Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

territory+management

  • 1 управление территорией

    1) Military: terrain management
    2) Advertising: territory management

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > управление территорией

  • 2 организация работы на сбытовой территории

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > организация работы на сбытовой территории

  • 3 организация работы на территории

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > организация работы на территории

  • 4 план управления продажами на конкретной территории

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > план управления продажами на конкретной территории

  • 5 территориальный план продаж

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > территориальный план продаж

  • 6 управление сбытовой территорией

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > управление сбытовой территорией

  • 7 personal

    adj.
    personal.
    una opinión/pregunta personal a personal opinion/question
    personal e intransferible non-transferable
    f.
    personal foul.
    m.
    staff, personnel (trabajadores).
    personal docente teaching staff
    personal mínimo skeleton staff
    personal en plantilla in-house staff
    personal sanitario health workers
    personal de tierra ground crew
    * * *
    1 personal
    1 (de una empresa) personnel, staff
    2 familiar (gente) everyone, everybody
    1 DEPORTE (falta) personal foul
    \
    personal docente teaching staff
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun m.
    staff, personnel
    * * *
    1.
    2. SM
    1) (=plantilla) staff, personnel; ( esp Mil) force; (Náut) crew, complement

    personal de tierra — (Aer) ground crew, ground staff

    2) * (=gente) people
    3.
    SF (Baloncesto) personal foul
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo personal
    II
    a) (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff (sing or pl)
    b) (Esp fam & hum) ( gente) people
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo personal
    II
    a) (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff (sing or pl)
    b) (Esp fam & hum) ( gente) people
    * * *
    personal1
    1 = manpower, manpower force, personnel, staff, staffing, work-force [workforce], crew.

    Ex: The question has been raised as to the manpower required to produce the ever-increasing number of abstracts.

    Ex: This article focusses attention on formulating plans and policy for building up a manpower force for modernising library and information systems India within the next 5 years.
    Ex: Application areas include: personnel records, mailing lists, accident and incident records, clinical and health records, committee minutes and records, and so on.
    Ex: The current LC MARC data base contains both records created by the LC staff and those created by co-operating libraries and verified by the LC.
    Ex: During the discussions it became apparent that the most pressing issues of staffing, resources, procedural complexities and educational opportunities related to IT.
    Ex: Employers of library and information staff have to develop and maintain skills within the workforce.
    Ex: Phillips has 12 installations with a crew of 15-450 men.
    * actitud del personal = staff attitude.
    * administración de personal = personnel administration.
    * ahorro de personal = staff saving.
    * apoyo del personal = staff support.
    * asignar personal = commit + manpower.
    * bien dotado de personal = well-staffed.
    * costes de personal = staff costs.
    * dedicación del personal = staff hours.
    * desarrollo profesional del personal = staff development.
    * dotación de personal = staffing.
    * encargado de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer.
    * evaluación del personal = personnel evaluation.
    * exceso de personal administrativo = administrative bloat.
    * falta de personal = undermanning.
    * falto de personal = understaffed [under-staffed].
    * formación continua del personal = staff development.
    * formación del personal = staff training, professional development.
    * formar personal = produce + personnel.
    * funciones del personal = staff duties.
    * gastos en personal = staff costs.
    * gestión de personal = personnel management.
    * jefe de personal = personnel officer, welfare officer, staff manager.
    * jefe de personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * miembro del personal = staff member, staffer.
    * movimiento de personal = staff turnover, turnover, labour turnover.
    * número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.
    * personal administrativo = administrative staff.
    * personal administrativo de apoyo = clerical staff, clerical worker, clerical personnel.
    * personal auxiliar = clerical staff.
    * personal bibliotecario = library personnel, library staff, library worker.
    * personal civil = civilian staff.
    * personal cualificado = qualified staff, qualified personnel.
    * personal de ambulancia = ambulance crew.
    * personal de apoyo = paraprofessional staff, support staff.
    * personal de apoyo bibliotecario = library support staff.
    * personal de cabina = cabin crew.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * personal de la biblioteca = library staff, library worker.
    * personal del mostrador = counter staff.
    * personal del mostrador de préstamo = counter staff.
    * personal de mantenimiento = service worker.
    * personal de proceso de datos = operation staff.
    * personal de recepción = reception staff.
    * personal de referencia = reference staff, reference personnel.
    * personal de secretaría = secretarial staff.
    * personal de seguridad = security staff.
    * personal de servicios = service worker.
    * personal de un centro multimedia escolar = school media staff.
    * personal de vuelo = flight crew.
    * personal equivalente a tiempo completo = full-time equivalent staff (FTE staff).
    * personal joven = new blood.
    * personal más nuevo = junior staff.
    * personal militar = military personnel.
    * personal necesario = staffing levels.
    * personal paraprofesional = paraprofessional staff.
    * personal profesional = professional staff.
    * personal sanitario = clinical staff.
    * personal técnico = technical staff.
    * personal técnico de apoyo = support staff.
    * política de personal = personnel policy, staff policy.
    * puesta al día del personal = staff development.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = labour-intensive [labour intensive], staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * razones del movimiento de personal = turnover behaviour.
    * recorte de personal = downsizing, staffing cut.
    * reducción de personal = staff cutbacks, downsizing.
    * registro de personal = personnel record.
    * renovación de personal = turnover, labour turnover.
    * responsable del personal de la biblioteca = library personnel officer.
    * reunión de personal = staff meeting.
    * ritmo de movimiento de personal = turnover rate.
    * sala de estar para el personal = coffee lounge.
    * sala de personal = staff lounge.
    * sección de personal = personnel department, personnel office.
    * selección de personal = personnel recruitment.
    * sólo para personal autorizado = restricted access.
    * tareas del personal = staff duties.
    * tasa de movimiento de personal = turnover rate, turnover rate.
    * turnos del personal = staffing rota.
    * vacante de personal = staff vacancy.

    personal2
    = one-to-one, personal, private, intimate, one-on-one.

    Ex: A few large libraries contain an adult learning centre, which provides training courses for volunteer tutors, one-to-one tutoring or instruction in small groups.

    Ex: Cards will remain useful for small local and personal indexes but other options, in the form of microcomputers and their software are beginning to compete in this application.
    Ex: SWALCAP supports a network arrangement of remote terminals and minicomputers linked to the central computer via private lines.
    Ex: Until we feel as librarians that we are an intimate part of society, we will never begin to believe that we really function.
    Ex: The one-on-one training pattern predominates and is effective at this institution where education in the singular is stressed.
    * actitud personal = personal attitude.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * alarma personal = rape alarm, personal alarm.
    * anuncio personal = personal ad.
    * aprovechamiento personal = personal gain.
    * archivo personal = private archives, personal archive(s), personal records.
    * armadura personal = body armour.
    * artículo personal = personal item.
    * asunto personal = personal issue.
    * atención personal = personal attention.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * atracción personal = personal attraction.
    * autoría personal = personal authorship.
    * autor personal = personal author.
    * autor personal único = single personal authorship.
    * beneficio personal = personal gain.
    * biblioteca personal = personal library.
    * bienes personales = personal property.
    * blindaje personal = body armour.
    * característica personal = personality trait, personality characteristic.
    * carta personal = personal letter.
    * cheque personal = personal cheque.
    * comentario personal = personal note.
    * comentario personal de una lectura = reading-reportage.
    * compromiso personal = personal engagement, personal investment.
    * contacto personal = personal contact, public contact.
    * contratación de personal cualificado de otras empresas = lateral hiring.
    * convicción personal = personal conviction.
    * cualidades personales = personal qualities.
    * cuestión personal = personal issue, life issue.
    * datos personales = personal details.
    * dinero para gastos personales = pocket change, pocket money.
    * documentos personales = personal papers.
    * economía personal = personal finance.
    * efectos personales = personal belongings.
    * ego personal = personal ego.
    * encabezamiento de nombre personal = personal name heading.
    * enriquecimiento personal = personal enrichment.
    * entrada de nombre personal = personal name entry.
    * entrevista personal = personal interview.
    * espacio personal = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * estilo personal = persona [personae, -pl.].
    * expediente personal = personal records.
    * experiencia personal = personal experience.
    * gestión de archivos personales = personal archives management, personal records management.
    * gusto personal = personal taste, personal preference.
    * hábito personal = personal habit.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * higiene personal = personal hygiene.
    * historia personal = personal history.
    * índice de rendimiento personal = individual performance index.
    * información personal = personal information.
    * interés personal = vested interest, personal interest.
    * interpersonal = person-to-person.
    * intimidad personal = personal privacy.
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * libertad personal = personal freedom.
    * logro personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap, personal achievement.
    * marca personal = personal record.
    * miembro personal = personal member.
    * nombre personal = personal name.
    * norma personal = personal norm.
    * opinión personal = personal opinion.
    * ordenador personal (PC) = personal computer (PC).
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * personal investigador = research staff.
    * PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * preferencia personal = personal preference.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * razones personales = personal reasons.
    * realización personal = personal fulfilment.
    * récord personal = personal record.
    * responsabilidad personal = personal responsibility.
    * satisfacción personal = personal satisfaction.
    * seguridad personal = personal safety.
    * sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print].
    * sicología personal = personal psychology.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * tecnología del ordenador personal = personal computer technology.
    * tener un interés muy personal en = hold + a stake in, have + a stake in.
    * territorio personal = personal space territory.
    * toque personal = personal touch.
    * triunfo personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * vida personal = personal life.
    * voluntad personal = personal will.

    * * *
    ‹asunto/documento/pregunta› personal; ‹opinión/juicio› personal
    objetos de uso personal personal effects
    una alusión personal a personal remark
    está basado en su experiencia personal it is based on (his own) personal experience
    no tiene ningún interés personal en el asunto he has no personal interest in the matter
    1 (de una fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff ( sing or pl)
    estamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    intentan aumentar la producción con el mismo personal they are trying to increase production with the same number of staff o with the same workforce
    2 ( Esp fam hum) (gente) people
    ¡cuánto personal hay en la calle! what a lot of people there are in the street!
    saca unas copas para el personal get some glasses out for everyone o for people
    Compuestos:
    cabin staff o crew
    ( Arg) staff ( of a building)
    ground crew o staff
    flight crew
    * * *

     

    personal adjetivo
    personal;

    ■ sustantivo masculino (de fábrica, empresa) personnel (pl), staff ( sing or pl);
    estamos escasos de personal we're short-staffed
    personal
    I adjetivo personal
    una carta personal, a private letter
    II sustantivo masculino (trabajadores) staff, personnel

    ' personal' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consignar
    - contingente
    - dato
    - efecto
    - escala
    - interés
    - jefa
    - jefe
    - lavandería
    - llave
    - objeto
    - particular
    - pasar
    - placa
    - plana
    - plano
    - presente
    - primar
    - privada
    - privado
    - abandonar
    - ampliación
    - ampliar
    - aseo
    - auxiliar
    - bien
    - citar
    - computadora
    - consultorio
    - coqueto
    - defensa
    - dejadez
    - dejado
    - despedir
    - diario
    - falta
    - historial
    - insuficiencia
    - intimidad
    - número
    - palacio
    - patrimonio
    - PC
    - planilla
    - plantilla
    - reducción
    - tarjeta
    - uno
    English:
    accustom
    - achievement
    - agree
    - appreciate
    - averse
    - balloon
    - battle
    - cleanliness
    - computer
    - dear
    - decision
    - decision making
    - delay
    - despite
    - diary
    - dodge
    - employ
    - excuse
    - exploit
    - first-hand
    - gap
    - heart-to-heart
    - love
    - maintenance staff
    - mate
    - myself
    - neglect
    - office staff
    - PA
    - pc
    - personal
    - personal best
    - personal computer
    - personal pronoun
    - personally
    - personnel
    - personnel department
    - personnel management
    - private
    - private income
    - put off
    - referee
    - self-improvement
    - self-interest
    - short-staffed
    - staff
    - staff meeting
    - staff training
    - staffing
    - strength
    * * *
    adj
    [privado, íntimo] personal;
    una opinión/pregunta personal a personal opinion/question;
    mi teléfono personal es… my home o private number is…;
    para uso personal for personal use;
    personal e intransferible non-transferable
    nm
    1. [trabajadores] staff, personnel
    personal administrativo administrative staff;
    personal de cabina cabin staff o crew;
    personal docente teaching staff;
    personal de oficina office staff;
    personal de tierra ground staff o crew;
    personal de ventas sales force o team
    2. Esp Fam [gente] people;
    el personal quería ir al cine the gang wanted to go to the cinema
    nf
    [en baloncesto] personal foul
    * * *
    I adj personal
    II m
    1 personnel, staff;
    personal docente teaching staff
    2 en baloncesto personal foul
    * * *
    : personal
    : personnel, staff
    * * *
    personal1 adj personal / private
    personal2 n staff

    Spanish-English dictionary > personal

  • 8 consecuencia

    f.
    1 consequence (resultado).
    a o como consecuencia de as a consequence o result of
    en consecuencia consequently
    tener consecuencias to have consequences
    2 consistency (coherencia).
    actuar en consecuencia to act accordingly
    cuando supo que estaba embarazada actuó en consecuencia when he found out that she was pregnant he did the decent thing
    * * *
    1 consequence, result
    2 (coherencia) consistency
    \
    a consecuencia de as a consequence of, as a result of
    atenerse a las consecuencias to suffer the consequences
    como consecuencia de as a consequence of, as a result of
    en consecuencia consequently, therefore, thus
    por consecuencia consequently, therefore
    tener buenas consecuencias / traer buenas consecuencias to do good
    tener malas consecuencias / traer malas consecuencias to have ill effects
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=resultado) consequence

    a consecuencia de algo — as a result of sth

    atenerse a las consecuencias — to take o accept the consequences

    hazlo, pero atente a las consecuencias — do it, but you'll have to take o accept the consequences

    como consecuencia — as a result, in consequence frm

    como consecuencia, está al borde de la bancarrota — as a result o in consequence he is on the verge of bankruptcy

    esto tuvo o trajo como consecuencia el aumento del paro — this led to o resulted in an increase in unemployment

    en consecuencia — frm consequently

    no se trata, en consecuencia, de ningún principiante — so o therefore o consequently, this can't be a beginner we are talking about

    está enamorado y, en consecuencia, feliz — he is in love, and therefore he is happy

    padecer las consecuencias — to suffer the consequences

    tener consecuencias, tuvo graves consecuencias para la economía — it had serious consequences for the economy

    últimas consecuencias, llevar algo hasta sus últimas consecuencias — to take sth to its logical conclusion

    consecuencia directa — direct consequence, direct result

    2) (=conclusión) conclusion
    3) (=coherencia)

    actuar u obrar en consecuencia — to act accordingly

    4) (=importancia) importance
    5) esp LAm (=honradez) integrity
    * * *
    a) (resultado, efecto) consequence

    llevar algo hasta sus últimas consecuencias: está decidido a llevar el asunto hasta sus últimas consecuencias — he's prepared to see the business through to the bitter end

    en consecuencia — (frml) ( por consiguiente) consequently, as a result; <actuar/obrar> accordingly

    * * *
    = consequence, implication, result, outgrowth, repercussion, after effect [after-effect], effect.
    Ex. Naturally, changes stemming from these actions will affect all users of LC cataloging data, but it seems unlikely that the consequences will be catastrophic.
    Ex. Chapter 25 deals with uniform titles, and its implications are considered in chapter 11.
    Ex. Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex. The founders of the public library considered the library to be the outgrowth of the public education movement and an agency for postgraduate public education.
    Ex. The installation of automation in libraries has some repercussions on their organisation.
    Ex. This paper explains how the after effects of flooding on library walls and shelving were dealt with by means of humidifiers and fans.
    Ex. Kaiser also investigated the effect of grouping subheadings of a subject.
    ----
    * acarrear con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences.
    * acarrear consecuencias = carry + implications.
    * actuar en consecuencia = act + accordingly.
    * afrontar las consecuencias = face + the music, face + the consequences.
    * asumir las consecuencias, = take + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * atenerse a las consecuencias = take + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * cargar con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * como consecuencia = as a consequence (of), on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia de = as a result (of), in the wake of.
    * con consecuencias fatales = fatally.
    * consecuencia de = resulting from, secondary to.
    * consecuencia directa = consequential effect.
    * consecuencia duradera = long-lasting effect.
    * consecuencia natural = corollary.
    * consecuencia nefasta = disastrous effect.
    * consecuencia negativa = blowback.
    * consecuencia profunda = profound effect.
    * consecuencias = ramifications, aftermath, aftershock, fallout.
    * consecuencias económicas = cost implications.
    * consecuencias imprevistas = unintended consequences.
    * cuando a Alguien le ocurre Algo, Otra Persona sufre las consecuencias = when + Alguien + sneeze, + Otro + catch cold.
    * debatir las consecuencias de = discuss + the implications of.
    * debe por lo tanto ser una consecuencia lógica que = it must therefore follow that.
    * en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * en consecuencia lógica = by implication.
    * hacer que se paguen las consecuencias = make + the roof fall in on + Pronombre.
    * llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.
    * no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.
    * obrar en consecuencia = act on/upon.
    * pagar las consecuencias = pay + penalty, pay + toll, pay + the price, pay + the tab, pay + the penalty, take it on + the chin.
    * pagar las consecuencias de = take + Posesivo + toll (on).
    * responsabilizarse de las consecuencias = bear + the consequences.
    * ser consecuencia de = result from.
    * ser la consecuencia de = follow from, result from.
    * ser una consecuencia lógica de = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).
    * ser una consecuencia lógica que = it therefore follows that.
    * sin importar las consecuencias = regardless of the consequences.
    * sufrir las consecuencias = suffer + consequences, take it on + the chin.
    * sufrir las consecuencias de Algo = suffer + effect.
    * tener como consecuencia = result (in).
    * tener consecuencias = have + consequences.
    * tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.
    * tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.
    * traer consecuencias = have + consequences.
    * * *
    a) (resultado, efecto) consequence

    llevar algo hasta sus últimas consecuencias: está decidido a llevar el asunto hasta sus últimas consecuencias — he's prepared to see the business through to the bitter end

    en consecuencia — (frml) ( por consiguiente) consequently, as a result; <actuar/obrar> accordingly

    * * *
    = consequence, implication, result, outgrowth, repercussion, after effect [after-effect], effect.

    Ex: Naturally, changes stemming from these actions will affect all users of LC cataloging data, but it seems unlikely that the consequences will be catastrophic.

    Ex: Chapter 25 deals with uniform titles, and its implications are considered in chapter 11.
    Ex: Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex: The founders of the public library considered the library to be the outgrowth of the public education movement and an agency for postgraduate public education.
    Ex: The installation of automation in libraries has some repercussions on their organisation.
    Ex: This paper explains how the after effects of flooding on library walls and shelving were dealt with by means of humidifiers and fans.
    Ex: Kaiser also investigated the effect of grouping subheadings of a subject.
    * acarrear con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences.
    * acarrear consecuencias = carry + implications.
    * actuar en consecuencia = act + accordingly.
    * afrontar las consecuencias = face + the music, face + the consequences.
    * asumir las consecuencias, = take + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * atenerse a las consecuencias = take + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * cargar con las consecuencias = bear + the consequences, live with + the consequences.
    * como consecuencia = as a consequence (of), on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia de = as a result (of), in the wake of.
    * con consecuencias fatales = fatally.
    * consecuencia de = resulting from, secondary to.
    * consecuencia directa = consequential effect.
    * consecuencia duradera = long-lasting effect.
    * consecuencia natural = corollary.
    * consecuencia nefasta = disastrous effect.
    * consecuencia negativa = blowback.
    * consecuencia profunda = profound effect.
    * consecuencias = ramifications, aftermath, aftershock, fallout.
    * consecuencias económicas = cost implications.
    * consecuencias imprevistas = unintended consequences.
    * cuando a Alguien le ocurre Algo, Otra Persona sufre las consecuencias = when + Alguien + sneeze, + Otro + catch cold.
    * debatir las consecuencias de = discuss + the implications of.
    * debe por lo tanto ser una consecuencia lógica que = it must therefore follow that.
    * en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * en consecuencia lógica = by implication.
    * hacer que se paguen las consecuencias = make + the roof fall in on + Pronombre.
    * llevar Algo a sus últimas consecuencias = take + Nombre + to its ultimate conclusion.
    * no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.
    * obrar en consecuencia = act on/upon.
    * pagar las consecuencias = pay + penalty, pay + toll, pay + the price, pay + the tab, pay + the penalty, take it on + the chin.
    * pagar las consecuencias de = take + Posesivo + toll (on).
    * responsabilizarse de las consecuencias = bear + the consequences.
    * ser consecuencia de = result from.
    * ser la consecuencia de = follow from, result from.
    * ser una consecuencia lógica de = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).
    * ser una consecuencia lógica que = it therefore follows that.
    * sin importar las consecuencias = regardless of the consequences.
    * sufrir las consecuencias = suffer + consequences, take it on + the chin.
    * sufrir las consecuencias de Algo = suffer + effect.
    * tener como consecuencia = result (in).
    * tener consecuencias = have + consequences.
    * tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.
    * tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.
    * traer consecuencias = have + consequences.

    * * *
    1 (resultado, efecto) consequence
    esto puede traer or tener consecuencias muy graves para nosotros this may have very grave consequences for us
    haz lo que tú quieras, pero luego atente a las consecuencias do what you like, but you'll have to accept the consequences
    las graves consecuencias de la contaminación the serious effects o consequences of pollution
    una decisión que trajo como consecuencia su renuncia a decision which resulted in her resignation o in her resigning
    la guerra trajo como consecuencia la modernización de la industria the modernization of the industry came about as a result o consequence of the war
    llevar algo hasta sus últimas consecuencias to carry sth to its logical conclusion
    2 ( en locs):
    a consecuencia de as a result of
    murió a consecuencia de las múltiples heridas de bala she died from o as a result of the multiple bullet wounds she received
    en consecuencia ( frml) (por consiguiente) consequently, as a result, therefore;
    ‹actuar/obrar› accordingly
    * * *

     

    consecuencia sustantivo femenino
    consequence;

    esto trajo como consecuencia su renuncia this resulted in his resignation;
    a consecuencia de as a result of;
    en consecuencia (frml) ( por consiguiente) consequently, as a result;

    actuar/obrar accordingly
    consecuencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (efecto) consequence
    2 (conclusión) conclusion
    3 (coherencia) consistency: actuaremos en consecuencia, we'll act accordingly
    ♦ Locuciones: tener o traer (malas) consecuencias, to have (ill) effects
    a consecuencia de, as a consequence o result of
    en consecuencia, therefore
    ' consecuencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    efecto
    - implicación
    - producto
    - pues
    - rebote
    - repercusión
    - resultar
    - resultado
    - coherencia
    - conclusión
    - derivar
    - implicancia
    - lógico
    - que
    - tal
    - trágico
    English:
    accordingly
    - brownout
    - by-product
    - come
    - consequence
    - consistency
    - implication
    - outgrowth
    - result
    - sequel
    - wake
    - by
    - side
    * * *
    1. [resultado] consequence;
    la crisis es consecuencia de una mala gestión the crisis is a consequence o result of bad management;
    a o [m5] como consecuencia de as a consequence o result of;
    atenerse a las consecuencias to accept the consequences;
    y, en consecuencia, anunció su dimisión consequently, she announced her resignation;
    tener consecuencias to have consequences;
    anunció que defenderá sus ideas hasta las últimas consecuencias she announced she would defend her beliefs whatever it takes
    2. [coherencia] consistency;
    actuar en consecuencia to act accordingly;
    cuando supo que estaba embarazada actuó en consecuencia when he found out that she was pregnant he did the decent thing;
    actuó en consecuencia con sus ideas he acted in accordance with his beliefs;
    tu propuesta no guarda consecuencia con lo que acordamos ayer your proposal is not consistent with o in accordance with what we agreed yesterday
    * * *
    f consequence;
    a consecuencia de as a result of;
    en consecuencia consequently;
    pagar las consecuencias take o pay the consequences
    * * *
    1) : consequence, result
    a consecuencia de: as a result of
    2)
    en consecuencia : accordingly
    * * *
    consecuencia n consequence / result
    a / como consecuencia de as a result of

    Spanish-English dictionary > consecuencia

  • 9 ámbito de acción

    (n.) = territory, sphere of influence
    Ex. The report suggests that structural changes within higher education and within the information industry affect the legitimacy, status, and territory of librarians' work.
    Ex. One of the critical responsibilities of management level personnel within any organisation is measuring and optimising the performance of activities within their sphere of influence.
    * * *
    (n.) = territory, sphere of influence

    Ex: The report suggests that structural changes within higher education and within the information industry affect the legitimacy, status, and territory of librarians' work.

    Ex: One of the critical responsibilities of management level personnel within any organisation is measuring and optimising the performance of activities within their sphere of influence.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ámbito de acción

  • 10 управление управлени·е

    1) (действие) operation, control; (руководство) management, administration, direction, superintendence; (государством) government

    осуществлять управление — to exercise administration / control

    преобразовать / реорганизовать управление — to reform administration

    совершенствовать управление народным хозяйством — to improve / to perfect management of the national economy

    государственное управление — government / state administration

    метод управления — management / managerial method

    органы управления — managerial bodies, government agencies

    органы государственного управления — bodies / organs of state administration / government

    система управления — system of administration / management / government

    управление производством — management of production, production management

    Национальное управление по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства, НАСА (США) — National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA

    Центральное разведывательное управление, ЦРУ (США) — Central Intelligence Agency, CIA

    Управление Верховного комиссара ООН по делам беженцев — Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > управление управлени·е

  • 11 Gebiet

    Gebiet n 1. GEN area; region, territory (Region); 2. IND field; 3. WIWI area
    * * *
    n 1. < Geschäft> area, Region region, territory; 2. < Ind> field; 3. <Vw> area
    * * *
    Gebiet
    district, area, ground, region, territory, (Anwendungsbereich) ambit, (Wirkungskreis) field, domain, province, line, sphere of business, range, scope, realm;
    auf landwirtschaftlichem Gebiet in the area of agriculture;
    auf sozialem Gebiet in the social field;
    auf wirtschaftlichem Gebiet in the economic sphere, in economic matters;
    auf dem Gebiet der mittleren Führungskräfte on middle management level;
    im gesamten Gebiet der Gemeinschaft (EU) Community-wide;
    angrenzendes Gebiet neighbo(u)ring country;
    ausschlaggebendes Gebiet key area;
    baubeschränktes Gebiet restricted district;
    bebautes Gebiet built-up area;
    benachbartes Gebiet adjacent land;
    benachteiligtes Gebiet less favo(u)red area (LFA);
    ungenügend mit Arbeitskräften besetztes Gebiet labo(u)r-short area;
    besiedeltes Gebiet settled area;
    dicht besiedeltes Gebiet built-up (congested) area;
    dünn besiedeltes Gebiet thinly populated region;
    erschlossenes Gebiet developed land;
    im Wege des Planfeststellungsverfahrens festgelegtes Gebiet zone (US);
    von Baubeschränkungen freies Gebiet architectural-freedom zone (US);
    wirtschaftlich gefestigte Gebiete bedrock regions;
    im Stadtzentrum gelegenes Gebiet midtown area;
    landwirtschaftlich genutztes Gebiet agricultural (rural) area;
    zu statistischen Zwecken herausgesuchtes Gebiet census tract (US);
    rein industrielles Gebiet district devoted to industry;
    katastrophengefährdetes Gebiet disaster-prone area;
    kohlenreiches Gebiet area rich in coal;
    nicht kontinentale Gebiete non-continental territories;
    rein landwirtschaftliches Gebiet purely agricultural district;
    ölträchtiges Gebiet proven territory;
    strittige Gebiete areas of disagreement;
    überschwemmtes Gebiet swamp and overflooded land, flood plain;
    assoziierte überseeische Gebiete (EU) associated overseas territories;
    übervölkertes Gebiet overspill area;
    unbewohntes Gebiet uninhabited area;
    unerschlossenes Gebiet undeveloped land (country);
    unterentwickelte Gebiete undeveloped (underdeveloped, developing) areas;
    unterversorgtes Gebiet area of multiple deprivation;
    Bebauungsbeschränkungen unterworfenes Gebiet restricted zone (area);
    von Arbeiterunruhen verschontes Gebiet district free of labo(u)r troubles;
    verseuchtes Gebiet plague spot;
    verwandte Gebiete allied subjects, related fields;
    regional zurückgebliebenes Gebiet (Regionalplanung) underdeveloped (backward) area;
    Gebiet mit erhöhter Arbeitslosigkeit green (grey) area;
    Gebiet mit hoher Arbeitslosigkeit distressed area (Br.), development district (Br.);
    Gebiet mit geringen Baubeschränkungen unrestricted zone (US);
    Gebiet mit rückläufiger Entwicklung area in decline;
    ländliche Gebiete mit rückläufiger Entwicklung declining rural areas;
    Gebiete für kurzfristige Kapitalanlagen short-term capital areas;
    Gebiet in äußerster Randlage outermost region;
    Gebiet mit absolutem Sendeverbot radio quiet zone;
    Gebiet mit niedriger Sterblichkeit low-mortality area;
    Gebiet der öffentlichen Versorgungsbetriebe public utility field;
    Gebiet abriegeln to seal off an area;
    auf ein bestimmtes Gebiet beschränken to specialize;
    Gebiet höher bewerten to upgrade an area;
    Gebiet in Bezirke einteilen to district an area;
    Fachmann auf einem Gebiet sein to be an authority on a subject;
    sich auf einem Gebiet spezialisieren to specialize one’s studies, to major in a subject (US).
    abklappern, Gebiet
    (Vertreter) to canvass a district;
    alle Häuser in der Gegend abklappern (Vertreter) to do the round of all the houses in an area;
    Läden nach etw. abklappern to [traipse] round the shops looking for s. th.;
    Straßen nach einer Arbeit (Beschäftigung) abklappern to pound pavement (US sl.).

    Business german-english dictionary > Gebiet

  • 12 personal2

    = one-to-one, personal, private, intimate, one-on-one.
    Ex. A few large libraries contain an adult learning centre, which provides training courses for volunteer tutors, one-to-one tutoring or instruction in small groups.
    Ex. Cards will remain useful for small local and personal indexes but other options, in the form of microcomputers and their software are beginning to compete in this application.
    Ex. SWALCAP supports a network arrangement of remote terminals and minicomputers linked to the central computer via private lines.
    Ex. Until we feel as librarians that we are an intimate part of society, we will never begin to believe that we really function.
    Ex. The one-on-one training pattern predominates and is effective at this institution where education in the singular is stressed.
    ----
    * actitud personal = personal attitude.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * alarma personal = rape alarm, personal alarm.
    * anuncio personal = personal ad.
    * aprovechamiento personal = personal gain.
    * archivo personal = private archives, personal archive(s), personal records.
    * armadura personal = body armour.
    * artículo personal = personal item.
    * asunto personal = personal issue.
    * atención personal = personal attention.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * a título personal = in a personal capacity, in a private capacity.
    * atracción personal = personal attraction.
    * autoría personal = personal authorship.
    * autor personal = personal author.
    * autor personal único = single personal authorship.
    * beneficio personal = personal gain.
    * biblioteca personal = personal library.
    * bienes personales = personal property.
    * blindaje personal = body armour.
    * característica personal = personality trait, personality characteristic.
    * carta personal = personal letter.
    * cheque personal = personal cheque.
    * comentario personal = personal note.
    * comentario personal de una lectura = reading-reportage.
    * compromiso personal = personal engagement, personal investment.
    * contacto personal = personal contact, public contact.
    * contratación de personal cualificado de otras empresas = lateral hiring.
    * convicción personal = personal conviction.
    * cualidades personales = personal qualities.
    * cuestión personal = personal issue, life issue.
    * datos personales = personal details.
    * dinero para gastos personales = pocket change, pocket money.
    * documentos personales = personal papers.
    * economía personal = personal finance.
    * efectos personales = personal belongings.
    * ego personal = personal ego.
    * encabezamiento de nombre personal = personal name heading.
    * enriquecimiento personal = personal enrichment.
    * entrada de nombre personal = personal name entry.
    * entrevista personal = personal interview.
    * espacio personal = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * estilo personal = persona [personae, -pl.].
    * expediente personal = personal records.
    * experiencia personal = personal experience.
    * gestión de archivos personales = personal archives management, personal records management.
    * gusto personal = personal taste, personal preference.
    * hábito personal = personal habit.
    * hacer uso personal = make + personal use.
    * higiene personal = personal hygiene.
    * historia personal = personal history.
    * índice de rendimiento personal = individual performance index.
    * información personal = personal information.
    * interés personal = vested interest, personal interest.
    * interpersonal = person-to-person.
    * intimidad personal = personal privacy.
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * libertad personal = personal freedom.
    * logro personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap, personal achievement.
    * marca personal = personal record.
    * miembro personal = personal member.
    * nombre personal = personal name.
    * norma personal = personal norm.
    * opinión personal = personal opinion.
    * ordenador personal (PC) = personal computer (PC).
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * perder un objeto personal = lose + property.
    * personal investigador = research staff.
    * PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * preferencia personal = personal preference.
    * problema personal = personal problem.
    * razones personales = personal reasons.
    * realización personal = personal fulfilment.
    * récord personal = personal record.
    * responsabilidad personal = personal responsibility.
    * satisfacción personal = personal satisfaction.
    * seguridad personal = personal safety.
    * sello personal = fingerprint [finger-print].
    * sicología personal = personal psychology.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * tecnología del ordenador personal = personal computer technology.
    * tener un interés muy personal en = hold + a stake in, have + a stake in.
    * territorio personal = personal space territory.
    * toque personal = personal touch.
    * triunfo personal = a feather in + Posesivo + cap.
    * uso personal = personal use.
    * vida personal = personal life.
    * voluntad personal = personal will.

    Spanish-English dictionary > personal2

  • 13 tierra

    f.
    1 land (terrenos, continentes).
    en tierras mexicanas/del rey on Mexican soil/the King's land
    por estas tierras round these parts, down this way
    tierra de nadie no-man's-land
    tierra prometida Promised Land
    tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego
    tierra Santa the Holy Land
    tierra virgen virgin land
    2 land.
    cultivar la tierra to farm the land
    3 earth.
    se me ha metido tierra en los zapatos I've got some earth in my shoes
    un camino de tierra a dirt track
    4 ground (suelo).
    bajo tierra underground
    caer a tierra to fall to the ground
    tomar tierra to land
    5 homeland, native land (lugar de origen) (país).
    vino/queso de la tierra local wine/cheese
    tierra natal homeland, native land
    7 soil, dirt.
    8 country, homeland.
    9 plot of land, territory, estate, soil.
    * * *
    1 (planeta) earth
    3 (terreno cultivado) soil, land
    4 (país) country, land
    5 (suelo) ground
    6 ELECTRICIDAD earth, US ground
    1 land sing
    \
    dar en tierra con algo to drop something on the ground, throw something on the ground
    echar a tierra to demolish
    echar por tierra figurado to crush, destroy
    poner tierra por medio figurado to make oneself scarce
    por estas tierras in these parts
    por tierra overland, by land
    ¡tierra a la vista! land ahoy!
    ¡tierra trágame! figurado I wish I was somewhere else, I could curl up and die
    tirar por tierra figurado to crush, destroy
    tocar tierra MARÍTIMO to reach harbour (US harbor) 2 AVIACIÓN to touch down
    vivir de la tierra to make a living from the land
    tierra de nadie no-man's-land
    Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego
    tierra firme terra firma, dry land
    tierra natal homeland
    Tierra Santa the Holy Land
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) land
    3) soil
    * * *
    SF
    1)

    la Tierra — the earth, the Earth

    2) (=superficie)
    a) [fuera del agua] land

    ¡tierra a la vista! — land ahoy!

    la industria pesquera genera unos 400.000 empleos en tierra — the fishing industry provides 400,000 jobs on land

    tierra adentroinland

    por tierra — overland, by land

    atravesar un país por tierrato go overland o by land across a country

    tomar tierra — to reach port, get in

    b) (=no aire) [desde el aire] ground; [desde el espacio] earth

    tocar tierra — to touch down

    tomar tierra — to land

    tierra firme(=no aire) solid ground; (=no agua) land

    3) (=suelo) ground

    caer a tierra — to fall down

    caer por tierra — [persona] to fall to the ground; [argumento, teoría] to fall apart

    dar con algo en tierra — to knock sth over

    echar a tierra — [+ construcción, rival] to knock down

    echarse a tierra — to throw o.s. on o to the ground

    - venirse a o por tierra
    4) (=material) [gen] earth; (=polvo) dust; (=barro) mud; [para jardinería, cultivo] soil

    con los zapatos llenos de tierra(=polvo) with his shoes covered in dust; (=barro) with his shoes covered in mud

    sacudir la tierra — Cono Sur, Méx to dust

    tierra caliente LAm land below 1000m approximately

    tierra fría LAm land above 2000m approximately

    tierra quemada — (Pol) scorched earth

    tierra templada LAm land between 1000m and 2000m approximately

    pista 3), política 2)
    5) (Agr) land

    tierra de secano — dry land, unirrigated land

    6) (=división territorial)
    a) (=lugar de origen)

    de la tierra — [vino, queso] local, locally produced; [fruta, verduras] locally grown

    b) [en plural]

    sus viajes por tierras de Castilla, su largo exilio en tierras australianas — her lengthy exile in Australia

    no es de estas tierras — he's not from these parts, he's not from this part of the world

    - ver tierras
    7) (Elec) earth, ground (EEUU)

    conectar un aparato a tierrato earth o (EEUU) ground an appliance

    toma 1., 1)
    * * *
    1) (campo, terreno) land

    tierras fértiles/áridas — fertile/arid land

    tierra labrantía or de cultivo — arable o cultivated land

    2) (suelo, superficie) ground; (materia, arena) earth

    echar algo por tierra<edificio/monumento> to pull o knock down; < planes> to wreck, ruin; < argumentos> to demolish, destroy; < esperanzas> to dash

    echarle tierra a algo/alguien — (Col fam) to put something/somebody to shame, make something/somebody look bad

    echar tierra a or sobre algo — ( ocultarlo) to cover o hush something up; ( olvidarlo) to forget about something

    tragarse la tierra a alguien: como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra as if he'd vanished off the face of the earth; deseé que me tragara la tierra — I just wanted the earth to open and swallow me up

    3) (AmL) ( polvo) dust
    4) (Elec) ground (AmE), earth (BrE)

    estar conectado a tierra or (AmL) hacer tierra — to be grounded o earthed

    5) (por oposición al mar, al aire) land

    tocar tierra — to land, put into port

    tomar tierra — to land, touch down

    6)
    a) (país, lugar)
    b) ( territorio) soil
    7) ( planeta) la Tierra (the) Earth o earth
    * * *
    1) (campo, terreno) land

    tierras fértiles/áridas — fertile/arid land

    tierra labrantía or de cultivo — arable o cultivated land

    2) (suelo, superficie) ground; (materia, arena) earth

    echar algo por tierra<edificio/monumento> to pull o knock down; < planes> to wreck, ruin; < argumentos> to demolish, destroy; < esperanzas> to dash

    echarle tierra a algo/alguien — (Col fam) to put something/somebody to shame, make something/somebody look bad

    echar tierra a or sobre algo — ( ocultarlo) to cover o hush something up; ( olvidarlo) to forget about something

    tragarse la tierra a alguien: como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra as if he'd vanished off the face of the earth; deseé que me tragara la tierra — I just wanted the earth to open and swallow me up

    3) (AmL) ( polvo) dust
    4) (Elec) ground (AmE), earth (BrE)

    estar conectado a tierra or (AmL) hacer tierra — to be grounded o earthed

    5) (por oposición al mar, al aire) land

    tocar tierra — to land, put into port

    tomar tierra — to land, touch down

    6)
    a) (país, lugar)
    b) ( territorio) soil
    7) ( planeta) la Tierra (the) Earth o earth
    * * *
    tierra2
    2 = land, ground, soil, earth, dry land [dryland].

    Ex: Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.

    Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex: This article diagnoses the information needs of those who work in the area of pollution of air, soil and earth.
    Ex: Insulation techniques helpful to energy conservation are: more use of below surface areas; the mounding of earth against outside walls; sod roofs; and the correct use of glass.
    Ex: This article describes a knowledge based geographic information system for the broad scale mapping of dryland salinity in the Western Australian wheatbelt.
    * aprovechamiento de la tierra = land use.
    * asentamiento en tierras federales = homesteading.
    * bajo tierra = underground, below surface.
    * buena tierra = good soil.
    * camino de tierra = dirt track, dirt road.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * con el suelo de tierra = dirt-floored.
    * confinado a la tierra = land-bound [landbound].
    * con los pies sobre la tierra = down-to-earth.
    * contaminación de la tierra = soil pollution.
    * corrimiento de tierra = landslide.
    * cultivar la tierra = farm + land, grow + crops.
    * dejar la tierra en barbecho = let + farmland lie fallow.
    * desaprovechamiento de la tierra = land misuse.
    * desprendimiento de tierra = landslide.
    * de tierra = onshore, earthen.
    * echar Algo por tierra = blow + Nombre + out of the water.
    * echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.
    * echar por tierra = scupper, blight, cast + a blight on.
    * echar por tierra las ilusiones = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * echar por tierra una idea = crush + idea.
    * ejército de tierra, el = army, the [armies, pl.].
    * en la tierra = on the ground.
    * en la tierra de = in the land of.
    * en tierra = onshore, ashore.
    * en tierra firme = on dry land.
    * en tierras lejanas = outranged.
    * fertilidad de la tierra = soil fertility.
    * gestión de tierras = land management.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pas = rangeland.
    * mala tierra = poor soil.
    * movimiento de tierra = earthwork.
    * nadie es profeta en su tierra = no man is a prophet in his own land.
    * pequeño propietario de tierras = yeoman farmer.
    * pies sobre la tierra = feet on the ground.
    * pista de tierra batida = clay tennis court.
    * poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.
    * por encima de la tierra = aboveground.
    * rodeado de tierra = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].
    * sin tierras, sin propiedad rural = landless.
    * sobre la tierra = on the ground.
    * temblor de tierra = quake, earth tremor.
    * tenis sobre tierra batida = clay tennis, clay court tennis.
    * ¡Tierra a la vista! = Land ahoy!, Land ho!.
    * tierra arenosa = sandy soil.
    * tierra baldía = wasteland, moor, barren land.
    * tierra buena = good soil.
    * tierra cenagosa = loamy soil.
    * tierra cultivable = arable land.
    * tierra de cultivo = soil, farmland [farm land].
    * Tierra de Israel, la = Land of Israel, the.
    * tierra de labranza = farmland [farm land].
    * tierra de nadie = twilight zone, wilderness, no-man's land.
    * tierra de pastoreo = pasture land.
    * tierra de pastos = pasture land.
    * tierra desconocida = terra incognita.
    * tierra en barbecho = fallow land.
    * tierra fértil = sod, loam.
    * tierra firme = dry land [dryland], land mass [landmass], firm ground, solid ground.
    * tierra lejana = far off land.
    * tierra mala = poor soil.
    * tierra margosa = loamy soil.
    * tierra natal = homeland.
    * tierra prometida, la = land of cream and honey, the, promised land, the, land of milk and honey, the.
    * tierras = landed estate.
    * tierras altas = highland.
    * tierras altas escocesas = Highland.
    * tierra salvaje = wilderness.
    * Tierra Santa = Holy Land, the.
    * tierras bajas = lowlands.
    * tierras celtas, las = Celtic fringe, the.
    * tierras del sur = southland.
    * tierras mejores = greener pastures.
    * tierras movedizas = shifting sands.
    * tierras perdidas = lost lands.
    * tierra virgen = uncharted territory, uncharted waters, unchartered territory, unchartered waters.
    * toma de tierra = earthing.
    * transporte por tierra = land transport.
    * tropa de tierra = ground troop.
    * uso de la tierra = land use.
    * vasallo propietario de sus tierras = yeoman [yeomen, -pl.].
    * vehículo de tierra a motor = motor land vehicle.
    * vivir de la tierra = live off + the land.

    * * *
    A (campo, terreno) land
    una distribución más justa de la tierra a fairer distribution of land
    tierras comunales common land
    compró unas tierras en Durango he bought some land in Durango
    tierras fértiles/áridas fertile/arid land
    tierra labrantía or de cultivo or de labranza or de labor or de labrantío arable o cultivated land
    tierras baldías wasteland
    los que trabajan la tierra those who work the land
    poner tierra de por medio to make oneself scarce, get out quick ( colloq)
    B
    1 (suelo, superficie) ground; (materia, arena) earth
    clavó la estaca en la tierra he drove the stake into the ground
    ésta es muy buena tierra this is very good land o soil
    cavaba la tierra he was digging the ground
    un camión de tierra a truckload of soil o earth
    no juegues con la tierra, que te vas a manchar don't play in the dirt, you'll get filthy
    un camino de tierra a dirt road o track
    ¡cuerpo a tierra! get down!, hit the ground! ( colloq)
    ya lleva un año bajo tierra she's been dead and buried for a year now
    echar algo por tierra ‹edificio/monumento› to demolish, pull o knock down;
    ‹planes› to wreck, ruin, put paid to; ‹argumentos› to demolish, destroy; ‹esperanzas› to dash
    echarle tierra a algo/algn ( Col fam); to put sth/sb to shame, make sth/sb look bad
    echarse tierra encima to do oneself down, cry stinking fish ( BrE)
    echar tierra a or sobre algo (ocultarlo) to cover o hush sth up; (olvidarlo) to forget about sth, put sth behind one
    tragarse la tierra a algn: parecía que se lo hubiera tragado la tierra it was as if he'd vanished off the face of the earth
    en aquel momento deseé que me tragara la tierra at that moment I just wanted the earth o the ground to open and swallow me up
    2 ( AmL) (polvo) dust
    Compuesto:
    ( Esp) clay
    C ( Elec) ground ( AmE), earth ( BrE)
    el cable que va a tierra the ground o earth lead
    necesita una conexión a tierra or debe estar conectado a tierra or ( AmL) debe hacer tierra it needs to be connected to ground o earth, it needs to be grounded o earthed
    D (por oposición al mar, al aire) land
    ¡tierra a la vista! land ho! o land ahoy!
    viajar por tierra to travel overland o by land
    iniciaron las expediciones tierra adentro they started expeditions into the interior
    gentes de tierra adentro people from the interior, people from inland
    misiles aire-tierra air-to-ground missiles
    tierra firme solid ground, terra firma
    quedarse en tierra to be left behind, miss one's train ( o boat etc)
    tocar tierra to land, put into port
    tomar tierra to land, touch down
    E
    1
    (país, región, lugar): después de tantos años de exilio decidió volver a su tierra after all those years in exile he decided to return to his homeland o to his native land
    las cosas que pasan por aquellas tierras the things that happen in those places o countries
    partió a tierras lejanas para buscar fortuna he set out for foreign parts o for distant lands to seek his fortune
    vino de la tierra local wine, locally produced wine
    fruta de la tierra locally grown fruit
    en el instante que pisó tierra francesa the moment he set foot on French soil
    Compuestos:
    : from Mexico to Peru, land below approx. 1,200m
    Tierra del Fuego
    no-man's-land
    the cold lands (pl), (from Mexico to Peru, land above approx. 2,200m)
    native land, land of one's birth
    Promised Land
    Holy Land
    the temperate lands (pl) (from Mexico to Peru, land between approx. 1,200m and 2,200m)
    F
    (planeta) la Tierra (the) Earth o earth
    la composición de la atmósfera de la Tierra the composition of the Earth's atmosphere
    ¿cúal es el planeta más cercano a la Tierra? what is the closest planet to (the) Earth?
    para proteger la vida en la Tierra to protect life on earth
    Creador del Cielo y de la Tierra Creator of Heaven and Earth
    * * *

     

    tierra sustantivo femenino
    1 (campo, terreno) land;

    tierra de cultivo arable land
    2 (suelo, superficie) ground;
    (materia, arena) earth;

    un camión de tierra a truckload of soil o earth;
    no juegues con tierra don't play in the dirt;
    un camino de tierra a dirt road o track;
    echar algo por tierra ‹ planes to wreck, ruin;

    argumentos to demolish, destroy;
    esperanzas to dash
    3 (AmL) ( polvo) dust
    4 (Elec) ground (AmE), earth (BrE);
    estar conectado a tierra or (AmL) hacer tierra to be grounded o earthed
    5 (por oposición al mar, al aire) land;
    viajar por tierra to travel overland o by land;

    tierra firme solid ground;
    tomar tierra to land, touch down
    6 (país, lugar):

    costumbres de aquellas tierras customs in those places o countries;
    la Ttierra Santa the Holy Land
    7 ( planeta)

    tierra sustantivo femenino
    1 (planeta) la Tierra, (the) Earth o earth
    2 (medio terrestre, terreno) land
    viajar por tierra, to travel by land
    tierra adentro, inland
    tierra de nadie, no-man's-land
    (un avión) tomar tierra, to land
    Agr land
    tiene tierras de cultivo, he has cultivated land
    tierra baldía, wasteland
    3 (país, lugar de origen) homeland
    (territorio) nació en tierra inglesa, she was born on English soil
    4 (superficie terrestre, suelo) ground
    bajo tierra, below ground
    (materia) soil, earth
    un puñado de tierra, a handful of earth o soil
    un camino de tierra, a dirt track
    5 Elec earth
    toma de tierra, earth wire, US ground
    ♦ Locuciones: echar por tierra, to ruin, spoil
    echar tierra sobre, to hush up
    familiar de la tierra, (producto del país) son tomates de la tierra, they are home-grown tomatoes
    familiar (alejarse, escapar) poner alguien tierra por medio, to get as far away as possible
    familiar (para expresar vergüenza) ¡tierra trágame! I wish the earth would swallow me up
    (perder un medio de transporte) quedarse alguien en tierra, to miss a plane/train or any other form of transport
    ' tierra' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adentro
    - baja
    - bajo
    - barro
    - batida
    - batido
    - campo
    - construcción
    - criar
    - desaparecer
    - entrañas
    - escarbar
    - esquilmar
    - explotar
    - franja
    - fructífera
    - fructífero
    - global
    - globo
    - gua
    - horizonte
    - hoyo
    - hundimiento
    - langosta
    - palada
    - parcela
    - perforar
    - pista
    - polvo
    - ras
    - redondez
    - remover
    - ribera
    - rica
    - rico
    - seísmo
    - sementera
    - señorío
    - soñar
    - suelo
    - surco
    - temblar
    - terráquea
    - terráqueo
    - terrena
    - terreno
    - terrestre
    - terrón
    - terruño
    - tocar
    English:
    adjacent
    - adjoining
    - allotment
    - ashore
    - clump
    - crack
    - crumble
    - crunch
    - cultivated
    - cultivation
    - demolish
    - dig
    - dirt road
    - earth
    - earthworm
    - earthy
    - encroach
    - explode
    - face
    - fairyland
    - fall
    - farming
    - feel
    - ground
    - hedgehog
    - Holy Land
    - homeland
    - inland
    - land
    - level
    - lump
    - no man's land
    - orbit
    - overland
    - parched
    - portage
    - pull apart
    - quake
    - reclaim
    - rich
    - richness
    - rig
    - rock
    - roll
    - rough
    - sandy
    - seed
    - set down
    - shatter
    - shock
    * * *
    tierra nf
    1. [planeta]
    la Tierra (the) Earth
    2. [superficie] land;
    viajar por tierra to travel by land;
    poner tierra (de) por medio to make oneself scarce
    Am tierra caliente = in Latin America, climate zone up to an altitude of approximately 1,000 metres;
    tierra firme [por oposición al mar] land, dry land;
    [terreno sólido] hard ground; Am tierra fría = in Latin America, climate zone above the altitude of approximately 2,000 metres;
    Tierra del Fuego Tierra del Fuego;
    tierra de nadie no-man's-land;
    tierra prometida Promised Land;
    Tierra de Promisión Promised Land;
    Tierra Santa the Holy Land;
    la tierra del Sol Naciente the land of the Rising Sun;
    Am tierra templada = in Latin America, climate zone between the altitudes of approximately 1,000 and 2,000 metres;
    tierra virgen virgin land
    3. [suelo] ground;
    trabajan bajo tierra they work underground;
    caer a tierra to fall to the ground;
    dar en tierra con algo [tirar] to knock sth down o to the ground;
    quedarse en tierra [viajero] to miss the boat/train/plane/ etc;
    muchos aviones se han quedado en tierra por la niebla many planes have been grounded because of the fog;
    tocar tierra [avión] to touch down;
    tomar tierra: tomó tierra en un campo he landed in a field;
    tomaremos tierra en el aeropuerto de Barajas en diez minutos we will be landing at Barajas airport in ten minutes;
    besar la tierra to fall flat on one's face;
    echar o [m5] tirar algo por tierra [esperanzas, planes, carrera] to ruin sth;
    [argumentos, teoría] to demolish sth; Fam
    ¡tierra, trágame!, ¡trágame tierra! I wish the earth would swallow me up!;
    era como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra he had vanished without a trace;
    venir o [m5] venirse a tierra to come to nothing
    4. [materia] earth;
    [para nutrir plantas] soil;
    se me ha metido tierra en los zapatos I've got some earth o dirt in my shoes;
    esta tierra no es buena para cultivar this soil isn't good for growing things;
    un camino de tierra a dirt track;
    política de tierra quemada scorched earth policy;
    Formal
    echar tierra a o [m5] sobre un asunto to hush up an affair
    tierra batida [en tenis] clay;
    tierra vegetal topsoil, loam
    5. [en agricultura] land;
    cultivar la tierra to farm the land
    tierra cultivable arable land;
    tierra de cultivo arable land;
    tierra de labor arable land;
    tierra de labranza arable land
    6. [lugar de origen] [país] homeland, native land;
    [región] home o native region;
    este chico es de mi tierra this lad is from where I come from;
    vino/queso de la tierra local wine/cheese
    tierra natal homeland, native land
    7. [terrenos, países]
    es el dueño de estas tierras he's the owner of this land;
    en tierras del rey on the King's land;
    en tierras mexicanas on Mexican soil;
    por estas tierras round these parts, down this way;
    ver otras tierras to travel, to see the world
    8. Elec
    (toma de) tierra Br earth, US ground;
    estar conectado a tierra, tener toma de tierra to be Br earthed o US grounded
    9. Quím tierra rara rare earth
    10. Am [polvo] dust
    * * *
    f
    1 land;
    tierra de labor, tierra cultivable arable land, farmland;
    tierras altas highlands;
    tierras bajas lowlands;
    poner tierra de por medio flee, make o.s. scarce fam ;
    por tierra viajar by land;
    2 materia soil, earth;
    echar tierra a algo fig hush sth up;
    echar por tierra ruin, wreck;
    como si se lo hubiera tragado la tierra as if he had vanished off the face of the earth
    3 ( patria) native land, homeland;
    de la tierra locally produced, local
    4 EL ground, Br
    earth
    5
    :
    la Tierra the Earth
    * * *
    tierra nf
    1) : land
    2) suelo: ground, earth
    3) : country, homeland, soil
    4)
    tierra natal : native land
    5)
    la Tierra : the Earth
    * * *
    1. (terreno) land
    2. (materia) earth / soil
    3. (suelo) ground
    echar por tierra to ruin / to spoil
    Cuando se refiere al planeta Tierra, se escribe con mayúscula: Earth

    Spanish-English dictionary > tierra

  • 14 администрация администраци·я

    1) administration; (власти) authorities; (система управления) собир. the management

    военная администрация — military authorities / administration; (оккупированных территорий) military government

    городская / муниципальная администрация — municipal administration

    администрация предприятия — managerial staff, management of an enterprise

    при администрации кого-л. — under the administration of smb. / smb.'s administration

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > администрация администраци·я

  • 15 освоение территории

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > освоение территории

  • 16 Sitz

    Sitz m 1. POL seat; 2. RECHT registered office, domicile; headquarters (TKG); 3. STEUER domicile mit Sitz im Geltungsbereich RECHT with a registered office in the territory to which a law applies mit Sitz in GEN based in seinen Sitz haben in GEN be based in
    * * *
    m 1. < Pol> seat; 2. < Recht> registered office, domicile, TKG headquarters; 3. < Steuer> domicile ■ mit Sitz im Geltungsbereich < Recht> with a registered office in the territory to which a law applies ■ mit Sitz in < Geschäft> based in ■ seinen Sitz haben in < Geschäft> be based in
    * * *
    Sitz
    (Firmensitz) seat, headquarters, registered office, [location of] office, (Wohnsitz) abode, domicile, residence;
    mit Sitz in located in;
    mit Sitz in England incorporated in the United Kingdom;
    juristischer Sitz (Gesellschaft) registered office (Br.), location of the registered office;
    ständiger Sitz permanent abode;
    steuerlicher Sitz taxable (business) situs;
    Sitz im Aufsichtsrat seat on the board, board seat;
    Sitz einer Behörde headquarters of an agency;
    Sitz der Geschäftsleitung place of management, headquarters;
    eingetragener Sitz einer Gesellschaft registered office (Br.), location of the registered office;
    Sitz der Hauptniederlassung headquarters;
    Sitz einer Industrie site of an industry;
    Sitz der Kreisverwaltung county site;
    Sitz einer Landeszentralbank Federal Reserve City (US);
    Sitz der gewerblichen Niederlassung commercial domicile, (Firma) domicile of corporation (US);
    Sitz der Regierung seat of the government;
    Sitz und Stimme in der Spitze des internationalen Währungsfonds (Weltwährungsfonds) seat on the top table of the International Monetary Fund;
    Sitz des Unternehmens business situs;
    seinen Sitz in A aufschlagen to settle down in A;
    Sitz belegen to occupy a seat;
    Sitz neu besetzen to fill a vacancy;
    den Arbeitern Sitz und Stimme im Aufsichtsrat geben to give workers a seat in the boardroom;
    seinen Sitz in A haben to be domiciled (incorporated) in A;
    Sitz verlegen to relocate headquarters.

    Business german-english dictionary > Sitz

  • 17 terreno

    adj.
    earthly, worldly.
    m.
    1 lot, terrain, land, patch.
    2 soil, ground.
    3 terrain, ground.
    * * *
    1 worldly, earthly
    1 (tierra) land, piece of land, ground; (solar) plot, site
    2 GEOGRAFÍA terrain
    4 DEPORTE field, ground
    \
    ceder terreno figurado to give way
    conocer el terreno figurado to be familiar with something
    estar en su propio terreno figurado to be on home ground
    ganar terreno / perder terreno to gain ground / lose ground
    hacer algo sobre el terreno to do something on the spot 2 figurado to improvise something
    saber uno el terreno que pisa figurado to know what one's doing
    preparar el terreno figurado to pave the way, prepare the ground
    ser terreno abonado (para algo) figurado to be receptive (to something)
    terreno conocido figurado familiar ground
    ————————
    1 (tierra) land, piece of land, ground; (solar) plot, site
    2 GEOGRAFÍA terrain
    4 DEPORTE field, ground
    5 figurado (esfera de acción) field, sphere
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) ground, land
    3) plot
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (Rel) [bienes] earthly
    2) (Bio, Geol) terrestrial
    2. SM
    1) (=extensión de tierra) [gen] land; (=parcela) piece of land, plot of land

    nos hemos comprado un terreno en las afueraswe've bought a piece of land o plot of land o some land on the outskirts of the city

    2) [explicando sus características] (=relieve) ground, terrain; (=composición) soil, land
    3) (=campo)
    a) [de estudio] field
    b) [de actividad] sphere, field

    en cuanto a las pensiones, se ha avanzado poco en este terreno — as for pensions, little progress has been made in this area

    4)
    - vencer a algn en su propio terreno

    terreno abonado —

    5) (Dep)

    terreno de juego — pitch, field

    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    a) (Relig) earthly
    b) ( no marino o aéreo) terrestrial (frml), land (before n)
    II
    1) (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot (AmE)

    el terreno llega hasta el ríothe land o plot o lot extends as far as the river

    3)
    a) (Geog) ( refiriéndose al relieve) terrain; ( refiriéndose a la composición) land, soil

    allanarle el terreno a alguiento smooth the way o path for somebody

    ceder/ganar/perder terreno — to give/gain/lose ground

    estar en su (propio) terrenoto be on one's own ground

    minarle or socavarle el terreno a alguien — to cut the ground from under somebody's feet

    pisar terreno firme/peligroso — to tread on safe/dangerous ground

    prepararle el terreno a alguien/algo — to pave the way for somebody/something

    sobre el terreno: estudiar sobre el terreno una situación to make an on-the-spot assessment of a situation; haremos planes sobre el terreno we'll plan things as we go along; tantear el terreno — to see how the land lies

    b) (Geol) terrane, terrain
    4) (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field
    * * *
    (n.) = arena, land, turf, terrain, land area, ground, plot of land, piece of land
    Ex. This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.
    Ex. Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.
    Ex. Librarians are losing the war for electronic professional turf.
    Ex. These surveyors reported on terrain character and presence of wood, water and forage, and studied Indian tribal customs and languages.
    Ex. Over 17% of Botswana's land area has been set-aside as national parks and game reserves.
    Ex. A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex. The core of readers and borrowers of agricultural literature are pensioners wanting to improving cultivation of their small private plots of land.
    Ex. So it is important that every piece of land is divided by a boundary to show the demarcation.
    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    a) (Relig) earthly
    b) ( no marino o aéreo) terrestrial (frml), land (before n)
    II
    1) (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot (AmE)

    el terreno llega hasta el ríothe land o plot o lot extends as far as the river

    3)
    a) (Geog) ( refiriéndose al relieve) terrain; ( refiriéndose a la composición) land, soil

    allanarle el terreno a alguiento smooth the way o path for somebody

    ceder/ganar/perder terreno — to give/gain/lose ground

    estar en su (propio) terrenoto be on one's own ground

    minarle or socavarle el terreno a alguien — to cut the ground from under somebody's feet

    pisar terreno firme/peligroso — to tread on safe/dangerous ground

    prepararle el terreno a alguien/algo — to pave the way for somebody/something

    sobre el terreno: estudiar sobre el terreno una situación to make an on-the-spot assessment of a situation; haremos planes sobre el terreno we'll plan things as we go along; tantear el terreno — to see how the land lies

    b) (Geol) terrane, terrain
    4) (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field
    * * *
    terreno1
    1 = arena, land, turf, terrain, land area, ground, plot of land, piece of land.

    Ex: This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.

    Ex: Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.
    Ex: Librarians are losing the war for electronic professional turf.
    Ex: These surveyors reported on terrain character and presence of wood, water and forage, and studied Indian tribal customs and languages.
    Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex: The core of readers and borrowers of agricultural literature are pensioners wanting to improving cultivation of their small private plots of land.
    Ex: So it is important that every piece of land is divided by a boundary to show the demarcation.
    * andar por terreno peligroso = skate + on thin ice, tread on + dangerous ground.
    * andar por terreno resbaladizo = skate + on thin ice, tread on + dangerous ground.
    * caer en terreno baldío = fall on + barren ground, fall on + fallow ground.
    * caer en terreno pedregoso = fall on + stony ground.
    * ceder terreno = yield + ground, lose + ground.
    * con terrenos cedidos por el gobierno = land grant [land-grant].
    * en terreno conocido = on familiar grounds.
    * en terreno peligroso = on shaky grounds.
    * estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.
    * ganar terreno = gain + ground, make + headway.
    * gestión de terrenos = land management.
    * invadir el terreno (de Alguien) = encroach on/upon + Posesivo + domain.
    * limpiar el terreno de árboles = clear + land.
    * motocicleta todo terreno = dirt bike.
    * moverse en terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.
    * no ceder terreno = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * parcela de terreno = plot of land, piece of land.
    * perder terreno = lose + ground.
    * pisar terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * preparar el terreno = pave + the way (for/towards/to), set + the scene, clear + the path, smooth + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), lay + the groundwork for, pave + the road (for/towards/to), clear + the way.
    * preparar el terreno para = lead up to, smooth + the path of, clear + the ground for, fertilise + the ground for.
    * prueba sobre el terreno = field test, field trial.
    * sobre el terreno = on the ground.
    * tantear el terreno = put + feeler out, test + the water.
    * terreno conocido = familiar grounds.
    * terreno cultivable pequeño = croft.
    * terreno de deportes = sport arena.
    * terreno de juego = playing field, pitch.
    * terreno de pruebas = testing ground.
    * terreno desconocido = uncharted territory, uncharted waters, unchartered territory, unchartered waters.
    * terreno elevado = high ground.
    * terreno en construcción = building site.
    * terreno firme = firm ground, safe ground, solid ground.
    * terreno inhóspito = inhospitable terrain.
    * terreno maderero = timberland.
    * terreno nada fértil = stony ground.
    * terreno neutral = neutral ground.
    * terreno para construir = building site.
    * terreno pedegroso = stony ground.
    * terreno peligroso = on thin ice, slippery ground, on dangerous ground.
    * terreno poco definido = grey area [gray area].
    * terreno resbaladizo = on thin ice, slippery ground, on dangerous ground.
    * terrenos = site, landed estate, grounds.
    * terrenos de la finca = estate grounds.
    * terreno seguro = safe ground, solid ground.
    * terreno sin construir = vacant lot.
    * terrenos sin construir = vacant land.
    * vehículo todoterreno = all-terrain vehicle.
    * vencer a Alguien en su propio terreno = beat + Nombre + at + Posesivo + own game.

    terreno2
    2 = earthly [earthlier -comp., earthliest -sup.], worldly [worldlier -comp., worldliest -sup.].

    Ex: After that I could never pass a dead man without stopping to gaze on his face, stripped by death of that earthly patina which masks the living soul.

    Ex: There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.

    (n.) = arena, land, turf, terrain, land area, ground, plot of land, piece of land

    Ex: This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.

    Ex: Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.
    Ex: Librarians are losing the war for electronic professional turf.
    Ex: These surveyors reported on terrain character and presence of wood, water and forage, and studied Indian tribal customs and languages.
    Ex: Over 17% of Botswana's land area has been set-aside as national parks and game reserves.
    Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex: The core of readers and borrowers of agricultural literature are pensioners wanting to improving cultivation of their small private plots of land.
    Ex: So it is important that every piece of land is divided by a boundary to show the demarcation.

    * * *
    terreno1 -na
    1 ( Relig) earthly
    nuestra vida terrena our earthly life, our life on earth
    2 (no marino o aéreo) terrestrial ( frml), land ( before n)
    A (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot ( AmE)
    heredó unos terrenos en Sonora she inherited some land in Sonora
    un terreno plantado de viñas a field o an area of land planted with vines
    el terreno cuesta tanto como la casa the land costs as much as the house
    quieren construir en esos terrenos they want to build on that land o site
    el terreno llega hasta el río the land o plot o lot extends as far as the river
    Compuesto:
    field, pitch ( BrE)
    Escocia perdió frente a Gales en su propio terreno (de juego) Scotland lost at home to Wales, Scotland lost to Wales despite having home-field advantage ( AmE), Scotland lost to Wales on their home ground ( BrE)
    compraron una casa con mucho terreno they bought a house with a lot of land
    C
    un terreno montañoso mountainous terrain
    los accidentes del terreno the features of the landscape o terrain
    un terreno pantanoso marshy land, a marshy terrain
    un terreno bueno para el cultivo del trigo good land o soil for growing wheat
    allanarle el terreno a algn to smooth the way o path for sb
    ceder/ganar/perder terreno to give/gain/lose ground
    estar en su (propio) terreno to be on one's own ground
    llamar a algn a terreno ( Chi fam); to pull sb up ( colloq)
    minarle or socavarle el terreno a algn to cut the ground from under sb's feet
    pisar terreno firme/peligroso to tread on safe/dangerous ground
    prepararle el terreno a algn/algo to pave the way for sb/sth
    recuperar terreno to recover lost ground
    sobre el terreno: para estudiar sobre el terreno la situación to make an on-the-spot o an in situ assessment of the situation
    iremos haciendo planes sobre el terreno we'll plan things as we go along
    tantear el terreno to see how the land lies
    2 ( Geol) terrane, terrain
    Compuestos:
    terreno abonado or propicio
    es terreno abonado or propicio para la delincuencia it is a breeding ground for crime
    es un terreno abonado or propicio para la especulación it gives rise to a great deal of speculation
    familiar ground
    para él ya es terreno conocido he's on familiar ground, it's familiar ground to him
    D (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field
    ejerció una gran influencia en el terreno de las artes he was a major influence in the arts
    * * *

     

    terreno 1
    ◊ -na adjetivo (Relig) earthly

    terreno 2 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot (AmE);


    un terreno plantado de viñas a field planted with vines;
    terreno de juego field, pitch


    2 (Geog) ( refiriéndose al relieve) terrain;
    ( refiriéndose a la composición) land, soil;

    3 (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field;

    terreno,-a
    I adjetivo terrenal
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 Geol terrain
    2 (extensión de tierra) (piece of) land, ground: quiere cultivar su terreno, he wants to cultivate his land
    tiene un terreno en Valencia, he has land in Valencia
    un terreno arenoso, a sandy soil
    3 fig (campo de acción, investigación) field, sphere
    4 Dep terreno (de juego), field, ground
    ♦ Locuciones: le gusta saber qué terreno pisa, he likes to know where he stands
    ganar/perder terreno, to gain/lose ground
    preparar el terreno, to prepare the ground
    sobre el terreno, as one goes along
    ' terreno' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acotar
    - adyacente
    - allanar
    - alta
    - alto
    - badén
    - depresión
    - elevación
    - escabrosa
    - escabroso
    - finca
    - grieta
    - inclinación
    - juego
    - margen
    - monte
    - movediza
    - movedizo
    - nacional
    - ondulada
    - ondulado
    - orientar
    - parque
    - pelada
    - pelado
    - pendiente
    - polígono
    - regar
    - reseca
    - reseco
    - revalorizar
    - salar
    - salvaje
    - sanear
    - solar
    - terrena
    - terruño
    - tierra
    - triangular
    - abrupto
    - accidentado
    - accidente
    - adaptar
    - agreste
    - alameda
    - altibajos
    - anegar
    - arbolado
    - arenoso
    - asentar
    English:
    dirt bike
    - estate
    - extend
    - feeler
    - flatten
    - foresight
    - gain
    - gain on
    - ground
    - gulley
    - gully
    - ice
    - jeep
    - level
    - lose
    - lot
    - out-of-bounds
    - parcel
    - patch
    - pitch
    - plot
    - recreation ground
    - rent
    - rugged
    - ruggedness
    - scout
    - spread
    - stretch
    - survey
    - tenure
    - terrain
    - testing ground
    - tract
    - uneven
    - unfold
    - way
    - area
    - common
    - country
    - ease
    - green
    - mostly
    - piece
    - preserve
    - property
    - province
    - reclaim
    - site
    * * *
    terreno, -a
    adj
    Formal [vida] earthly; [bienes, preocupaciones] worldly
    nm
    1. [suelo] land;
    [por su relieve] terrain; [por su composición, utilidad agrícola] soil;
    grandes extensiones de terreno large tracts of land;
    terreno montañoso/abrupto mountainous/rugged terrain;
    terreno arenoso/volcánico sandy/volcanic soil;
    el terreno era irregular the ground was uneven;
    ser terreno abonado (para algo) to be fertile ground (for sth)
    terreno agrícola farmland;
    terreno cultivable arable land;
    terreno edificable land suitable for development;
    terreno rústico land unsuitable for development;
    terreno urbanizable land suitable for development;
    terreno no urbanizable land unsuitable for development
    2. [parcela, solar] plot (of land);
    tenemos unos terrenos en el pueblo we have some land in the village
    3. [en deportes]
    terreno (de juego) field, Br pitch;
    los jugadores saltaron al terreno de juego the players came out onto the field o Br pitch
    4. [ámbito] field;
    en el terreno de la música/medicina in the field of music/medicine;
    tiene muchos problemas en el terreno personal she has a lot of problems in her private life;
    ha habido muchos avances en este terreno there have been considerable advances in this field
    5. [territorio] ground;
    estar o [m5] encontrarse en su propio terreno to be on home ground;
    estar en o [m5]pisar terreno conocido/desconocido/firme to be on familiar/unfamiliar/solid ground;
    llevar algo/a alguien a su terreno: sabe llevar las conversaciones a su terreno he knows how to steer conversations round to what interests him;
    la campeona supo llevar a su terreno a la tenista holandesa the champion was able to impose her own terms on the Dutch player;
    sabe llevar cualquier canción a su terreno he is capable of making any song his own;
    ceder terreno to give ground;
    ganar terreno to gain ground;
    le está ganando terreno a su rival he's gaining ground on his rival;
    perder terreno (ante alguien) to lose ground (to sb);
    preparar el terreno (para algo/a alguien) to pave the way (for sth/sb);
    reconocer o [m5] tantear el terreno to see how the land lies;
    sabe el terreno que pisa she knows what she is about;
    sobre el terreno: estudiar algo sobre el terreno to study something in the field;
    resolveremos los problemas sobre el terreno we'll solve the problems as we go along
    * * *
    I adj earthly, worldly
    II m land; fig
    field;
    un terreno a lot, Br a plot o
    piece of land;
    sobre el terreno in the field;
    ganar/perder terreno fig gain/lose ground;
    tantear el terreno fig see how the land lies;
    llevar a alguien a su terreno get s.o. on one’s home ground;
    pisar terreno resbaladizo fig be on slippery ground
    * * *
    1) : terrain
    2) suelo: earth, ground
    3) : plot, tract of land
    4)
    perder terreno : to lose ground
    5)
    preparar el terreno : to pave the way
    * * *
    1. (tierra) land

    Spanish-English dictionary > terreno

  • 18 terreno1

    1 = arena, land, turf, terrain, land area, ground, plot of land, piece of land.
    Ex. This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.
    Ex. Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.
    Ex. Librarians are losing the war for electronic professional turf.
    Ex. These surveyors reported on terrain character and presence of wood, water and forage, and studied Indian tribal customs and languages.
    Ex. A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex. The core of readers and borrowers of agricultural literature are pensioners wanting to improving cultivation of their small private plots of land.
    Ex. So it is important that every piece of land is divided by a boundary to show the demarcation.
    ----
    * andar por terreno peligroso = skate + on thin ice, tread on + dangerous ground.
    * andar por terreno resbaladizo = skate + on thin ice, tread on + dangerous ground.
    * caer en terreno baldío = fall on + barren ground, fall on + fallow ground.
    * caer en terreno pedregoso = fall on + stony ground.
    * ceder terreno = yield + ground, lose + ground.
    * con terrenos cedidos por el gobierno = land grant [land-grant].
    * en terreno conocido = on familiar grounds.
    * en terreno peligroso = on shaky grounds.
    * estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.
    * ganar terreno = gain + ground, make + headway.
    * gestión de terrenos = land management.
    * invadir el terreno (de Alguien) = encroach on/upon + Posesivo + domain.
    * limpiar el terreno de árboles = clear + land.
    * motocicleta todo terreno = dirt bike.
    * moverse en terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.
    * no ceder terreno = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * parcela de terreno = plot of land, piece of land.
    * perder terreno = lose + ground.
    * pisar terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * preparar el terreno = pave + the way (for/towards/to), set + the scene, clear + the path, smooth + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), lay + the groundwork for, pave + the road (for/towards/to), clear + the way.
    * preparar el terreno para = lead up to, smooth + the path of, clear + the ground for, fertilise + the ground for.
    * prueba sobre el terreno = field test, field trial.
    * sobre el terreno = on the ground.
    * tantear el terreno = put + feeler out, test + the water.
    * terreno conocido = familiar grounds.
    * terreno cultivable pequeño = croft.
    * terreno de deportes = sport arena.
    * terreno de juego = playing field, pitch.
    * terreno de pruebas = testing ground.
    * terreno desconocido = uncharted territory, uncharted waters, unchartered territory, unchartered waters.
    * terreno elevado = high ground.
    * terreno en construcción = building site.
    * terreno firme = firm ground, safe ground, solid ground.
    * terreno inhóspito = inhospitable terrain.
    * terreno maderero = timberland.
    * terreno nada fértil = stony ground.
    * terreno neutral = neutral ground.
    * terreno para construir = building site.
    * terreno pedegroso = stony ground.
    * terreno peligroso = on thin ice, slippery ground, on dangerous ground.
    * terreno poco definido = grey area [gray area].
    * terreno resbaladizo = on thin ice, slippery ground, on dangerous ground.
    * terrenos = site, landed estate, grounds.
    * terrenos de la finca = estate grounds.
    * terreno seguro = safe ground, solid ground.
    * terreno sin construir = vacant lot.
    * terrenos sin construir = vacant land.
    * vehículo todoterreno = all-terrain vehicle.
    * vencer a Alguien en su propio terreno = beat + Nombre + at + Posesivo + own game.

    Spanish-English dictionary > terreno1

  • 19 tierra2

    2 = land, ground, soil, earth, dry land [dryland].
    Ex. Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.
    Ex. A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex. This article diagnoses the information needs of those who work in the area of pollution of air, soil and earth.
    Ex. Insulation techniques helpful to energy conservation are: more use of below surface areas; the mounding of earth against outside walls; sod roofs; and the correct use of glass.
    Ex. This article describes a knowledge based geographic information system for the broad scale mapping of dryland salinity in the Western Australian wheatbelt.
    ----
    * aprovechamiento de la tierra = land use.
    * asentamiento en tierras federales = homesteading.
    * bajo tierra = underground, below surface.
    * buena tierra = good soil.
    * camino de tierra = dirt track, dirt road.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * con el suelo de tierra = dirt-floored.
    * confinado a la tierra = land-bound [landbound].
    * con los pies sobre la tierra = down-to-earth.
    * contaminación de la tierra = soil pollution.
    * corrimiento de tierra = landslide.
    * cultivar la tierra = farm + land, grow + crops.
    * dejar la tierra en barbecho = let + farmland lie fallow.
    * desaprovechamiento de la tierra = land misuse.
    * desprendimiento de tierra = landslide.
    * de tierra = onshore, earthen.
    * echar Algo por tierra = blow + Nombre + out of the water.
    * echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.
    * echar por tierra = scupper, blight, cast + a blight on.
    * echar por tierra las ilusiones = shatter + Posesivo + hopes.
    * echar por tierra los planes de Alguien = spike + Posesivo + guns.
    * echar por tierra una idea = crush + idea.
    * ejército de tierra, el = army, the [armies, pl.].
    * en la tierra = on the ground.
    * en la tierra de = in the land of.
    * en tierra = onshore, ashore.
    * en tierra firme = on dry land.
    * en tierras lejanas = outranged.
    * fertilidad de la tierra = soil fertility.
    * gestión de tierras = land management.
    * gran extensión de tierra dedicada a la cría de animales de pas = rangeland.
    * mala tierra = poor soil.
    * movimiento de tierra = earthwork.
    * nadie es profeta en su tierra = no man is a prophet in his own land.
    * pequeño propietario de tierras = yeoman farmer.
    * pies sobre la tierra = feet on the ground.
    * pista de tierra batida = clay tennis court.
    * poner los pies sobre la tierra = come down + to earth.
    * por encima de la tierra = aboveground.
    * rodeado de tierra = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].
    * sin tierras, sin propiedad rural = landless.
    * sobre la tierra = on the ground.
    * temblor de tierra = quake, earth tremor.
    * tenis sobre tierra batida = clay tennis, clay court tennis.
    * ¡Tierra a la vista! = Land ahoy!, Land ho!.
    * tierra arenosa = sandy soil.
    * tierra baldía = wasteland, moor, barren land.
    * tierra buena = good soil.
    * tierra cenagosa = loamy soil.
    * tierra cultivable = arable land.
    * tierra de cultivo = soil, farmland [farm land].
    * Tierra de Israel, la = Land of Israel, the.
    * tierra de labranza = farmland [farm land].
    * tierra de nadie = twilight zone, wilderness, no-man's land.
    * tierra de pastoreo = pasture land.
    * tierra de pastos = pasture land.
    * tierra desconocida = terra incognita.
    * tierra en barbecho = fallow land.
    * tierra fértil = sod, loam.
    * tierra firme = dry land [dryland], land mass [landmass], firm ground, solid ground.
    * tierra lejana = far off land.
    * tierra mala = poor soil.
    * tierra margosa = loamy soil.
    * tierra natal = homeland.
    * tierra prometida, la = land of cream and honey, the, promised land, the, land of milk and honey, the.
    * tierras = landed estate.
    * tierras altas = highland.
    * tierras altas escocesas = Highland.
    * tierra salvaje = wilderness.
    * Tierra Santa = Holy Land, the.
    * tierras bajas = lowlands.
    * tierras celtas, las = Celtic fringe, the.
    * tierras del sur = southland.
    * tierras mejores = greener pastures.
    * tierras movedizas = shifting sands.
    * tierras perdidas = lost lands.
    * tierra virgen = uncharted territory, uncharted waters, unchartered territory, unchartered waters.
    * toma de tierra = earthing.
    * transporte por tierra = land transport.
    * tropa de tierra = ground troop.
    * uso de la tierra = land use.
    * vasallo propietario de sus tierras = yeoman [yeomen, -pl.].
    * vehículo de tierra a motor = motor land vehicle.
    * vivir de la tierra = live off + the land.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tierra2

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

См. также в других словарях:

  • Territory of Oklahoma — Territoire de l Oklahoma Territoire de l Oklahoma et Territoire indien dans les années 1890. Le Territoire de l Oklahoma, en anglais: Oklahoma Territory est un territoire des États Unis d Amérique qui fut créé le 2 mai 1890 et cessa d… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Emergency Management Australia — (EMA) is an Australian Federal Government Agency tasked with coordinating governmental responses to emergency incidents. EMA currently sits within the Federal Attorney General s Department.Australian state and territory authorities have a… …   Wikipedia

  • AGRICULTURAL LAND-MANAGEMENT METHODS AND IMPLEMENTS IN ANCIENT EREẒ ISRAEL — Ereẓ Israel is a small country with a topographically fragmented territory, each geographical region having a distinctive character of its own. These regions include: the coastal plain, the lowlands, the hilly country, the inland valleys, the… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Emergency management — Accident preparedness redirects here. For Safety related articles, see Safety. Disaster preparedness redirects here. For other articles related to disaster preparedness, see Category:Disaster preparedness. Emergency management is the generic name …   Wikipedia

  • Free Territory — This article is about the anarchist society in revolutionary Ukraine. For other uses, see Free Territory (disambiguation). Free Territory Вільна територія ← …   Wikipedia

  • Change management (people) — Change Management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organizations from a current state to a desired future state. The current definition of Change Management includes both organizational change management processes …   Wikipedia

  • History of the Australian Capital Territory — The history of the Australian Capital Territory as a Territory of Australia began after the Federation of Australia in 1901, when it was created in law as the site for Australia s capital city Canberra. The region has a long prior history of… …   Wikipedia

  • Palmerston, Northern Territory — Infobox Australian Place | type = city name = Palmerston state = nt lga = City of Palmerston caption = Location of Palmerston in Australia pop = 27,185 (2006) pop footnotes = [cite news|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/… …   Wikipedia

  • Protected areas of the Northern Territory — The Northern Territory contains 95 separate Protected Areas with a total area of 53,505 km² (land area: 51,269 km² – 3.81% of the territory’s area). Ten of these are National parks, totalling 19,622 km² (1.46% of the territory’s… …   Wikipedia

  • Water resources management in Colombia — Colombia has a long and well established framework for water resources management. Water resources availability per capita in Colombia was 45,408 cubic meters in 2007, way above the world’s average of 8,209. The country is particularly prone to… …   Wikipedia

  • Northern Territory — For similar terms, see Northern Territories (disambiguation). Coordinates: 20°0′S 133°0′E / 20°S 133°E / 20; 133 …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»