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1 ὑφίστημι
A : [tense] aor. ὑπέστησα, [dialect] Dor.ὑπέστᾱσα Pi.O.8.26
:—Causal, place or set under, ὑποστήσαντες [τῷ χαλκηΐῳ] τρεῖς κολοσσούς having set them under it, to support it, Hdt.4.152;ὑ. προθύρῳ κίονας Pi.O.6.1
: metaph., χώραν ὑπέστᾱσε ξένοις κίονα ib.8.26: without dat., τρεῖς σταυροὺς ὑπίστησι plants three piles in the lake to support a house, Hdt.5.16;ὑ. κλῶνας X.Cyn.10.7
; , etc.: metaph., γνώμας ὑποστήσας σοφάς having laid them as a foundation, having begun with them, S.Aj. 1091;ὑ. δόλον E.
l.c.; v. infr. B.1.1.3 bring to a halt, hold up, ὑποστήσαντες (sc. τοὺς στρατιώτας)ἐν τῷ στενῷ οἱ στρατηγοί Id.An.4.1.14
(v.l. ὑποστάντες, v. infr. B. 111); ὑπέστησε τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ναῦν ἀντίπρῳρον τοῖς πολεμίοις stationed it, Plb. 1.50.6.4 give substance to, cause to subsist, 'hypostatize', Plot.6.7.40, al.; treat as subsisting,ὁ νοῦς κατὰ τὸ νοεῖν ὑφιστὰς τὸ ὄν Id.5.1.4
;ὑφίστησι μὲν τὸ ὅλον, ὑφίσταται δὲ τὰ μέρη Dam.Pr. 271
, cf. Procl. Inst.28.II [voice] Med. also in causal sense, mostly [tense] fut. and [tense] aor. 1, lay down, premise, ;ἀρχὰς ψευδεῖς ὑποστήσασθαι Plb.3.48.9
;ἐπειδὰν ὑποθέσεις εὐπεριλήπτους.. ὑποστήσωνται Id.7.7.6
.3 conceive, suppose, c. acc. et inf.,τῷ -στησαμένῳ τοὺς θεοὺς.. εἶναι Phld.D.1.17
; , cf. Heraclit.Incred.13; but the inf. is mostly omitted, , cf. 12, D.L.2.86:—[voice] Pass.,τοὺς θεούς, ἂν φρονοῦντες -σταθῶσιν Phld.D.1.7
.B [voice] Pass., with [tense] aor. 2 and [tense] pf. [voice] Act. (Hom. uses only [tense] aor. 2):— stand under as a support,ὑπεστᾶσι κολοσσοὶ.. τῇ αὐλῇ Hdt.2.153
; ;τὸ ὑφεστὸς τῷ βάρει Arist.IA 708b31
; v. supr. A. 1.1.2 sink, settle, τὸ ὑπιστάμενον the milk, opp. τὸ ἐπιστάμενον (the cream), Hdt.4.2; opp. τὸ ἐπιπολάζον, Arist.Cael. 311a17; of a sediment, deposit,ἐν οὔρῳ ψαμμώδεα ὑφίσταται Hp.Aph.4.79
, cf. Arist.Mete. 357b3; opp. ἐπιπλεῖν, Thphr. HP3.15.4; of the sun, set, Emp.48(cj.).II place oneself under an engagement, promise to do, folld. by [tense] fut. inf.,ὅσσ' Ἀχιλῆϊ.. ὑπέστημεν δώσειν Il.19.195
, cf. Hdt.9.94;θύσειν ὑπέστης παῖδα E.IA 360
(troch.), cf. Ar.V. 716(anap.), Pl.Lg. 751d; by [tense] aor.inf., (i B. C.); by [tense] pres. inf.,ὑπέστησαν ποιέειν ταῦτα Hdt.3.128
;ὑ. τὴν τάξιν ἔχειν X.Cyr.6.3.35
: the inf. is sts. omitted, ὡς.. ὑπέστην καὶ κατένευσα (sc. ἔσεσθαι) Il.4.267: abs., after promise given,Od.
3.99, cf. Il.21.457, Hdt.3.127, 9.34, Lys.19.19, X.An.4.1.26; ὤσπερ ὑπέστη as he promised, Th.4.39, 8.29: c. dat. pers., ὤς οἱ ὑπέστην as I promised him, Il.15.75: sts. with acc. of object (but an inf. may be supplied),πάντα τελευτήσεις ὅσ' ὑπέστης.. Πριάμῳ 13.375
;τρίποδας φέρον, οὕς οἱ ὑπέστη 19.243
, cf. 11.244; , cf. Od.10.483; ἦ ῥ' ἅλιον τὸν μῦθον ὑπέστημεν.., ἀπονέεσθαι vain was the promise we made.., that he would return, Il.5.715.3 c. acc. rei, submit to, consent to, ὁ τὸ ἐλάχιστον ὑπιστάμενος who offers to take the least, Hdt. 1.196; ὑ. τὸν πλοῦν undertake it unwillingly, Th.4.28;ὑ. τὸν κίνδυνον Id.2.61
, Lys.9.7, cf. Th.4.59, Isoc.3.28;ἀγῶνας Th.3.57
, OGI763.9 (Milet., ii B. C.); ; ; ;ἀπεχθείας Plu.Them.3
;πόλεμον Plb. 1.6.7
, Alciphr.3.45; πράγματα ib.61;τὴν πρᾶξιν Plu.Pel.8
;τὸν ἆθλον Luc.Rh.Pr.24
: also c. inf., consent, bring oneself to,οὔ τίς με.. ὑπέστη σαῶσαι Il.21.273
;πᾶν ἂν ὑποστὰς εἰπεῖν D.21.114
; ὑ. ἐξαπατᾶν τινα Id. 19.69: abs., submit patiently, Id.Prooem.5.1; ὑφίστασθαι συμβαίνει τὸν κερατοειδῆ the cornea yields (to pressure), Aët.7.36.b undertake an office,τὴν ἀρχήν X.An.6.1.19
,31;γυμνασιαρχίαν IG5(1).535.12
([place name] Sparta), cf. OGI494.6 (Milet., ii A. D.); ὑφέστη (sic)τὴν στρατηγίαν SIG876.6
(Smyrna, ii/iii A. D.), cf. Plu.Cam.37: alsoἐθελοντὴν ὑποστῆναι τριήραρχον Lys.29.7
;χορηγὸς ὑπέστην D.21.69
; ἐμὲ τοῦ λόγου διάδοχον.. ὑποστάντα PlPhlb.19a; poet.,ὑπέστης αἵματος δέκτωρ A.Eu. 204
: metaph., ψυχὴν Τέλητος ὑπέστης, i. e. you promised to be as brave as T., Hermipp.46 (anap.).c make an offer in a public auction, ἔδοξεν.. μοι μηθὲν ὑποστῆναι I decided to make no bid, commit myself to nothing, PCair.Zen.371.9 (iii B.C.), cf. PMich.Zen. 60.10 (iii B. C.); δώδεκα ἀρταβῶν ὑπέστη he undertook (to supply the produce) of 12 artabae, ib. 36.5 (iii B.C.), cf. PCair.Zen.199.4 (iii B.C.), PEleph.21.16 (iii B.C.); ὑφίστατο.. τάξεσθαι ἑκάστου πήχεως [x] PTheb. Bank 1.2 (ii B. C.); οὐ δυνόμενος ( = -άμενος)οὐκέτι ὑποστῆναι τὴν γεωργίαν Sammelb.7468.11
(iii A. D.).d ὑπέστη πολλὰς ἀπορίας laid himself open to many doubts, Plot.3.6.12.III lie concealed or in ambush, Hdt.8.91, E.Andr. 1114, v.l. in X.An.4.1.14; v. supr. A. 1.2,ὑφίημι 1.3
, ὑφεῖσα.IV resist, withstand, c. dat., A.Pers.87 (lyr.), X.An.3.2.11, HG7.5.12:ξυμφοραῖς ταῖς μεγίσταις ὑ. Th.2.61
, cf. E.HF 1349: c. acc., Id.Cyc. 200, Rh. 375 (lyr.), Th.1.144, Plb.9.35.1: abs., stand one's ground, face the enemy, E.Ph. 1470, Th.4.54, 8.68, Plb.4.80.5; opp. φεύγω, X.Cyr.4.2.31, Plu.Demetr.25; ὑποστᾰθείς, opp. φεύγων, E.Rh. 315; of clouds, opp. προωθεῖσθαι, Arist.Pr. 940b36.2 subsist, exist (cf.ὑπόστασις B.
III),κατ' ἰδίαν ὑφεστώς Arist.Fr. 188
;ὑφέστηκε τό τε ὁρᾶν ἡμᾶς καὶ ἀκούειν ὥσπερ τὸ ἀλγεῖν Epicur.Fr.36
;τὸ ὑφεστηκὸς τέλος Id.Sent.22
, cf. Diog.Oen.5, Arr.Epict.3.7.6;ἐκ τοῦ μηκέτ' ὄντος μηδ' ὑφεστῶτος Plu.2.829c
, cf. Luc.Par.27; τὸ παρῳχημένον τοῦ χρόνου καὶ τὸ μέλλον οὐχ ὑπάρχειν ἀλλ' ὑφεστηκέναι φησί (sc. Χρύσιππος) Stoic.2.165; the Stoic distinction betw. τὸ ὄν and τὸ ὑφεστός is pettifogging acc. to Gal.10.155 (= Stoic.2.115); business in hand,Plb.
6.14.5.b ὑφεστηκότος παρὰ τῷ ταμίᾳ κατ' ἰδίαν λόγου the treasurer having a special bank-account, IG12(9).236.64 (Eretria, ii B.C.);τὸ ἥμισσυ ἀναπεμπόντω ἐπὶ τὰν δαμοσίαν τράπεζαν ἐς τὸν ὑφεστᾱκότα τᾶς θεοῦ λόγον Arch.f.Religionswiss. 10.211
(Cos, ii B.C.); ὑποστησαμένους λόγον πόλεως τῶν.. χρημάτων ἐγγράφεσθαι τὸ διδόμενον they shall open a municipal account (entitled) 'the.. fund' and place this gift to its credit, SIG577.13 (Milet., iii/ii B.C.).V ἡ κοιλία ὑφίσταται the bowels are costive, lit., are obstructed or stopped, Plu.2.134e.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὑφίστημι
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2 ἔρεισμα
A prop, stay, support,σκῆπτρα, χειρὸς ἐρείσματα E.HF 254
; ἀμφὶ βάκτροις ἔρεισμα θέμενος,=ἐρεισάμενος, ib. 108: in pl., stays of a house, Pl.Lg. 793c ; props to keep a boat on shore upright (cf. ἕρμα), Theoc.21.12 ; ἁμμάτων ἐ. strong knots, E.HF 1036 (lyr.); of the legs which support the body, Arist.PA 689b19, IA 708b15 ; of the framework of the body, Id.PA 655a25, cf. HA 532b3 ; of food,ἀμβροσία γαστρὸς ἔ. λεπτῆς Arch.Pap.8.256
.2 metaph., of a person, Θήρων' ἔ. Ἀκράγαντος pillar of Agrigentum, Pi.O.2.6 ;Ἑλλάδος ἔ. κλειναὶ Ἀθᾶναι Id.Fr.76
, cf. Luc.Dem.Enc.10, Tim.50 ; ἔ. Ἀθηνῶν, of the (future) tomb of Oedipus, S.OC58.b of good fortune,εἰς ἀπροσδόκητον ἔ. καταντῶσιν Vett.Val.333.30
.II contusion, Hp.Fract.11.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἔρεισμα
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3 τόξον
τόξον, τό,A bow, Il.4.124, etc.: freq. in pl. τόξα for sg., , al., cf. Pi.P.3.101, S.Ph. 654; sts. in Prose, Heraclit. 51, Hdt.2.106, PEleph.5.8 (iii B. C.); ἐτιταίνετο.. τόξα drew the bow, Il.5.97; alsoτόξον τιταίνει B.9.43
; τόξον ἕλκετ' (v.l. εἷλκεν) Il.11.582;τόξου πῆχυν ἀνέλκειν 13.583
; τόξον τείνειν, ἐντείνειν, A.Ag. 364 (anap.), Fr.83;τ... ἐντανύσαι Od.21.245
, cf. Hdt.2.173;κυκλοτερὲς μέγα τ. ἔτεινε Il.4.124
, cf. E.Ba. 1066; τόξου ῥῦμα (i.e. the Persians, the bow being an oriental weapon), opp. λόγχης ἰσχύς (i.e. the Greeks), A.Pers. 147 (anap.).3 bowmanship, archery,τόξων ἐῢ εἰδώς Il.2.718
, al.;τόξοισιν πίσυνος 5.205
, cf. 13.716;ἡ τέχνη τῶν τ. Hdt.1.73
;πρὸς τόξου κρίσιν S.Tr. 266
; τόξῳ (sc. νικῶν) SIG1061.10 (Samos, ii B. C.).II in pl. also, bow and arrows,τόξα πεπτεῶτ' ἄλλυδις ἄλλα Il.21.502
, cf. Hdt.3.78, S.Ph.68, al.; sts. in pl. for the arrows only, ib. 652, Pl.Lg. 815a.III metaph., τόξα ἡλίου its rays, E.HF 1090; ἀμπελίνοις τόξοις δαμέντες, of the effects of wine, Pi.Fr. 218;τόξον μερίμνης Trag.Adesp.354
; κότταβος.. ὃν σκοπὸν ἐς λατάγων τόξα καθιστάμεθα for shooting of liquor from the cup, Critias 2.2.2 arch, AP9.694.3 curved support, cradle used in amputations, Archig. ap. Orib.47.13.6; part of a carriage or cart, PPetr.2p.133, 3p.144 (iii B. C.). -
4 σκηνοποιός
σκηνοποιός, οῦ, ὁ① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.
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