-
21 winding
1) намотка2) обмотка4) виток; оборот5) поворот; изгиб-|| изогнутый; искривлённый6) спиральный•- bank winding
- banked winding
- bar winding
- basket winding
- bias winding
- bifilar winding
- bit winding
- bit-plane winding
- bit-sense winding
- bit-write winding
- bucking winding
- cage winding
- center-tapped winding
- chain winding
- coil winding
- commutating winding
- compensation winding
- concentrated winding
- control winding
- core plane winding
- cosine winding
- counter winding
- crisscross winding
- crisscross coil winding
- current winding
- Curtis winding
- cylindrical winding
- damper winding
- damping winding
- dc winding
- delay winding
- diamond winding
- differential winding
- digit winding
- digit-plane winding
- double winding
- drive winding
- drum winding
- duplex lap winding
- duplex wave winding
- exciting winding
- feedback winding
- field winding
- filament winding
- fractional-pitch winding
- frog-leg winding
- full-pitch winding
- gate winding
- Gramme winding
- herring-bone winding
- high-voltage winding
- holding winding
- honeycomb winding
- inhibit winding
- input winding
- interrogate winding
- lap winding
- layer winding
- long-pitch winding
- low-voltage winding
- magnet winding
- multiplex lap winding
- multiplex wave winding
- noninductive winding
- output winding
- parallel winding
- pie winding
- plate winding
- power winding
- preformed winding
- primary winding
- print winding
- push-through winding
- random winding
- read winding
- read-out winding
- reentrant winding
- regulating winding
- relay winding
- reset winding
- ring winding
- rotor winding
- secondary winding
- sense winding
- sense-digit winding
- series winding
- set winding
- shift winding
- short-pitch winding
- shunt winding
- signal winding
- simplex lap winding
- simplex wave winding
- single-layer winding
- spiral winding
- split winding
- split-throw winding
- stabilized winding
- starting winding
- stator winding
- superconducting winding
- tapped winding
- toroidal winding
- transformer winding
- waffle winding
- waffle-type winding
- wave winding
- Wenner winding
- write winding
- write-digital winding -
22 winding
1. n извилина, изгиб; поворот2. n наматывание; намотка, перемоткаin winding — свитый, скрученный
3. n эл. обмотка4. n горн. выдача на поверхность5. a извилистый; вьющийся; петляющий; зигзагообразный6. a витой, спиральныйspiral winding — спиральная намотка; волновая обмотка
Синонимический ряд:1. crooked (adj.) bending; bent; bowed; crooked; curved; hooked2. meandering (adj.) anfractuous; circuitous; convoluted; flexuous; meandering; meandrous; serpentine; sinuous; snaky; spiraling; tortuous; turning; twisting3. blowing (verb) blowing; fanning; ruffling; winnowing4. deforming (verb) contorting; deforming; distorting; misshaping; torturing; warping5. winding (verb) coiling; curling; entwining; meandering; snaking; spiraling or spiralling; spiralling; twining; twisting; weaving; winding; wreathing6. worming (verb) edge in; foisting; infiltrating; insinuating; worming -
23 winding
spiral winding — спиральная намотка; волновая обмотка
-
24 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) snoet; spiral-2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) snoet2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) hastig stigning; styrtdyk2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spiral3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) stige voldsomt- spirally* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) snoet; spiral-2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) snoet2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) hastig stigning; styrtdyk2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spiral3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) stige voldsomt- spirally -
25 spiral
1. adjectivespiralförmig; spiralig2. nounSpirale, die3. intransitive verbthe spiral of rising prices and wages — die Lohn-Preis-Spirale
(Brit.) - ll- [Weg:] sich hochwinden; [Kosten, Profite:] in die Höhe klettern; [Rauch:] in einer Spirale aufsteigen* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) gewunden, Wendel-...2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) Spiral-...2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) die Spirale2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) die Spirale3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) sich hoch-,niederschrauben- academic.ru/91941/spirally">spirally* * *spi·ralI. n Spirale fdownward \spiral of prices, profits Abwärtsspirale fthe economy is in an inflationary [or wage-price] \spiral die Wirtschaft befindet sich in einer Inflationsspirale [o Lohn-Preis-SpiraleII. adj attr, inv spiralförmigIII. vi1. (move up) sich akk hochwinden; smoke, hawk spiralförmig aufsteigen; airplane sich akk in die Höhe schrauben\spiral downwards spiralförmig absteigen; plane zu Boden trudeln\spiralling inflation eine sich spiralartig entwickelnde Inflationto \spiral downwards sich akk spiralförmig nach unten bewegen* * *['spaIərəl]1. adjspiralförmig, spiralig; shell also gewunden; spring Spiral-; movement, descent in Spiralen Spirale fprice/inflationary spiral — Preis-/Inflationsspirale f
3. visich (hoch)winden; (smoke also, missile etc) spiralförmig or in einer Spirale aufsteigen; (prices) (nach oben) klettern* * *spiral [ˈspaıərəl]A adj (adv spirally)1. gewunden, schrauben-, schneckenförmig, spiral, Spiral…:spiral balance (Spiral)Federwaage f;spiral conveyor → B 3 a;spiral galaxy → B 5;spiral nebula obs → B 5;spiral spring → B 3 b;spiral staircase Wendeltreppe f2. MATH spiralig, Spiral…B s1. a) Spirale fb) Windung f (einer Spirale)2. MATH Spirale f:spiral of Archimedes archimedische Spirale3. TECHa) Förderschnecke fb) Spiralfeder f4. ELEKa) Spule f, Windung fb) Wendel m (bei Glühlampen)5. ASTRON Spiralnebel m6. FLUG Spirale f, Spiralflug m7. WIRTSCH (Lohn-, Preis- etc) Spirale fC v/t prät und pperf -raled, besonders Br -ralled1. spiralig machenD v/i* * *1. adjectivespiralförmig; spiralig2. nounspiral spring — Spiralfeder, die
Spirale, die3. intransitive verb(Brit.) - ll- [Weg:] sich hochwinden; [Kosten, Profite:] in die Höhe klettern; [Rauch:] in einer Spirale aufsteigen* * *adj.gewunden adj.schneckenförmig adj.schraubenförmig adj.spiralförmig adj. n.Schneckenlinie -n f.Spirale -n f. -
26 spiral
1. n спираль, предмет спиральной формы2. n виток3. n астр. спиральная галактика, спиральspiral binding — переплёт с корешком, скреплённым спиралью
4. n ав. снижение по спирали5. n эк. постепенно ускоряющееся падение или повышение6. n тех. змеевик7. a спиральный, винтовой, винтообразный8. a мат. геликоидальный9. v закручивать в спиральlow spiral — передняя горизонтальная спираль «ласточка»
spiral coded typeface — шрифт, кодированный по спирали
10. v закручиваться в спираль11. v ав. снижаться по спирали12. v подниматься, расти13. v эк. постепенно повышаться14. v эк. вызывать постепенное повышение15. v эк. постепенно снижаться16. a остроконечный; высокий и заострённыйСинонимический ряд:1. helical (adj.) circling; cochlear; coiled; corkscrew; curled; helical; screw-shaped; scrolled; turbinate; whirled; winding2. helix (noun) coil; corkscrew; curl; curlicue; gyre; helix; ringlet; scroll; whorl3. ascend (verb) ascend; increase; mount; soar4. wind (verb) coil; corkscrew; curl; entwine; meander; snake; swirl; twine; twist; weave; whirl; wind; wreathe -
27 spiral
I 1. ['spaɪərəl]1) (shape) spirale f. (anche mat. aer.)in a spiral — [object, spring] a spirale
2) (trend) spirale f.2.downward, upward spiral — discesa, salita a spirale
modificatore [motif, structure, spring] a spiraleII ['spaɪərəl]1) econ. [costs, interest rates] crescere, aumentare vertiginosamenteto spiral up(wards), down(wards) — salire, scendere a spirale
* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) a spirale2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) a spirale2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) spirale2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spirale3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) (muoversi a spirale) aumentare- spirally* * *spiral /ˈspaɪərəl/A a.1 spirale; a spirale; a spire: a spiral spring, una molla a spirale; (astron.) spiral nebula, nebulosa a spirale2 spiroidale; spiroide3 (mecc.) elicoidale; a dentatura elicoidale: spiral chute, scivolo elicoidale; spiral gear, ingranaggio a dentatura elicoidaleB n.1 (geom.) spirale; spira; elica2 (fig.: econ., ecc.) spirale: inflationary spiral, spirale inflazionistica; the vicious spiral of war, la rovinosa spirale della guerra● spiral balance, bilancia a molla □ (edil.) a spiral staircase, una scala a chiocciola □ (zool.) spiral valve, valvola spirale.(to) spiral /ˈspaɪərəl/A v. i.B v. t.● (econ.: di prezzi, salari, ecc.) to spiral downward [upward], calare rapidamente [aumentare vertiginosamente].* * *I 1. ['spaɪərəl]1) (shape) spirale f. (anche mat. aer.)in a spiral — [object, spring] a spirale
2) (trend) spirale f.2.downward, upward spiral — discesa, salita a spirale
modificatore [motif, structure, spring] a spiraleII ['spaɪərəl]1) econ. [costs, interest rates] crescere, aumentare vertiginosamenteto spiral up(wards), down(wards) — salire, scendere a spirale
-
28 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) espiral2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) en espiral
2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) espiral2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) espiral
3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) moverse en espiral- spirallyspiral n espiraltr['spaɪərəl]1 espiral nombre femenino1 espiral, en espiral1 (move in a spiral) moverse en espiral2 (increase rapidly) dispararse\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLinflationary spiral espiral nombre femenino inflacionistaspiral staircase escalera de caracolspiral adj: espiral, en espirala spiral staircase: una escalera de caracolspiral n: espiral fadj.• espiral (Matemática) adj.• helicoidal adj.n.• espiral s.m.• hélice s.f.• rosca s.f.v.• dar vueltas en espiral v.
I 'spaɪrəl, 'spaɪərəla) (shape, movement) espiral fb) ( of smoke) voluta f, espiral f
II
spiral staircase — escalera f de caracol
III
intransitive verb, BrE - ll-a) ( increase) \<\<unemployment\>\> escalar; \<\<prices\>\> dispararseb) ( move) (+ adv compl)['spaɪǝrǝl]to spiral up/down — subir/bajar en espiral
1.ADJ espiral, en espiral2.N espiral f, hélice f3.VIto spiral up/down — subir/bajar en espiral
the smoke spiralled up, the smoke went spiralling up — el humo subió formando una espiral
* * *
I ['spaɪrəl, 'spaɪərəl]a) (shape, movement) espiral fb) ( of smoke) voluta f, espiral f
II
spiral staircase — escalera f de caracol
III
intransitive verb, BrE - ll-a) ( increase) \<\<unemployment\>\> escalar; \<\<prices\>\> dispararseb) ( move) (+ adv compl)to spiral up/down — subir/bajar en espiral
-
29 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spiral-, vindel-2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) spiral-/skrueformet2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) -spiral2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spiral3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) stige fortere og fortere- spirallyIsubst. \/ˈspaɪər(ə)l\/1) spiral, skrue, snekke, sneglegang, sneglevinding2) ( økonomi) spiralthe inflationary spiral inflasjonsskruenIIverb \/ˈspaɪər(ə)l\/1) lage noe i form av en spiral, få til å bevege seg i en spiral2) bevege seg i spiral, gå opp i en spiral, stige i en spiral, bevege seg oppoverIIIadj. \/ˈspaɪər(ə)l\/1) spiralformet, snegleformet, spiral-, vindel-2) ( botanikk) snodd (om knoppleie), spredt (om bladstilling) -
30 spiral
adj. spiralformig, spiral-, snäckformig, vindel-, skruvformig, slingrande--------n. spiral; spiralformig rörelse; vindel; snäcklinje--------v. röra sig i en spiral; vara spiralformig; göra spiralformig* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spiral-2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) spiralformad2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) spiral2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spiral3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) röra sig i (bilda) en spiral- spirally -
31 spiral
csavarmenet, csigavonal, csigavonalú, spirális to spiral: spirálisan mozog, csigavonalat alkot* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) csigavonalú2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) spirál2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) spirál2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spirál3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) spirálisan emelkedik- spirally -
32 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spiralen2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) polžasto zavit2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) spirala2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spirala3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) spiralno (se) premikati- spirally* * *[spáiərəl]1.nounspirala, viba, zavojica, polžnica; economy spirala; spiralna vzmet (v uri); aeronautics spirala; let, spuščanje letala v zavojih;2.adjective ( spirally adverb)spiralen, spiralast, vibast, polžast(o zavit)spiral staircase — polžasto stopnišče;3.transitive verbnapraviti (kaj) spiralno (polžasto zavito); intransitive verb premikati se v spirali; aeronautics leteti (spuščati se, dvigati se) v spirali, v zavojih -
33 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spíral-, hring2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) spíral-2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) skrúfugangur2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spírall3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) hreyfa(st) í spíral, skrúfast upp- spirally -
34 spiral
adj. helezonik, spiral, sarmal, yay şeklinde————————n. helezon, sarmal hareket, spiral yay, helozoni yay, bobin, enflasyon sarmalı————————v. sarmal yapmak, helezon çizerek gitmek, sarmal hareket etmek* * *1. spiral 2. kıvrılarak git (v.) 3. sarmal (adj.)* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) helezonî, sarmal2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) sarmal2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) iniş çıkış, dalgalanma2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) helezon3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) fırlamak- spirally -
35 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) espiral2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) em espiral2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) espiral2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) espiral3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) subir em espiral- spirally* * *spi.ral[sp'aiərəl] n espiral, mola em forma de espiral, hélice. • vt+vi 1 mover-se em forma de espiral. 2 espiralar, formar em espiral. • adj espiral, espiralado. to spiral up elevar-se em linha espiral. -
36 spiral
['spaɪərl] 1. nspirala f2. vi ( fig)prices etc wzrastać (wzrosnąć perf) gwałtownie* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spiralny2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) spiralny, śrubowaty2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) spirala2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spirala3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) wzrastać gwałtownie- spirally -
37 spiral
• venkura• silmukka• kiertyä• kierukka• kierteinen• kierre-• kierukkamainen• kiemura• kiemurainen• kierre• kiehkura• kierukkainen• kierä• kaartua• mutka• spiraalimainen• spiraali• kutri• käämi• koukero* * *1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) kierre-2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) kierteinen2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) kierre2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spiraali3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) kiertyä, nousta nopeasti- spirally -
38 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spirāles-; spirālveidīgs; vītņu-2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) spirālveidīgs2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) (cenu u.tml.) svārstības2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spirāle; grīste3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) svārstīties; attīstīties spirālveidīgi- spirally* * *spirāle; svārstības; vīties spirālē; svārstīties; spirālveidīgs -
39 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spiralinis, įvijas2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) sraigto pavidalo, sraiginis2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) laipsniškas kilimas/kritimas2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spiralė, vija3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) laipsniðkai kilti/kristi- spirally -
40 spiral
1. adjective1) (coiled round like a spring, with each coil the same size as the one below: a spiral staircase.) spirálový; točitý2) (winding round and round, usually tapering to a point: a spiral shell.) šroubovitý2. noun1) (an increase or decrease, or rise or fall, becoming more and more rapid (eg in prices).) spirála2) (a spiral line or object: A spiral of smoke rose from the chimney.) spirála3. verb(to go or move in a spiral, especially to increase more and more rapidly: Prices have spiralled in the last six months.) spirálovitě stoupat- spirally* * *• spirála
См. также в других словарях:
spiral conic — (MOLLUSCA: Gastropoda) In Trochidae, an advancing spiral, winding around an axis and forming a cone shape … Dictionary of invertebrate zoology
winding — wind·ing || waɪndɪŋ n. act of turning or coiling; curve, twisting of a path; path of conduction in an electrical device adj. twisting, turning; looping, spiral winding (wind) wind·ing || waɪndɪŋ v. spin; twist; bend; wrap around; be… … English contemporary dictionary
Spiral — Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis, and at… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral gear — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral gearing — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral operculum — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral shell — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral spring — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral wheel — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
winding — winding, sinuous, serpentine, tortuous, flexuous can all mean curving first one way and then another. Winding, the general and the ordinary term, often implies spiral ascent {winding stairs} {a winding mountain road} When applied to things in a… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
spiral — ► ADJECTIVE ▪ winding in a continuous curve around a central point or axis. ► NOUN 1) a spiral curve, shape, or pattern. 2) a progressive rise or fall of prices, wages, etc., each responding to an upward or downward stimulus provided by a… … English terms dictionary