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101 Strutt, Jedediah
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 26 July 1726 South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, Englandd. 7 May 1797 Derby, England[br]English inventor of a machine for making ribbed knitting.[br]Jedediah Strutt was the second of three sons of William, a small farmer and maltster at South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, where the only industry was a little framework knitting. At the age of 14 Jedediah was apprenticed to Ralph Massey, a wheelwright near Derby, and lodged with the Woollats, whose daughter Elizabeth he later married in 1755. He moved to Leicester and in 1754 started farming at Blackwell, where an uncle had died and left him the stock on his farm. It was here that he made his knitting invention.William Lee's knitting machine remained in virtually the same form as he left it until the middle of the eighteenth century. The knitting industry moved away from London into the Midlands and in 1730 a Nottingham workman, using Indian spun yarn, produced the first pair of cotton hose ever made by mechanical means. This industry developed quickly and by 1750 was providing employment for 1,200 frameworkers using both wool and cotton in the Nottingham and Derby areas. It was against this background that Jedediah Strutt obtained patents for his Derby rib machine in 1758 and 1759.The machine was a highly ingenious mechanism, which when placed in front of an ordinary stocking frame enabled the fashionable ribbed stockings to be made by machine instead of by hand. To develop this invention, he formed a partnership first with his brother-in-law, William Woollat, and two leading Derby hosiers, John Bloodworth and Thomas Stamford. This partnership was dissolved in 1762 and another was formed with Woollat and the Nottingham hosier Samuel Need. Strutt's invention was followed by a succession of innovations which enabled framework knitters to produce almost every kind of mesh on their machines. In 1764 the stocking frame was adapted to the making of eyelet holes, and this later lead to the production of lace. In 1767 velvet was made on these frames, and two years later brocade. In this way Strutt's original invention opened up a new era for knitting. Although all these later improvements were not his, he was able to make a fortune from his invention. In 1762 he was made a freeman of Nottingham, but by then he was living in Derby. His business at Derby was concerned mainly with silk hose and he had a silk mill there.It was partly his need for cotton yarn and partly his wealth which led him into partnership with Richard Arkwright, John Smalley and David Thornley to exploit Arkwright's patent for spinning cotton by rollers. Together with Samuel Need, they financed the Arkwright partnership in 1770 to develop the horse-powered mill in Nottingham and then the water-powered mill at Cromford. Strutt gave advice to Arkwright about improving the machinery and helped to hold the partnership together when Arkwright fell out with his first partners. Strutt was also involved, in London, where he had a house, with the parliamentary proceedings over the passing of the Calico Act in 1774, which opened up the trade in British-manufactured all-cotton cloth.In 1776 Strutt financed the construction of his own mill at Helper, about seven miles (11 km) further down the Derwent valley below Cromford. This was followed by another at Milford, a little lower on the river. Strutt was also a partner with Arkwright and others in the mill at Birkacre, near Chorley in Lancashire. The Strutt mills were developed into large complexes for cotton spinning and many experiments were later carried out in them, both in textile machinery and in fireproof construction for the mills themselves. They were also important training schools for engineers.Elizabeth Strutt died in 1774 and Jedediah never married again. The family seem to have lived frugally in spite of their wealth, probably influenced by their Nonconformist background. He had built a house near the mills at Milford, but it was in his Derby house that Jedediah died in 1797. By the time of his death, his son William had long been involved with the business and became a more important cotton spinner than Jedediah.[br]Bibliography1758. British patent no. 722 (Derby rib machine). 1759. British patent no. 734 (Derby rib machine).Further ReadingFor the involvement of Strutt in Arkwright's spinning ventures, there are two books, the earlier of which is R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester, which has most of the details about Strutt's life. This has been followed by R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester.R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for a general background to the textile industry of the period).W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (covers Strutt's knitting inventions).RLH -
102 Thornley, David
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. c. 1741 Liverpool (?), Englandd. 27 January 1772 Nottingham, England[br]English partner in Arkwright's cotton-spinning venture.[br]On 4 November 1766 David Thornley married Mary, daughter of Joseph Brown, roper, at St Peter's, Liverpool. In Gore's Dictionary for 1767 Thornley is described as "merchant" and his wife as "milliner" of Castle Street, Liverpool. David Thornley was distantly related to Richard Arkwright and certainly by 1768 Thornley had begun his active association with Arkwright when he joined him in Preston, an event recorded in the inquiry into the qualifications of those who had voted in the Burgoyne election. Thornley may have helped Arkwright with the technical development of his spinning machine.On 14 May 1768, Arkwright, Smalley and Thornley became partners in the cotton-spinning venture at Nottingham for a term of fourteen years, or longer if a patent could be obtained. Each partner was to have three one-ninth shares and was to advance such money as might be necessary to apply for a patent as well as to develop the spinning machine. Profits were to be divided equally as often as convenient and the partners were to devote their whole time to the business after a period of two years. How-ever, it seems that in 1769 the partners had difficulty in raising the necessary money to finance the patent, and Thornley had to reduce his stake in the partnership to a one-ninth share. By this time Thornley must have moved to Nottingham, where Arkwright established his first mill. On 19 January 1770, additional finance was provided by two new partners, Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, and alterations were made to the mill buildings that the partners had leased to work the spinning machines by horse power. Arkwright and Thornley were to be responsible for the day-to-day management of the mill, receiving £25 per annum for these duties. Thornley appears to have remained at Nottingham to supervise the mill, while the other partners moved to Cromford to establish the much larger enterprise there. It was at Nottingham that David Thornley died in January 1772, and his share in the partnership was bought from his wife, Mary, by Arkwright. Mary returned to her millinery business in Liverpool.[br]Further ReadingUntil copies of the original agreements between Arkwright's partners were presented to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Thornley's existence was unknown. The only account of his life is given in R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester. The "Articles of Agreement", 19 June 1769, are printed in R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. This book also includes part of Arkwright's agreement with his later partners which mentions Thornley's death and covers the technical aspects of the cotton-spinning invention.RLH -
103 Spinner
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104 Bombycidae
ENG silk-mothsNLD echte spinnersGER echte SpinnerFRA bombycides -
105 Lasiocampidae
ENG lackeys and eggarsNLD spinnersGER GluckenFRA bombyx feuilles -
106 מלל II
מָלַלII (b. h.) 1) to crush, squeeze, esp. to rub ears for husking the grain. Taan.6a דבר שמָל, v. מַלְקוֹש. Maasr. IV, 5, v. מְלִילָה. Bets.13a למוֹלְלָן במלילות with the intention of husking them when parched. Tosef.Sabb. XVI (XVII), 22; Sabb.12a מוֹלֵל he rubs it between two fingers; a. fr.Part. pass. מָלוּל. Tosef. ib. XIV (XV), 17 מוֹלְלִין את המ׳ you may husk that which needs husking. 2) to stir a mush, make a pulp. Pes.40b אין מֹולְלִין … והרוצה שיִמְלֹולוכ׳ you must not stir a dish (in the usual way) on Passover, but he who desires to make a mush, must put in the flour and then add vinegar.Part. pass, as ab. Tosef.Maasr.I, 7 מן המלול ed. (ed. Zuck. המאמל, Var. הממל) out of the olive pulp. Nif. נִמְלַל to be compressible, (of webs) to be soft and downy. Gitt.59a (ref. to מ̇ל̇ת̇ח̇ה, 2 Kings 10:22) דבר הנמ̇ל̇ל ונמת̇ח̇ a cloth which can be compressed (creased) and stretched (again, showing no creases when unfolded); (Rashi: a stuff the thread of which is twisted between the spinners fingers and stretched).V. מַלְמֵלָה br/> p style="font-size:12pt; margin:0pt;" lang="en-US"> -
107 מָלַל
מָלַלII (b. h.) 1) to crush, squeeze, esp. to rub ears for husking the grain. Taan.6a דבר שמָל, v. מַלְקוֹש. Maasr. IV, 5, v. מְלִילָה. Bets.13a למוֹלְלָן במלילות with the intention of husking them when parched. Tosef.Sabb. XVI (XVII), 22; Sabb.12a מוֹלֵל he rubs it between two fingers; a. fr.Part. pass. מָלוּל. Tosef. ib. XIV (XV), 17 מוֹלְלִין את המ׳ you may husk that which needs husking. 2) to stir a mush, make a pulp. Pes.40b אין מֹולְלִין … והרוצה שיִמְלֹולוכ׳ you must not stir a dish (in the usual way) on Passover, but he who desires to make a mush, must put in the flour and then add vinegar.Part. pass, as ab. Tosef.Maasr.I, 7 מן המלול ed. (ed. Zuck. המאמל, Var. הממל) out of the olive pulp. Nif. נִמְלַל to be compressible, (of webs) to be soft and downy. Gitt.59a (ref. to מ̇ל̇ת̇ח̇ה, 2 Kings 10:22) דבר הנמ̇ל̇ל ונמת̇ח̇ a cloth which can be compressed (creased) and stretched (again, showing no creases when unfolded); (Rashi: a stuff the thread of which is twisted between the spinners fingers and stretched).V. מַלְמֵלָה br/> p style="font-size:12pt; margin:0pt;" lang="en-US"> -
108 פיקא
פִּיקָא, פִּיקָהI f. ( פקק; cmp. פְּקַעַת) lump, ball, swelling, esp. 1) protruding cartilage. Ḥull.X, 4 (134b) פ׳ של גרגרת thyroid cartilage; Neg. X, 9. Ib. 10 פ׳ של צואר the protruding cartilage of the neck; Tosef. ib. IV, 12 פ׳ של פירקא. Bekh.VII, 6 (45a) פ׳ יוצאה מגודלו (not יצא) one that has a lump on his thumb; a. fr. 2) a protuberance on the blossom end of fruits, v. פִּיטְמָא II. Y.Succ.III, 53d פיקא. 3) spinners coil. Ohol. VII, 4 עד שיעגילו ראש כפ׳ until the embryos (on leaving the vagina) form a round head like a coil; expl. Bekh.22a כפ׳ של צמר like a coil of wool. Ib.; Tosef.Ohol.VIII, 8 פ׳ של שתי the coil containing the warp; פ׳ של ערב containing the woof. Bekh. l. c. נראית פ׳ מתוך פ׳ it has the appearance of a coil coming forth out of a coil, v. טְפִיפִית. 4) ( של כוש) פ׳ whorl. Kel. XI, 6. Par. XII, 8; a. e. 5) coil or tuft used as a stopper (v. פָּקַק). Kel. XVII, 12.Pl. פִּיקִין; פִּיקוֹת. Bekh.45a בעל הפיקין (not הקיפין) one afflicted with lumps; (Ar. Var. הפיקס; Ar. s. v. כסת: הפִּיקָן; Mish. ib. VII, 6 בעל פיקה; Talm. ed. 45a הפיקום, Rashi: הפיקין). Ib. 22a שלש פ׳ שמעתיוכ׳ I learned of three sizes of coils, one of the warp, one of the woof, and one large coil, that of the sack-weavers; Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. VII, 1, v. סַקָּי I. Lev. R. s. 14 פ׳ פ׳ coils upon coils (in the abdomen). Tosef.Ohol.XIII, 5, v. לָבַש; a. e. -
109 פיקה
פִּיקָא, פִּיקָהI f. ( פקק; cmp. פְּקַעַת) lump, ball, swelling, esp. 1) protruding cartilage. Ḥull.X, 4 (134b) פ׳ של גרגרת thyroid cartilage; Neg. X, 9. Ib. 10 פ׳ של צואר the protruding cartilage of the neck; Tosef. ib. IV, 12 פ׳ של פירקא. Bekh.VII, 6 (45a) פ׳ יוצאה מגודלו (not יצא) one that has a lump on his thumb; a. fr. 2) a protuberance on the blossom end of fruits, v. פִּיטְמָא II. Y.Succ.III, 53d פיקא. 3) spinners coil. Ohol. VII, 4 עד שיעגילו ראש כפ׳ until the embryos (on leaving the vagina) form a round head like a coil; expl. Bekh.22a כפ׳ של צמר like a coil of wool. Ib.; Tosef.Ohol.VIII, 8 פ׳ של שתי the coil containing the warp; פ׳ של ערב containing the woof. Bekh. l. c. נראית פ׳ מתוך פ׳ it has the appearance of a coil coming forth out of a coil, v. טְפִיפִית. 4) ( של כוש) פ׳ whorl. Kel. XI, 6. Par. XII, 8; a. e. 5) coil or tuft used as a stopper (v. פָּקַק). Kel. XVII, 12.Pl. פִּיקִין; פִּיקוֹת. Bekh.45a בעל הפיקין (not הקיפין) one afflicted with lumps; (Ar. Var. הפיקס; Ar. s. v. כסת: הפִּיקָן; Mish. ib. VII, 6 בעל פיקה; Talm. ed. 45a הפיקום, Rashi: הפיקין). Ib. 22a שלש פ׳ שמעתיוכ׳ I learned of three sizes of coils, one of the warp, one of the woof, and one large coil, that of the sack-weavers; Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. VII, 1, v. סַקָּי I. Lev. R. s. 14 פ׳ פ׳ coils upon coils (in the abdomen). Tosef.Ohol.XIII, 5, v. לָבַש; a. e. -
110 פִּיקָא
פִּיקָא, פִּיקָהI f. ( פקק; cmp. פְּקַעַת) lump, ball, swelling, esp. 1) protruding cartilage. Ḥull.X, 4 (134b) פ׳ של גרגרת thyroid cartilage; Neg. X, 9. Ib. 10 פ׳ של צואר the protruding cartilage of the neck; Tosef. ib. IV, 12 פ׳ של פירקא. Bekh.VII, 6 (45a) פ׳ יוצאה מגודלו (not יצא) one that has a lump on his thumb; a. fr. 2) a protuberance on the blossom end of fruits, v. פִּיטְמָא II. Y.Succ.III, 53d פיקא. 3) spinners coil. Ohol. VII, 4 עד שיעגילו ראש כפ׳ until the embryos (on leaving the vagina) form a round head like a coil; expl. Bekh.22a כפ׳ של צמר like a coil of wool. Ib.; Tosef.Ohol.VIII, 8 פ׳ של שתי the coil containing the warp; פ׳ של ערב containing the woof. Bekh. l. c. נראית פ׳ מתוך פ׳ it has the appearance of a coil coming forth out of a coil, v. טְפִיפִית. 4) ( של כוש) פ׳ whorl. Kel. XI, 6. Par. XII, 8; a. e. 5) coil or tuft used as a stopper (v. פָּקַק). Kel. XVII, 12.Pl. פִּיקִין; פִּיקוֹת. Bekh.45a בעל הפיקין (not הקיפין) one afflicted with lumps; (Ar. Var. הפיקס; Ar. s. v. כסת: הפִּיקָן; Mish. ib. VII, 6 בעל פיקה; Talm. ed. 45a הפיקום, Rashi: הפיקין). Ib. 22a שלש פ׳ שמעתיוכ׳ I learned of three sizes of coils, one of the warp, one of the woof, and one large coil, that of the sack-weavers; Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. VII, 1, v. סַקָּי I. Lev. R. s. 14 פ׳ פ׳ coils upon coils (in the abdomen). Tosef.Ohol.XIII, 5, v. לָבַש; a. e. -
111 פִּיקָה
פִּיקָא, פִּיקָהI f. ( פקק; cmp. פְּקַעַת) lump, ball, swelling, esp. 1) protruding cartilage. Ḥull.X, 4 (134b) פ׳ של גרגרת thyroid cartilage; Neg. X, 9. Ib. 10 פ׳ של צואר the protruding cartilage of the neck; Tosef. ib. IV, 12 פ׳ של פירקא. Bekh.VII, 6 (45a) פ׳ יוצאה מגודלו (not יצא) one that has a lump on his thumb; a. fr. 2) a protuberance on the blossom end of fruits, v. פִּיטְמָא II. Y.Succ.III, 53d פיקא. 3) spinners coil. Ohol. VII, 4 עד שיעגילו ראש כפ׳ until the embryos (on leaving the vagina) form a round head like a coil; expl. Bekh.22a כפ׳ של צמר like a coil of wool. Ib.; Tosef.Ohol.VIII, 8 פ׳ של שתי the coil containing the warp; פ׳ של ערב containing the woof. Bekh. l. c. נראית פ׳ מתוך פ׳ it has the appearance of a coil coming forth out of a coil, v. טְפִיפִית. 4) ( של כוש) פ׳ whorl. Kel. XI, 6. Par. XII, 8; a. e. 5) coil or tuft used as a stopper (v. פָּקַק). Kel. XVII, 12.Pl. פִּיקִין; פִּיקוֹת. Bekh.45a בעל הפיקין (not הקיפין) one afflicted with lumps; (Ar. Var. הפיקס; Ar. s. v. כסת: הפִּיקָן; Mish. ib. VII, 6 בעל פיקה; Talm. ed. 45a הפיקום, Rashi: הפיקין). Ib. 22a שלש פ׳ שמעתיוכ׳ I learned of three sizes of coils, one of the warp, one of the woof, and one large coil, that of the sack-weavers; Tosef.Kel.B. Mets. VII, 1, v. סַקָּי I. Lev. R. s. 14 פ׳ פ׳ coils upon coils (in the abdomen). Tosef.Ohol.XIII, 5, v. לָבַש; a. e.
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