-
21 elasticity
Iமீள்தன்மை, மீள்சக்திIIநெகிழ்ச்சிநெகிழ்திறம்IVமீள்சத்திVமீள்சத்திVIமீள்தன்மை, மீள்திறன், அதைவுமீட்சி, மீள்தன்மைமீள்சத்திIXமீள் திறன்Xமீட்சிமைXIமீள்தன்மைமீள் திறன் (அ) நெகிழ்வுத் தன்மைமீள்சத்திPhysiology & Hygieneமீள்சத்திXVமீள்தன்மை, மீளும் பண்புநெகிழ்திறம்மீன்திறன், மீட்சித்திறன்மீள் தன்மைமீள் தன்மைXX¢மீள்மை, மீள்மையியல்மீட்சிமைமீள் தன்மைமீள்மை, மீள்மையியல்மீள்திறன்நெகிழ்திறம்மீள்மைமீள்மையியல், மீள்மைமீள்சத்தி, மீளுமைமீள்சத்திமீள்தன்மைமீள்சக்தி -
22 frequency
Iஅடிக்கடிIIமீடிறன், அடிக்கடி நிகழுதல்அதிர்வெண்IVஅலைபு எண், அதிர்வு எண்Vஅதிர்வெண்VIஎதிர்வெண், அலைவு எண்அதிர்வெண்அதிர்வெண் (நிகழ்வெண்)IXஅலைவுஎண்Xநிகழ்வெண், அலைவெண்XIஅலைவெண்அலவு எண்அடிக்கடி நிகழ்தல் / வண்டி வரும் நடைகள், இடைவெளி குறைந்தஅதிர்வெண்XVஅதிர்வெண்அலைவெண்அதிர்வெண்அலைவு எண்அதிர்வெண், நிகா¢வெண், அலைவெண்XXஅலைவெண்அதிர்வென்அதிர்வெண், நிகழ்மை, அலைவெண்மீடிறன்அதிர்வெண்மீடிறன்அடிக்கடி நிகழுதல்அலையெண் -
23 corrosion
Iசிதை, அழிIIஅரிப்புசுரண்டல்IVஅ£¤ப்புVஅரிப்புVIஅ£¤ப்பு, அ£¤மானம்அ£¤மானம்இரசாயன அரிப்பு, அரிமானம்IXஅரிப்பி, அரித்து அழிப்புXதுருப் பிடித்தல், அரித்தல்XIவேதியா¤ப்பு, அ£¤மானம்அரிமானம்கா¤த்தல்அரிமானம்XVஅரிமானம்அரிமானம்கா¤ப்புஅரிமானம்அரிப்புXXகா¤ப்புஅரிப்புசிதைஅழி -
24 caustic soda
Iஎரிகாரம்IIகாஸ்டடிக் சோடா, எ£¤சோடாஎ£¤ சோடாIVஎரிசோடாVஎரிசோடாVIஎ£¤சோடாசாடாக் காரம், எ£¤சோடாஎரிசோடாIXஎரி சோடர -
25 bleaching powder
Iவெளிறச்செய்யுந்தூள்IIவெளுப்புக் காரம்; சுண்ணப் பாசகைவெளிறச்செய்யுந்தூள்IVசலவைத்தூள்Vசலவைத் தூள்VIவெளிர்க்கும் பொடிPhysiology & Hygieneவெறச்செய்யுந்தூள்வெளுக்கும் தூள்IXவெளுக்கும் தூள்Xநிறம் நீக்கி உப்புXIநிறநீக்குதூள் -
26 affinity
Iஉறவு; இன உறவுIIகவர்ச்சி, நாட்டம்நாட்டம்IVகவா¢ச்சி, நாட்டம்Vதொடர்புறவு, ஒப்புமை, இனத்தொடர்புVIநாட்டம்கேண்முறை, சாயல், கேண்மைஉறவு, கவர்ச்சி, உறவுமுறை, நாட்டம்IXஇணக்கம்Xநாட்டம்XIGenetics & Cytologyஇணக்கம்உறவு, இன உறவுநாட்டம், ஈர்ப்புஈர்ப்புXVஈர்ப்பு, விழைவுநாட்டம்விருப்பம் -
27 adhesion
Iஒட்டற்பண்புIIஒட்டற்பண்புஒட்டுதல்IVஒட்டுதல், பற்றல்Vஒட்டற்பண்புVIஒட்டுதல்ஒட்டுப் பண்புஒட்டற்பண்புIXஒட்டற்பண்புXபரப்பு ஒட்டல், ஒட்டும் தன்மையுடையXIஒட்டல்ஓட்டல், கிடப்பில் கூடுதல்ஒட்டும் பண்புஒட்டுமைXVஒட்டுதல், ஒட்டற் பண்புஒட்டுமைஒட்டுப்பண்புஒட்டுதல்ஒட்டுமைXXஒட்டல் (ஒட்டற்பண்பு) -
28 esterification
Iஎசுத்தராக்கல்IIஎஸ்ட்டராக்கம்எஸ்ட்டராக்கு வினைIVஎஸ்ட்டராக்குதல் -
29 fast colour
Iஉறுதிப்பிடிப்பு நிறம்IIகெட்டிச்சாயம்மாறாநிறம்IVகெட்டிச்சாயம் -
30 gun cotton
Iவெடி பஞ்சுIIதுப்பாக்கிப்பஞ்சுவெடிபஞ்சுIVவெடிப்பஞ்சுVவெடி பஞ்சு -
31 hydrolysis
Iநீராற்பகுப்புIIநீராற்சிதைதல், நீராற் பகுப்புநீர்ப்பகுப்புIVநீரால் பகுத்தல்Vநீராற் பகுப்புVIநீராற்பகுப்புநீரால் பகுப்புநீராற் பகுத்தல்IXநீராற்பகுப்புXநீராற் பகுப்புXIநீராற்பகுப்புநீர்ப்பகுப்புநீரால் பகுத்தல்நீராற்பகுப்புXVநீர்ப்பகுப்பு -
32 hygroscopic
Iநைப்புள்ள, நீர் உறிஞ்சும்IIநீர்பருகுமியல்புள்ளநீர் உறிஞ்சும்IVஈரமீர்க்கும்Vநீர்ம உறிஞ்சி, ஈரம்உறிஞ்சி, ஈரம் ஏற்பிVIநீர் உறிஞ்சும்நீருறிஞ்சும் -
33 mordant
Iநிறம் ஊன்றிIIநிறம் நிறுத்திநிறங்கௌவிIVநிறம் ஊன்றிVநிறம் ஊன்றிVIசாயம் ஊன்றிநிறம் ஊன்றிபூச்சிப்பசை, அரிகாரம் -
34 oscillator
Iஅலைவு இயற்றி, அலை பொறி, ஆசிலேட்டர்IIஅலையம்அலை இயற்றிIVஅலை இயற்றிVஅலைவி, அலை இயற்றிVIஅலைப்பிஅலைப்பிஅலைப்பிIXஅலைஇயற்றிXஅலையியற்றிXIஅலையியற்றிஅலைவு, அலைப்பிஅலையம், அலையிஅலையம் -
35 Cotchett, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1700s[br]English engineer who set up the first water-powered textile mill in Britain at Derby.[br]At the beginning of the eighteenth century, silk weaving was one of the most prosperous trades in Britain, but it depended upon raw silk worked up on hand twisting or throwing machines. In 1702 Thomas Cotchett set up a mill for twisting silk by water-power at the northern end of an island in the river Derwent at Derby; this would probably have been to produce organzine, the hard twisted thread used for the warp when weaving silk fabrics. Such mills had been established in Italy beginning with the earliest in Bologna in 1272, but it would appear that Cotchett used Dutch silk-throwing machinery that was driven by a water wheel that was 13½ ft (4.1 m) in diameter and built by the local engineer, George Sorocold. The enterprise soon failed, but it was quickly revived and extended by Thomas and John Lombe with machinery based on that being used successfully in Italy.[br]Further ReadingD.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (provides an account of Cotchett's mill).W.H.Chaloner, 1963, "Sir Thomas Lombe (1685–1739) and the British silk industry", History Today (Nov.).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a brief coverage of the development of early silk throwing mills).D.Kuhn, 1988, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. V: Chemistry and ChemicalTechnology, Part 9, Textile Technology: spinning and reeling, Cambridge (covers the diffusion of the techniques of the mechanization of the silk-throwing industry from China to the West).RLH -
36 Holden, Sir Isaac
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 7 May 1807 Hurlet, between Paisley and Glasgow, Scotlandd. 13 August 1897[br]British developer of the wool-combing machine.[br]Isaac Holden's father, who had the same name, had been a farmer and lead miner at Alston in Cumbria before moving to work in a coal-mine near Glasgow. After a short period at Kilbarchan grammar school, the younger Isaac was engaged first as a drawboy to two weavers and then, after the family had moved to Johnstone, Scotland, worked in a cotton-spinning mill while attending night school to improve his education. He was able to learn Latin and bookkeeping, but when he was about 15 he was apprenticed to an uncle as a shawl-weaver. This proved to be too much for his strength so he returned to scholastic studies and became Assistant to an able teacher, John Kennedy, who lectured on physics, chemistry and history, which he also taught to his colleague. The elder Isaac died in 1826 and the younger had to provide for his mother and younger brother, but in 1828, at the age of 21, he moved to a teaching post in Leeds. He filled similar positions in Huddersfield and Reading, where in October 1829 he invented and demonstrated the lucifer match but did not seek to exploit it. In 1830 he returned because of ill health to his mother in Scotland, where he began to teach again. However, he was recommended as a bookkeeper to William Townend, member of the firm of Townend Brothers, Cullingworth, near Bingley, Yorkshire. Holden moved there in November 1830 and was soon involved in running the mill, eventually becoming a partner.In 1833 Holden urged Messrs Townend to introduce seven wool-combing machines of Collier's designs, but they were found to be very imperfect and brought only trouble and loss. In 1836 Holden began experimenting on the machines until they showed reasonable success. He decided to concentrate entirely on developing the combing machine and in 1846 moved to Bradford to form an alliance with Samuel Lister. A joint patent in 1847 covered improvements to the Collier combing machine. The "square motion" imitated the action of the hand-comber more closely and was patented in 1856. Five more patents followed in 1857 and others from 1858 to 1862. Holden recommended that the machines should be introduced into France, where they would be more valuable for the merino trade. This venture was begun in 1848 in the joint partnership of Lister \& Holden, with equal shares of profits. Holden established a mill at Saint-Denis, first with Donisthorpe machines and then with his own "square motion" type. Other mills were founded at Rheims and at Croix, near Roubaix. In 1858 Lister decided to retire from the French concerns and sold his share to Holden. Soon after this, Holden decided to remodel all their machinery for washing and carding the gill machines as well as perfecting the square comb. Four years of excessive application followed, during which time £20,000 was spent in experiments in a small mill at Bradford. The result fully justified the expenditure and the Alston Works was built in Bradford.Holden was a Liberal and from 1865 to 1868 he represented Knaresborough in Parliament. Later he became the Member of Parliament for the Northern Division of the Riding, Yorkshire, and then for the town of Keighley after the constituencies had been altered. He was liberal in his support of religious, charitable and political objectives. His house at Oakworth, near Keighley, must have been one of the earliest to have been lit by electricity.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1893.Bibliography1847, with Samuel Lister, British patent no. 11,896 (improved Collier combing machine). 1856. British patent no. 1,058 ("square motion" combing machine).1857. British patent no. 278 1857, British patent no. 279 1857, British patent no. 280 1857, British patent no. 281 1857, British patent no. 3,177 1858, British patent no. 597 1859, British patent no. 52 1860, British patent no. 810 1862, British patent no. 1,890 1862, British patent no. 3,394Further ReadingJ.Hogg (ed.), c.1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (provides an account of Holden's life).Obituary, 1897, Engineer 84.Obituary, 1897, Engineering 64.E.M.Sigsworth, 1973, "Sir Isaac Holden, Bt: the first comber in Europe", in N.B.Harte and K.G.Ponting (eds), Textile History and Economic History, Essays in Honour ofMiss Julia de Lacy Mann, Manchester.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a good explanation of the square motion combing machine).RLH -
37 Leblanc, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 6 December 1742 Ivey-le-Pré, Franced. 16 January 1806 Paris, France[br]French chemist, inventor of the Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda.[br]Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.[br]Further ReadingA.A.Leblanc, 1884, Nicolas Leblanc, sa vie, ses travaux et l'histoire de la soude artificielle, Paris (the standard biography, by his grandson).For more critical studies, see: C.C.Gillispie, 1957, "The discovery of the Leblanc process", Isis 48:152–70; J.G.Smith, 1970, "Studies in certain chemical industries in revolutionary and Napoleonic France", unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds University.LRD -
38 Tennant, Charles
[br]b. 3 May 1768 Ochiltree, Ayrshire, Scotlandd. 1 October 1838 Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of bleaching powder.[br]After education at the local school, Tennant went to Kilbachan to learn the manufacture of silk. He then went on to Wellmeadow, where he acquired a knowledge of the old bleaching process, which enabled him to establish his own bleachfield at Darnly. The process consisted of boiling the fabric in weak alkali and then laying it flat on the ground to expose it to sun and air for several months. This process, expensive in time and space, would have formed an intolerable bottleneck in the rapidly expanding textile industry, but a new method was on the way. The French chemist Berthollet demonstrated in 1786 the use of chlorine as a bleaching agent and James Watt learned of this while on a visit to Paris. On his return to Glasgow, Watt passed details of the new process on to Tennant, who set about devising his own version of it. First he obtained a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine through a stirred mixture of lime and water. He was granted a patent for this process in 1798, but it was promptly infringed by bleachers in Lancashire. Tennant's efforts to enforce the patent were unsuccessful as it was alleged that others had employed a similar process some years previously. Nevertheless, the Lancashire bleachers had the good grace to present Tennant with a service of plate in recognition of the benefits he had brought to the industry.In 1799 Tennant improved on his process by substituting dry slaked lime for the liquid, to form bleaching powder. This was patented the same year and proved to be a vital element in the advance of the textile industry. The following year, Tennant established his chemical plant at St Roll ox, outside Glasgow, to manufacture bleaching powder and alkali substances. The plant prospered and became for a time the largest chemical works in Europe.[br]Further ReadingL.F.Haber, 1958, The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century, London: Oxford University Press.F.S.Taylor, 1957, A History of Industrial Chemistry, London: Heinemann.Walker, 1862, Memoirs of Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain Living in 1807– 1808, London, p. 186.LRD -
39 mixture
IகலவைIIவிரவி, விரவல்கலவைIVகலவைVகலப்புப் பொருள்VIகலவைகலவை, கலவைப் பொருள்கலவை, மருந்துக்கலவைIXகலவைXகலவைXIகலவைகலவை, கலப்புகலப்பிகலவைXVகலவைகலவைவிரவிவிரவல் -
40 estimation
Iஎன் கணிப்புIIமதிப்பீடுமதிப்பிடுகைIVமதிப்பிடுகைVமதிப்பீடுVIமதிப்பீடு, மதிப்பிடுதல்மதிப்பீடுமதிப்பிடல்IXமதிப்பீடுXமதிப்பீடுXIமதிப்பிடுகைமதிப்பீடுமதிப்பீடு, கணிப்புமதிப்பிடுகை
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