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1 decem
decem (altind. dáça, griech. δέκα, gotisch taíhun, ahd. zehan), I) zehn, decem minae, Ter.: hominum milia decem, Caes.: exsilium decem annorum, Nep.: decem annorum peccata, Cic.: fundi decem et tres od. tres et decem, Cic.: ducenta decem quattuor milia hominum, Liv.: anni septem et decem, Plaut.: stipendium annorum decem septemque, Nep.: decem septem milia equitum, Liv.: septem decem anni, Liv.: dies decem et octo, Caes.: decem octo milia, Liv.: sociûm et Latini nominis mille decem et novem, Liv.: milia passuum decem novem, Caes.: nostri decem (die Zehn) fecerunt antiquum numerum, Vitr. – decem dies, unser »acht Tage«, Plaut. (s. Brix Plaut. trin. 402). – decem primi s. bes. – II) meton., für eine unbestimmte runde Zahl, si decem habeas linguas, Plaut. Bacch. 128: animi decem in pectore incerti certant, Plaut. merc. 345: dives amicus, saepe decem vitiis instructior, odit et horret, Hor. ep. 1, 18, 25.
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2 δέκα
δέκα, οἱ, αἱ, τά, indeclin., zehn, Latein. decem, Sansktit dacan, Gothisch taihun, Althochdeutsch zehan, s. Curtius Grundzüge der Griech. Etymol. 1, 104. Verwandt ist wohl δέχομαι (δέκομαι), δεξιός, δάκτυλος, δοχμή; nämlich »zehn« ist die Zahl der Finger; diese aber erhielten ihren Namen wohl im Griech. wie im Deutschen vom »fangen«, aufnehmen, fassen, δέχεσϑαι, δέκεσϑαι, Wurzel Δεκ-; die rechte Hand ist vorzugsweise diejenige, mit welcher man zugreift, aufnimmt, faßt, daher δεξιός. Δέκα nun also heißt wörtlich übersetzt »die Finger«, d. i. »die Fingerzahl«. Das deutsche »Finger« ist der dem Griech. δέκα zu Grunde liegenden Wurzel Δεκ-lautlich fremd und stammt von einer anderen dem Δεκ- gleichbedeutenden Wurzel; doch erscheint wohl auch im Deutschen die Wurzel Δεκ- außer im Zahlworte »zehn« oder »zehen« noch in der »Zehe«, Gothisch taihô, Althochdeursch zehâ; die »Zehen« sind die zehen Finger, die Faßglieder der Füße. – Das Wort δέκα findet sich von Homer an überall; bei Homer ist es in der Ilias weit häufiger als in der Odyssee; in letzterer findet es sich 4, 129. 9, 160. 24, 340, an allen drei Stellen als genaue Zahlbestimmung. Als Ausdruck für eine unbestimmte Vielheit in der Ilias, 2, 372. 489. 4, 347; als genaue Zahlbestimmung in der Ilias z. B. 2, 618. – Attisch bezeichnet οἱ δέκα eine Behörde, die aus zehn Personen besteht, »die Zehnmänner«, decemviri. – Bei Xen. Hell. 3, 4, 23 sind οἱ τὰ δέκα ἀφ' ἥβης, sc. ἔτη, die, welche schon 10 Jahre seit dem 20. Jahre Kriegsdienste gethan haben.
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3 HUNDRAÐ
(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).* * *n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel. -
4 tíu
num. card.* * *ч. десятьг. taíhun, д-а. tīen(e) (а. ten), д-в-н. zehan (н. zehn), ш. tio, д., нор. ti; к лат. decem, гр. déka, р. десять -
5 deich
ten, so Irish, Old Irish deich n-, Old Welsh dec, Welsh deg, Cornish dek, Breton dec, *dekn$$.; Latin decem; Greek $$G déka; Gothic taihun, English ten; Sanskrit dáçan. deicheamh, tenth, Old Irish dechmad, Welsh decvet, Cornish degves, Breton decvet, *dekm$$.meto-s (Brug.), an extension (by the superlative suffix -to-) of *dekm$$.mo-s, Latin decimus.
См. также в других словарях:
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Phonologie du gotique — Cet article traite du système phonologique et phonétique de la langue gotique. Malgré les conventions, mais pour des raisons de lisibilité, on notera les transcriptions phonologiques entre crochets droits, qui sont normalement réservés à la… … Wikipédia en Français
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dek̂m̥, dek̂m̥-t, dek̂u- (*du̯e-k̂m̥-t) — dek̂m̥, dek̂m̥ t, dek̂u (*du̯e k̂m̥ t) English meaning: ten Deutsche Übersetzung: “zehn” Note: Root dekm̂ ̥, dekm̂ ̥ t , dekû (*due̯ km̂ ̥ t): “ten” is an extended Root duō̯ (u) (*due̯ i ): “two”. The subsequent roots *u̯ī k̂m̥t… … Proto-Indo-European etymological dictionary
List of numbers in various languages — The following tables list the names and symbols for the numbers 0 through 10 in various languages and scripts of the world. Where possible, each language s native writing system is used, along with transliterations in Latin script and other… … Wikipedia
