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101 play
1. n игра; забаваa play on words — игра слов, каламбур
2. n спорт. манера, стиль игры, играfair play — игра по правилам, честная игра
foul play — игра с нарушением правил, грубая игра
cheating at play — нечестная, мошенническая игра; шулерство
3. n спорт. комбинацияtip-off play — комбинация, начинающаяся начальным броском
4. n спорт. борьба; бой5. n азартная игра6. n шуткаout of mere play — ради шутки, в шутку
7. n каламбурplay on words — игра слов, каламбур
8. n пьеса, драмаplay doctor — редактор, «спасающий» пьесу перед премьерой
to damn a play — холодно принять пьесу; провалить пьесу
9. n представление, спектакль10. n владение, умение обращаться11. n движение12. n переливы, играto play high — играть по большой; ходить с крупной карты
to play a safe game — вести верную игру, играть наверняка
play street — улица, на которой разрешено играть детям
play a double game — двурушничать; вести двойную игру
13. n свобода, простор14. n действие, деятельностьin full play — в действии, в разгаре
to call into play — приводить в действие, пускать в ход
bring into play — приводить в действие; осуществлять
call into play — приводить в действие; осуществлять
15. n действия, поведение; игра16. n диал. забастовка17. n диал. каникулы, свободное от занятий время18. n диал. ухаживание; свадебный танец19. n диал. проигрываниеthe record got scratched after a few plays — на пластинке появились царапины после того, как её несколько раз проиграли
20. n диал. «пресса», освещение в прессе21. n тех. зазор22. n тех. игра, люфт, свободный ход; шатание23. n тех. авт. болтанкаgallery play — стремление к дешёвой популярности; «работа на публику»
grandstand play — выступление, рассчитанное на эффект
24. v играть, резвиться, забавлятьсяplay the part — играть роль; начать действовать
to play gambols — прыгать, скакать, резвиться
25. v сыграть шутку; разыграть26. v шутить; дурачиться27. v каламбурить, обыгрывать значение слова28. v поступать, вести себя легкомысленноto play the hog — думать только о себе; поступать по-свински
to play the goat — вести себя глупо, валять дурака
play out — изживать себя, терять силу; исчерпать
29. v флиртовать; ухаживать, заводить любовную интрижку30. v австрал. разг. разыгрывать31. v играть, участвовать в игреto play over — переиграть; сыграть снова
32. v спорт. отбивать, подавать мячdead ball, ball out of play — мяч вне игры
33. v использовать в игре, выставлять, заявлятьillegal play — игра, запрещённая законом
34. v вводить в игруplay debt — долг из игры, обязательство из игры
35. v притворяться, прикидываться36. v поступать, действоватьto play the man — поступать, как подобает мужчине
37. v стравливать, натравливать38. v рассматривать39. v подходить для игры40. v играть в азартные игры; быть игрокомplay to the gallery — играть на "галерку"
41. v играть на тотализаторе или на скачках42. v делать ставки, ставить43. v исполнять; играть44. v исполнять, играть роль45. v сниматься; участвовать, играть46. v сопровождать музыкой47. v давать представление; исполнять пьесу48. v амер. гастролировать49. v, исполняться50. v демонстрировать51. v идтиto play an all-or-nothing game — идти ва-банк;
52. v играть, работатьhis radio is playing — у него работает играть ; вертеть
53. v играть, воспользоваться54. v порхать, носиться, танцевать55. v переливаться, играть; мелькать56. v дрожать, трепетать57. v бить58. v направлять59. v стрелять60. v приводить в действие, пускать61. v тех. иметь люфт; шататьсяside play — люфт, боковое качание
62. v диал. бастовать63. v диал. быть на каникулахto keep the goal, to play goal — стоять в воротах, быть вратарём
64. v диал. водить, вываживать65. v амер. сл. опекать, покровительствовать66. v амер. сл. сотрудничатьпомещать, располагать на определённом месте
to play the game — поступать честно, порядочно
to play a waiting game — выжидать, использовать выжидательную тактику
to play silly buggers, to play the goat — дурачиться, идиотничать
to play it by ear — принимать решение на месте; действовать в зависимости от обстоятельств
to play for time — пытаться выиграть время; тянуть время
to play to the gallery — работать на публику, искать дешёвую популярность
Синонимический ряд:1. action (noun) action; activity; exercise; motion; movement2. freedom (noun) freedom; latitude; swing3. fun (noun) amusement; disport; diversion; enjoyment; entertainment; frolic; fun; game; jest; joke; pastime; recreation; relaxation; sport; trifling4. liberty (noun) elbow-room; liberty5. performance (noun) comedy; drama; farce; melodrama; performance; piece; presentation; production; satire; show; tragedy6. room (noun) elbowroom; latitude; leeway; margin; room; scope7. trick (noun) artifice; chouse; device; feint; gambit; gimmick; jig; maneuver; manoeuvre; ploy; ruse; shenanigan; sleight; stratagem; trick; whizzer; wile8. use (noun) appliance; application; employment; exertion; operation; usage; usance; use9. act (verb) act; characterise; characterize; discourse; emulate; enact; imitate; impersonate; mimic; personate; playact10. compete (verb) compete; contend against; contend with; engage11. disport (verb) disport; recreate; sport12. do (verb) bring about; do; execute; interpret; perform; render13. fool (verb) dally; fiddle; fidget; flirt; fool; monkey; putter; tinker; toy; trifle; twiddle14. manipulate (verb) beguile; exploit; finesse; jockey; maneuver; manipulate; manoeuvre15. put (verb) bet; gamble; game; lay; lay down; post; put; put on; set; stake; wager16. romp (verb) caper; frisk; frolic; gambol; revel; romp17. run (verb) run; show18. treat (verb) deal with; employ; handle; serve; take; treat; useАнтонимический ряд:study; work -
102 train
1. n поезд; составboat train — поезд, согласованный с расписанием пароходов
slow train — поезд, идущий со всеми остановками
2. n 15 — поезд, отходящий в3. n 15wild train — поезд, идущий не по расписанию
to board the train — сесть в поезд, поехать на поезде
4. n трактор с прицепом5. n процессия, кортеж6. n караван7. n воен. обоз8. n свита, толпа9. n ряд, цепь, вереницаa train of misfortunes — цепь несчастий; полоса неудач
10. n ход, развёртывание, развитиеit was already in fair train to develop party out of faction — всё шло к превращению фракции в партию
11. n шлейф, трен12. n хвост, «шлейф»13. n хвост14. n последствиеin the train of — в результате, вследствие
15. n результаты16. n воен. тылы17. n воен. азимут18. n воен. наводка по азимуту19. n воен. серия20. n воен. последовательный ряд21. n воен. метал. прокатный стан22. n тех. зубчатая передача23. n тех. система рычагов24. n тех. воен. запал25. n тех. охот. приманка26. n тех. уст. аллюр27. v разг. ехать поездом28. v амер. разг. водить компанию; связаться29. v волочить, тащить30. v волочиться, тащиться31. v уст. притягивать, завлекать32. v воспитывать, учить, приучать33. v разг. приучать проситься34. v обучать, готовить35. v учиться, обучаться, готовиться36. v тренироватьpriority train — тренироваться в стиле "прайорити"
37. v тренироваться38. v дрессировать; объезжать39. v сад. формировать; направлятьmade up a train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
collected a train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
made up the train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
collected the train — формировал поезд; формируемый поезд
40. v воен. наводить по азимутуСинонимический ряд:1. caravan (noun) caravan; cortege; procession; promenade2. following (noun) entourage; following; retinue; suite3. railroad (noun) commuter train; freight train; locomotives and wagons; mail train; monorail; rail cars; railroad; subway; transport train4. succession (noun) alternation; arrangement; chain; consecution; course; order; ordered sequence; progression; round; row; run; sequel; sequence; series; string; succession; tail; trail5. direct (verb) address; aim; cast; direct; head; incline; lay; level; point; position; present; set; turn; zero in6. drag (verb) drag; trail7. exercise (verb) drill; exercise; get a workout; get in shape; make ready; practice; prepare; rehearse; work out8. instruct (verb) discipline; educate; enlighten; explain; give lessons; impart; instruct; master; school; teach; tutor9. lure (verb) allure; bait; decoy; entice; entrap; inveigle; lead on; lure; seduce; tempt; toll -
103 cut
1. резка, разрезка; рубка; высечка; резать, разрезать, нарезать, обрезатьcut set — разрез; сечение
2. отрезанный лист3. вырезка; сокращать, урезатьa cut from the joint — вырезка, филей
4. гравюра; гравировать5. выгравированная линия6. клише7. оттиск с клише8. ослабление9. выемка на переднем обрезеto cut down — отрезать, нарезать на части
to cut off — отрезать, обрезать
calender cuts — морщины, образующиеся при каландрировании
10. штриховая гравюра11. штриховое клише -
104 gripper
зажим; захватное устройство, захват; грейферdelivery grippers — захваты приёмного устройства, захваты цепного выводного конвейера
flat gripper — захват, фиксирующий штангу с захватами в определённом положении
master half-gripper — контрольный захват; захват, фиксирующий штангу с захватами в определённом положении
reciprocating grippers — захваты, совершающие возвратно-поступательное движение
rotary grippers — вращающиеся захваты; вращающийся форгрейфер
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105 walk
A n1 promenade f ; ( shorter) tour m ; ( hike) randonnée f ; country walk promenade dans la campagne ; morning/evening walk promenade du matin/du soir ; long walk longue or grande promenade ; short walk courte or petite promenade ; a 12 km walk une promenade de 12 km ; a hotel five minutes' walk away from the station un hôtel à cinq minutes à pied de la gare ; it's about ten minutes' walk/four hours' walk c'est environ à dix minutes à pied/à quatre heures de marche ; on the walk home en rentrant à pied à la maison ; a walk to/beside the sea une promenade jusqu'à/au bord de la mer ; to go for ou on a walk (aller) faire une promenade, se promener ; I've been out for a walk je suis sorti me promener or faire une promenade ; to have ou take a walk faire une promenade, se promener ; ( shorter) faire un tour ; to take sb for a walk emmener qn faire une promenade or ( shorter) un tour ; to take the dog for a walk promener or sortir le chien ; has the dog had his walk? est-ce qu'on a sorti le chien? ; it's a short walk to the station on est à quelques minutes à pied de la gare ; it's a long walk back to the hotel il y a une longue marche d'ici à l'hôtel ; it seemed a very long walk to the podium l'estrade avait l'air d'être très loin ;3 ( pace) pas m ; he set off at a brisk walk il est parti d'un pas vif ; to slow down to a walk se mettre à marcher (après avoir couru) ;4 ( path) gen, Hort allée f ; ( trail in forest) sentier m ; people from all walks of life des gens de tous les milieux ;6 Equit pas m.B vtr1 ( cover on foot) faire [qch] à pied [distance, path, road] ; parcourir [qch] à pied [district, countryside] ; ( patrol) parcourir ; I can't walk another step je ne peux pas faire un pas de plus ; to walk the streets [tourist] parcourir les rues ; [homeless person] errer dans les rues ; [prostitute] faire le trottoir ; to walk the ramparts/walls [soldier] arpenter les remparts/murs ; shall we take the bus or walk it? on prend le bus ou on y va à pied? ; we walked it in 20 minutes nous l'avons fait à pied en 20 minutes ; to walk it ○ Sport gagner haut la main ;2 (escort on foot, lead) accompagner [friend] ; promener [tourist] ; conduire [horse, mule etc] ; promener [dog] ; I walked her home je l'ai accompagnée chez elle ; the guide walked us all over Bonn le guide nous a promenés dans tout Bonn ; the guards walked him back to his cell les gardiens l'ont reconduit à sa cellule.C vi1 ( in general) marcher ; ( for pleasure) se promener ; ( not run) aller au pas ; ( not ride or drive) aller à pied ; the baby's learning to walk le bébé apprend à marcher ; you should be walking again soon vous devriez recommencer à marcher bientôt ; he'll never walk again il ne pourra plus jamais marcher ; to walk with a stick marcher avec une canne ; to walk with a limp/a swing boiter/se dandiner en marchant ; don't run, walk! ne cours pas, marche! ; ‘walk’ US ( at traffic lights) ≈ traversez ; it's not very far, let's walk ce n'est pas très loin, allons-y à pied ; we walked all day nous avons marché toute la journée ; we've missed the bus, we'll have to walk nous avons manqué le bus, il va falloir marcher ; we go on holiday to walk nous allons en vacances pour faire de la marche ; to walk across ou through sth traverser qch (à pied) ( see note) ; she walked across the room elle a traversé la pièce ; she walked across France elle a traversé la France à pied ; a policeman walked by un policier est passé ; he walked up/down the road il a remonté/descendu la rue (à pied) ( see note) ; we've been walking round in circles for hours nous tournons en rond depuis des heures ; someone was walking around ou about upstairs quelqu'un allait et venait à l'étage ; there's no lift, you'll have to walk up il n'y a pas d'ascenseur, tu devras monter à pied ; I'd just walked in at the door when… je venais à peine de passer la porte, quand… ; suddenly in walked my father soudain voilà que mon père est entré ; to walk in one's sleep ( habitually) être somnambule ; he was walking in his sleep il marchait en dormant ; she walks to work/home elle se rend à son travail/rentre chez elle à pied ; we walked all the way back nous avons fait tout le chemin du retour à pied ; to walk up and down faire les cent pas ; to walk up and down a room arpenter une pièce ; shall I walk with you to the bus? veux-tu que je t'accompagne au bus? ; I'll walk some of the way with you je vais faire un bout de chemin avec toi ; he walked under a bus il est passé sous un bus ; the ghost walks at midnight le fantôme apparaît à minuit ;take a walk ○ ! US dégage ○ ! ; that was a walk ○ ! US c'était simple comme bonjour ○ ! ; you must walk before you can run il ne faut pas brûler les étapes ; to walk sb off their feet mettre qn sur les rotules ○. à pied is often omitted with movement verbs if we already know that the person is on foot. If it is surprising or ambiguous, à pied should be included.■ walk across: traverser ; to walk across to sth/sb s'approcher de qch/qn ;▶ walk across [sth] traverser.■ walk around:▶ walk around lit se promener ; ( aimlessly) traîner ; you can't walk around in the rain without an umbrella tu ne peux pas traîner sous la pluie sans parapluie ;▶ walk around [sth] ( to and fro) faire un tour dans [city, streets, garden] ; ( make circuit of) faire le tour de [building, space] ; he walked around the lake il a fait le tour du lac (à pied) ; we walked around Paris for hours nous nous sommes promenés dans Paris pendant des heures.1 lit s'éloigner (from de) ;2 fig ( avoid involvement) to walk away from a problem/one's responsibilities fuir un problème/ses responsabilités ;3 fig ( survive unscathed) sortir indemne (from de) ; she walked away from the accident elle est sortie indemne de l'accident ;4 to walk away with ( win easily) gagner [qch] haut la main [game, tournament] ; remporter [qch] haut la main [election] ; ( carry off) décrocher [prize, honour] ; ⇒ walk off 2 ;■ walk back revenir sur ses pas (to jusqu'à) ; we walked back (home) nous sommes rentrés à pied.■ walk in entrer ; he simply walked in as if he owned the place il est carrément entré comme s'il était chez lui ; who should walk in but my husband! devine qui est arrivé?-mon mari! ; ‘please walk in’ ( sign) ‘entrez sans frapper’.■ walk into:▶ walk into [sth]1 ( enter) entrer dans [room, house] ; she walked into that job fig ( acquired easily) elle a eu ce poste sans lever le petit doigt ;2 ( become entangled in) tomber dans [trap, ambush] ; se fourrer dans [tricky situation] ; you walked right into that one ○ ! tu es tombé dans le panneau ○ ! ;3 ( bump into) rentrer dans [wall, door, person].■ walk off:▶ walk off1 lit partir brusquement ;▶ walk off [sth], walk [sth] off se promener pour faire passer [headache, hangover, large meal] ; she walked off eight pounds elle a perdu 4 kilos en faisant de la marche.■ walk on1 ( continue) continuer à marcher ;2 Theat être figurant.■ walk out1 lit sortir (of de) ;2 fig ( desert) [lover, partner, servant, collaborator] partir ; to walk out on laisser tomber ○ [lover, partner] ; rompre [contract, undertaking] ;3 ( as protest) [negotiator, committee member] partir en signe de protestation ; ( on strike) [workers] se mettre en grève ; they walked out of the meeting ils ont quitté la réunion en signe de protestation ;■ walk over:▶ walk over ( a few steps) s'approcher (to de) ; ( a short walk) faire un saut ○ (to à) ; he walked over to her/the window il s'est approché d'elle/de la fenêtre ; he walked over to see her/to the farm il a fait un saut pour la voir/à la ferme ;▶ walk over [sb] ○2 ( humiliate) marcher sur les pieds de ; he'll walk all over you if you let him il te marchera sur les pieds si tu le laisses faire ; he lets her walk all over him elle le mène par le bout du nez.■ walk round:▶ walk round faire le tour ; no-one answered so I walked round to the garden personne n'a répondu alors je suis passé par le jardin ;▶ walk round [sth] ( round edge of) faire le tour de [lake, stadium, garden, building] ; ( through) visiter [exhibition, historic building].■ walk through:▶ walk through lit traverser ;▶ walk through [sth]1 lit traverser [town, field, forest] ; passer [door, gate] ; marcher dans [deep snow, mud, grass] ;2 Theat répéter les déplacements de [scene, act] ; to walk sb through a scene faire répéter les déplacements d'une scène à qn.■ walk up1 to walk up to s'approcher de [person, building, object] ;2 (in market, fairground) s'approcher ; walk up, walk up! approchez, approchez! -
106 cat
cat [kæt]1 noun∎ I'm not really a cat person je n'aime pas beaucoup les chats;∎ to let the cat out of the bag révéler un secret par mégarde;∎ to be like a cat on a hot tin roof or British on hot bricks être sur des charbons ardents;∎ there isn't enough room to swing a cat il n'y a pas la place de se retourner;∎ he looked like something the cat brought or dragged in il ne ressemblait à rien;∎ has the cat got your tongue? tu as perdu ta langue?;∎ to fight like cat and dog se battre comme des chiffonniers;∎ familiar to be the cat's pyjamas être génial;∎ British to put or to set the cat among the pigeons jeter un pavé dans la mare;∎ to play (a game of) cat and mouse with sb jouer au chat et à la souris avec qn;∎ British to wait for the cat to jump or to see which way the cat will jump attendre de voir d'où vient le vent;∎ proverb when the cat's away the mice will play quand le chat n'est pas là les souris dansent;∎ proverb a cat may look at a king un chien regarde bien un évêque∎ what a cool cat! vraiment cool, ce type!►► cat burglar monte-en-l'air m inv;cat burglary vol m de nuit à l'escalade;cat door chatière f;the cat family les félidés mpl;cat flap chatière f;cat food (UNCOUNT) nourriture f pour chats;familiar cat's lick toilette f de chat, brin m de toilette;∎ to give oneself or have a cat's lick se laver le bout du nez, faire une toilette de chat;cat litter litière f (pour chats);cat litter tray bac m à litière;Radio cat's whisker chercheur m (de détecteur à galène);∎ familiar he thinks he's the cat's whiskers il se prend pour le nombril du monde -
107 nose
нос(овая часть); носок; ркт. головная частьhold the nose off — удерживать нос(овую часть) в поднятом положении; выдерживать положительный угол тангажа
hold the nose up — удерживать нос(овую часть) в поднятом положении; выдерживать положительный угол тангажа
pull the nose up — переводить (самолёт) на кабрирование, поднимать нос(овую часть)
— nose up -
108 wing
крыло; авиационное крыло, (авиа)крыло ( организационная единица) ; pl. разг. «крылья» ( нагрудный знак лётного состава) ; летать на самолёте; крыльевой60° wing — крыло с углом стреловидности 60° (по передней кромке)
75 per cent swept delta wing — треугольное крыло с углом стреловидности 75° по передней кромке
85 per cent flapped wing — крыло с закрылками на 85% размаха
cock up the wing — разг. задирать крыло вверх
give drop to a wing — уменьшать подъёмную силу крыла (на одной половине); опускать крыло
mid(-mounted, -set) wing — среднерасположенное крыло
one-sixth scale model wing — модель крыла в масштабе 1:6
shoulder(-height, -mounted) wing — высокорасположенное крыло
— aft wing— air wing— dry wing— fly wing— jet wing— top wing— wet wing— X wing -
109 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
[br]b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England[br]English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.[br]The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.Further ReadingE.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
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110 Fox, James
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. c.1760d. 1835 Derby, England[br]English machine-tool builder.[br]Very little is known about the life of James Fox, but according to Samuel Smiles (1863) he was as a young man a butler in the service of the Reverend Thomas Gisborne of Foxhall Lodge, Staffordshire. His mechanical abilities were evident from his spare-time activities in the handling of tools and so impressed his employer that he supplied the capital to enable Fox to set up a business in Derby for the manufacture of machinery for the textile and lacemaking industries. To construct this machinery, Fox had to build his own machine tools and later, in the early nineteenth century, made them for sale, some being exported to France, Germany and Poland. He was renowned for his lathes, some of which were quite large; one built in 1830 has been preserved and is 22 ft (6.7 m) long with a swing of 27 in. (69 cm). He was responsible for many improve-ments in the design of the lathe and he also built some of the earliest planing machines (the first, it has been claimed, as early as 1814) and a gear-cutting machine, although this was apparently for cutting wooden patterns for cast gears. The business was continued by his sons Joseph and James (who died in 1859 aged 69) and into the 1860s by the sons of Joseph.[br]Further ReadingS.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography, London, reprinted 1967, Newton Abbot (makes brief mention of Fox).Letters relating to the invention of the planing machine can be found in Engineer 14 (1862): 189, 204, 219, 246 and 247.His lathes are described in: R.S.Woodbury, 1961, History of the Lathe to 1850, Cleveland, Ohio; L.T.C.Rolt, 1965, Tools for the Job, London; repub. 1986; W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford.RTS -
111 Mudge, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 1715 Exeter, Englandd. 14 November 1794 Walworth, England[br]English clock-and watchmaker who invented the lever escapement that was ultimately used in all mechanical watches.[br]Thomas Mudge was the son of a clergyman and schoolmaster who, recognizing his son's mechanical aptitude, apprenticed him to the eminent London clock-and watchmaker George Graham. Mudge became free of the Clockmakers' Company in 1738 and set up on his own account after Graham's death in 1751. Around 1755 he formed a partnership with William Dutton, another apprentice of Graham. The firm produced conventional clocks and watches of excellent quality, but Mudge had also established a reputation for making highly innovative individual pieces. The most significant of these was the watch with a detached-lever escapement that he completed in 1770, although the idea had occurred to him as early as 1754. This watch was purchased by George III for Queen Charlotte and is still in the Royal Collection. Shortly afterwards Mudge moved to Plymouth, to devote his time to the perfection of the marine chronometer, leaving the London business in the hands of Dutton. The chronometers he produced were comparable in performance to those of John Harrison, but like them they were too complicated and expensive to be produced in quantity.Mudge's patron, Count Bruhl, recognized the potential of the detached-lever escapement, but Mudge was too involved with his marine chronometers to make a watch for him. He did, however, provide Bruhl with a large-scale model of his escapement, from which the Swiss expatriate Josiah Emery was able to make a watch in 1782. Over the next decade Emery made a limited number of similar watches for wealthy clients, and it was the performance of these watches that demonstrated the worth of the escapement. The detached-lever escapement took some time to be adopted universally, but this was facilitated in the nineteenth century by the development of a cheaper form, the pin lever.By the end of the century the detached-lever escapement was used in one form or another in practically all mechanical watches and portable clocks. If a watch is to be a good timekeeper the balance must be free to swing with as little interference as possible from the escapement. In this respect the cylinder escapement is an improvement on the verge, although it still exerts a frictional force on the balance. The lever escapement is a further improvement because it detaches itself from the balance after delivering the impulse which keeps it oscillating.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsClockmaker to George III 1776.Further ReadingT.Mudge, Jr, 1799, A Description with Plates of the Time-Keeper Invented by the Late Mr. Thomas Mudge, London (contains a tract written by his father and the text of his letters to Count Bruhl).C.Clutton and G.Daniels, 1986, Watches, 4th edn, London (provides further biographical information and a good account of the history of the lever watch).R.Good, 1978, Britten's Watch \& Clock Maker's Handbook Dictionary and Guide, 16th edn, London, pp. 190–200 (provides a good technical description of Mudge's lever escapement and its later development).DV -
112 room
/rum/ * danh từ - buồng, phòng =to do one's room+ thu dọn buồng =to keep one's room+ không ra khỏi phòng - cả phòng (những người ngồi trong phòng) =to set the room in a roar+ làm cho cả phòng cười phá lên - (số nhiều) căn nhà ở (có nhiều phòng) - chỗ =there is room for one more in the car+ trong xe có chỗ cho một người nữa =to take up too much room+ choán mất nhiều chỗ quá =to make (give) room for...+ nhường chỗ cho... - cơ hội, khả năng; duyên cớ, lý do =there is no room for dispute+ không có duyên cớ gì để bất hoà =there is no room for fear+ không có lý do gì phải sợ hãi =there is room for improvement+ còn có khả năng cải tiến !in the room of... - thay thế vào, ở vào địa vị... !no room to turn in !no room to swing a cat - hẹp bằng cái lỗ mũi; không có chỗ nào mà xoay trở !to prefer somebody's room to his company - thích không phải trông thấy ai; muốn cho ai đi khuất đi !I would rather have his room than his company - tôi muốn hắn ta đi cho khuất mắt; tôi muốn không phải trông thấy hắn ta * nội động từ - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ) có phòng, ở phòng cho thuê (có đủ đồ đạc) - ở chung phòng (với ai) =to room with somebody+ ở chung phòng với ai -
113 game
I[geim] n խաղ, մոլախաղ. մրզ. խաղ, հան դիպում. games մարզական խաղեր, մրցախա ղեր. a game of football ֆուտբոլի խաղ/հանդի պում. a game of chess մի պարտիա շախմատ. games of chance բախտախաղեր, մոլեխաղեր. play a good/bad game լավ/վատ խաղացող լինել. play the game խաղի կանոնները պահպա նել. փխբ. ազնիվ վարվել. make game of ծաղրել, վրան ծիծաղել. The game is up Գործը տանուլ է տված. be on one’s game ձևի մեջ լինել a game against (Ararat) հանդիպում “Արարատի” հետ. the Olympic games Օլիմպիական խաղեր. Goodwill games Բարի կամքի խաղեր. (թենիս) game set and match ( թեն.) գեյմ, սեթ և հան դի պում. play a double game կրկնակի խաղ խաղալ. beat smb at his own game մեկին իրեն զենքով հաղթել. spoil one’s game խաղը փչացնել. games խա ղեր. indoor/outdoor games ներսի/դրսի (բա ցօթյա) խաղեր. practice games մար զիչ/մարզ չա կան խաղեր. champion games առաջնության խաղեր. (հանդիպում) win/loose a game տանել, տարվել (խաղը). exciting/thrilling game հուզիչ խաղ. The game was in full swing Խաղի թեժ պահն էրII[geim] n որս. որսի թռչուն ներ/կենդա նի ներ. big game որսի խոշոր կենդանի. որսի միս. fair game թռչուններ և կենդանիներ, որոնց որսը թույլատրված է. game bag որսապարկ. game reserve արգելավայր, արգելոց. game laws որսի կանոններ. easy game փխբ. շուտ խաբվող մարդ. game for anything ամեն ինչի պատրաստ. հմկրգ. խաղ, խաղային ծրագիր. game problem խաղային խնդիր. game rule խաղի կանոն. game with inexact information ոչ լրիվ ինֆորմացիայով խաղ[geim] v մոլախաղ խաղալIV[geim] a խեղված, վնասված. a game leg խեղ ված/վնասված ոտք
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