Merc. 5, 2, 88; id. Mil. 4, 2, 93.— Esp. freq., quid ergo? like the Gr. ti ouW, why then? but why? quid ergo hanc dubitas colloqui? Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 17; cf. Cic. Fin. 4, 14; Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 55; Tib. 3, 6, 51:quid ergo? hujusne vitae propositio Thyesten levare poterit?
Cic. Tusc. 3, 18; id. Off. 3, 20, 81; 3, 15, 61; 3, 18, 73; id. Rosc. Am. 1, 2; id. Caecin. 20; id. Mur. 23, 47 et saep.; Caes. B. G. 7, 77, 10 et saep.—With imperatives and words used imperatively, then, now, accordingly:4.dato ergo istum symbolum illi,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 57:vide ergo, hanc conclusionem probaturusne sis,
Cic. Ac. 2, 30, 96:desinite ergo,
Caes. B. C. 3, 19 fin.:sequere ergo,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 83; id. Rud. 1, 2, 94; id. Stich. 5, 2, 20; cf.:amplectere ergo,
id. Curc. 1, 3, 16:tace ergo,
id. Aul. 3, 2, 14; id. Ep. 2, 2, 57:dic ergo,
id. Pers. 2, 2, 57: ausculta ergo, id. ib. 4, 6, 19; id. Cas. 2, 4, 18 et saep.:quin tu ergo i modo,
come now, begone! id. Merc. 5, 2, 114; cf.:quin tu ergo omitte genua,
id. Rud. 3, 2, 14:agedum ergo,
id. ib. 3, 4, 15.—So with the subj.:age eamus ergo, intro ergo abeant,
Plaut. Cas. 3, 6, 17; id. Mil. 1, 1, 78:abeamus ergo intro,
id. ib. 3, 3, 69:ergo des minam,
id. ib. 5, 27; Cic. Fin. 5, 8 fin.; id. Brut. 43.—And with the future:ergo, si sapis, mussitabis,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 66.—Like igitur, in resuming an interrupted train of thought, as I was saying; I say, then; well then:tres viae sunt ad Mutinam, quo festinat animus, ut, etc.... Tres ergo ut dixi viae,
Cic. Phil. 12, 9, 22; cf. id. Part. 13, 46; id. de Or. 1, 57; id. Top. 19, 73; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4.—So (like igitur and inquam) after parenthetical sentences, Cic. Tusc. 1, 7, 14; id. Fin. 2, 34, 113; id. Fam. 15, 10, 1.—Less freq. for inquam in a mere repetition:mihi tuus pater, Pater hujus ergo, hospes Antidamas fuit,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 91; or in beginning a subject with reference to the expectation of the auditors (cf. Gr. ara), then, now:accipite ergo animis,
Verg. A. 10, 109; id. Cir. 29. See Hand Turs. II. pp. 440-467. -
110 μή
μή: not, lest.— (1) adv., not, differing from οὐκ in expressing a negation subjectively. μή is the regular neg. particle with the inf., in conditions and cond. rel. clauses, in prohibitions and exhortations, in wishes, and in final clauses introduced by ἵνα, ὡς, etc. μή σε παρὰ νηυσί κιχείω, ‘let me not catch thee near the ships!’ Il. 1.26 ; ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς.. μὴ μὲν τοῖς ἵπποισιν ἀνὴρ ἐποχήσεται ἄλλος (μή, and not οὐ, because the statement is in sense dependent on ἴστω, though grammatically the ind. is allowed to stand instead of being changed to the inf.), Il. 10.330, cf. Il. 15.41.— (2) conj., that not, lest (n e), introducing final clauses and object clauses after verbs of fearing, ἀπόστιχε, μή τι νοήσῃ | Ἥρη, ‘in order that Hera may not take note of anything,’ Il. 1.522 ; δείδω μὴ δὴ πάντα θεὰ νημερτέα ϝεῖπεν, ‘lest all the goddess said was true,’ Od. 5.300 .—μή is combined variously with other particles, μὴ δή, μὴ μάν, μή που, μή ποτε, μή πως, etc. It is joined to interrogative words only when the question expects a negative answer, ἦ μή (num), Od. 9.405,, Od. 6.200.A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > μή
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111 ποταπός
ποταπός, ή, όν a substitute for the older ποδαπός (the latter occurs Aeschyl., X., Pla.+; Jos., Bell. 4, 169, Ant. 6, 345; so D Mk 13:1; Lk 1:29; 7:39; s. Lob., Phryn. p. 56f; Schwyzer I 604, 1), but only in the sense quotable for ποδαπός (Demosth.+) interrogative reference to class or kind, of what sort or kind(?) (Dionys. Hal.; Lucian; ApcSed 7:1; Philo; Jos., Bell. 2, 32, C. Ap. 1, 255 al.; POxy 1678, 16 [III A.D.]; Sus 54 LXX; B-D-F §298, 3; Rob. 741) of persons Mt 8:27; 2 Pt 3:11; Hs 8, 6, 3. τίς καὶ ποταπὴ ἡ γυνή who and what kind of woman Lk 7:39 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 72 and the related formulation εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρόν ‘to what or what sort of time’ 1 Pt 1:11 [s. καιρός 1a]). ποταποὶ τὴν μορφήν what kind of form they have ApcPt 2:5.—ποταπός ἐστιν τῇ εἰδέᾳ ὁ Παῦλος how Paul looked AcPl Ant 13, 13–15 (=Aa I 237, 2). Of things Lk 1:29; Hv 3, 4, 3; Hs 4:3; 6, 3, 4. Somet. the context calls for the sense how great, how wonderful Mk 13:1ab; how glorious 1J 3:1.—In ποταπαὶ … εἰσὶν αἱ πονηρίαι; Hm 8:3 ποταπαί=τίνες: what are the vices?—DELG s.v. πο-B4. M-M. Spicq. -
112 uter
uter utra, utrum, gen. utrīus (rarely utrius, H.), dat. utrī, pron. [for * quoter or * cuter; CA-]. I. Interrogative, which of two, which, whether: uter nostrum popularis est? tune an ego?: uter est insanior horum, H.: utra igitur causa popularis debet videri?: ab utro (insidiae) factae sint, incertum est: quod utri nostrum sanctius sit, iam pridem sentis, L.: utrius horum Verba probes et facta, doce, H.: Elige, utrum facias, O.: ita ut oculis, in utram partem fluat (flumen), iudicari non possit, Cs.—Plur., of two collections or sets: sed utros eius habueris libros—duo enim sunt corpora—an utrosque, nescio: utrum de his potius, dubitasset aliquis, quin alterum, nemo.—Repeated, which of two... the other: ut nihil iam aliud quaerere debeatis, nisi uter utri insidias fecerit: scire de filiis tuis, uter ab utro petitus fraude et insidiis esset, L.: Ambigitur uter utro sit prior, H.—Strengthened by ne: uterne Ad casūs dubios fidet sibi certius, hic qui... An qui, etc., H.— II. Indefinite, whichsoever of the two, whichever one, the one which: herum utro uti nolumus, altero est utendum, i. e. if either of these does not suit us, we must appeal to the other: utrum enim horum dixeris, in eo culpa et crimen haerebit: utri eorum dedicatio iussu populi data esset, eum praeesse annonae, L.: uter aedilis fueritve Vestrum praetor, is sacer esto, H.— Either of the two, one or the other, one: omnium controversiarum, quae essent inter aratorem et decumanum, si uter velit, edicit se recuperatores daturum.* * *Iutra, utrum ADJ(w/que) each/either (of two); both (separately); each side (pl.), each setIIutra, utrum ADJwhich (of two), whichever, no matter which; one, either, one or otherIII -
113 tandem
tandem, adv. [tam and the demonstr. termination dem; prop. just so far; hence, transf. to time, after so long, after a long time], implying the end of long delay or expectation, at length, at last, in the end, finally (cf.: denique, postremo).I.Lit.A.In gen.1.Alone: Juppiter tibi summe tandem male re gestā gratulor, Enn. ap. Non. 116, 29 (Trag. v. 242 Vahl.):2.ne navigarem tandem hoc aetatis senex,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 109:haec illic est pugnata pugna usque a mane ad vesperum... Sed proelium id tandem diremit nox interventu suo,
id. Am. 1, 1, 99:tandem cognosti, qui siem,
Ter. And. 3, 4, 7:tandem reprime iracundiam,
id. Ad. 5, 3, 8:quod si animi vis in capite esse posset... soleret tandem in eodem homine manere,
in the end, after all, Lucr. 5, 137:tandem vulneribus defessi pedem referre coeperunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25:tandem milites conscendere in naves jubet,
id. ib. 5, 7;7, 67: tandem desine sequi,
Hor. C. 1, 23, 11; 3, 15, 2; id. S. 2, 5, 68:finiat ut poenas tandem rogat,
Ov. M. 1, 735; Curt. 6, 7, 12.—Strengthened,(α).By jam:(β).jam tandem aedes igitur,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 39 Brix; cf. Cic. Agr. 2, 37, 103:jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras,
Verg. A. 6, 61; so id. ib. 10, 890;12, 497 (cf.: jam denique,
id. ib. 2, 70.—By aliquando:(γ).aliquando tandem huc animum ut adjungas tuum,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 61; cf.:tandem aliquando L. Catilinam... ex urbe ejecimus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; so,tandem aliquando,
id. ib. 1, 7, 18; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Fam. 11, 27, 5; 16, 9, 4; v. aliquando.—Pleon., with denique:B.tandem denique asinali verecundiā ductus,
App. M. 4, p. 153, 3; so,tandem denique,
id. ib. 3, p. 138, 39; 10, p. 245, 16; cf.:recreatus denique tandem,
Amm. 17, 12, 10.—In partic., in interrogative clauses, pray, pray now, now, then: quid tandem, what in the world, etc. (very freq. in class. prose):II.quid tandem admisi in me, ut loqui non audeam?
Plaut. Men. 5, 1, 12: quid tandem agebatis, [p. 1840] Cic. Rep. 1, 13, 19:quae res tandem inciderat?
id. ib. 1, 11, 17:quod genus tandem est istud ostentationis et gloriae?
id. Roab. Post. 14, 38; id. Leg. 1, 1, 1; cf.:quonam tandem modo?
id. Tusc. 3, 4, 8; id. Part. Or. 4, 12; id. Fin. 2, 19, 60:(id) quo tandem animo tibi ferendum putas?
id. Cat. 1, 7, 16:hoc, per ipsos deos, quale tandem est?
id. N. D. 1, 38, 105:quanto tandem illum moerore afflictum esse putatis?
id. Cat. 2, 1, 2:quorsum tandem? aut cur ista quaeris?
id. Leg. 1, 1, 4:quousque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientiā nostrā?
id. Cat. 1, 1, 1:quae quousque tandem patiemini?
Sall. C. 20, 9; Cic. Caecin. 17, 48; so,utrum tandem... an,
id. Fl. 10, 24:scis Quo tandem pacto deceat, etc.,
Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 2:ain' tandem ita esse ut dicis?
Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 19; so,ain' tandem?
id. Trin. 4, 2, 145; id. Truc. 2, 7, 47; Ter. And. 5, 3, 4; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 26; Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23; id. Att. 9, 21, 1:itane aiebat tandem?
Plaut. Mil. 1, 66; so,itane tandem?
id. Trin. 3, 2, 16; Ter. And. 3, 2, 12; id. Heaut. 5, 2, 1; id. Phorm. 2, 1, 1; 3, 2, 42. —Transf., for denique, finally, to mark the final clause of a series (very rare), Quint. 12, 1, 25. -
114 ποῖος
ποῖος, α, ον (Hom.+) interrog. pron., in direct and indir. interrog. sentences.① interrogative ref. to class or kind, of what kind?ⓐ used w. a noun (B-D-F §298, 2; cp. Rob. 740)α. beside τίς (Hdt. 7, 21, 1; Herodas 6, 74f; Maximus Tyr. 33, 5a τίνα καὶ ποῖον τύραννον; PTebt 25, 18 [117 B.C.]; BGU 619, 8) εἰς τίνα ἢ ποῖον καιρόν to what time or what kind of time 1 Pt 1:11 (cp. UPZ 65, 52 [154 B.C.] ἀπὸ ποίου χρόνου=since what time). ποῖον οἶκον … ἢ τίς τόπος … ; Ac 7:49; B 16:2 (both Is 66:1; s. ed. JZiegler). τίς μοι ἐγέννησεν; ποία δὲ μήτρα ἐξέφυσέν με; who begot me, and what kind of womb delivered me? GJs 3:1.β. in a direct question (3 Km 22:24) διὰ ποίου νόμου; by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ποίῳ σώματι; with what kind of body? 1 Cor 15:35. ποίῳ προσώπῳ; with what kind of look or expression? GJs 13:1. ποῖον κλέος; ironically what kind of credit? 1 Pt 2:20; sim. ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν; Lk 6:32, 33, 34; cp. D 1:3.—1 Cl 28:2; 2 Cl 1:5; 6:9; Hv 1, 2, 1; m 12, 1, 3a; Hs 6, 5, 5; 9, 13, 3.—For Js 4:14 see γ.γ. in an indir. quest. (Archimed. II 416, 6 Heib. ποῖαι γωνίαι) ποίῳ θανάτῳ (by) what sort of death J 12:33; 18:32; 21:19 (cp. Just., D. 104, 1 διὰ ποίου θανάτου).—Lk 9:55 v.l.; Js 4:14 (this may be taken as a direct quest.; s. Windisch ad loc.); 1 Cl 38:3a; Hm 4, 2, 3; 12, 1, 3b.ⓑ without a noun ποῖοι καὶ τίνες 1 Cl 38:3b. In the predicate οἱ καρποὶ φανεροῦνται ποῖοί τινές εἰσιν Hs 4:3.② (=τίς) which, what?ⓐ w. a nounα. in a dir. question (Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 263a Jac.; 2 Km 15:2; 3 Km 13:12; Jon 1:8; Jos., Ant. 15, 137) ποία ἐντολή; which commandment? Mt 22:36; cp. Mk 12:28; J 10:32. ποίῳ τρόπῳ; in what way? Hv 1, 1, 7; cp. m 12, 3, 1. εἰς ποῖον τόπον v 3, 1, 3.β. in an indir. quest. (Aeschin., In Ctesiph. 24; Tob 5:9) Mt 24:42f; Lk 12:39; Rv 3:3. ἐκ ποίας ἐπαρχίας ἐστίν Ac 23:34.—Hv 4, 3, 7; m 12, 3.γ. In some cases π. takes the place of the gen. of the interrog. τίς (in dir. as well as indir. questions. Cp. Chariton 4, 4, 3 Blake ποίᾳ δυνάμει πεποιθώς;) ἐν ποίᾳ δυνάμει ἢ ἐν ποίῳ ὀνόματι; by whose power or by whose name? Ac 4:7. ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ(;) Mt 21:23, 24, 27; Mk 11:28, 29, 33; Lk 20:2, 8.ⓑ without a nounα. which can, though, be supplied fr. the context (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 254 ποίους;): ποίας; (i.e. ἐντολάς) Mt 19:18. ποῖα (i.e. γενόμενα) Lk 24:19. ποίαν; (i.e. ἀντιμισθίαν) 2 Cl 9:8. ποίους (i.e. ἀνθρώπους) βαστάζει Hs 9, 14, 6. In the predicate: τὰ ξηρὰ (i.e. δένδρα) ποῖά ἐστιν 3:3.β. gen. of place, w. ellipsis (B-D-F §186, 1; Mlt. 73) ποίας (i.e. ὁδοῦ) by what way Lk 5:19.—DELG s.v. πο-. M-M. -
115 mai
never( qualche volta) evermai più never againpiù che mai more than evernon accetterò mai e poi mai I will never agree, neverchi ha mai detto che... who said that...come mai? how come?se mai if evermeglio tardi che mai better late than neverdove/perché mai? where/why on earth?* * *mai avv.1 (nel significato di non mai) never; (in presenza di altra negazione e nel significato di talvolta) ever: non bevo mai alcolici, I never drink alcohol; non telefona mai a quest'ora, he never phones at this time; non ho mai visto un film così divertente, I've never seen such an enjoyable film; non dimenticherò mai l'espressione del suo viso, I'll never forget the expression on her face; non sono mai stato a Mosca, I've never been to Moscow; non me ne avevi mai parlato, you'd never told me about it; non sarebbe mai capace di fingere, he would never be capable of pretending; non si sarebbero mai sognati di farlo, they would never have dreamt of doing it; non si ripeterà mai un'occasione simile, there will never be a chance like this again; nessuno l'ha mai visto né sentito, no one has ever seen or heard of him; senza averci mai pensato, without ever thinking about it; niente avrebbe mai potuto turbarlo a tal punto, nothing could ever have disturbed him so much // mai più, never again: non accadrà mai più, it will never happen again; adesso o mai più, (it's) now or never // mai più!, mai e poi mai!, never! (o not on your life!) // quasi mai, hardly ever (o almost never): non viene quasi mai, he hardly ever comes // non sia mai detto che..., never let it be said that... // non si sa mai, you never can tell // mai dire mai, never say never2 (in frasi interrogative o ipotetiche) ever: ''Sei mai stato in Giappone?'' ''No, mai'', ''Have you ever been to Japan?'' ''No, never''; avete mai sentito parlare di lui?, have you ever heard talk of him?; potrai mai perdonarmi?, will you ever be able to forgive me?; non so se sia mai stato all'estero, I don't know whether he's ever been abroad (or not); ti sei mai chiesto il perché di un simile gesto?, have you ever wondered why he did that? // dove mai?, where on earth?; wherever?: mi domando dove mai può essersi cacciato, I wonder where on earth he can have got to // quando mai?, whenever?: quando mai hai sentito questo?, whenever did you hear that? // chi mai?, who on earth?; whoever?: chi mai poteva essere?, whoever could it have been? // che (cosa) mai...?, what on earth...? whatever...?: che mai hai combinato?, what on earth have you been up to?; non so proprio che cosa mai vi siate messi in testa, I don't know what on earth got into your heads; che mai stai cercando di dirmi?, whatever are you trying to tell me? // come mai?, why?; how come?; whyever?: come mai non va l'ascensore?, how come the lift isn't working?; come mai non ci avete pensato prima?, whyever didn't you think of it before? // se mai, caso mai, if (o if ever o in case): se mai dovessi incontrarla..., if ever you should meet her...; se avessi mai pensato..., if I had ever thought...; caso mai tornasse, mandalo da me, if he happens to come back, send him to me; prendete l'ombrello, caso mai piovesse, take an umbrella in case it rains3 (in frasi comparative) ever: più che mai, more than ever: sono più che mai convinto di aver agito bene, I'm more than ever convinced I did the right thing; sono più felice che mai, I'm happier than I've ever been (o I've never been so happy); sono stati più gentili che mai, they were ever so kind; nonostante le cure, deperiva più che mai, in spite of the treatment he got weaker and weaker // meno che mai, less than ever // peggio che mai, worse than ever // è quanto mai testardo, è (un) testardo che mai (o quant'altri mai), he's terribly stubborn // ho una sete che mai, I'm terribly thirsty // meglio tardi che mai!, (prov.) better late than never!4 (in frasi ellittiche o con uso enfatico): io ho scritto tante volte, loro mai, I've written many times, but they never have; lui lo farebbe, io mai, he'd do it, but I never would; tutto, ma questo mai, anything but this; mai un momento di pace, never a moment's peace; mai che dicesse la verità!, I wish he'd tell the truth for once!* * *[mai]1) (in nessun momento) neverpiù, meno che mai — more, less than ever before
••••Note:Mai si traduce in inglese con never oppure ever. Never concentra in sé il valore negativo della frase, e quindi esclude l'uso di altri negativi (diversamente dal mai italiano): non ho mai visto nessuno mangiare così! = I never saw anybody eating like that! Never precede il verbo quando questo è in forma semplice (tranne to be) e segue il primo ausiliare quando il verbo è composto: non mangia mai abbastanza = she never eats enough; non è mai stanca = she is never tired; non l'ho mai incontrato = I've never met him. Ever si usa in quattro casi: al posto di never, quando si deve o si vuole mantenere un'altra forma negativa nella frase (non farlo mai più! = don't you ever do that again!); quando mai ha valore positivo e significa qualche volta (sei mai stato a Londra? = have you ever been to London?); dopo un comparativo ( più magro che mai = thinner than ever); infine, nel linguaggio parlato, ever segue e rafforza never (non glielo dirò mai! = I'll never ever tell him!)* * *mai/mai/Mai si traduce in inglese con never oppure ever. Never concentra in sé il valore negativo della frase, e quindi esclude l'uso di altri negativi (diversamente dal mai italiano): non ho mai visto nessuno mangiare così! = I never saw anybody eating like that! Never precede il verbo quando questo è in forma semplice (tranne to be) e segue il primo ausiliare quando il verbo è composto: non mangia mai abbastanza = she never eats enough; non è mai stanca = she is never tired; non l'ho mai incontrato = I've never met him. Ever si usa in quattro casi: al posto di never, quando si deve o si vuole mantenere un'altra forma negativa nella frase (non farlo mai più! = don't you ever do that again!); quando mai ha valore positivo e significa qualche volta (sei mai stato a Londra? = have you ever been to London?); dopo un comparativo ( più magro che mai = thinner than ever); infine, nel linguaggio parlato, ever segue e rafforza never (non glielo dirò mai! = I'll never ever tell him!).1 (in nessun momento) never; non scrive mai he never writes; non scrive mai? doesn't he ever write? mai più! never again! non farlo mai più! don't (you) ever do that again! mai e poi mai! never ever! ora o mai più it's now or never2 (qualche volta) hai mai visto una cosa del genere? have you ever seen something like that?3 (come rafforzativo) dove mai sarà andato? wherever did he go? perché mai l'hai fatto? why ever did you do that? chi l'avrebbe mai detto! who ever would have guessed? who would have thought it!4 (in espressioni comparative) più bella che mai more beautiful than ever; più, meno che mai more, less than ever before; è felice come (non) mai she has never been happiermeglio tardi che mai better late than never; non si sa mai! you never know! you never can tell! -
116 exspecto
ex-specto ( expect-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a., to look out for a thing (syn.: prospecto, opperior, maneo, moror, praestolor).1.Objectively, to await, expect something that is to come or to take place, to be waiting for, etc. (very freq. and class.). —Constr. with the acc., with rel.-clauses, with dum, si, ut, quin, or absol.; very rarely with object-clause.A.In gen.1.With acc.:2.caritatem,
Cato, R. R. 3, 2:alicujus mortem,
Plaut. As. 3, 1, 28:cum ea Scipio dixisset silentioque omnium reliqua ejus exspectaretur oratio,
Cic. Rep. 2, 38:injurias,
id. ib. 1, 5:transitum tempestatis,
id. Att. 2, 21, 2:adventum alicujus,
Caes. B. G. 1, 27, 2; 2, 16, 2:eventum pugnae,
id. ib. 7, 49 fin.:scilicet ultima semper Exspectanda dies homini est,
Ov. M. 3, 136:cenantes haud animo aequo Exspectans comites,
i. e. waiting till they have done eating, Hor. S. 1, 5, 9 et saep.; cf.:exspectandus erit annus,
I must wait a year, Juv. 16, 42. —With relative and esp. interrogative clauses: exspectabat populus atque ora tenebat rebus, utri magni victoria sit data regni, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. s. 90, ed. Vahl.):3.exspecto, quo pacto, etc.,
Plaut. Poen. 4, 1, 1:exspecto, quid ad ista,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 20, 46; id. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 92:quid hostes consilii caperent, exspectabat,
Caes. B. G. 3, 24, 1:exspectante Antonio, quidnam esset actura,
Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 121:ne utile quidem, quam mox judicium fiat, exspectare,
Cic. Inv. 2, 28, 85; so,quid exspectas quam mox ego dicam, etc.,
id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:et, quam mox signis collatis dimicandum sit, in dies exspectet,
id. 34, 11, 4; 3, 37, 5:exspectans, quando, etc.,
Quint. 11, 3, 159.—With dum, si, ut, etc.:4.ne exspectetis meas pugnas dum praedicem,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 1:ne exspectemus quidem, dum rogemur,
Cic. Lael. 13, 44:exspectas fortasse, dum dicat, etc.,
id. Tusc. 2, 7, 17:exspectare, dum hostium copiae augerentur,
Caes. B. G. 4, 13, 2:nec dum repetatur, exspectat,
Quint. 4, 2, 45:Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 11 fin.; cf.:nec vero hoc loco exspectandum est, dum, etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:rusticus exspectat, dum defluat amnis,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 42:jam dudum exspecto, si tuum officium scias,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 12:exspecto si quid dicas,
id. Trin. 1, 2, 61:hanc (paludem) si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 9, 1; id. B. C. 2, 34, 1:nisi exspectare vis ut eam sine dote frater conlocet,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 7:mea lenitas hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat, erumperet,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:nisi forte exspectatis ut illa diluam, quae, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 29, 82:neque exspectant, ut de eorum imperio ad populum feratur,
Caes. ib. 1, 6, 6:quare nemo exspectet, ut, etc.,
Quint. 7, 10, 14; Liv. 23, 31, 7; 26, 18, 5; 35, 8, 5 al.— Pass. impers.:nec ultra exspectato, quam dum Claudius Ostiam proficisceretur,
Tac. A. 11, 26 fin.:cum omnium voces audirentur, exspectari diutius non oportere, quin ad castra iretur,
Caes. B. G. 3, 24 fin. —Absol.:5.comites ad portam exspectare dicunt,
Cic. Fam. 15, 17, 1:diem ex die exspectabam, ut statuerem, quid esset faciendum,
id. Att. 7, 26, 3:exspectent paullum et agi ordine sinant,
Quint. 4, 5, 19.—With object-clause:* B.cum expectaret effusos omnibus portis Aetolos in fidem suam venturos,
Liv. 43, 22, 2 Weissenb. ad loc.:venturum istum,
Aug. Conf. 5, 6.—Transf., of an abstract subject, like maneo, to await:II.seu me tranquilla senectus Exspectat seu, etc.,
Hor. S. 2, 1, 58.To look for with hope, fear, desire, expectation, to hope for, long for, expect, desire; to fear, dread, anticipate, apprehend.1.With acc.:2.reliquum est, ut tuam profectionem amore prosequar, reditum spe exspectem,
Cic. Fam. 15, 21 fin.; cf.:quod magna cum spe exspectamus,
id. Att. 16, 16 E. fin.:ego jam aut rem aut ne spem quidem exspecto,
id. ib. 3, 22 fin.: magnum inceptas, si id exspectas, quod nusquam'st, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 56:quam (rem) avidissime civitas exspectat,
Cic. Phil. 14, 1, 1:longiores (epistolas) exspectabo vel potius exigam,
id. Fam. 15, 16, 1:finem laborum omnium,
Caes. B. G. 7, 85, 4:illum ut vivat, optant, meam autem mortem exspectant scilicet,
to wish, Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 20:fama mortis meae non accepta solum sed etiam exspectata est,
Liv. 28, 27, 9; cf.in the pun with I.: cum Proculeius quereretur de filio, quod is mortem suam exspectaret, et ille dixisset, se vero non exspectare: Immo, inquit, rogo exspectes,
Quint. 9, 3, 68 Spald.:nescio quod magnum hoc nuntio exspecto malum,
dread, Ter. Ph. 1, 4, 16:mortem,
id. Hec. 3, 4, 8:multis de causis Caesar majorem Galliae motum exspectans,
Caes. B. G. 6, 1, 1: 7, 43 fin. —With a personal object:pater exspectat aut me aut aliquem nuntium,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 22:ite intro, filii vos exspectant intus,
id. Bacch. 5, 2, 86:hic ego mendacem usque puellam Ad mediam noctem exspecto,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 83; cf. Ov. M. 14, 418:video jam, illum, quem exspectabam, virum, cui praeficias officio et muneri,
Cic. Rep. 2, 42.—Aliquid ab (rarely ex) aliquo (a favorite expression of Cicero):3.a te hoc civitas vel omnes potius gentes non exspectant solum, sed etiam postulant,
Cic. Fam. 11, 5, 3; cf. id. ib. 3, 10, 1:dixi Servilio, ut omnia a me majora exspectaret,
id. ib. 3, 12, 4:alimenta a nobis,
id. Rep. 1, 4:ab aliquo gloriam,
id. ib. 6, 19 fin.:tristem censuram ab laeso,
Liv. 39, 41, 2:ut ex iis (proletariis) quasi proles civitatis exspectari videretur,
Cic. Rep. 2, 22, 40.—Aliquid ab or ex aliqua re (rare):4.aliquid ab liberalitate alicujus,
Caes. B. C. 2, 28, 3:dedecus a philosopho,
id. Tusc. 2, 12, 28:omnia ex sua amicitia,
id. ib. 3, 60, 1.—Aliquid aliquem (very rare): ne quid exspectes amicos, quod tute agere possies, Enn. ap. Gell. 2, 29; Sat. v. 38 Vahl.—5.With object-clause:6.quid mihi hic adfers, quam ob rem exspectem aut sperem porro non fore?
Ter. Phorm. 5, 9, 36:exspecto cupioque te ita illud defendere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 64, § 151.—With inf. alone (cf. cupio), Front. ad Ver. Imp. p. 137, ed. Rom.—Absol. (very rare):B.cum mihi nihil improviso, nec gravius quam exspectavissem pro tantis meis factis evenisset,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4:aliquando ad verum, ubi minime exspectavimus, pervenimus,
Quint. 12, 8, 11.—Poet. transf., of an abstr. subject, to have need of, require:b.silvarumque aliae pressos propaginis arcus Exspectant,
Verg. G. 2, 27:neque illae (oleae) procurvam exspectant falcem rastrosque tenaces,
id. ib. 2, 421; cf.:lenta remedia et segnes medicos non exspectant tempora mea,
Curt. 3, 5, 13.—Hence, exspectātus ( expect-), a, um, P. a. (acc. to II.), anxiously expected, longed for, desired, welcome (class.):carus omnibus exspectatusque venies,
Cic. Fam. 16, 7; cf.:venies exspectatus omnibus,
id. ib. 4, 10, 1; Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 11:quibus Hector ab oris exspectate venis?
Verg. A. 2, 282:sensi ego in exspectatis ad amplissimam dignitatem fratribus tuis,
who were expected to arrive at the highest dignities of the state, Cic. de Sen. 19, 68:ubi te exspectatum ejecisset foras,
i. e. whose death is waited, longed for, Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 29 Ruhnk.— Comp.:nimis ille potuit exspectatior venire,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 12.— Sup.:adventus suavissimus exspectatissimusque,
Cic. Att. 4, 4 a:litterae,
id. Fam. 10, 5, 1:triumphus,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 51 fin. —In the neutr. absol.:quis non diversa praesentibus contrariaque exspectatis aut speret aut timeat?
Vell. 2, 75, 2:hosti Ante exspectatum positis stat in agmine castris,
before it was expected, Verg. G. 3, 348; so,ante exspectatum,
Ov. M. 4, 790; 8, 5; Sen. Ep. 114:ille ad patrem patriae exspectato revolavit maturius,
than was expected, Vell. 2, 123, 1. -
117 longtemps
longtemps [lɔ̃tɑ̃]adverb• longtemps avant/après long before/after• il n'en a plus pour longtemps (pour finir) it won't be long before he's finished ; (avant de mourir) he hasn't got long• j'ai fini depuis longtemps I finished a long time ago► ça fait or il y a longtemps que• ça fait or il y a longtemps qu'il habite ici he has been living here for a long time* * *lɔ̃tɑ̃1) [attendre, dormir etc] (for) a long time; (avec négation, dans question) (for) longtu en as pour longtemps/encore pour longtemps? — ( à te préparer) will you be long/much longer?
il n'en a plus pour longtemps — ( à vivre) he won't last much longer
longtemps avant/après — long before/after
avant longtemps — ( d'ici peu) before long
durer assez longtemps — ( suffisamment) to last long enough; ( une longue période) to last quite a long time
2) (avec il y a, depuis, cela fait) ( marquant la continuité) (for) a long time, (for) long; ( quand l'action est terminée) a long time ago, long agoil y a or cela fait longtemps que je le connais, je le connais depuis longtemps — I've known him for a long time
il ne travaille pas ici depuis longtemps, il n'y a pas longtemps qu'il travaille ici — he hasn't worked ou been working here (for) long
* * *lɔ̃tɑ̃ advfor a long time, for long, a long time, longJ'ai attendu longtemps chez le dentiste. — I waited a long time at the dentist's., I waited for a long time at the dentist's.
Ça ne va pas durer longtemps. — It won't last long., It won't last for long.
On a cru pendant longtemps que la Terre était plate. — For a long time people thought the Earth was flat.
en avoir pour longtemps; Il en a pour longtemps. — He'll be a long time.
Je n'en ai pas pour longtemps. — I won't be long.
Il a mis longtemps à répondre à ma lettre. — He took a long time to answer my letter.
il y a longtemps...; Il y a longtemps que je travaille. — I've been working for a long time., I've been working a long time
il n'y a pas longtemps que...; Il n'y a pas longtemps que je l'ai rencontré. — I met him not long ago.
* * *longtemps adv1 [attendre, dormir etc] (for) a long time; (avec négation, dans question) (for) long; j'y ai vécu longtemps I lived there for a long time; il n'a pas mis longtemps, ça ne lui a pas pris longtemps it didn't take him long; il t'a fallu longtemps? did it take you long?; malade pendant longtemps ill for a long time; (pendant) longtemps j'ai cru que for a long time, I believed (that); X, longtemps détenu/ministre,… X, who was in prison/a minister for a long time,…; ils ne se sont pas vus pendant longtemps they didn't see each other for a long time; partir pour longtemps to go away for a long time; tu en as pour longtemps/encore pour longtemps? ( à te préparer) will you be long/much longer?; il n'en a plus pour longtemps ( à vivre) he won't last much longer; prévoir qch longtemps à l'avance to plan sth a long time ahead; longtemps avant/après long before/after; avant longtemps ( d'ici peu) before long; pas avant longtemps not for a long time; on ne le saura pas de longtemps we won't know for a long time; j'ai attendu trop longtemps I waited too long; je peux le garder plus longtemps? can I keep it a bit longer?; plus longtemps que prévu longer than anticipated; durer assez longtemps ( suffisamment) to last long enough; ( une longue période) to last quite a long time; aussi longtemps qu'il le faudra as long as necessary; on te revoit dans longtemps○? will it be long before we see you again?; une lettre/visite longtemps attendue a long-awaited letter/visit;2 (avec il y a, depuis, cela fait etc) ( marquant la continuité) (for) a long time, (for) long; ( quand l'action est terminée) a long time ago, long ago; il y a or cela fait longtemps que je le connais, je le connais depuis longtemps I've known him for a long time; il ne travaille pas ici depuis longtemps, il n'y a pas longtemps qu'il travaille ici he hasn't worked ou been working here (for) long; ça fait or il y a longtemps que tu attends? have you been waiting long?; il y a or voilà or ça fait longtemps qu'il n'a pas téléphoné he hasn't phoned for ages ou a long time, it's (been) a long time ou ages since he phoned; il n'y a plus longtemps à attendre there's not long to wait now, it won't be much longer now; il est mort depuis longtemps, cela fait or il y a or voilà longtemps qu'il est mort he died a long time ago, he's been dead a long time; il ne conduisait plus depuis longtemps he had stopped driving ages ago ou long before then; il n'y a pas si longtemps c'était encore possible it was still possible until quite recently.[lɔ̃tɑ̃] adverbe1. [exprimant une durée] for a long timeon a longtemps pensé que... it was long thought that..., it was thought for a long time that...il faut longtemps pour... it takes a long time ou a while to...pas de longtemps ou d'ici longtemps not for a (long) while ou long timemettre ou prendre longtemps to take a while ou a long timea. [pour finir] he won't be much longerb. [à vivre] he won't last much longer, he's not got much longer to lived'ici à ce qu'il pleuve, il n'y en a pas pour longtemps! (familier) it won't be long till the rain starts!ça va durer (encore) longtemps, oui? is this going to go on for much longer?, have you quite finished?longtemps avant long ou a long time before (that), much earlierlongtemps après much later, long after (that), a long time after (that)2. [avec 'il y a', 'depuis']il y a longtemps (de ça) ages ou a long time agoil y a longtemps ou cela fait longtemps que je l'ai lu it's been a long time since I read itil y a ou cela fait longtemps que je ne l'ai pas vu it's a long time ou ages since I saw himtiens, il y avait longtemps!a. (familier) [qu'on ne t'avait pas vu] long time no see!b. [que tu n'avais pas parlé de ça] here we go again!il travaille là depuis longtemps he's been working there for ages ou a long time -
118 nam
nam conj. [GNA-]. I. Introducing an explanation, for (in prose beginning the sentence, except when enclitic with an interrog. word): is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus, nam civitas in pagos divisa est, Cs.: Pauca... Expediam dictis; prohibent nam cetera Parcae Scire, V.: Belua multorum es capitum; nam quid sequar? H.—Introducing a parenthesis, for certainly, but: colenda iustitia est, cum ipsa per sese (nam aliter iustitia non esset), tum, etc.—Resuming the thought after a parenthesis: simul atque cognovit (audi, audi, atque attende...), nam simul ac me audivit, etc. —With illud or quod, introducing a minor consideration or an exception, for, but: bene, quod Mens, Fides consecratur... nam illud vitiosum Athenis, quod fecerunt Contumeliae fanum.—Introducing an example or illustration, for example, for instance: sed vivo Catone multi oratores floruerunt. Nam et A. Albinus... Nam Q. Metellus, etc.— II. Introducing a reason, for, seeing that, inasmuch as: celebratote illos dies; nam multi saepe honores dis inmortalibus iusti habiti sunt, sed, etc.: alias urbīs condidere... nam de Carthagine silere melius puto quam parum dicere, S.: una domus erat... nam quid ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi semper aliquid, etc.: Iuppiter, hospitibus nam te dare iura loquuntur, V.: Mercuri (nam te docilis magistro Movit Amphion lapides canendo), etc., H.—In replies, introducing the reason for an implied answer, for, for assuredly, certainly: Sa. tamen tibi a me nullast orta iniuria... Ae. Nam hercle etiam hoc restat, i. e. (not yet); for that is to come hereafter, T.: nos hunc Heracliensem... de nostrā civitate eiciemus? Nam si quis putat... vehementer errat.—In a rhetorical climax, with ne... quidem: in corpora ipsorum, in liberos contumeliae editae. Nam avaritia ne sacrorum quidem spoliatione abstinuit, nay... not even, L.—In eager questions, beginning a clause, why?: Nam quae haec anus est, exanimata a fratre quae egressa'st meo? T.—As enclitic with an interrogative: quisnam igitur tuebitur P. Scipionis memoriam mortui?: in incerto habuere, quidnam consili caperent, S.: num nam haec audivit? T.: quis est nam ludus in undis, V.* * *for, on the other hand; for instance -
119 इव
ivaind. (fr. pronominal base 3. i), like, in the same manner as (in this sense = yathā, andᅠ used correlatively to tathā);
as it were, as if (e.g.. pathêva, as if on a path);
in a certain manner, in some measure, a little, perhaps (in qualification orᅠ mitigation of a strong assertion);
nearly, almost, about (e.g.. muhūrtamiva, almost an hour);
so, just so, just, exactly, indeed, very (especially after words which involve some restriction e.g.. īshadiva, just a little;
kiṉcidiva, just a little bit:
andᅠ after a negation e.g.. nacirādiva, very soon)
iva is connected vaguely, andᅠ somewhat pleonastically, with an interrogative pronoun orᅠ adverb
(e.g.. kimiva, what? kathamiva, how could that possibly be?
kvêva, where, I should like to know?)
n. the Pada texts of the Ṛig, Yajur, andᅠ Atharva-veda, andᅠ by native grammarians,
iva is considered to be enclitic, andᅠ therefore compounded with the word after which it stands RV. AV. etc. etc.
-
120 कामम्
kā́mamind. (acc. of kā́ma gaṇa svarâ̱di, not in Kāṡ.) according to wish orᅠ desire, according to inclination, agreeably to desire, at will, freely, willingly RV. TS. AitBr. ṠBr. ChUp. MBh. R. etc.;
with pleasure, readily, gladly MBh. III, 298 Ragh. ;
(as a particle of assent) well, very well, granted, admitted that, indeed, really, surely MBh. III, 17195 R. V, 24, 4 Ṡak. Bhartṛ. ;
well andᅠ good, in any case, at any rate MBh. III, 310, 19 R. IV, 9, 105; V, 53, 11 Ṡak. Dhūrtas. ;
(with na, « in no case» R. III, 56, 17);
granted that, in spite of that, notwithstanding R. IV, 16, 50 Pañcat. etc.. ;
though, although, supposing that (usually with Impv.) R. VI, 95, 49 and 56 Ragh. II, 43 Ṡāntiṡ. ;
( kāmaṉ-na orᅠ natu orᅠ naca, rather than
e.g.. kāmamāmaraṇāttishṭhedgṛihekanyā - naenāmprayacchettuguṇa-hīnāya,
« rather should a girl stay at home till her death, than that he should give her to one void of excellent qualities» Mn. IX, 89 ;
the negative sentence with na orᅠ natu orᅠ naca may alsoᅠ precede, orᅠ its place may be taken by an interrogative sentence e.g.. kāmaṉnayatumāṉdevaḥkimardhenâ̱tmanohime, « rather let the god take me, what is the use to me of half my existence?» BhP. VII, 2, 54 ;
kāmaṉ - tu orᅠ kiṉtu orᅠ ca orᅠ punar orᅠ athâ̱pi orᅠ tathâ̱pi,
well, indeed, surely, truly, granted, though - however, notwithstanding, nevertheless
e.g.. kāmaṉtvayāparityaktāgamishyāmi - imaṉtubālaṉsaṉtyaktuṉ, nâ̱rhasi,
« granted that forsaken by thee I shall go - this child however thou must not forsake» MBh. I, 3059 ;
orᅠ the disjunctive particles may be left out R. Ragh. II, 43 Ṡāntiṡ. ;
yady-api-kāmaṉtathâ̱pi, though - nevertheless Prab.)
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