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  • 61 Robinson, George J.

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1712 Scotland
    d. 1798 England
    [br]
    Scottish manufacturer who installed the first Boulton \& Watt rotative steam-engine in a textile mill.
    [br]
    George Robinson is said to have been a Scots migrant who settled at Burwell, near Nottingham, in 1737, but there is no record of his occupation until 1771, when he was noticed as a bleacher. By 1783 he and his son were describing themselves as "merchants and thread manufacturers" as well as bleachers. For their thread, they were using the system of spinning on the waterframe, but it is not known whether they held a licence from Arkwright. Between 1776 and 1791, the firm G.J. \& J.Robinson built a series of six cotton mills with a complex of dams and aqueducts to supply them in the relatively flat land of the Leen valley, near Papplewick, to the north of Nottingham. By careful conservation they were able to obtain considerable power from a very small stream. Castle mill was not only the highest one owned by the Robinsons, but it was also the highest mill on the stream and was fed from a reservoir. The Robinsons might therefore have expected to have enjoyed uninterrupted use of the water, but above them lived Lord Byron in his estate of Newstead Priory. The fifth Lord Byron loved making ornamental ponds on his property so that he could have mock naval battles with his servants, and this tampered with the water supplies so much that the Robinsons found they were unable to work their mills.
    In 1785 they decided to order a rotative steam engine from the firm of Boulton \& Watt. It was erected by John Rennie; however, misfortune seemed to dog this engine, for parts went astray to Manchester and when the engine was finally running at the end of February 1786 it was found to be out of alignment so may not have been very successful. At about the same time, the lawsuit against Lord Byron was found in favour of the Robinsons, but the engine continued in use for at least twelve years and was the first of the type which was to power virtually all steamdriven mills until the 1850s to be installed in a textile mill. It was a low-pressure double-acting condensing beam engine, with a vertical cylinder, parallel motion connecting the piston toone end of a rocking beam, and a connecting rod at the other end of the beam turning the flywheel. In this case Watt's sun and planet motion was used in place of a crank.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for an account of the installation of this engine).
    D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (describes the problems which the Robinsons had with the water supplies to power their mills).
    S.D.Chapman, 1967, The Early Factory Masters, Newton Abbot (provides details of the business activities of the Robinsons).
    J.D.Marshall, 1959, "Early application of steam power: the cotton mills of the Upper Leen", Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire 60 (mentions the introduction of this steam-engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Robinson, George J.

  • 62 ἐξουσία

    ἐξουσία, ας, ἡ (Soph., Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 30, 1; Mel., P. 104, 810 [Bodm.]) from ἔξεστιν.
    ① a state of control over someth., freedom of choice, right (e.g., the ‘right’ to act, decide, or dispose of one’s property as one wishes: BGU 1158, 13 [9 B.C.] = Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 234, 13 legal t.t., esp. in wills: POxy 272, 13; BGU 183, 25 ἔχειν αὐτὴν τὴν ἐ. τῶν ἰδίων πάντων; PTebt 319, 21.—Sir 30:11) ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν have the right 2 Th 3:9 (Just., D 16, 4). W. inf. foll. (Teles p. 23, 14; 24, 11; Tob 2:13 S; 7:10 S) J 10:18; 1 Cor 9:4ff; Hb 13:10; Rv 13:5; B 4:2. W. obj. gen. foll. (τίς οὖν ἔτι ἔχει μου ἐξουσίαν; Epict. 3, 24, 70; διδόναι ἐξουσίαν τῶν πετεινῶν Did., Gen. 61, 24) εἰ ἄλλοι τῆς ὑμῶν ἐ. μετέχουσι 1 Cor 9:12. Also ἐ. ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς the right to the tree of life Rv 22:14. W. verbs of two constr. ἔχει ἐ. ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος the potter has a right over the clay, to make fr. the same lump Ro 9:21. ἐ. ἔχειν περί τινος (4 Macc 4:5) be at liberty w. regard to a thing (opp. ἀνάγκην ἔχειν) 1 Cor 7:37; cp. 8:9; ἐ. ἐν τ. εὐαγγελίῳ a right in the gospel 9:18. ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐ. ὑπῆρχεν was at your disposal Ac 5:4 (Esth 4:17b; Appian, Liby. 52 §226 ἐν ἐ. εἶναι τί τινι=someth. is at someone’s disposal, is within one’s power).
    ② potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power (on capacity for someth. cp. Did., Gen. 162, 5: ἡ προσαιρέσεως ἐξουσία; cp. 1 Esdr 4:28, 40; 2 Macc 7:16 the king can do what he pleases because he has the capability for doing so) ἡ ἐ. τ. ἵππων ἐν τ. στόματι αὐτῶν ἐστιν Rv 9:19; cp. vs. 3; 13:2, 4; 18:1; Mt 9:8; Ac 8:19. W. inf. foll. to indicate the thing that one is able to do (En 25:4 ἅψασθαι; Diod S 4, 52, 4 ἀμύνασθαι εἶχεν ἐξουσίαν; Mel., P. 104 πάντα κρίνει); ἐκβάλλειν τ. δαιμόνια [b]Mk 3:15. ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς τ. γέενναν Lk 12:5; cp. J 1:12; 7:1 v.l.; Rv 9:10; 11:6. W. gen. of the inf. foll. τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων Lk 10:19; ποιεῖν ἐ. exercise power Rv 13:12. ἐ. ἔχειν τινός have power over someone (Epict. 4, 12, 8) GPt 3:7; ἑαυτοῦ IPol 7:3; also ἐ. ἔχειν ἐπί τινος Rv 20:6; cp. AcPl Ha 1, 3. Esp. of God’s power (Theodor. Prodr. 5, 313 ἡ θεῶν ἐ.; Da 4:17; Jos., Ant. 5, 109; 18, 214) Lk 12:5 (cp. 2 Cl 5:4); Ac 1:7; Jd 25; Hs 9, 23, 4. πάντων τ. ἐξουσίαν power over all Hm 4, 1, 11; Hs 9, 28, 8. πᾶσα ἡ ἐ. 5, 7, 3 (En 9:5). τὴν κατὰ πάντων ἐ. MPol. 2:1. τέλους ἐ. power over the end PtK 2 p. 13, 22. ἐ. ἐπὶ τ. πληγάς control over the plagues Rv 16:9. Also of Satan’s power Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.; B 2:1.—The power that comes fr. God can involve transcendent knowledge, and both may be expressed by ἐ. (Herm. Wr. 1, 13; 14; 32). So his hearers conclude fr. Jesus’ teaching that he must have ἐ. (i.e. it is not necessary for him to first ask what the traditional practice or interpretation requires) Mk 1:22 (‘license’ of a Jewish teacher L-S-J-M Suppl., ’68; against this AArgyle, ET 80, ’68/69, 343); cp. Mt 7:29 (Rtzst., Poim. 48, 3, Mysterienrel.3 302; 363; JStarr, HTR 23, 1930, 302–5; HWindisch, Pls. u. Christus ’34, 151ff; DDaube, JTS 39, ’38, 45–59; HFlowers, ET 66, ’55, 254 [‘like a king’]; DHudson, ET 67, ’55/56, 17; JCoutts, JTS 8, ’57, 111–18 [Jesus and the 12]). The prep. expr. κατʼ ἐξουσίαν in accordance w. knowledge and power Mk 1:27 and ἐν ἐ. Lk 4:32 belong to this classification; cp. 4:36. The close relation of ἐ. w. ‘gnosis’ and teaching also B 18:1.—But it is not always possible to draw a hard and fast line betw. this sense and
    ③ the right to control or command, authority, absolute power, warrant (Sextus 36: the πιστός has ἐ. fr. God) ἐ. καὶ ἐπιτροπή (cp. Ps.-Pla., Defin. p. 415c ἐξουσία, ἐπιτροπὴ νόμου) authority and commission Ac 26:12. ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς; by whose authority are you doing this? Mt 21:23, 24, 27; Mk 11:28, 29, 33; Lk 20:2, 8. ἐ. διδόναι τινί put someone in charge (Diod S 13, 36, 2; 14, 81, 6; cp. Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 6 P.; En 9:7; TestJob 3:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 90; 20, 193) Mk 13:34; PtK 2 p. 14, 13. οἷς ἔδωκεν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τὴν ἐ. to whom he gave rights over the Gospel (for its proclamation) B 8:3. ὅτι τὸ ἄρχειν ἐξουσίας ἐστίν that ruling depends on authority 6:18. Of apostolic authority 2 Cor 10:8; 13:10; ISm 4:1. Of Jesus’ total authority Mt 28:18 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Da 7:14; DStanley, CBQ 29, ’67, 555–73); Hs 5, 6, 1. W. gen. of the one who has authority ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ Rv 12:10 (Just., A I, 40, 7). W. gen. of that over which the authority is exercised (Diod S 2, 27, 3; IDefixWünsch 4, 21; Ps 135:8, 9; Wsd 10:14; Sir 17:2; Jos., Vi. 190) ἐ. πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων over the unclean spirits Mt 10:1; Mk 6:7; cp. J 17:2; Hm 4, 3, 5; PtK 2 p. 14, 13; 1 Cl 61:2; ISm 4:1; τούτου τοῦ λαοῦ Hs 8, 3, 3. Also ἐπί w. acc. (cp. Sir 33:20) Lk 9:1; cp. Rv 6:8; 13:7. Likew. ἐπί w. gen. (cp. Da 3:97) Rv 2:26; 11:6b; 14:18. παρά τινος (also ἀπό τινος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 13, 56) indicates the source of the authority (s. παρά A3b) Ac 9:14; 26:10; Hs 5, 6, 4 (restored from the Lat.; ἐ. λαμβάνειν as Diod S 11, 42, 6; TestJob 8:2f; 16:4; Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 4 P.) and κατά τινος the one against whom it is directed (TestJob 16:2 κατʼ ἐμοῦ; 8:2 κατὰ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων μου ‘over my possessions’; Sb 8316, 6f κύριε Σάραπι δὸς αὐτῷ κατεξουσίαν κατὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτοῦ; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 43, 25) J 19:11 (HvCampenhausen, TLZ 73, ’48, 387–92); B 4:13. W. pres. inf. foll. (cp. X., Mem. 2, 6, 24 and 35; Diod S 12, 75, 4; 1 Macc 10:35; 11:58; Jos., Ant. 4, 247) Mt 9:6; Mk 2:10; Lk 5:24; J 5:27. W. aor. inf. foll. (Jdth 8:15; 1 Esdr 8:22; 1 Macc 1:13) 19:10. Foll. by gen. of the pres. inf. (4 Macc 5:15) Hm 12, 4, 2.—RDillon, ‘As One Having Authority’ (Mark 1:22): CBQ 57, ’95, 92–113.
    ④ power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office, ruling power, official power (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 1, 135b al.; LXX; Jos., Bell. 2, 140, Vi. 80) ἐ. ὡς βασιλεύς Rv 17:12f (Diod S 2, 45, 1 βασιλικὴν ἐ. ἔχειν; 14, 32, 5 ἐ. λαμβάνειν); ἐ. τοῦ ἡγεμόνος Lk 20:20; cp. J 19:10f, s. 3 above. ἐ. ἐπάνω δέκα πόλεων Lk 19:17. ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος a man under authority 7:8 (MFrost, ET 45, ’34, 477f); cp. Mt 8:9; Hs 1:3.—The power of a particular office (Diod S 1, 70, 1; 14, 113, 6 ἡ ὑπατικὴ ἐξουσία; Plut., Mar. 406 [2, 1], Caes. 734 [58, 1]) ἐπαρχικὴ ἐ. the power of prefect Phlm subscr.
    ⓐ human authorities, officials, government (Dionys. Hal. 8, 44; 11, 32; POxy 261, 15) Lk 12:11 (here and elsewh. in NT w. ἀρχή, as also in Pla.); Ro 13:1, 2, 3 (with 13:1b cp. the express. ‘ancient saying’ [s. Hes., Theogony 96 ἐκ δὲ Διὸς βασιλῆες. On this HFränkel, Dichtung u. Philos. des frühen Griechentums ’62, 111 n. 6] in Artem. 2, 36 p. 135, 24; 2, 69 p. 161, 17 τὸ κρατοῦν δύναμιν ἔχει θεοῦ=the ruling power has its authority from God; Wsd 6:3; Jos., Bell. 2, 140 οὐ δίχα θεοῦ περιγενέσθαι τινὶ τὸ ἄρχειν … ἐξουσίαν); Tit 3:1. For the view that the ἐ. of Ro 13 are spirit powers, as b below, s. OCullmann, Christ and Time (tr. Filson) ’50, 191–210.—On the subj. in gener. s. LGaugusch, D. Staatslehre d. Ap. Pls nach Ro 13: ThGl 5, ’34, 529–50; JUitman, Onder Eig. Vaandel 15, ’40, 102–21; HvCampenhausen, ABertholet Festschr. ’50, 97–113; OCullmann, Zur neuesten Diskussion über die ἐξουσίαι in Rö 13:1: TZ 10, ’54, 321–36, D. Staat im NT ’612 (Eng. tr.: The State in the NT ’56, 93–114); against him AStrobel, ZNW 47, ’56, 67–93.—GCaird, Princip. and Powers ’56; RMorgenthaler TZ 12, ’56, 289–304; CMorrison, The Powers That Be ’60; EBarnikol, Rö 13. Der nichtpaulinische Ursprung der absoluten Obrigkeitsbejahung v. Rö 13:1–7 ’61, 65–133; HSchlier, Principalities and Powers in the NT ’61 (Eng. tr.); MBorg, NTS 19, ’72/73, 205–18. οἱ ἐπʼ ἐξουσίαν ἀχθέντες those who are brought before the authorities Hs 9, 28, 4.
    ⓑ of transcendent rulers and functionaries: powers of the spirit world (TestLevi 3:8; TestSol 20:15 B), sg. (w. ἀρχή and δύναμις) 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; Col 2:10. Pl. (w. ἀρχαί as Just., D. 41, 1; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 22) Eph 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:15; (w. ἄγγελοι, δυνάμεις) 1 Pt 3:22. Cp. the v.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).
    ⑥ the sphere in which power is exercised, domain (4 Km 20:13; Ps 113:2) Lk 4:6. ἐκ τ. ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου ἐστίν he comes fr. Herod’s jurisdiction 23:7. ἐ. τοῦ σκότους domain of darkness 22:53; Col 1:13 (opp. the βασιλεία of Christ). Hence ἐ. τοῦ ἀέρος simply domain of the air Eph 2:2; s. ἀήρ 2b.
    ⑦ Various opinions are held about the mng. of 1 Cor 11:10 ὀφείλει ἡ γυνὴ ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. Many now understand it as a means of exercising power (cp. δύναμις 1b.—It is abstract for concrete, as βασιλεία [1] in Diod S 1, 47, 5: a stone figure ἔχουσα τρεῖς βασιλείας ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς=that wears three symbols of royal power [diadems] on its head), that is to say, the veil (κάλυμμα is v.l. for ἐ. here; s. critical apparatus in N.) by which women at prayer (when they draw near to the heavenly realm) protect themselves fr. the amorous glances of certain angels. But the veil may also have been simply a symbol of womanly dignity, esp. befitting a Christian woman, and esp. in the presence of holy angels (s. Cadbury below).—WWeber, ZWT 46, 1903, 487–99; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 12–23 al.; EFehrle, Die kultische Keuschheit im Altertum1910, 39; RPerdelwitz, StKr 86, 1913, 611–13; LBrun, ZNW 14, 1913, 298–308; GKittel, Rabbinica 1920, 17ff; Billerb. III 423–35; KBornhäuser, NKZ 41, 1930, 475–88; WFoerster, ZNW 30, ’31, 185f; MGinsburger, RHPR 12, ’32, 245–47; OMotta, ET 44, ’33, 139–41; CSpicq, RB 48, ’39, 557–62; EBlakeney, ET 55, ’44, 138; SLösch, TQ 127, ’47, 216–61; JFitzmyer, NTS 3, ’57, 48–58; HCadbury, HTR 51, ’58, 1f (Qumran parallels); MHooker, NTS 10, ’64, 410–16; AIsaksson, Marriage and Ministry in the NT ’65, 176–81; GSchwartz, ZNW 70, ’79, 249 (Aramaic background).—LCerfaux et JTondriau, Un Concurrent du Christianisme, ’57. S. on ἄγγελος 2c.—V.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).—DELG s.v. εἰμί. New Docs 2, 83f. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐξουσία

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    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

  • 64 recordar

    v.
    1 to remember (acordarse de).
    ese pintor recuerda a Picasso that painter is reminiscent of Picasso
    si mal no recuerdo as far as I can remember
    María recuerda su niñez Mary remembers her childhood.
    María recuerda y llora Mary remembers and cries.
    me recuerda a un amigo mío he reminds me of a friend of mine
    recuérdame que cierre el gas remind me to turn the gas off
    tienes que ir al dentista esta tarde — ¡no me lo recuerdes! you have to go to the dentist this afternoon — don't remind me!
    Le recordaré a María I will remind Mary.
    3 to remind to.
    María le recuerda a Ricardo recogerla Mary reminds Richard to pick her up.
    4 to remember of.
    Esta foto me recordó a mi papá This photo remembered me of my father.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONTAR], like link=contar contar
    1 (rememorar) to remember
    ■ ¿recuerdas? do you remember?
    2 (traer a la memoria) to remind (a, of)
    3 (conmemorar) to commemorate
    \
    que yo recuerde as far as I can remember
    si mal no recuerdo if I remember rightly, if my memory serves me right
    * * *
    verb
    1) to remember, recall
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=acordarse de) to remember

    recuerdo que un día se me acercó y me dijo... — I remember that one day she came over to me and said...

    no lo recuerdo — I can't remember, I don't remember

    • creo recordar que... — I seem to remember o recall that...

    • recordar haber hecho algo — to remember doing o having done sth

    no recuerdo haberte dado permiso para salir — I don't remember o recall giving o having given you permission to go out

    • recordar que — to remember that

    2) (=traer a la memoria) to remind

    ¿a qué te recuerda esa foto? — what does that photo remind you of?

    • recordar algo a algn — to remind sb of sth

    me permito recordarle que aún no hemos recibido el pago — I would remind you o may I remind you that we have not yet received payment

    • recordar a algn que haga algo — to remind sb to do sth

    3) Méx * (=despertar) to wake up
    2.

    no recuerdo — I can't o don't remember

    si mal no recuerdo — if my memory serves me right o correctly, if I remember rightly o correctly

    que yo recuerde — as far as I can remember, as I recall frm

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <nombre/fecha> to remember, recall

    recuerdo que lo puse ahí — I remember o recall putting it there

    b) ( rememorar) to remember
    2)

    recordarle A alguien/algo que + subj — to remind somebody about something/to + inf

    recuérdale lo de la cena/que los llame — remind him about the supper/to call them about the supper

    les recuerdo que... — I would like to remind you that...

    b) (por asociación, parecido) to remind

    estos versos recuerdan a Neruda — these verses are reminiscent of Neruda; (+ me/te/le etc)

    esto me recuerda que... — this reminds me that...

    2.
    recordar vi ( acordarse) to remember

    que yo recuerde... — as far as I remember...

    3.
    recordarse v pron (Chi) ( acordarse) to remember

    recordarse DE algo/alguien — to remember something/somebody

    * * *
    = cast + mind back to, recall, recollect, remember, remind, hark(en) back to, come back, reminisce, evoke, be reminiscent of, bring to + mind, recur to, hearken back to.
    Nota: También escrito harken o hark.
    Ex. First cast your mind back to our examination of the Colon Classification.
    Ex. As will be recalled from the foregoing discussion of Panizzi's ideology, his main entry was designed to represent a book not as a individual entity but as an edition of a particular work by a particular author.
    Ex. There was a heavy and prolonged silence as Datto scrambled through his mind, trying to recollect the details of the event that had apparently trigerred this violent reaction.
    Ex. A summary at the end of a document is intended to complete the orientation of the reader, and to identify the significant ideas for the reader to remember.
    Ex. The insert mode indicator (the arrow pointing upwards) appears on the screen to remind you that the keyboard is in insert mode.
    Ex. The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex. At the sight of the park, something came back to Slake.
    Ex. A general session featured Isaac Asimov who reminisced about libraries in his youth and predicted the continuing need for libraries.
    Ex. If my comments yesterday managed to evoke the landscape of the State of Ohio, I offer no apologies.
    Ex. In this sense this book is reminiscent of the cunningly drawn pictures of our youth.
    Ex. These commands bring to mind word frequency-based automatic indexing algorithms of the past 3 decades.
    Ex. The kitchen was full of glancing sunlight and clean color; and as she sat there her mind recurred to her attempts to get her assistant to stay.
    Ex. The term 'first cold press' hearkens back to the traditional method, where the best oil came from the first pressing; subsequent pressings release more oil, but of inferior quality.
    ----
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * digno de ser recordado = memorable.
    * facilidad de recordar = memorability.
    * facultad de recordar = power of recall.
    * hacer recordar = jog + Posesivo + memory, bring to + mind.
    * que ayuda a recordar = memory-jogging.
    * que + Pronombre + recordar = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.
    * que se recuerde = in living memory.
    * recordar a = reek of.
    * recordar a uno Algo = bring + Nombre + back to.
    * recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.
    * recordar el pasado = take + a trip down memory lane, stroll down + memory lane, take + a stroll down memory lane.
    * recordar fácilmente = produce + on call.
    * recordar mal = misremember.
    * recordar + Posesivo + palabras = mark + Posesivo + words.
    * recordarse = go down as.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <nombre/fecha> to remember, recall

    recuerdo que lo puse ahí — I remember o recall putting it there

    b) ( rememorar) to remember
    2)

    recordarle A alguien/algo que + subj — to remind somebody about something/to + inf

    recuérdale lo de la cena/que los llame — remind him about the supper/to call them about the supper

    les recuerdo que... — I would like to remind you that...

    b) (por asociación, parecido) to remind

    estos versos recuerdan a Neruda — these verses are reminiscent of Neruda; (+ me/te/le etc)

    esto me recuerda que... — this reminds me that...

    2.
    recordar vi ( acordarse) to remember

    que yo recuerde... — as far as I remember...

    3.
    recordarse v pron (Chi) ( acordarse) to remember

    recordarse DE algo/alguien — to remember something/somebody

    * * *
    = cast + mind back to, recall, recollect, remember, remind, hark(en) back to, come back, reminisce, evoke, be reminiscent of, bring to + mind, recur to, hearken back to.
    Nota: También escrito harken o hark.

    Ex: First cast your mind back to our examination of the Colon Classification.

    Ex: As will be recalled from the foregoing discussion of Panizzi's ideology, his main entry was designed to represent a book not as a individual entity but as an edition of a particular work by a particular author.
    Ex: There was a heavy and prolonged silence as Datto scrambled through his mind, trying to recollect the details of the event that had apparently trigerred this violent reaction.
    Ex: A summary at the end of a document is intended to complete the orientation of the reader, and to identify the significant ideas for the reader to remember.
    Ex: The insert mode indicator (the arrow pointing upwards) appears on the screen to remind you that the keyboard is in insert mode.
    Ex: The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex: At the sight of the park, something came back to Slake.
    Ex: A general session featured Isaac Asimov who reminisced about libraries in his youth and predicted the continuing need for libraries.
    Ex: If my comments yesterday managed to evoke the landscape of the State of Ohio, I offer no apologies.
    Ex: In this sense this book is reminiscent of the cunningly drawn pictures of our youth.
    Ex: These commands bring to mind word frequency-based automatic indexing algorithms of the past 3 decades.
    Ex: The kitchen was full of glancing sunlight and clean color; and as she sat there her mind recurred to her attempts to get her assistant to stay.
    Ex: The term 'first cold press' hearkens back to the traditional method, where the best oil came from the first pressing; subsequent pressings release more oil, but of inferior quality.
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * digno de ser recordado = memorable.
    * facilidad de recordar = memorability.
    * facultad de recordar = power of recall.
    * hacer recordar = jog + Posesivo + memory, bring to + mind.
    * que ayuda a recordar = memory-jogging.
    * que + Pronombre + recordar = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.
    * que se recuerde = in living memory.
    * recordar a = reek of.
    * recordar a uno Algo = bring + Nombre + back to.
    * recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.
    * recordar el pasado = take + a trip down memory lane, stroll down + memory lane, take + a stroll down memory lane.
    * recordar fácilmente = produce + on call.
    * recordar mal = misremember.
    * recordar + Posesivo + palabras = mark + Posesivo + words.
    * recordarse = go down as.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 ‹nombre/fecha› to remember, recall
    ¿recuerdas dónde lo encontraste? do you remember o recall where you found it?
    soy muy malo para recordar fechas I'm very bad at remembering dates
    recuerdo que lo puse sobre la mesa I remember o recall putting it on the table
    no recordaba exactamente qué había pasado she couldn't recall o recollect o remember exactly what had happened
    2 (rememorar) to remember
    recordar viejos tiempos to remember the old days, to reminisce about the old days
    recuerdo esa época con mucho cariño I have fond memories of that time
    B
    1 (traer a la memoria) recordarle algo A algn:
    recuérdale que los llame remind him to call them
    les recuerdo que mañana es el último día remember that o I would like to remind you that tomorrow is the last day
    me recordó lo del sábado pasado he reminded me about what happened last Saturday
    2 (por asociación, parecido) to remind
    su forma recuerda la de una calabaza its shape reminds one of a pumpkin, its shape is reminiscent of a pumpkin
    estos versos recuerdan a Jorge Manrique these verses are reminiscent of Jorge Manrique
    (+ me/te/le etc): esto me recuerda aquella vez que … this reminds me of the time that …
    me recuerdas a tu hermano you remind me of your brother
    estas calles me recuerdan mucho Bogotá these streets remind me a lot of Bogotá
    ■ recordar
    vi
    A (acordarse) to remember
    que yo recuerde sólo estaba él as I remember (it) o as I recall o as far as I remember he was the only one there
    si mal no recuerdo if I remember right, if my memory serves me well o correctly
    B ( Méx fam) (despertarse) to wake up
    A ( Méx fam) (despertarse) to wake up
    B ( Chi) (acordarse) to remember recordarse DE algo/algn to remember sth/sb
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    recordar    
    recordar algo
    recordar ( conjugate recordar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹nombre/fecha› to remember, recall;

    ◊ recuerdo que lo puse ahí I remember o recall putting it there

    b) ( rememorar) ‹niñez/pasado› to remember

    2
    a) ( traer a la memoria) recordarle A algnalgo/ que haga algo to remind sb about sth/to do sth;

    ◊ les recuerdo que … I would like to remind you that …

    b) (por asociación, parecido) to remind;


    verbo intransitivo ( acordarse) to remember;

    recordar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (acordarse) to remember, recall: no recuerdo su nombre, I can't remember his name
    2 (hacer recordar) to remind: recuérdame que compre el pan, remind me to buy some bread
    me recuerda a su madre, she reminds me of her mother
    II verbo intransitivo to remember: si mal no recuerdo, if I remember rightly ➣ Ver nota en remember y remind
    To remember     significa recordar algo ocurrido en el pasado: Recuerdo mi último cumpleaños. I remember my last birthday. To remind significa recordar a alguien que tiene que hacer algo: Recuérdame que mañana tengo que ir al banco. Remind me to go to the bank tomorrow.

    ' recordar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desempolvar
    - evocar
    - hablarse
    - pasada
    - pasado
    - recuerdo
    - vista
    - acordar
    - creer
    - retener
    English:
    eventful
    - look back
    - recall
    - recollect
    - remember
    - remind
    - reminiscent
    - seem
    - think back
    - bring
    - mind
    - must
    - reminder
    - think
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [acordarse de] to remember;
    no recuerdo dónde he dejado las llaves I can't remember where I left the keys;
    recuerdo que me lo dijo I remember him telling me;
    no recordaba yo un invierno tan frío I don't remember a winter as cold as this
    2. [traer a la memoria] to remind;
    recuérdame que cierre el gas remind me to turn the gas off;
    te recuerdo que el plazo termina mañana don't forget that the deadline is tomorrow;
    tienes que ir al dentista esta tarde – ¡no me lo recuerdes! you have to go to the dentist this afternoon – don't remind me!
    3. [por asociación] to remind;
    me recuerda a un amigo mío he reminds me of a friend of mine;
    me recuerda aquella vez que nos quedamos sin luz it reminds me of that time when the electricity got cut off
    ♦ vi
    1. [acordarse] to remember;
    si mal no recuerdo as far as I can remember
    2. [traer a la memoria]
    ese pintor recuerda a Picasso that painter is reminiscent of Picasso
    3. Méx [despertar] to wake up
    * * *
    I v/t remember, recall;
    recordar algo a alguien remind s.o. of sth
    II v/i
    1
    :
    si mal no recuerdo if my memory serves me right
    wake up
    * * *
    recordar {19} vt
    1) : to recall, to remember
    2) : to remind
    1) acordarse: to remember
    2) despertar: to wake up
    * * *
    1. (acordarse) to remember
    2. (hacer pensar) to remind

    Spanish-English dictionary > recordar

  • 65 serie

    f.
    1 series.
    me dijo una serie de cosas (singular)(de sellos, monedas)(de mentiras) he told me a number of things
    2 series (television).
    3 run, batch.
    fabricación en serie mass-production
    con ABS de serie with ABS as standard
    ser un fuera de serie (figurative) to be unique, to be one of a kind
    4 daisy chain.
    5 course.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: seriar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) series
    2 (conjunto) series, string, succession
    \
    fabricado,-a en serie mass-produced
    fuera de serie out of the ordinary, unique
    fabricación en serie mass production
    serie mundial DEPORTE world series
    asesino en serie serial killer
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=sucesión) (tb Bio, Mat) series
    2) (Industria)

    • de serie, tamaño de serie — standard size

    modelo de serie — (Aut) standard model

    • en serie, fabricación en serie — mass production

    fabricar o producir en serie — to mass-produce

    • fuera de serie — (=extraordinario) special, out of the ordinary

    un fuera de serie — an extraordinary person, one of a kind

    artículos fuera de serie — (Com) goods left over, remainders

    3) (Elec)
    4) (Inform)
    5) (=conjunto) [de monedas, sellos] series; [de inyecciones] course
    6) (TV, Radio) [en episodios sueltos] series; [en historia continua] serial
    7) (Cine)
    8) (Dep) qualifying heat
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( sucesión) series

    serie numérica — (Mat) numerical sequence

    b) ( clase) series

    coches/motores de serie — production cars/engines

    producción or fabricación en serie — mass production

    producir/fabricar en serie — to mass produce

    fuera de serie — (fam) out of this world (colloq)

    c) (Dep) heat
    2) (Rad, TV) series; ( historia continua) serial
    * * *
    = series, string, iteration.
    Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.
    Ex. Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.
    Ex. Any MeSH terms used to describe the documents retrieved are incorporated into the query formulation for further iteration.
    ----
    * área de serie = series area, series statement area.
    * asesino en serie = serial killer.
    * búsqueda en serie = serial search, serial searching.
    * comprar Algo hecho en serie = buy + off-the-shelf.
    * en serie = serially, ordinal.
    * fabricación en serie = mass production.
    * fabricado en serie = mass-produced, off-the-shelf, out of the box, manufactured.
    * fabricar en serie = mass-produce.
    * fuera de serie = crackerjack.
    * impresora en serie = serial printer.
    * interfaz de comunicación en serie = serial interface.
    * mención de serie = series statement.
    * número de serie = serial number.
    * portada de la serie = series title page.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * serie constante de = steady stream of.
    * serie de pensamientos encadenados = chain of thoughts.
    * serie de televisión = TV serial, television series.
    * serie determinada de caracteres = character string.
    * serie documental = documentary series, series.
    * serie documental televisiva = television documentary series.
    * serie incompleta = deficient series.
    * serie monográfica = monographic series.
    * serie no periódica = non-time series.
    * serie periódica = time series.
    * serie televisiva = television serial, television series.
    * serie televisiva cómica = sitcom.
    * título de la serie = series title.
    * toda una serie de = a whole series of.
    * una serie de = a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of.
    * una serie de + Nombre + organizados por turnos = a rota of + Nombre.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( sucesión) series

    serie numérica — (Mat) numerical sequence

    b) ( clase) series

    coches/motores de serie — production cars/engines

    producción or fabricación en serie — mass production

    producir/fabricar en serie — to mass produce

    fuera de serie — (fam) out of this world (colloq)

    c) (Dep) heat
    2) (Rad, TV) series; ( historia continua) serial
    * * *
    = series, string, iteration.

    Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.

    Ex: Often, the computer is used to aid in the processing of such indexes, and sometimes computer processing is responsible for the creation of multiple entries from one string of index terms.
    Ex: Any MeSH terms used to describe the documents retrieved are incorporated into the query formulation for further iteration.
    * área de serie = series area, series statement area.
    * asesino en serie = serial killer.
    * búsqueda en serie = serial search, serial searching.
    * comprar Algo hecho en serie = buy + off-the-shelf.
    * en serie = serially, ordinal.
    * fabricación en serie = mass production.
    * fabricado en serie = mass-produced, off-the-shelf, out of the box, manufactured.
    * fabricar en serie = mass-produce.
    * fuera de serie = crackerjack.
    * impresora en serie = serial printer.
    * interfaz de comunicación en serie = serial interface.
    * mención de serie = series statement.
    * número de serie = serial number.
    * portada de la serie = series title page.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * serie constante de = steady stream of.
    * serie de pensamientos encadenados = chain of thoughts.
    * serie de televisión = TV serial, television series.
    * serie determinada de caracteres = character string.
    * serie documental = documentary series, series.
    * serie documental televisiva = television documentary series.
    * serie incompleta = deficient series.
    * serie monográfica = monographic series.
    * serie no periódica = non-time series.
    * serie periódica = time series.
    * serie televisiva = television serial, television series.
    * serie televisiva cómica = sitcom.
    * título de la serie = series title.
    * toda una serie de = a whole series of.
    * una serie de = a choice of, a number of, a range of, a series of, a suite of, an array of, a string of, a pattern of, a stream of, a battery of, a succession of.
    * una serie de + Nombre + organizados por turnos = a rota of + Nombre.

    * * *
    A
    1 (sucesión) series
    visitamos una serie de pueblos en la montaña we visited a series o succession of mountain villages
    una serie de acontecimientos a series of incidents
    serie numérica ( Mat) numerical sequence
    2 (clase) series
    un modelo de la serie 320 a 320-series model
    coches/motores de serie production cars/engines
    ofrece de serie dirección hidráulica it offers power-assisted steering as standard
    producción or fabricación en serie mass production
    producir/fabricar en serie to mass produce
    fuera de serie out of this world ( colloq)
    3 ( Dep) heat
    B ( Rad, TV) series; (historia continua) serial
    una serie sobre la fauna africana a series about African fauna
    Compuestos:
    film noir
    * * *

     

    Del verbo seriar: ( conjugate seriar)

    serié es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    serie es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    serie sustantivo femenino
    1


    b) ( clase) series;


    fabricación en serie mass production;
    producir/fabricar en serie to mass produce;
    fuera de serie (fam) out of this world (colloq)
    c) (Dep) heat

    2 (Rad, TV) series;
    ( historia continua) serial
    serie sustantivo femenino
    1 series sing; asesino en serie, serial killer
    2 (de sellos, billetes) issue
    número de serie, serial number
    3 (grupo) una serie de parlamentarios decidieron oponerse, a group of M.P.'s decided to object
    4 Rad TV series sing
    ♦ Locuciones: en serie: los fabrican en serie, they are mass-produced
    fuera de serie, exceptional
    ' serie' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cabeza
    - cada
    - capítulo
    - comenzar
    - compilar
    - darse
    - enganchada
    - enganchado
    - escala
    - fabricar
    - fabricación
    - fuera
    - gira
    - política
    - producción
    - tanda
    - tercera
    - tercero
    - última
    - último
    - asesino
    - comedia
    - continuación
    - corrida
    - después
    - documental
    - interminable
    - número
    - policíaco
    - proceso
    - protagonista
    - regata
    - reponer
    - reposición
    - rosario
    - serial
    - sucesión
    English:
    ablaze
    - B movie
    - bash out
    - chain
    - dismember
    - episode
    - first
    - flashback
    - last
    - later
    - latest
    - mark
    - one-off
    - rash
    - reversal
    - round
    - second
    - seed
    - sequence
    - serial
    - serial killer
    - serialize
    - series
    - set
    - specific
    - standard
    - star
    - stock
    - string
    - succession
    - train
    - ultimately
    - B
    - file
    - line
    - lowest common denominator
    - making
    - mass
    - over
    - row
    - spate
    - world
    * * *
    serie nf
    1. [sucesión, conjunto] series [singular];
    [de mentiras] string;
    ha escrito una serie de artículos sobre el tema he has written a series of articles on the topic;
    me dijo una serie de cosas he told me a number of things
    2. [de televisión] series [singular];
    3. [de sellos, monedas] set;
    [de grabados] series
    4. [producción] run, batch;
    este coche es de la primera serie que se fabricó this car is from the first batch that was produced;
    fabricación en serie mass production;
    con ABS de serie with ABS as standard
    5. Elec
    en serie in series
    * * *
    f
    2
    :
    fabricación en serie mass production;
    fuera de serie out of this world, extraordinary
    * * *
    serie nf
    1) : series
    2) serial: serial
    3)
    fabricación en serie : mass production
    4)
    fuera de serie : extraordinary, amazing
    * * *
    serie n series [pl. series]

    Spanish-English dictionary > serie

  • 66 велик

    great
    велика сила a world power
    великите сили the Great Powers; the first-rate powers
    Александър велики Alexander the Great
    Великият могул the Great, Grand Mogul
    Великата октомврийска революция the Great October Socialist Revolution
    велики пости Lent
    велики четвъртък Maundy/Holy Thursday
    велики петък Good Friday
    ставам велик rise to great-ness
    * * *
    велѝк,
    прил. great; (за народно събрание) grand; Александър Велики истор. Alexander the Great; \велика сила world power; Великата отечествена война истор. the Great Patriotic War; Велики петък църк. Good Friday; Велики пости църк. Lent; Велики четвъртък църк. Maundy/Holy Thursday; Великите сили истор., полит. the Great Powers; the first-rate powers; Великият херцог истор. the Grand Duke ( висша дворянска титла в Западна Европа, с едно стъпало по-ниска от краля, обикн. носена от брата на монарха); ставам \велик rise to greatness.
    * * *
    grand; great: He's a велик man. - Той е велик човек.
    * * *
    1. (за народно събрание) grand 2. great 3. Александър ВЕЛИКи Alexander the Great 4. ВЕЛИКa сила a world power 5. ВЕЛИКи петък Good Friday 6. ВЕЛИКи пости Lent 7. ВЕЛИКи четвъртък Maundy/Holy Thursday 8. ВЕЛИКите сили the Great Powers;the first-rate powers 9. Великата октомврийска революция the Great October Socialist Revolution 10. Великата отечествена война the Great Patriotic War 11. Великият княз the Grand Duke 12. Великият могул the Great, Grand Mogul 13. Великият океан the Pacific (Ocean) 14. Великото народно събрание the Grand National Assembly 15. ставам ВЕЛИК rise to great-ness

    Български-английски речник > велик

  • 67 motore

    "motor;
    Motor;
    moteur;
    motor;
    motor"
    * * *
    m engine
    motore Diesel diesel engine
    motore a due tempi two-stroke engine
    motore a quattro tempi four-stroke engine
    motore a combustione internal combustion engine
    motore fuoribordo outboard (motor or engine)
    veicolo m a motore motor vehicle
    accendere il motore start (up) the engine, turn the key in the ignition
    fermare il motore turn off the engine
    * * *
    motore agg. motor; driving, propelling: impulso motore, motor impulse // (mecc.) albero motore, driving shaft; forza motrice, driving power // (mar.) apparato motore, propelling machinery // (aer.) apparato, gruppo motore, power plant // (anat.) muscolo motore, motor
    ◆ s.m.
    1 (mecc.) motor; engine: motore di aeroplano, aeromotor; motore elettrico, electric motor; motore termico, heat engine; motore a vapore, steam engine // (aut.): motore a benzina, petrol engine (o motor), (amer.) gasoline motor; motore a combustione interna, internal combustion engine; motore a due, a quattro tempi, two-, four-stroke engine; motore a nafta, Diesel, diesel engine; motore a valvole in testa, overhead-valve engine; motore di riserva, spare engine; motore raffreddato ad acqua, ad aria, water-cooled, air-cooled engine; il motore dell'automobile è fermo, the car engine is dead; il motore perde giri, the motor speed is falling; avviare un motore, to start an engine // (aer.): motore a reazione, jet engine; motore a stella (o radiale), radial engine; motore a turboelica, turboprop engine; motore a turbogetto, turbojet engine // (mar.) motore entrobordo, fuoribordo, inboard, outboard engine // (elettr.): motore a corrente continua, alternata, direct, alternating current motor; motore a induzione, induction motor // (inform.) motore di ricerca, search engine
    2 (fig.) (ciò che dà impulso) prime mover, first cause; drive, motive: la ricerca del profitto è il motore dell'economia, profit-seeking is the drive behind the economy // (fil.) il Primo Motore, the Prime Mover (o the First Cause).
    * * *
    [mo'tore] motore (-trice)
    1. agg
    1) (Anat : organo) motor attr
    2) Tecn driving
    2. sm
    Tecn engine, motor, (di macchina, treno, nave) engine

    a motore — power-driven, motor attr

    * * *
    I [mo'tore]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) engine; (elettrico) motor

    avviare, spegnere il motore — to switch on, off the ignition

    motore! — cinem. action!

    2) fig. driving force

    essere il motore di qcs. — [persona, motivo] to be the driving force behind sth.

    •

    motore a benzina — petroleum BE o gasoline AE engine

    motore di ricerca — inform. search engine

    II [mo'tore]
    aggettivo [ principio] driving
    * * *
    motore1
    /mo'tore/
    sostantivo m.
     1 engine; (elettrico) motor; avviare, spegnere il motore to switch on, off the ignition; guasto al motore engine failure; un motore a 4 tempi a 4-stroke engine; motore! cinem. action!
     2 fig. driving force; essere il motore di qcs. [persona, motivo] to be the driving force behind sth.; qual è il motore dell'economia? what drives the economy?
    motore a benzina petroleum BE o gasoline AE engine; motore diesel diesel engine; motore elettrico electric motor; motore a iniezione fuel injection engine; motore di ricerca inform. search engine; motore a scoppio internal combustion engine.
    ————————
    motore2
    /mo'tore/
    [ principio] driving; forza motrice motive force o power; albero motore drive shaft; ruota motrice driving wheel; l'automobile ha quattro ruote motrici the car has four-wheel drive.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > motore

  • 68 участок


    part, portion, zone
    - (зонирования ла) — zone

    zone no. 310, area - fuselage aft of pressure bulkhead.
    - ("коробочки", захода на посадку по прямоугольному маршруту) (рис. 117) — leg
    - (поверхности) — area
    - (траектории полета) — (flight path) segment
    - взлетной дистанции, воздушный (вувд) (рис.113) — airborne part of takeoff distanee
    - взлетной дистанции, наземный (нувд) (рис. 113) — groundborne part of takeoff distance
    - воздушный (траектории взлета, посадки) — airborne part (of takeoff, landing path)
    -, второй (чистой траектории начального набора высоты) — second segment
    от точки полной уборки шасси до высоты 400 фт (рис. 114). — from the landing gear retraction complete point to a height of 400 feet.
    - горизонтального разгона — horizontal acceleration segment
    - графика, ограниченный с 4-x сторон замкнутыми кривыми (рис. 144) — carpet plot the altitude and temperatures are drawn as a carpet plot.
    -, деформированный (детали) — misshapen area
    выправить (отрихтовать) деформированные участки (поверхности). — straighten all misshapen areas.
    - записи (на магнитной ленте) — recorded item
    - захода (на посадку) до первого разворота (рис. 117) — upwind leg
    - захода (на посадку) между вторым и третьим разворотами — downwind leg that leg of the landing pattern during which an airplane files downwind.
    - захода (на посадку) между первым и вторым разворотом — crosswind leg
    - захода (на посадку) между третьим и четвертым разворотом — base leg
    -, заштрихованный (графика) — cross-hatched zone
    - земной поверхности, застроенный — cultured areas (on earth surface)
    - земной поверхности, незастроенный — noncultured area
    - изображения (фотоснимка) нерезкий — out-of-focus area
    - конечного этапа захода на посадку (после четвертого разворота) — final approach
    -, конечный (траектории начального набора высоты) — final takeoff segment
    от точки на высоте выравнивания до высоты 1500 фт. и более, с убранными закрылками и работе двиг. на максимальном продолжительном режиме. — this segment extends from the level-off height to а gross height of 1500 feet or more, with flaps up and maximum continuous thrust.
    - "коробочки" до первого разворота (рис. 117) — upwind leg
    - "коробочки" после второго разворота — downwind leg
    - "коробочки" после первого разворота — crosswind leg
    - "коробочки" после третьего разворота — base leg
    - "коробочки" после четвертого разворота — final approach
    - крыла, по которому разрешено хождение — overwing walkway area
    - маршрута — route segment /leg/
    маршрут или участок маршрута, обычно пролетаемый без промежуточных посадок. — a route or portion of а route usually flown without an intermediate stop.
    - маршрута (между двумя ппм - промежуточными пунктами маршрута) (рис. 124) — navigation leg (between two waypoints)
    - маршрута (при полете по ппм) — navigation /flight/ leg
    - маршрута, запрограммированный (в эвм) — stored navigation leg
    - маршрута, навигационнообеспечиваемый — navigated route leg
    -, маршрута, начальный — initial flight leg
    обычно участок полета по ортодромии от заданного места до первого ппм. — it is а normally great circle route from present position to the first en-route waypoint.
    - маршрута, новый (при полете по ппм) — new navigation leg
    - маршрута, предыдущий — last navigation leg
    - маршрута, следующий (при полете по ппм) — next navigation leg
    - маршрута, текущий (при полете по ппм) — current navigation /route/ leg
    - (зона планера, систем, двигатепей ла), могущий повлиять на безопасность эксппуатации ла. — problem area frequent maintenance visits allow early detection of problem areas in airframe, systems artd engines.
    - (начального) набора высоты (1-й-4-й) (рис.114) — takeoff flight path segment (first-fourth)
    - неба (небесной сферы) — sky region, portion of sky

    a telescope examines a sky region.
    -, первый (чистой траектории начального набора высоты) — first segment
    от точки на высоте 35 фт. до точки полной уборки шасси, начатой через 3 сек. после отрыва самолета при взлете. — from the 35 feet height point to the point at which the landing gear is fully retracted, retraction of the landing gear having been initiated 3 seconds after lift-off.
    - поверхности — surface area
    - поверхности ла, по которому разрешено хождение — walkway area
    - посадочной дистанции, воздушный (рис. 116) — airborne part of landing distance
    - посадочной дистанции, наземный — groundbcrne part of landing distance
    -, последующий (траектории) — remaining segment
    - предпосадочного маневра — intermediate approach pattern leg
    -, предшествующий (траектории) — preceding segment
    -, пятый (чистой траектории начального набора высоты) — fifth segment
    участок обычно заканчивается на высоте 1500 фт. но может быть продолжен до большей высоты при наличии препятствий. самолет находится в полетной конфигурации. — the segment normally ends at 1500 feet, but may be continued to а greater height should obstacle clearance make this necessary. the aircraft is in the en-route configuration.
    -, рабочий (рабочее место в цехе, мастерской) — workplace (in shop)
    - разгона — acceleration segment
    полет на участке разгона производится без набора высоты. — in acceleration segment there is no gain in height.
    - траектории (полета) — flight path segment
    - траектории взлета, воздушный — airborne part of the takeoff path
    наклон воздушного участка траектории взлета должен быть положительным в каждой точке. — the slope of the airborne part of the takeoff path must be positive at each point.
    - траектории начального набора высоты — takeoff path segment
    определения участков по нлгс-2, bcar и циркуляру икао не совпадают. определения участков (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) даются пo циркуляру икао. (рис. 112, 114). — the takeoff path segments must be clearly defined and must be related to the distinct changes in configuration, power or thrust and speed.
    -, третий (чистой траектории начального набора высоты) — third segment from thе point at а height of 400 feet to the point reached when the time elapsed from the start of takeoff is that given in the graph illustrating fime at start of acceleration segment.
    - цепи (эл.) — circuit portion
    -, четвертый (чистой траектории набора высоты) — fourth segment
    от конца третьего участка до точки, достигаемой при собпюдении ниже указанных требований. пo истечении указанного времени (время в начале участка разгона) самолет разгоняется в горизонтальном полете при работе двиг. на макс. взлетном режиме. по достижении скорости начала уборки закрылков начинается уборка закрылков. разгон в горизонтальном полете продолжается до полной уборки закрылков и достижения скорости набора высоты с убранными закрылками (при одном неработающем двигателе), и в данной точке двигатели переводятся на макс. продолжительный режим. — from the end of the third segment to the point reached by following the procedure described hereafter. when the specified time (time at start of acceleration segment) has elapsed, the aeroplane is accelerated in levef flight using maximum take-off power. when speed has reached the flap retraction initiation speed flaps are selected to up. the acceleration in level flight is continued until the flaps are fully retracted and the speed has increased to the appropriate flaps up climb speed (one engine inoperative) at which point power is reduced to maximum continuous.
    - чистой траектории начального набора высоты — net takeoff flight path segment
    - шкалы, градуированный — graduated band of scale
    - шкалы (прибора), окрашенный в зеленый цвет (индикация измеряемой величины в пределах нормы) — green band (of indicator scale) the tgt is stabilized in green band of the tgt indicator.
    - шкалы (прибора), окрашенный в красный цвет (индикация измеряемой величины выше нормы) — red band (of indicator scale) at tgt overtemperature the tgt indicator pointer is in red band.
    - шкалы, оцифрованный — scale band marked with figures
    -, штилевой (поверхности моря) — smooth sea state area
    в начале участка — at start of segment
    в конце участка — at end of segment
    на у. (траектории) — in segment
    начало у. (траектории) — start of segment
    изменять (переключать) у. — change leg /route, track/
    маршрута (автоматически или вручную) — (automatically or manually)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > участок

  • 69 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 70 Meikle, Andrew

    [br]
    b. 1719 Scotland
    d. 27 November 1811
    [br]
    Scottish millwright and inventor of the threshing machine.
    [br]
    The son of the millwright James Meikle, who is credited with the introduction of the winnowing machine into Britain, Andrew Meikle followed in his father's footsteps. His inventive inclinations were first turned to developing his father's idea, and together with his own son George he built and patented a double-fan winnowing machine.
    However, in the history of agricultural development Andrew Meikle is most famous for his invention of the threshing machine, patented in 1784. He had been presented with a model of a threshing mill designed by a Mr Ilderton of Northumberland, but after failing to make a full-scale machine work, he developed the concept further. He eventually built the first working threshing machine for a farmer called Stein at Kilbagio. The patent revolutionized farming practice because it displaced the back-breaking and soul-destroying labour of flailing the grain from the straw. The invention was of great value in Scotland and in northern England when the land was becoming underpopulated as a result of heavy industrialization, but it was bitterly opposed in the south of England until well into the nineteenth century. Although the introduction of the threshing machine led to the "Captain Swing" riots of the 1830s, in opposition to it, it shortly became universal.
    Meikle's provisional patent in 1785 was a natural progression of earlier attempts by other millwrights to produce such a machine. The published patent is based on power provided by a horse engine, but these threshing machines were often driven by water-wheels or even by windmills. The corn stalks were introduced into the machine where they were fed between cast-iron rollers moving quite fast against each other to beat the grain out of the ears. The power source, whether animal, water or wind, had to cause the rollers to rotate at high speed to knock the grain out of the ears. While Meikle's machine was at first designed as a fixed barn machine powered by a water-wheel or by a horse wheel, later threshing machines became mobile and were part of the rig of an agricultural contractor.
    In 1788 Meikle was awarded a patent for the invention of shuttered sails for windmills. This patent is part of the general description of the threshing machine, and whilst it was a practical application, it was superseded by the work of Thomas Cubitt.
    At the turn of the century Meikle became a manufacturer of threshing machines, building appliances that combined the threshing and winnowing principles as well as the reciprocating "straw walkers" found in subsequent threshing machines and in conventional combine harvesters to the present day. However, he made little financial gain from his invention, and a public subscription organized by the President of the Board of Agriculture, Sir John Sinclair, raised £1,500 to support him towards the end of his life.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1831, Threshing Machines in The Dictionary of Mechanical Sciences, Arts and Manufactures, London: Jamieson, Alexander.
    7 March 1768, British patent no. 896, "Machine for dressing wheat, malt and other grain and for cleaning them from sand, dust and smut".
    9 April 1788, British patent no. 1,645, "Machine which may be worked by cattle, wind, water or other power for the purpose of separating corn from the straw".
    Further Reading
    J.E.Handley, 1953, Scottish Farming in the 18th Century, and 1963, The Agricultural Revolution in Scotland (both place Meikle and his invention within their context).
    G.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (gives an account of the early development of harvesting and cereal treatment machinery).
    KM / AP

    Biographical history of technology > Meikle, Andrew

  • 71 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 72 aparecer

    v.
    1 to appear (ante la vista).
    su número de teléfono no aparece en la guía her phone number isn't (listed) in the phone book
    Ricardo aparece al final siempre Richard appears at the end always.
    2 to turn up (algo perdido).
    ¿ya ha aparecido el perro? has the dog been found yet?
    3 to appear (person).
    4 to appear to, to appear in front of.
    Se me apareció una persona A person appeared to me.
    Me apareció un fantasma A ghost appeared to me.
    5 to encounter.
    Se nos apareció un problema We encountered a problem.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ AGRADECER], like link=agradecer agradecer
    1 to appear
    2 (dejarse ver) to show up, turn up
    3 (en el mercado) to come out (en, onto)
    1 to appear
    * * *
    verb
    1) to appear, turn up
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=presentarse) to appear, turn up *

    apareció en casa sin avisar — he appeared o turned up * at the house without warning

    2) [algo oculto] to appear, turn up *
    3) [algo perdido] to reappear, turn up *
    4) (=surgir) to appear
    5) (=editarse) [libro, disco] to come out
    6) (=figurar) [dato, nombre] to appear

    mi nombre no aparece en el censo electoral — my name does not appear on the electoral register, my name is not on the electoral register

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) síntoma/mancha to appear
    b) objeto perdido to turn up
    c) ( en documento) to appear
    d) revista to come out; libro to come out, be published
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up
    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)
    c) (en película, televisión) to appear
    3) (liter) ( parecer) to seem
    2.
    aparecerse v pron
    a) fantasma/aparición
    b) (AmL fam) persona to turn up

    no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! — don't you dare show your face round here again!

    * * *
    = appear, become + available, come into + being, feature, give, occur, rise, pop up, show up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, dawn, come through, come up, come with, come on the + scene, set in, crop up.
    Ex. The statement of authorship is also transcribed and it appears in the work.
    Ex. Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex. I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex. If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex. An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex. In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex. The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex. It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex. Problems of community service seem to show up more clearly in the countryside.
    Ex. Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex. The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex. Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex. However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex. More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex. She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex. The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex. This is the first CD price cut since the media format came on the scene in the 1980's.
    Ex. Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex. Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    ----
    * aparece frecuentemente en = in evidence in.
    * aparecer amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * aparecer aquí y allá en = intersperse.
    * aparecer en abundancia = come out of + the woodwork.
    * aparecer en escena = hit + the scene.
    * aparecer en gran número = pour (in/into).
    * aparecer en la lejanía = loom.
    * aparecer impreso = appear + in print.
    * aparecer juntos = stand + together.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * aparecer por sí solo = stand on + Posesivo + own.
    * aparecer repentinamente = spring up.
    * aparecerse la virgen = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet, strike + lucky, strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * aparecer solo = stand + alone.
    * aparecer tarde = be a late arrival on the scene, be late on the scene.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * hacer aparecer = cause + display of.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * no aparecer = be not included.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * volver a aparecer = resurface.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) síntoma/mancha to appear
    b) objeto perdido to turn up
    c) ( en documento) to appear
    d) revista to come out; libro to come out, be published
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up
    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)
    c) (en película, televisión) to appear
    3) (liter) ( parecer) to seem
    2.
    aparecerse v pron
    a) fantasma/aparición
    b) (AmL fam) persona to turn up

    no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! — don't you dare show your face round here again!

    * * *
    = appear, become + available, come into + being, feature, give, occur, rise, pop up, show up, come into + existence, burgeon, surface, dawn, come through, come up, come with, come on the + scene, set in, crop up.

    Ex: The statement of authorship is also transcribed and it appears in the work.

    Ex: Mini and micro computers will become cheaper and information retrieval software will become available in more financially attractive, user friendly and tried and tested packages.
    Ex: I think it would be useful to take just a few minutes to talk about how our institutions come into being.
    Ex: If a corporate body is deemed to have some intellectual responsibility for the content of a work, then the name of that body will usually feature as a heading on either a main or added entry.
    Ex: An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex: In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex: The public library has two choices: to follow the dodo or to rise again like the phoenix.
    Ex: It can pop up in one form one week and in another form another week.
    Ex: Problems of community service seem to show up more clearly in the countryside.
    Ex: Some university libraries have been built up over the centuries; others have come into existence over the last 40 years.
    Ex: The other principal omission from UNESCO's 1950 listing was report literature -- a field of published record which has burgeoned in the last thirty years = La otra omisión principal de la lista de 1950 de la UNESCO fueron los informes, un área que se ha desarrollado en los últimos treinta años.
    Ex: Power struggles are surfacing at major academic institutions across the USA.
    Ex: However, because of the long duration of feudal society, modern civilization, including modern libraries, dawned in China later than in the industrialized Western countries.
    Ex: More sophisticated accreditation systems are coming through, but these are currently relatively little used in these areas, and are more common in ecommerce applications.
    Ex: She outlined the tasks she had been assigned and mentioned that if any emergencies came up she was the person to bring them to.
    Ex: The problem comes with ideographic languages.
    Ex: This is the first CD price cut since the media format came on the scene in the 1980's.
    Ex: Open or compound fractures were usually fatal prior to the advent of antiseptics in the 1860s because infection would set in.
    Ex: Although same problems with software applications, hardware and user training programmes had cropped up periodically, on balance, users are reasonably pleased with their acquisitions.
    * aparece frecuentemente en = in evidence in.
    * aparecer amenazadoramente = rear + its head.
    * aparecer aquí y allá en = intersperse.
    * aparecer en abundancia = come out of + the woodwork.
    * aparecer en escena = hit + the scene.
    * aparecer en gran número = pour (in/into).
    * aparecer en la lejanía = loom.
    * aparecer impreso = appear + in print.
    * aparecer juntos = stand + together.
    * aparecer por primera vez = premiere.
    * aparecer por sí solo = stand on + Posesivo + own.
    * aparecer repentinamente = spring up.
    * aparecerse la virgen = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet, strike + lucky, strike + gold, hit + the jackpot.
    * aparecer solo = stand + alone.
    * aparecer tarde = be a late arrival on the scene, be late on the scene.
    * aparecer y desaparecer = come and go.
    * hacer aparecer = cause + display of.
    * idea + aparecer = idea + surface.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * no aparecer = be not included.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * volver a aparecer = resurface.

    * * *
    aparecer [E3 ]
    vi
    A
    1 «síntoma/mancha» to appear
    los carteles han aparecido en diversos puntos de la ciudad the posters have appeared in various parts of the city
    los tesoros arqueológicos que han ido apareciendo durante la excavación the archaeological treasures which have appeared o turned up during the dig
    2 «objeto perdido» to turn up
    ¿aparecieron tus llaves? have your keys turned up yet?
    hizo aparecer un ramo de flores he produced a bouquet of flowers
    3 (en un documento) to appear
    mi nombre no aparece en la lista my name doesn't appear on the list, my name isn't on the list
    una cara que aparece mucho en las portadas de las revistas a face that often appears o features on the covers of magazines
    4 «revista» to come out; «libro» to come out, be published
    B «persona»
    1 ( fam) (llegar) to appear, turn up, show up
    2 ( fam) (dejarse ver) to appear, show up ( colloq)
    no ha vuelto a aparecer por aquí he hasn't shown his face round here again
    3 (en un espectáculo) «personaje/actor» to appear
    apareció en dos o tres películas he was in o he appeared in two or three movies
    C ( liter) (parecer) to seem
    todo aparecía como un sueño borroso it all seemed like a hazy dream
    el programa de explotación aparecía oscuro the operating program did not seem clear
    ■ aparecer
    vt
    ( Méx) to produce, make … appear
    1 «fantasma/aparición»: aparecerse A algn; to appear TO sb
    su padre se le apareció en sueños his father appeared to him in his dreams
    2 ( AmL fam) «persona» to turn up
    se apareció de vaqueros she turned up o showed up in jeans
    ¡y no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! and don't you dare show your face round here again!
    * * *

     

    aparecer ( conjugate aparecer) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) [síntoma/mancha] to appear





    d) [revista/libro] to come out

    2 [ persona]
    a) (fam) ( llegar) to appear, turn up

    b) (fam) ( dejarse ver) to appear, show up (colloq)

    c) (en película, televisión) to appear

    aparecerse verbo pronominal
    a) [fantasma/aparición] aparecerse a algn to appear to sb

    b) (AmL fam) [ persona] to turn up;

    ◊ ¡no te vuelvas a aparecer por aquí! don't you dare show your face round here again!

    aparecer
    1 verbo intransitivo
    1 to appear: su nombre aparece en los títulos de crédito, his name is on the credits
    2 (acudir alguien, encontrar algo perdido) to turn up: apareció con su hija, he turned up with his daughter
    el pasaporte apareció un mes más tarde, the passport turned up a week later
    ' aparecer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejarse
    - sacar
    - salir
    - surgir
    - venir
    - amanecer
    - improviso
    English:
    alive
    - appear
    - arise
    - conjure
    - crop up
    - develop
    - listing
    - materialize
    - pop up
    - return
    - show
    - show up
    - sight
    - spring
    - surface
    - turn up
    - unaccounted
    - view
    - woodwork
    - emerge
    - mushroom
    - pop
    - reappear
    - roll
    - scene
    - turn
    - unaccounted for
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    Méx [presentar] to produce;
    inesperadamente Pedro apareció mis llaves Pedro quite unexpectedly produced my keys;
    el mago apareció un conejo de un sombrero the magician pulled a rabbit out of a hat
    ♦ vi
    1. [ante la vista] to appear;
    el sol apareció detrás de las murallas the sun appeared o came up from behind the city walls;
    aparecer de repente to appear from nowhere;
    el mago hizo aparecer un conejo de su chistera the magician pulled a rabbit out of his hat;
    su número de teléfono no aparece en la guía her phone number isn't (listed) in the phone book
    2. [publicación] to come out;
    la revista aparece los jueves the magazine comes out o is published on Thursdays
    3. [algo perdido] to turn up;
    ¿ya ha aparecido el perro? has the dog been found yet?;
    ha aparecido un cuadro inédito de Miró a previously unknown Miró painting has turned up o been discovered
    4. [persona] to appear;
    aparecer en público to appear in public;
    aparece en varias películas de Ford she appears in several of Ford's films;
    Fam
    aparecer por [lugar] to turn up at;
    Fam
    hace días que Antonio no aparece por el bar we haven't seen Antonio in the bar for days, it's several days since Antonio showed his face in the bar;
    Fam
    ¡a buenas horas apareces, ahora que ya hemos terminado! it's a bit late turning up now, we've already finished!;
    Fam
    ¡y no se te ocurra volver a aparecer por aquí! and don't let me see your face round here again!
    * * *
    v/i appear
    * * *
    aparecer {53} vi
    1) : to appear
    2) presentarse: to show up
    3) : to turn up, to be found
    * * *
    1. (en general) to appear
    2. (encontrarse) to turn up
    ¿ha aparecido tu cartera? has your wallet turned up?
    3. (figurar) to be
    4. (llegar) to show up [pt. showed; pp. shown]

    Spanish-English dictionary > aparecer

  • 73 ascenso

    m.
    1 promotion.
    2 ascent (a montaña).
    3 rise.
    4 climbing, ascension, escalation, mounting.
    * * *
    1 (subida) climb, ascent
    2 (aumento) rise (de, in)
    3 (promoción) promotion
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) ascent, rise
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=subida) [a montaña] ascent; [al poder] rise
    2) (=aumento) [de temperatura, precio, popularidad] rise; [de beneficios, impuestos] increase

    habrá un ascenso general de las temperaturas — temperatures will go up o rise everywhere, there will be a rise in temperatures everywhere

    temperaturas en ascenso — rising temperatures, temperatures on the rise

    la Bolsa experimentó un ascenso de 4,5 puntos — shares on the Stock Exchange rose by 4.5 points

    3) (=mejora) rise

    preocupa el ascenso electoral de los neofascistas — the increased popularity o the rise in popularity of the neo-fascists is giving cause for concern

    4) [de empleado, militar, equipo] promotion (a to)
    * * *
    a) (subida - de temperatura, precios) rise; (- a montaña) ascent
    b) (de empleado, equipo) promotion; (Mil) promotion
    * * *
    = ascendancy, elevation, upward mobility, upward job mobility, career advancement, climb up, upward spiral, professional advancement, ascent.
    Ex. During his ascendancy he was accused of sycophancy by other staff members.
    Ex. Other authors may change their names, for instance, by marriage or elevation to the nobility.
    Ex. These institutions, bringing higher education to many families for the first time, offered a new channel for upward mobility.
    Ex. Upward job mobility, if it leads to geographical relocation, is unacceptable to the majority of professionals.
    Ex. This article studies job mobility of men and women librarians and how it affects career advancement.
    Ex. Women's climb up the career ladder has been fostered through programmes which aim to instil gender awareness in existing male members of staff.
    Ex. Most worrying for all retailers is the continuing upward spiral in overheads and specifically in rents and rates.
    Ex. Race was identified in previous studies as a perceived barrier to professional advancement.
    Ex. Highways with repeating hairpin turns allow easier, safer ascents and descents of mountainous terrain than a direct, steep climb and descent.
    ----
    * ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * ascenso laboral = job promotion.
    * ascenso social = upward mobility, upward social mobility.
    * ascenso vertiginoso = spiralling [spiraling, -USA].
    * describir el ascenso a la fama de = chart + the rise of.
    * * *
    a) (subida - de temperatura, precios) rise; (- a montaña) ascent
    b) (de empleado, equipo) promotion; (Mil) promotion
    * * *
    = ascendancy, elevation, upward mobility, upward job mobility, career advancement, climb up, upward spiral, professional advancement, ascent.

    Ex: During his ascendancy he was accused of sycophancy by other staff members.

    Ex: Other authors may change their names, for instance, by marriage or elevation to the nobility.
    Ex: These institutions, bringing higher education to many families for the first time, offered a new channel for upward mobility.
    Ex: Upward job mobility, if it leads to geographical relocation, is unacceptable to the majority of professionals.
    Ex: This article studies job mobility of men and women librarians and how it affects career advancement.
    Ex: Women's climb up the career ladder has been fostered through programmes which aim to instil gender awareness in existing male members of staff.
    Ex: Most worrying for all retailers is the continuing upward spiral in overheads and specifically in rents and rates.
    Ex: Race was identified in previous studies as a perceived barrier to professional advancement.
    Ex: Highways with repeating hairpin turns allow easier, safer ascents and descents of mountainous terrain than a direct, steep climb and descent.
    * ascenso en el trabajo = job promotion.
    * ascenso laboral = job promotion.
    * ascenso social = upward mobility, upward social mobility.
    * ascenso vertiginoso = spiralling [spiraling, -USA].
    * describir el ascenso a la fama de = chart + the rise of.

    * * *
    1 (subida — de temperatura, precios) rise; (— de una montaña) ascent
    se producirá un ascenso de las temperaturas temperatures will rise, there will be a rise in temperatures
    una industria en ascenso a growing industry, an industry on the rise ( AmE) o ( BrE) on the up and up
    2 (de un empleado) promotion; ( Mil) promotion
    el equipo logró el ascenso a primera división the team was promoted to o achieved promotion to o went up to the first division
    * * *

    ascenso sustantivo masculino
    a) (de temperatura, precios) rise



    c) (de empleado, equipo, oficial) promotion

    ascenso sustantivo masculino
    1 promotion
    2 (subida a un monte) ascent
    (de precios) rise
    ' ascenso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alcance
    - camiseta
    - efectiva
    - efectivo
    - estar
    - expectativa
    - felicidad
    - representar
    - revolver
    - promoción
    English:
    advancement
    - bungle
    - climb
    - deserve
    - glad
    - promotion
    - rise
    - upward
    - ascent
    - come
    - there
    * * *
    1. [a montaña] ascent
    2. [de precios, temperaturas] rise;
    se espera un ascenso de las temperaturas temperatures are expected to rise;
    el uso de Internet continúa en ascenso Internet use continues to rise o is still on the rise
    3. [de político, rey]
    tras su ascenso al poder after she came to power
    4. [en empleo, deportes] promotion;
    consiguieron el ascenso del equipo a primera división the team achieved promotion to the first division
    * * *
    m
    1 de temperatura, precios rise (de in)
    2 de montaña ascent
    3 DEP, en trabajo promotion
    * * *
    1) : ascent, rise
    2) : promotion
    * * *
    1. (de empleado, equipo) promotion
    2. (de temperatura, precio) rise
    3. (de montaña) ascent

    Spanish-English dictionary > ascenso

  • 74 disputar

    v.
    1 to argue about.
    2 to compete for, to dispute (trofeo, puesto).
    mañana se disputará la final the final will take place tomorrow
    * * *
    1 (discutir) to dispute, argue
    1 (competir) to compete for, contend for
    2 DEPORTE to play
    1 (competir) to compete for, contend for
    2 DEPORTE to be played
    ■ mañana se disputa la final the final will be played tomorrow, tomorrow is the final
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ partido, encuentro] to play, contest; [+ campeonato, liga] to play
    2) frm

    le disputamos a mi tío la casa — we disputed the ownership of the house with my uncle, we had a dispute with my uncle over the ownership of the house

    2.
    VI
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <derecho/título>

    disputarle algo a alguien: le disputó el título he challenged him for the title; le disputaban su derecho al trono/a la herencia — they contested his right to the throne/the inheritance

    b) < partido> to play; < combate> to fight
    2.
    disputar vi to dispute
    3.
    disputarse v pron
    * * *
    = dispute, quarrel with, wage, jockey for.
    Ex. Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex. What we would quarrel with is not CAS's 'motives', but what CAS 'did'.
    Ex. It is as if libraries find themselves once again mired down in the bureaucratic information policy firefights waged during the Reagan and Bush administrations (1980-1992).
    Ex. Librarians are not yet very successful in jockeying for position and power in the political world.
    ----
    * disputarse = battle + it out for.
    * disputarse la atención = vie for + attention.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <derecho/título>

    disputarle algo a alguien: le disputó el título he challenged him for the title; le disputaban su derecho al trono/a la herencia — they contested his right to the throne/the inheritance

    b) < partido> to play; < combate> to fight
    2.
    disputar vi to dispute
    3.
    disputarse v pron
    * * *
    = dispute, quarrel with, wage, jockey for.

    Ex: Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.

    Ex: What we would quarrel with is not CAS's 'motives', but what CAS 'did'.
    Ex: It is as if libraries find themselves once again mired down in the bureaucratic information policy firefights waged during the Reagan and Bush administrations (1980-1992).
    Ex: Librarians are not yet very successful in jockeying for position and power in the political world.
    * disputarse = battle + it out for.
    * disputarse la atención = vie for + attention.

    * * *
    disputar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹posesión/derecho/título› disputarle algo A algn:
    le disputa el derecho a la herencia she is disputing his right to the inheritance
    no había nadie capaz de disputarle el título de campeón there was no-one capable of challenging him for the championship
    2 ‹partido› to play; ‹combate› to fight
    ■ disputar
    vi
    to dispute disputar CON algn POR algo to dispute sth WITH sb
    disputa con su vecino por la posesión del terreno she is disputing the ownership of the land with her neighbor, she is in dispute with her neighbor over ownership of the land
    se disputan el primer puesto they are fighting for o competing for first place
    se disputaban la concesión they were competing for the dealership
    * * *

    disputar ( conjugate disputar) verbo transitivo
    a) disputarle algo a algn ‹ título› to challenge sb for sth;


    b) ‹ partido› to play;

    ‹ combate› to fight
    disputarse verbo pronominal:

    disputar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (debatir) disputaban sobre ello acaloradamente, they were arguing heatedly about it
    2 (competir por) to contest: han disputado la carrera dos de los mejores atletas, two of the best athletes competed in the race
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (competir) to compete: le disputa la presidencia a Gómez, he is competing against Gómez for the presidency
    2 Dep (un encuentro) to play

    ' disputar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    dispute
    - fight
    - wrangle
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [cuestión, tema] to argue about;
    disputar algo a alguien to dispute sth with sb;
    algunos le disputan que él fuera el creador del mambo his claim to be the creator of the mambo is disputed by some;
    eso no te lo disputo I don't dispute that, I'll grant you that
    2. [trofeo, puesto] to compete for;
    [partido] to play; [liga] to play in; [carrera, torneo, olimpiadas] to compete in, to take part in;
    disputarán el partido de ida en Madrid the first leg will be played in Madrid;
    mañana se disputará la final the final takes place tomorrow
    ♦ vi
    [discutir] to argue, to quarrel;
    disputar con alguien por o [m5] sobre algo to argue with sb about o over sth
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 dispute; premio compete for
    2 partido play
    II v/i argue ( sobre about)
    * * *
    : to argue, to contend, to vie
    : to dispute, to question
    * * *
    1. (en deporte) to play
    2. (discutir) to argue

    Spanish-English dictionary > disputar

  • 75 escalada

    f.
    1 climb.
    escalada en roca rock climbing
    2 escalation, rise.
    3 climbing, escalade, scaling, escalation.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: escalar.
    * * *
    1 (montaña) climb, climbing; (pendiente) scaling
    2 figurado (precios etc) rise, increase; (armas) escalation
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de montaña] climb, ascent
    2) (=aumento) escalation

    últimamente ha habido una escalada del/en el conflicto — lately there has been an escalation of/in the conflict, lately the conflict has escalated

    * * *
    1) (Dep) ( de montaña) climb, ascent
    2) (aumento, subida)

    una escalada de or en la violencia — an escalation of violence

    la escalada de los precios — the increase o escalation in prices

    * * *
    = climbing, rock climbing, escalation, spiral, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], ascent.
    Ex. Thus in games, manipulatory skills are often exercised and extended, as for example in games that involve running, climbing or making objects -- bows and arrows, catapults, clothes for dolls, and so on.
    Ex. Includes an annotated bibliography of books covering rock climbing, winter sports, water sports, backpacking and mountain biking.
    Ex. Such a formula would seek to contain the escalation in serial prices.
    Ex. The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.
    Ex. The spiralling of periodical subscription prices is considered to have endangered the viability of the periodicals themselves.
    Ex. Highways with repeating hairpin turns allow easier, safer ascents and descents of mountainous terrain than a direct, steep climb and descent.
    ----
    * escalada bélica = escalation of war.
    * escalada libre = free-climbing.
    * * *
    1) (Dep) ( de montaña) climb, ascent
    2) (aumento, subida)

    una escalada de or en la violencia — an escalation of violence

    la escalada de los precios — the increase o escalation in prices

    * * *
    = climbing, rock climbing, escalation, spiral, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], ascent.

    Ex: Thus in games, manipulatory skills are often exercised and extended, as for example in games that involve running, climbing or making objects -- bows and arrows, catapults, clothes for dolls, and so on.

    Ex: Includes an annotated bibliography of books covering rock climbing, winter sports, water sports, backpacking and mountain biking.
    Ex: Such a formula would seek to contain the escalation in serial prices.
    Ex: The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.
    Ex: The spiralling of periodical subscription prices is considered to have endangered the viability of the periodicals themselves.
    Ex: Highways with repeating hairpin turns allow easier, safer ascents and descents of mountainous terrain than a direct, steep climb and descent.
    * escalada bélica = escalation of war.
    * escalada libre = free-climbing.

    * * *
    A ( Dep) (de una montaña) climb, ascent
    ¿cuándo se realizó la primera escalada del Everest? when was Everest first climbed?, when was the first ascent of Everest?
    Compuestos:
    aid o peg o artificial climbing
    rock climbing
    free climbing
    B
    (aumento, subida): su escalada hacia el poder es imparable his rise to power is unstoppable
    se produjo una escalada de or en la violencia there was an escalation of violence
    la escalada interminable de los precios the never-ending increase o escalation in prices
    la escalada alcista de la Bolsa the upward trend in the Stock Market
    * * *

    escalada sustantivo femenino
    1 (Dep) ( de montaña) climb, ascent
    2 (aumento, subida):

    la escalada de los precios the increase o escalation in prices
    escalada sustantivo femenino
    1 Dep climb
    2 fig (de violencia, precios) rise, increase
    3 (promoción) rise: la escalada en popularidad del presentador ha sido pasmosa, the presenter's rise in popularity has been astonishing
    ' escalada' also found in these entries:
    English:
    climbing
    - escalation
    - scramble
    - ascent
    - rock
    * * *
    1. [a montaña] climb;
    la difícil escalada al Aconcagua the difficult ascent of Aconcagua
    escalada artificial artificial climbing;
    escalada libre free climbing;
    escalada en roca rock climbing
    2. [de violencia, precios] escalation, rise (de in);
    se produjo una escalada de violencia/precios there was an escalation in violence/prices
    * * *
    f
    1 DEP climb, ascent
    2
    :
    escalada de los precios increase in prices, escalation of prices
    * * *
    : ascent, climb
    * * *
    1. (subida) climb
    2. (deporte) climbing

    Spanish-English dictionary > escalada

  • 76 animus

    ănĭmus, i, m. [a Graeco-Italic form of anemos = wind (as ego, lego, of ego, lego); cf. Sanscr. an = to breathe, anas = breath, anilas = wind; Goth. uz-ana = exspiro; Erse, anal = breath; Germ. Unst = a storm (so, sometimes); but Curt. does not extend the connection to AФ, aêmi = to blow; a modification of animus—by making which the Romans took a step in advance of the Greeks, who used hê psuchê for both these ideas—is anima, which has the physical meaning of anemos, so that Cic. was theoretically right, but historically wrong, when he said, ipse animus ab anima dictus est, Tusc. 1, 9, 19; after the same analogy we have from psuchô = to breathe, blow, psuchê = breath, life, soul; from pneô = to breathe, pneuma = air, breath, life, in class. Greek, and = spirit, a spiritual being, in Hellenistic Greek; from spiro = to breathe, blow, spiritus = breath, breeze, energy, high spirit, and poet. and post-Aug. = soul, mind; the Engl. ghost = Germ. Geist may be comp. with Germ. giessen and cheô, to pour, and for this interchange of the ideas of gases and liquids, cf. Sol. 22: insula adspiratur freto Gallico, is flowed upon, washed, by the Gallic Strait; the Sanscr. atman = breath, soul, with which comp. aytmê = breath; Germ. Odem = breath, and Athem = breath, soul, with which group Curt. connects auô, aêmi; the Heb. = breath, life, soul; and = breath, wind, life, spirit, soul or mind].
    I.
    In a general sense, the rational soul in man (in opp. to the body, corpus, and to the physical life, anima), hê psuchê:

    humanus animus decerptus ex mente divina,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38:

    Corpus animum praegravat, Atque affixit humo divinae particulam aurae,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 77:

    credo deos immortales sparsisse animos in corpora humana, ut essent qui terras tuerentur etc.,

    Cic. Sen. 21, 77:

    eas res tueor animi non corporis viribus,

    id. ib. 11, 38; so id. Off. 1, 23, 79:

    quae (res) vel infirmis corporibus animo tamen administratur,

    id. Sen. 6, 15; id. Off. 1, 29, 102:

    omnes animi cruciatus et corporis,

    id. Cat. 4, 5, 10:

    levantes Corpus et animum,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 141:

    formam et figuram animi magis quam corporis complecti,

    Tac. Agr. 46; id. H. 1, 22:

    animi validus et corpore ingens,

    id. A. 15, 53:

    Aristides primus animum pinxit et sensus hominis expressit, quae vocantur Graece ethe, item perturbationes,

    first painted the soul, put a soul into his figures, Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 98 (cf.:

    animosa signa,

    life-like statues, Prop. 4, 8, 9): si nihil esset in eo (animo), nisi id, ut per eum viveremus, i. e. were it mere anima, Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 56:

    Singularis est quaedam natura atque vis animi, sejuncta ab his usitatis notisque naturis, i. e. the four material elements,

    id. ib. 1, 27, 66: Neque nos corpora sumus. Cum igitur nosce te dicit, hoc dicit, nosce animum tuum, id. ib. 1, 22, 52:

    In quo igitur loco est (animus)? Credo equidem in capite,

    id. ib. 1, 29, 70:

    corpora nostra, terreno principiorum genere confecta, ardore animi concalescunt,

    derive their heat from the fiery nature of the soul, id. ib. 1, 18, 42:

    Non valet tantum animus, ut se ipsum ipse videat: at, ut oculus, sic animus, se non videns alia cernit,

    id. ib. 1, 27, 67: foramina illa ( the senses), quae patent ad animum a corpore, callidissimo artificio natura fabricata est, id. ib. 1, 20, 47: dum peregre est animus sine corpore velox, independently of the body, i. e. the mind roaming in thought, Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 13:

    discessus animi a corpore,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18; 1, 30, 72:

    cum nihil erit praeter animum,

    when there shall be nothing but the soul, when the soul shall be disembodied, id. ib. 1, 20, 47; so,

    animus vacans corpore,

    id. ib. 1, 22, 50; and:

    animus sine corpore,

    id. ib. 1, 22, 51:

    sine mente animoque nequit residere per artus pars ulla animai,

    Lucr. 3, 398 (for the pleonasm here, v. infra, II. A. 1.):

    Reliquorum sententiae spem adferunt posse animos, cum e corporibus excesserint in caelum pervenire,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

    permanere animos arbitramur consensu nationum omnium,

    id. ib. 1, 16, 36:

    Pherecydes primus dixit animos esse hominum sempiternos,

    id. ib. 1, 16, 38:

    Quod ni ita se haberet, ut animi immortales essent, haud etc.,

    id. Sen. 23, 82: immortalitas animorum, id. ib. 21, 78; id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24; 1, 14, 30:

    aeternitas animorum,

    id. ib. 1, 17, 39; 1, 22, 50 (for the plur. animorum, in this phrase, cf. Cic. Sen. 23, 84); for the atheistic notions about the soul, v. Lucr. bk. iii.—
    II.
    In a more restricted sense, the mind as thinking, feeling, willing, the intellect, the sensibility, and the will, acc. to the almost universally received division of the mental powers since the time of Kant (Diog. Laert. 8, 30, says that Pythagoras divided hê psuchê into ho nous, hai phrenes, and ho thumos; and that man had ho nous and ho thumos in common with other animals, but he alone had hai phrenes. Here ho nous and ho thumos must denote the understanding and the sensibility, and hai phrenes, the reason. Plutarch de Placit. 4, 21, says that the Stoics called the supreme faculty of the mind (to hêgemonikon tês psuchês) ho logismos, reason. Cic. sometimes speaks of a twofold division; as, Est animus in partes tributus duas, quarum altera rationis est particeps, altera expers (i. e. to logistikon and to alogon of Plato; cf. Tert. Anim. 16), i. e. the reason or intellect and the sensibility, Tusc. 2, 21, 47; so id. Off. 1, 28, 101; 1, 36, 132; id. Tusc 4, 5, 10; and again of a threefold; as, Plato triplicem finxit animum, cujus principatum, id est rationem in capite sicut in arce posuit, et duas partes ( the two other parts) ei parere voluit, iram et cupiditatem, quas locis disclusit; iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit, i. e. the reason or intellect, and the sensibility here resolved into desire and aversion, id. ib. 1, 10, 20; so id. Ac. 2, 39, 124. The will, hê boulêsis, voluntas, arbitrium, seems to have been sometimes merged in the sensibility, ho thumos, animus, animi, sensus, and sometimes identified with the intellect or reason, ho nous, ho logismos, mens, ratio).
    A.
    1.. The general power of perception and thought, the reason, intellect, mind (syn.: mens, ratio, ingenium), ho nous:

    cogito cum meo animo,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 13; so Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 55:

    cum animis vestris cogitare,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 24:

    recordari cum animo,

    id. Clu. 25, 70;

    and without cum: animo meditari,

    Nep. Ages. 4, 1; cf. id. Ham. 4, 2:

    cogitare volvereque animo,

    Suet. Vesp. 5:

    animo cogitare,

    Vulg. Eccli. 37, 9:

    statuere apud animum,

    Liv. 34, 2:

    proposui in animo meo,

    Vulg. Eccli. 1, 12:

    nisi me animus fallit, hi sunt, etc.,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 9, 23:

    in dubio est animus,

    Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; id. ib. prol. 1; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 29:

    animum ad se ipsum advocamus,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 31, 75:

    lumen animi, ingenii consiliique tui,

    id. Rep. 6, 12 al. —

    For the sake of rhet. fulness, animus often has a synonym joined with it: Mens et animus et consilium et sententia civitatis posita est in legibus,

    Cic. Clu. 146:

    magnam cui mentem animumque Delius inspirat vates,

    Verg. A. 6, 11:

    complecti animo et cogitatione,

    Cic. Off. 1, 32, 117; id. de Or. 1, 2, 6:

    animis et cogitatione comprehendere,

    id. Fl. 27, 66:

    cum omnia ratione animoque lustraris,

    id. Off. 1, 17, 56:

    animorum ingeniorumque naturale quoddam quasi pabulum consideratio naturae,

    id. Ac. 2, 41, 127.—Hence the expressions: agitatio animi, attentio, contentio; animi adversio; applicatio animi; judicium, opinio animorum, etc. (v. these vv.); and animum advertere, adjungere, adplicare, adpellere, inducere, etc. (v. these vv.).—
    2.
    Of particular faculties of mind, the memory:

    etiam nunc mihi Scripta illa dicta sunt in animo Chrysidis,

    Ter. And. 1, 5, 46:

    An imprimi, quasi ceram, animum putamus etc. (an idea of Aristotle's),

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 25, 61:

    ex animo effluere,

    id. de Or. 2, 74, 300: omnia fert aetas, animum quoque;

    ... Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina,

    Verg. E. 9, 51.—
    3.
    Consciousness (physically considered) or the vital power, on which consciousness depends ( = conscientia, q. v. II. A., or anima, q. v. II. E.):

    vae miserae mihi. Animo malest: aquam velim,

    I'm fainting, my wits are going, Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 6; id. Curc. 2, 3, 33:

    reliquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptis vulneribus,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 38:

    Una eademque via sanguis animusque sequuntur,

    Verg. A. 10, 487:

    animusque reliquit euntem,

    Ov. M. 10, 459:

    nisi si timor abstulit omnem Sensum animumque,

    id. ib. 14, 177:

    linqui deinde animo et submitti genu coepit,

    Curt. 4, 6, 20: repente animo linqui solebat, Suet. Caes. 45:

    ad recreandos defectos animo puleio,

    Plin. 20, 14, 54, § 152.—
    4.
    The conscience, in mal. part. (v. conscientia, II. B. 2. b.):

    cum conscius ipse animus se remordet,

    Lucr. 4, 1135:

    quos conscius animus exagitabat,

    Sall. C. 14, 3:

    suae malae cogitationes conscientiaeque animi terrent,

    Cic. Sex. Rosc. 67.—
    5.
    In Plaut. very freq., and once also in Cic., meton. for judicium, sententia, opinion, judgment; mostly meo quidem animo or meo animo, according to my mind, in my opinion, Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 17:

    e meo quidem animo aliquanto facias rectius, si, etc.,

    id. Aul. 3, 6, 3:

    meo quidem animo, hic tibi hodie evenit bonus,

    id. Bacch. 1, 1, 69; so id. Aul. 3, 5, 4; id. Curc. 4, 2, 28; id. Bacch. 3, 2, 10; id. Ep. 1, 2, 8; id. Poen. 1, 2, 23; id. Rud. 4, 4, 94; Cic. Sest. 22:

    edepol lenones meo animo novisti,

    Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 19:

    nisi, ut meus est animus, fieri non posse arbitror,

    id. Cist. 1, 1, 5 (cf.:

    EX MEI ANIMI SENTENTIA,

    Inscr. Orell. 3665:

    ex animi tui sententia,

    Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108).—
    6.
    The imagination, the fancy (for which Cic. often uses cogitatio, as Ac. 2, 15, 48):

    cerno animo sepultam patriam, miseros atque insepultos acervos civium,

    Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 11:

    fingere animo jubebat aliquem etc.,

    id. Sen. 12, 41: Fingite animis;

    litterae enim sunt cogitationes nostrae, et quae volunt, sic intuentur, ut ea cernimus, quae videmus,

    id. Mil. 29, 79:

    Nihil animo videre poterant,

    id. Tusc. 1, 16, 38.—
    B.
    The power of feeling, the sensibility, the heart, the feelings, affections, inclinations, disposition, passions (either honorable or base; syn.: sensus, adfectus, pectus, cor), ho thumos.
    1.
    a.. In gen., heart, soul, spirit, feeling, inclination, affection, passion: Medea, animo aegra, amore saevo saucia, Enn. ap. Auct. ad Her. 2, 22 (cf. Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 36:

    animo hercle homo suo est miser): tu si animum vicisti potius quam animus te, est quod gaudeas, etc.,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 27 -29:

    harum scelera et lacrumae confictae dolis Redducunt animum aegrotum ad misericordiam,

    Ter. And. 3, 3, 27:

    Quo gemitu conversi animi (sunt),

    Verg. A. 2, 73:

    Hoc fletu concussi animi,

    id. ib. 9, 498;

    4, 310: animum offendere,

    Cic. Lig. 4; id. Deiot. 33; so Vulg. Gen. 26, 35.—Mens and animus are often conjoined and contrasted, mind and heart (cf. the Homeric kata phrena kai kata thumon, in mind and heart): mentem atque animum delectat suum, entertains his mind and delights his heart, Enn. ap. Gell. 19, 10:

    Satin tu sanus mentis aut animi tui?

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 53:

    mala mens, malus animus,

    bad mind, bad heart, Ter. And. 1, 1, 137:

    animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam,

    Cic. Arch. 6, 14:

    Nec vero corpori soli subveniendum est, sed menti atque animo multo magis,

    id. Sen. 11, 36:

    ut omnium mentes animosque perturbaret,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 39; 1, 21:

    Istuc mens animusque fert,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 8:

    Stare Socrates dicitur tamquam quodam recessu mentis atque animi facto a corpore,

    Gell. 2, 1; 15, 2, 7.—

    And very rarely with this order inverted: Jam vero animum ipsum mentemque hominis, etc.,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 147:

    mente animoque nobiscum agunt,

    Tac. G. 29:

    quem nobis animum, quas mentes imprecentur,

    id. H. 1, 84;

    and sometimes pleon. without such distinction: in primis regina quietum Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam,

    a quiet mind and kindly heart, Verg. A. 1, 304; so,

    pravitas animi atque ingenii,

    Vell. 2, 112, 7 (for mens et animus, etc., in the sense of thought, used as a pleonasm, v. supra, II. A. 1.):

    Verum animus ubi semel se cupiditate devinxit mala, etc.,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 34:

    animus perturbatus et incitatus nec cohibere se potest, nec quo loco vult insistere,

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 41:

    animum comprimit,

    id. ib. 2, 22, 53:

    animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

    id. ib. 4, 37, 81; id. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1:

    sed quid ego hic animo lamentor,

    Enn. Ann. 6, 40:

    tremere animo,

    Cic. ad Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4:

    ingentes animo concipit iras,

    Ov. M. 1, 166:

    exsultare animo,

    id. ib. 6, 514.—So often ex animo, from the heart, from the bottom of one's heart, deeply, truly, sincerely:

    Paulum interesse censes ex animo omnia facias an de industria?

    from your heart or with some design, Ter. And. 4, 4, 55; id. Ad. 1, 1, 47:

    nisi quod tibi bene ex animo volo,

    id. Heaut. 5, 2, 6: verbum [p. 124] ex animo dicere, id. Eun. 1, 2, 95:

    sive ex animo id fit sive simulate,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 67, 168:

    majore studio magisve ex animo petere non possum,

    id. Fam. 11, 22:

    ex animo vereque diligi,

    id. ib. 9, 6, 2:

    ex animo dolere,

    Hor. A. P. 432:

    quae (gentes) dederunt terram meam sibi cum gaudio et toto corde et ex animo,

    Vulg. Ezech. 36, 5; ib. Eph. 6, 6; ib. 1 Pet. 5, 3.—And with gen.
    (α).
    With verbs:

    Quid illam miseram animi excrucias?

    Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 76; 4, 6, 65:

    Antipho me excruciat animi,

    Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 10:

    discrucior animi,

    id. Ad. 4, 4, 1:

    in spe pendebit animi,

    id. Heaut. 4, 4, 5: juvenemque animi miserata repressit, pitying him in her heart, thumôi phileousa te kêdomenê te (Hom. Il. 1, 196), Verg. A. 10, 686.—
    (β).
    With adjj.:

    aeger animi,

    Liv. 1, 58; 2, 36; 6, 10; Curt. 4, 3, 11; Tac. H. 3, 58:

    infelix animi,

    Verg. A. 4, 529:

    felix animi,

    Juv. 14, 159:

    victus animi,

    Verg. G. 4, 491:

    ferox animi,

    Tac. A. 1, 32:

    promptus animi,

    id. H. 2, 23:

    praestans animi,

    Verg. A. 12, 19:

    ingens animi,

    Tac. A. 1, 69 (for this gen. v. Ramsh. Gr. p. 323; Key, § 935; Wagner ad Plaut. Aul. v. 105; Draeger, Hist. Synt. I. p. 443).—
    b.
    Meton., disposition, character (so, often ingenium): nimis paene animo es Molli, Pac. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 21, 49:

    animo audaci proripit sese,

    Pac. Trag. Rel. p. 109 Rib.:

    petulans protervo, iracundo animo,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 3, 1; id. Truc. 4, 3, 1:

    ubi te vidi animo esse omisso (omisso = neglegenti, Don.),

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 9; Cic. Fam. 2. 17 fin.:

    promptus animus vester,

    Vulg. 2 Cor. 9, 2: animis estis simplicibus et mansuetis nimium creditis unicuique, Auct. ad Her. 4, 37:

    eorum animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud difficulter capiebantur,

    Sall. C. 14, 5:

    Hecabe, Non oblita animorum, annorum oblita suorum,

    Ov. M. 13, 550:

    Nihil est tam angusti animi tamque parvi, quam amare divitias,

    Cic. Off. 1, 20, 68:

    sordidus atque animi parvi,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 10; Vell. 2, 25, 3:

    Drusus animi fluxioris erat,

    Suet. Tib. 52.—
    2.
    In particular, some one specific emotion, inclination, or passion (honorable or base; in this signif., in the poets and prose writers, very freq. in the plur.). —
    a.
    Courage, spirit:

    ibi nostris animus additus est,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 94; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 31; id. And. 2, 1, 33:

    deficiens animo maesto cum corde jacebat,

    Lucr. 6, 1232:

    virtute atque animo resistere,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 8:

    fac animo magno fortique sis,

    id. ib. 6, 14 fin.:

    Cassio animus accessit, et Parthis timor injectus est,

    id. Att. 5, 20, 3:

    nostris animus augetur,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 70:

    mihi in dies magis animus accenditur,

    Sall. C. 20, 6; Cic. Att. 5, 18; Liv. 8, 19; 44, 29:

    Nunc demum redit animus,

    Tac. Agr. 3:

    bellica Pallas adest, Datque animos,

    Ov. M. 5, 47:

    pares annis animisque,

    id. ib. 7, 558:

    cecidere illis animique manusque,

    id. ib. 7, 347 (cf.:

    tela viris animusque cadunt,

    id. F. 3, 225) et saep.—Hence, bono animo esse or uti, to be of good courage, Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5: Am. Bono animo es. So. Scin quam bono animo sim? Plaut. Am. 22, 39:

    In re mala animo si bono utare, adjuvat,

    id. Capt. 2, 1, 9:

    bono animo fac sis,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 5, 1:

    quin tu animo bono es,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 4:

    quare bono animo es,

    Cic. Att. 5, 18; so Vulg. 2 Macc. 11, 26; ib. Act. 18, 25;

    so also, satis animi,

    sufficient courage, Ov. M. 3, 559.—Also for hope:

    magnus mihi animus est, hodiernum diem initium libertatis fore,

    Tac. Agr, 30.— Trop., of the violent, stormy motion of the winds of AEolus:

    Aeolus mollitque animos et temperat iras,

    Verg. A. 1, 57.—Of a top:

    dant animos plagae,

    give it new force, quicker motion, Verg. A. 7, 383.—

    Of spirit in discourse: in Asinio Pollione et consilii et animi satis,

    Quint. 10, 1, 113. —
    b.
    Haughtiness, arrogance, pride: quae civitas est in Asia, quae unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus capere possit? can bear the arrogance and pride, etc., Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 66:

    jam insolentiam noratis hominis: noratis animos ejus ac spiritus tribunicios,

    id. Clu. 39, 109; so id. Caecin. 11 al.; Ov. Tr. 5, 8, 3 (cf.:

    quia paululum vobis accessit pecuniae, Sublati animi sunt,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 56).—
    c.
    Violent passion, vehemence, wrath:

    animum vincere, iracundiam cohibere, etc.,

    Cic. Marcell. 3:

    animum rege, qui nisi paret Imperat,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 62:

    qui dominatur animo suo,

    Vulg. Prov. 16, 32.—So often in plur.; cf hoi thumoi: ego meos animos violentos meamque iram ex pectore jam promam, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 43:

    vince animos iramque tuam,

    Ov. H. 3, 85; id. M. 8, 583; Prop. 1, 5, 12:

    Parce tuis animis, vita, nocere tibi,

    id. 2, 5, 18:

    Sic longius aevum Destruit ingentes animos,

    Luc. 8, 28:

    coeunt sine more, sine arte, Tantum animis iraque,

    Stat. Th. 11, 525 al. —
    d.
    Moderation, patience, calmness, contentedness, in the phrase aequus animus, an even mind:

    si est animus aequos tibi,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 10; id. Rud. 2, 3, 71; Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 145; and often in the abl., aequo animo, with even mind, patiently, etc.:

    aequo animo ferre,

    Ter. And. 2, 3, 23; Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93; id. Sen. 23, 84; Nep. Dion. 6, 4; Liv. 5, 39:

    aequo animo esse,

    Vulg. 3 Reg. 21, 7; ib. Judith, 7, 23: Aequo animo est? of merry heart (Gr. euthumei), ib. Jac. 5, 13:

    animis aequis remittere,

    Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

    aequiore animo successorem opperiri,

    Suet. Tib. 25:

    haud aequioribus animis audire,

    Liv. 23, 22: sapientissimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur; stultissimus iniquissimo. Cic. Sen. 23, 83; so id. Tusc. 1, 45, 109; Sall. C. 3, 2; Suet. Aug. 56:

    iniquo animo,

    Att. Trag. Rel. p. 150 Rib.; Cic. Tusc. 2, 2, 5; Quint. 11, 1, 66.—
    e.
    Agreeable feeling, pleasure, delight:

    cubat amans animo obsequens,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 134:

    indulgent animis, et nulla quid utile cura est,

    Ov. M. 7, 566; so, esp. freq.: animi causa (in Plaut. once animi gratia), for the sake of amusement, diversion (cf.:

    haec (animalia) alunt animi voluptatisque causa,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 12):

    Post animi causa mihi navem faciam,

    Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 27; so id. Trin. 2, 2, 53; id. Ep. 1, 1, 43:

    liberare fidicinam animi gratia,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 90:

    qui illud animi causa fecerit, hunc praedae causa quid facturum putabis?

    Cic. Phil. 7, 6:

    habet animi causa rus amoenum et suburbanum,

    id. Rosc. Am. 46 Matth.; cf. id. ib. § 134, and Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 17, 56; Cic. Fam. 7, 2:

    Romanos in illis munitionibus animine causa cotidie exerceri putatis?

    Caes. B. G. 7, 77; Plin. praef. 17 Sill.—
    f.
    Disposition toward any one:

    hoc animo in nos esse debebis, ut etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 1 fin.:

    meus animus erit in te semper, quem tu esse vis,

    id. ib. 5, 18 fin.:

    qui, quo animo inter nos simus, ignorant,

    id. ib. 3, 6; so id. ib. 4, 15;

    5, 2: In quo in primis quo quisque animo, studio, benevolentia fecerit, ponderandum est,

    id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

    quod (Allobroges) nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur,

    to be well disposed, Caes. B. G. 1, 6 fin. —In the pregn. signif. of kind, friendly feeling, affection, kindness, liberality:

    animum fidemque praetorianorum erga se expertus est,

    Suet. Oth. 8:

    Nec non aurumque animusque Latino est,

    Verg. A. 12, 23.—Hence, meton., of a person who is loved, my heart, my soul:

    salve, anime mi,

    Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 3:

    da, meus ocellus, mea rosa, mi anime, da, mea voluptas,

    id. As. 3, 3, 74; so id. ib. 5, 2, 90; id. Curc. 1, 3, 9; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 48; id. Most. 1, 4, 23; id. Men. 1, 3, 1; id. Mil. 4, 8, 20; id. Rud. 4, 8, 1; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 15 et saep. —
    C.
    The power of willing, the will, inclination, desire, purpose, design, intention (syn.: voluntas, arbitrium, mens, consilium, propositum), hê boulêsis:

    qui rem publicam animo certo adjuverit,

    Att. Trag Rel. p. 182 Rib.:

    pro inperio tuo meum animum tibi servitutem servire aequom censui,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 23:

    Ex animique voluntate id procedere primum,

    goes forth at first from the inclination of the soul, Lucr. 2, 270; so,

    pro animi mei voluntate,

    Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 8 (v. Manut. ad h.l.):

    teneo, quid animi vostri super hac re siet,

    Plaut. Am. prol. 58; 1, 1, 187:

    Nam si semel tuom animum ille intellexerit, Prius proditurum te etc.,

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 69:

    Prius quam tuom ut sese habeat animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

    id. And. 2, 3, 4:

    Sin aliter animus voster est, ego etc.,

    id. Ad. 3, 4, 46:

    Quid mi istaec narras? an quia non audisti, de hac re animus meus ut sit?

    id. Hec. 5, 2, 19:

    qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere possit,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 66:

    istum exheredare in animo habebat,

    id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52: nobis crat in animo Ciceronem ad Caesarem mittere, we had it in mind to send, etc., id. Fam. 14, 11; Serv. ad Cic. ib. 4, 12:

    hostes in foro constiterunt, hoc animo, ut, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

    insurrexerunt uno animo in Paulum,

    with one mind, Vulg. Act. 18, 12; 19, 29: persequi Jugurtham animus ardebat, Sall. J. 39, 5 Gerlach (others, animo, as Dietsch); so id. de Rep. Ord. 1, 8: in nova fert an mus mutatas dicere formas, my mind inclines to tell of, etc., Ov. M. 1, 1.—Hence, est animus alicui, with inf., to have a mind for something, to aim at, etc.:

    omnibus unum Opprimere est animus,

    Ov. M. 5, 150:

    Sacra Jovi Stygio perficere est animus,

    Verg. A. 4, 639:

    Fuerat animus conjuratis corpus occisi in Tiberim trahere,

    Suet. Caes. 82 fin.; id. Oth. 6; cf. id. Calig. 56.—So, aliquid alicui in animo est, with inf., Tac. G. 3.—So, inducere in animum or animum, to resolve upon doing something; v. induco.—
    D.
    Trop., of the principle of life and activity in irrational objects, as in Engl. the word mind is used.
    1.
    Of brutes:

    in bestiis, quarum animi sunt rationis expertes,

    whose minds, Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 80:

    Sunt bestiae, in quibus etiam animorum aliqua ex parte motus quosdam videmus,

    id. Fin. 5, 14, 38:

    ut non inscite illud dictum videatur in sue, animum illi pecudi datum pro sale, ne putisceret,

    id. ib. 5, 13, 38, ubi v. Madv.:

    (apes Ingentes animos angusto in pectore versant,

    Verg. G. 4, 83:

    Illiusque animos, qui multos perdidit unus, Sumite serpentis,

    Ov. M. 3, 544:

    cum pecudes pro regionis caelique statu et habitum corporis et ingenium animi et pili colorem gerant,

    Col. 6, 1, 1:

    Umbria (boves progenerat) vastos nec minus probabiles animis quam corporibus,

    id. 6, 1, 2 si equum ipsum nudum et solum corpus ejus et animum contemplamur, App. de Deo Socr. 23 (so sometimes mens:

    iniquae mentis asellus,

    Hor. S. 1, 9, 20).—
    2.
    Of plants:

    haec quoque Exuerint silvestrem animum, i. e. naturam, ingenium,

    their wild nature, Verg. G. 2, 51.—
    III.
    Transf. Of God or the gods, as we say, the Divine Mind, the Mind of God:

    certe et deum ipsum et divinum animum corpore liberatum cogitatione complecti possumus,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51 (so mens, of God, id. ib. 1, 22, 66; id. Ac. 2, 41, 126):

    Tantaene animis caelestibus irae?

    Verg. A. 1, 11.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > animus

  • 77 Cartwright, Revd Edmund

    [br]
    b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, England
    d. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.
    [br]
    Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.
    Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.
    In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.
    Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.
    From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Board of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).
    Bibliography
    1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).
    1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).
    1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).
    1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).
    1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).
    Further Reading
    M.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).
    Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of the
    Newcomen Society 6.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund

  • 78 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

    [br]
    b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USA
    d. 3 May 1969 California, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer of diesel rail traction.
    [br]
    Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.
    Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.
    In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.
    Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

  • 79 Mavor, Henry Alexander

    [br]
    b. 1858 Stranraer, Scotland
    d. 16 July 1915 Mauchline, Ayrshire, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish engineer who pioneered the use of electricity for lighting, power and the propulsion of ships.
    [br]
    Mavor came from a distinguished Scottish family with connections in medicine, industry and the arts. On completion of his education at Glasgow University, he joined R.J.Crompton \& Co.; then in 1883, along with William C.Muir, he established the Glasgow firm which later became well known as Mavor and Coulson. It pioneered the supply of electricity to public undertakings and equipped the first two generating stations in Scotland. Mavor and his fellow directors appreciated the potential demand by industry in Glasgow for electricity. Two industries were especially well served; first, the coal-mines, where electric lighting and power transformed efficiency and safety beyond recognition; and second, marine engineering. Here Mavor recognized the importance of the variable-speed motor in working with marine propellers which have a tighter range of efficient working speeds. In 1911 he built a 50 ft (15 m) motor launch, appropriately named Electric Arc, at Dumbarton and fitted it with an alternating-current motor driven by a petrol engine and dynamo. Within two years British shipyards were building electrically powered ships, and by the beginning of the First World War the United States Navy had a 20,000-ton collier with this new form of propulsion.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Vice-President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1894–6.
    Bibliography
    Mavor published several papers on electric power supply, distribution and the use of electricity for marine purposes in the Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland between the years 1890 and 1912.
    Further Reading
    Mavor and Coulson Ltd, 1911, Electric Propulsion of Ships, Glasgow.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Mavor, Henry Alexander

  • 80 Taylor, David Watson

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 4 March 1864 Louisa County, Virginia, USA
    d. 29 July 1940 Washington, DC, USA
    [br]
    American hydrodynamicist and Rear Admiral in the United States Navy Construction Corps.
    [br]
    Taylor's first years were spent on a farm in Virginia, but at the age of 13 he went to RandolphMacon College, graduating in 1881, and from there to the US Naval Academy, Annapolis. He graduated at the head of his class, had some sea time, and then went to the Royal Naval College in Greenwich, England, where in 1888 he again came top of the class with the highest-ever marks of any student, British or overseas.
    On his return to the United States he held various posts as a constructor, ending this period at the Mare Island Navy Yard in California. In 1894 he was transferred to Washington, where he joined the Bureau of Construction and started to interest the Navy in ship model testing. Under his direction, the first ship model tank in the United States was built at Washington and for fourteen years operated under his control. The work of this establishment gave him the necessary information to write the highly acclaimed text The Speed and Power of Ships, which with revisions is still in use. By the outbreak of the First World War he was one of the world's most respected naval architects, and had been retained as a consultant by the British Government in the celebrated case of the collision between the White Star Liner Olympic and HMS Hawke.
    In December 1914 Taylor became a Rear-Admiral and was appointed Chief Constructor of the US Navy. His term of office was extremely stressful, with over 1,000 ships constructed for the war effort and with the work of the fledgling Bureau for Aeronautics also under his control. The problems were not over in 1918 as the Washington Treaty required drastic pruning of the Navy and a careful reshaping of the defence force.
    Admiral Taylor retired from active service at the beginning of 1923 but retained several consultancies in aeronautics, shipping and naval architecture. For many years he served as consultant to the ship-design company now known as Gibbs and Cox. Many honours came his way, but the most singular must be the perpetuation of his name in the David Taylor Medal, the highest award of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers in the United States. Similarly, the Navy named its ship test tank facility, which was opened in Maryland in 1937, the David W. Taylor Model Basin.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers 1925–7. United States Distinguished Service Medal. American Society of Civil Engineers John Fritz Medal. Institution of Naval Architects Gold Medal 1894 (the first American citizen to receive it). Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers David W.Taylor Medal 1936 (the first occasion of this award).
    Bibliography
    Resistance of Ships and Screw Propulsion. 1911, The Speed and Power of Ships, New York: Wiley.
    Taylor gave many papers to the Maritime Institutions of both the United States and the United Kingdom.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Taylor, David Watson

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