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1 характер угрозы
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > характер угрозы
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2 Festigkeit
f; nur Sg.1. PHYS., TECH. strength, resistance; eines Gewebes: strength; eines Knotens: tightness; von Eis, Zement etc.: firmness2. WIRTS. firmness, stability; POL. stability* * *die Festigkeitfirmness; fastness; solidness; staunchness; fixedness* * *Fẹs|tig|keit ['fɛstɪçkait]f -, no pl(von Material) strength; (fig) steadfastness; (von Meinung) firmness; (von Stimme) steadinessdie Festigkeit seines Charakters — his moral strength, his strength of character
* * *die1) solidity2) solidness3) steadiness* * *Fes·tig·keit<->[ˈfɛstɪçkait]1. (Stabilität) strength2. (Unnachgiebigkeit, Entschlossenheit) resoluteness, steadfastnessmit \Festigkeit auftreten to appear resolute3. (Standhaftigkeit) firmnessdie \Festigkeit von jds Glauben sb's firm belief* * *die; Festigkeit1) (Entschlossenheit) firmness2) (Standhaftigkeit) steadfastness; resolution3) (von Stoffen) strength* * *1. PHYS, TECH strength, resistance; eines Gewebes: strength; eines Knotens: tightness; von Eis, Zement etc: firmness2. WIRTSCH firmness, stability; POL stability* * *die; Festigkeit1) (Entschlossenheit) firmness2) (Standhaftigkeit) steadfastness; resolution3) (von Stoffen) strength* * *f.firmness n.fixedness n.solidness n.staunchness n.strength n.tightness n. -
3 firmeza
f.1 firmness (fortaleza, solidez).2 solidity.3 resolution.4 single-mindedness, singleness of purpose.5 fastness.* * *1 firmness, steadiness* * *SF1) [del terreno] firmness2) [de carácter, convicciones] strength, firmness* * *a) ( de convicciones) strengthb) ( del terreno) firmness* * *= firmness, steadiness, sureness, sturdiness.Ex. To implement this policy without creating resentment requires firmness and sensitivity.Ex. As the sobbing abated, the secretary's voice regained some steadiness.Ex. In other words, to make sense of life-situations and to make intelligent decisions when we meet them, we need to have pondered the various possibilities either before the situations arise or with speed and sureness when they arise.Ex. The life of military brats is a 'mixed bag': they're worldly and sophisticated, which civilians might label as ' sturdiness'.----* con firmeza = assertively, resolutely, firmly, unshakably, staunchly.* * *a) ( de convicciones) strengthb) ( del terreno) firmness* * *= firmness, steadiness, sureness, sturdiness.Ex: To implement this policy without creating resentment requires firmness and sensitivity.
Ex: As the sobbing abated, the secretary's voice regained some steadiness.Ex: In other words, to make sense of life-situations and to make intelligent decisions when we meet them, we need to have pondered the various possibilities either before the situations arise or with speed and sureness when they arise.Ex: The life of military brats is a 'mixed bag': they're worldly and sophisticated, which civilians might label as ' sturdiness'.* con firmeza = assertively, resolutely, firmly, unshakably, staunchly.* * *A1 (de convicciones) strengthsu firmeza de carácter es admirable her strength of character is admirablerehusó con firmeza la invitación he firmly declined the invitation2 (del terreno) firmnessB( feminine) steady girlfriendes firmeza para el trago he likes his drink ( colloq)* * *
firmeza sustantivo femenino
firmeza sustantivo femenino firmness
' firmeza' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
decisión
- energía
- entereza
- inseguridad
- inseguro
- pulso
- voluntad
English:
exception
- firmness
- resolve
- self-assertiveness
- single-mindedness
- steadfastness
- steadiness
- firmly
* * *firmeza nf1. [fortaleza, solidez] firmness;[de construcción] stability2. [de argumento] solidity3. [de carácter, actitud] firmness;defendió con firmeza su postura he firmly defended his stance* * *f firmness* * *firmeza nf1) : firmness, stability2) : strength, resolve* * *firmeza n strength -
4 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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5 הויה
הֲוָיָה, הֲוָויָה, הֲוָיָיהf. (preced.) 1) existence, status, condition, stability. Ab. Zar.54b (ref. to תהיה, Lev. 25:12) בהַוְיָיתָהִּ תהא it shall remain in its status. Y.Ber.II, 4d bot. (ref. to והיו, Deut. 6:6) כדרך הַוְיָיתָן יהו they shall remain (be read) in the order in which they stand. Y.Shek.IV. 48b top שתהאה׳ בקודש that it must retain its sacred character. Cant. R. to VI, 4 (ref. to והיו, Num. 7:5) נתן להםה׳ he gave them stability; Num. R. s. 12, end ניתן להםה׳ (read ניתנה). M. Kat. 15a הויה the use of the word היה in the Biblical text; Men.28a; a. e.Esp. (with ref. to והיתה לאיש, Deut. 24:2, v. הָיָה Pl.) legal status of marriage, Kidd.5a מקישה׳ ליציאהוכ׳ the text puts entrance into marriage on an equality with going out (divorce), as divorce takes place by means of a deed, so may marriage be contracted Yeb.13b (ref. to לא תהיה, Deut. 25:5) לא תהיה בהה׳ לזר she shall have no legal status with another man; Y. ib. I, 2c bot. לא תהא להה׳וכ׳ (not יהא); a. fr.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת, הֲוָו׳. Keth.46b, a. e. איתקושה׳ להדדי the various modes of entrance into marriage correspond to each other. 2) הֲ׳, or הַוָּיָה (v. preced. Pa.) discussion, argument. Y.Maasr.II, 49d bot. הוו׳ דר׳ מנא the result of a discussion stated by R. M.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת or הַוָּ׳. Succ.28a ה׳ דאבייוכ׳ (Ms. M. sing.) arguments raised by A. ; B. Bath. 134a (Ms. H. sing., Ms. R. הַוָּיֵי; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 40). -
6 הוויה
הֲוָיָה, הֲוָויָה, הֲוָיָיהf. (preced.) 1) existence, status, condition, stability. Ab. Zar.54b (ref. to תהיה, Lev. 25:12) בהַוְיָיתָהִּ תהא it shall remain in its status. Y.Ber.II, 4d bot. (ref. to והיו, Deut. 6:6) כדרך הַוְיָיתָן יהו they shall remain (be read) in the order in which they stand. Y.Shek.IV. 48b top שתהאה׳ בקודש that it must retain its sacred character. Cant. R. to VI, 4 (ref. to והיו, Num. 7:5) נתן להםה׳ he gave them stability; Num. R. s. 12, end ניתן להםה׳ (read ניתנה). M. Kat. 15a הויה the use of the word היה in the Biblical text; Men.28a; a. e.Esp. (with ref. to והיתה לאיש, Deut. 24:2, v. הָיָה Pl.) legal status of marriage, Kidd.5a מקישה׳ ליציאהוכ׳ the text puts entrance into marriage on an equality with going out (divorce), as divorce takes place by means of a deed, so may marriage be contracted Yeb.13b (ref. to לא תהיה, Deut. 25:5) לא תהיה בהה׳ לזר she shall have no legal status with another man; Y. ib. I, 2c bot. לא תהא להה׳וכ׳ (not יהא); a. fr.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת, הֲוָו׳. Keth.46b, a. e. איתקושה׳ להדדי the various modes of entrance into marriage correspond to each other. 2) הֲ׳, or הַוָּיָה (v. preced. Pa.) discussion, argument. Y.Maasr.II, 49d bot. הוו׳ דר׳ מנא the result of a discussion stated by R. M.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת or הַוָּ׳. Succ.28a ה׳ דאבייוכ׳ (Ms. M. sing.) arguments raised by A. ; B. Bath. 134a (Ms. H. sing., Ms. R. הַוָּיֵי; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 40). -
7 הֲוָיָה
הֲוָיָה, הֲוָויָה, הֲוָיָיהf. (preced.) 1) existence, status, condition, stability. Ab. Zar.54b (ref. to תהיה, Lev. 25:12) בהַוְיָיתָהִּ תהא it shall remain in its status. Y.Ber.II, 4d bot. (ref. to והיו, Deut. 6:6) כדרך הַוְיָיתָן יהו they shall remain (be read) in the order in which they stand. Y.Shek.IV. 48b top שתהאה׳ בקודש that it must retain its sacred character. Cant. R. to VI, 4 (ref. to והיו, Num. 7:5) נתן להםה׳ he gave them stability; Num. R. s. 12, end ניתן להםה׳ (read ניתנה). M. Kat. 15a הויה the use of the word היה in the Biblical text; Men.28a; a. e.Esp. (with ref. to והיתה לאיש, Deut. 24:2, v. הָיָה Pl.) legal status of marriage, Kidd.5a מקישה׳ ליציאהוכ׳ the text puts entrance into marriage on an equality with going out (divorce), as divorce takes place by means of a deed, so may marriage be contracted Yeb.13b (ref. to לא תהיה, Deut. 25:5) לא תהיה בהה׳ לזר she shall have no legal status with another man; Y. ib. I, 2c bot. לא תהא להה׳וכ׳ (not יהא); a. fr.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת, הֲוָו׳. Keth.46b, a. e. איתקושה׳ להדדי the various modes of entrance into marriage correspond to each other. 2) הֲ׳, or הַוָּיָה (v. preced. Pa.) discussion, argument. Y.Maasr.II, 49d bot. הוו׳ דר׳ מנא the result of a discussion stated by R. M.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת or הַוָּ׳. Succ.28a ה׳ דאבייוכ׳ (Ms. M. sing.) arguments raised by A. ; B. Bath. 134a (Ms. H. sing., Ms. R. הַוָּיֵי; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 40). -
8 הֲוָויָה
הֲוָיָה, הֲוָויָה, הֲוָיָיהf. (preced.) 1) existence, status, condition, stability. Ab. Zar.54b (ref. to תהיה, Lev. 25:12) בהַוְיָיתָהִּ תהא it shall remain in its status. Y.Ber.II, 4d bot. (ref. to והיו, Deut. 6:6) כדרך הַוְיָיתָן יהו they shall remain (be read) in the order in which they stand. Y.Shek.IV. 48b top שתהאה׳ בקודש that it must retain its sacred character. Cant. R. to VI, 4 (ref. to והיו, Num. 7:5) נתן להםה׳ he gave them stability; Num. R. s. 12, end ניתן להםה׳ (read ניתנה). M. Kat. 15a הויה the use of the word היה in the Biblical text; Men.28a; a. e.Esp. (with ref. to והיתה לאיש, Deut. 24:2, v. הָיָה Pl.) legal status of marriage, Kidd.5a מקישה׳ ליציאהוכ׳ the text puts entrance into marriage on an equality with going out (divorce), as divorce takes place by means of a deed, so may marriage be contracted Yeb.13b (ref. to לא תהיה, Deut. 25:5) לא תהיה בהה׳ לזר she shall have no legal status with another man; Y. ib. I, 2c bot. לא תהא להה׳וכ׳ (not יהא); a. fr.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת, הֲוָו׳. Keth.46b, a. e. איתקושה׳ להדדי the various modes of entrance into marriage correspond to each other. 2) הֲ׳, or הַוָּיָה (v. preced. Pa.) discussion, argument. Y.Maasr.II, 49d bot. הוו׳ דר׳ מנא the result of a discussion stated by R. M.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת or הַוָּ׳. Succ.28a ה׳ דאבייוכ׳ (Ms. M. sing.) arguments raised by A. ; B. Bath. 134a (Ms. H. sing., Ms. R. הַוָּיֵי; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 40). -
9 הֲוָיָיה
הֲוָיָה, הֲוָויָה, הֲוָיָיהf. (preced.) 1) existence, status, condition, stability. Ab. Zar.54b (ref. to תהיה, Lev. 25:12) בהַוְיָיתָהִּ תהא it shall remain in its status. Y.Ber.II, 4d bot. (ref. to והיו, Deut. 6:6) כדרך הַוְיָיתָן יהו they shall remain (be read) in the order in which they stand. Y.Shek.IV. 48b top שתהאה׳ בקודש that it must retain its sacred character. Cant. R. to VI, 4 (ref. to והיו, Num. 7:5) נתן להםה׳ he gave them stability; Num. R. s. 12, end ניתן להםה׳ (read ניתנה). M. Kat. 15a הויה the use of the word היה in the Biblical text; Men.28a; a. e.Esp. (with ref. to והיתה לאיש, Deut. 24:2, v. הָיָה Pl.) legal status of marriage, Kidd.5a מקישה׳ ליציאהוכ׳ the text puts entrance into marriage on an equality with going out (divorce), as divorce takes place by means of a deed, so may marriage be contracted Yeb.13b (ref. to לא תהיה, Deut. 25:5) לא תהיה בהה׳ לזר she shall have no legal status with another man; Y. ib. I, 2c bot. לא תהא להה׳וכ׳ (not יהא); a. fr.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת, הֲוָו׳. Keth.46b, a. e. איתקושה׳ להדדי the various modes of entrance into marriage correspond to each other. 2) הֲ׳, or הַוָּיָה (v. preced. Pa.) discussion, argument. Y.Maasr.II, 49d bot. הוו׳ דר׳ מנא the result of a discussion stated by R. M.Pl. הֲוָיוֹת or הַוָּ׳. Succ.28a ה׳ דאבייוכ׳ (Ms. M. sing.) arguments raised by A. ; B. Bath. 134a (Ms. H. sing., Ms. R. הַוָּיֵי; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 40). -
10 funts
[from Proven.] iz.1.a. ( muina) essence, gist; korapiloaren \funtsa the essence of the complication; zoaz \funtsera eta ikusiko duzu berdintsuak direla get to the bottom of it all and you'll see they're about the sameb. ( oinarria) basis, foundation; zer \funts du teoria honek? what is the basis of this theory?; euskara \funtsetik daki he knows Basque through and throughc. ( zergati, arrazoi) grounds, reason; horrek ez du \funtsik that is groundless | that's completely unjustified; \funtsik gabe unjustifiably | needlessly; \funts gabeko uste groundless conviction| baseless conviction2. ( p.)a. steadfastness, stability, foundation; \funtsak joanak ditu he's batty |he's off his rocker (USA) |he's barmy (GB)b. ( formaltasuna, seriotasuna) formal nature, formality, express characterc. ( izaera) disposition, nature; Haren izatearen \funts guztia ezagutzeko gai bagina if we were capable of knowing the nature of His being3. (I) ( ezarritako kapitala) capital investment; diru-maileguaren \funtsa eta korritua the capital loan and interesta. grounds, real estateb. land, landed property; \funts ederretan bizi dira they live on beautiful property5. ( tutik) ez du \funtsrik egin he hasn't done a thing6. Fil. base, foundation -
11 мера мер·а
1) (действие) measure, move, stepосуществлять меры — to carry out / to implement measures
предпринимать / принимать меры — to take measures / steps / actions, to make arrangements
прибегать к каким-л. мерам — resort to some measures
антиинфляционные меры, меры по борьбе с инфляцией — antiinflationary / antiinflation measures
бюджетные / финансовые меры — fiscal measures
временные меры — interim / temporary measures
высшая мера наказания — supreme / death penalty, capital punishment; last sanctions of the law
дисциплинарные меры — disciplinary actions / measures
жёсткие меры — strict / strong measures
карательные меры — punitive measures, vindictive actions
корректировочные меры, меры по урегулированию — adjustment measures
надлежащие / соответствующие меры — adequate / appropriate / due / proper measures / steps / actions
немедленные меры — prompt actions / measures / steps
неотложные / первоочередные меры — high priority measures
ограниченные меры — limited / restrictive measures / arrangements
правовые и административные меры по сохранению качества окружающей среды — legal and administrative measures for protecting environmental quality
предварительные меры — preliminary / provisional measures / steps
радикальные меры — drastic / radical measures
решительные меры — drastic / decisive / firm / resolute / tough / strong measures
своевременные меры — timely measures / steps
совместные меры — cooperative / joint measures
согласованные меры — agreed / agreed-upon measures
срочные меры — high-priority / urgent measures
строгие меры — rigorous / severe measures
чрезвычайные меры — extraordinary / emergency measures
энергичные меры — active / vigorous measures
эффективные меры — effective / effectual measures
меры безопасности / по обеспечению безопасности — safetyjmeasures
переговоры по мерам по укреплению доверия — negotiations / talks on confidence-building measures
меры, исключающие обход / нарушение условий договора / соглашения — measures to safeguard against circumvention
меры, касающиеся процедурных вопросов — procedural measures
меры, несовместимые с обязательствами — measure derogating from (one's) obligations
меры по контролю — control / verification measures
мера по нормированию / распределению — rationing arrangements
меры по ограничению и сокращению обычных / неядерных вооружений — nonnuclear disarmament measures
меры по оказанию помощи гражданскому населению — relief actions for the benefit of the civilian population
меры по предотвращению возможного обхода (соглашения) — measures to safeguard against circumvention, noncircumvention measures
меры по проверке (выполнения соглашения) — verification measures, measures of verification
меры по разоружению — disarmament measures, measures of disarmament
частичные меры по разоружению — partial disarmament measures, partial measures of disarmament
"пакет" мер по разоружению — package of disarmament measures
мера по укреплению стабильности — stabilizing measures, measures to enhance stability
мера предосторожности — safeguard / precautionary measures
меры принуждения — measures of enforcement / compulsion
меры, причиняющие вред — harmful measures
меры, связанные с чем-л. — associated measures
2) (величина) measure -
12 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
[br]b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USAd. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England[br]American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.[br]Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.Bibliography1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).Further ReadingObituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.See also: Pilcher, Percy SinclairCM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
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13 ликвидация ядерной угрозы
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > ликвидация ядерной угрозы
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14 ликвидировать угрозу
1. eliminating the threat2. eliminate the threatРусско-английский военно-политический словарь > ликвидировать угрозу
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15 ликвидирующий угрозу
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > ликвидирующий угрозу
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16 масштаб ядерной угрозы
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > масштаб ядерной угрозы
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17 отвечающий на угрозу
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > отвечающий на угрозу
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18 угроза
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19 ядерная угроза
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > ядерная угроза
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20 под угрозой
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > под угрозой
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