-
21 formule
formule [fɔʀmyl]feminine nounc. ( = méthode) system* * *fɔʀmyl1) ( expression) expression2) ( option) option3) ( méthode) method4) ( conception) concept5) ( en science) formula6) ( automobile)formule un/deux/trois — Formula One/Two/Three
7) (d'émission, de magazine) format•Phrasal Verbs:* * *fɔʀmyl nf1) (chimique, mathématique) formula2) (= arrangement, mode d'organisation) (pour des vacances) optionC'est une formule idéale pour le voyageur pressé. — It's an ideal option for travellers who are short of time., (au restaurant)
3) (= expression) phraseformule de politesse — polite phrase, (en fin de lettre) letter ending
4) (= formulaire) form* * *formule nf1 ( expression) expression; la formule est heureuse that's well put; formule toute faite set phrase; une formule creuse an empty formula;2 Comm ( option) option; la formule train-bateau n'est pas économique the boat-train option isn't economical; nous proposons plusieurs formules d'hébergement we offer several accommodation options;3 ( méthode) method; formule de paiement method of payment; il a trouvé la bonne formule pour s'enrichir he hit on a good way of making money;4 ( conception) concept; nouvelles formules de vie familiale new concepts of family life;5 Sci formula;6 ( formulaire) form;7 Sport Aut formule un/deux/trois Formula One/Two/Three; un Grand prix de formule un a Formula One Grand Prix;8 ( présentation) (d'émission, de magazine) format; l'émission a changé de formule the programmeGB has a new format.formule dentaire Dent dental formula; formule développée Phys structural formula; formule exécutoire Jur order for enforcement; formule incantatoire incantation; formule magique ( en magie) magic words; fig magic formula; formule de politesse gén polite phrase; ( à la fin d'une lettre) letter ending.[fɔrmyl] nom fémininelle a terminé sa lettre par une belle formule/une formule toute faite she ended her letter with a well-turned phrase/a ready-made phraseformule de politesse [dans une lettre] letter ending2. [imprimé] formils ont (trouvé) la formule pour ne pas avoir d'ennuis they've found a way of not having any problems6. [en langage publicitaire] wayune nouvelle formule de spectacle/restaurant a new kind of show/restaurantnotre restaurant vous propose sa formule à 16 euros ou sa carte our restaurant offers you a set menu at 16 euros or an à la carte menu8. MÉDECINE -
22 moyen
I.moyen1, -yenne [mwajɛ̃, jεn]1. adjectiveb. ( = intermédiaire) middlec. ( = du type courant) averaged. ( = ni bon ni mauvais) average• comment as-tu trouvé le spectacle ? -- très moyen what did you think of the show? -- pretty average2. feminine noun• faire du 100 de moyenne to average 100km/hII.moyen2 [mwajɛ̃]1. masculine nouna. ( = procédé, manière) way• par quel moyen allez-vous le convaincre ? how will you manage to convince him?• est-ce qu'il y a moyen de lui parler ? is it possible to speak to him?• pas moyen d'avoir une réponse claire ! there's no way you can get a clear answer!2. plural masculine nouna. ( = capacités intellectuelles, physiques) ça lui a fait perdre tous ses moyens it left him completely at a loss• il était en pleine possession de ses moyens his powers were at their peak ; [personne âgée] he was in full possession of his faculties• par ses propres moyens [réussir] all by oneselfb. ( = ressources financières) means* * *
1.
- enne mwajɛ̃, ɛn adjectif1) (intermédiaire en dimension, poids) [taille, épaisseur] medium; [ville, entreprise, légume] medium-sized; [fil] of medium thickness; [prix] moderate2) ( passable) [élève, résultat] average (en in)3) ( dans une hiérarchie) [cadre, revenu] middle; [échelon] intermediateles salaires moyens — ( personnes) people on middle incomes
4) ( ordinaire) averagele Français/lecteur moyen — the average Frenchman/reader
5) (après évaluation, calcul) [taux, température] average, mean6) ( de compromis) [solution, position] middle-of-the-road
2.
nom masculin1) ( façon de procéder) means (sg) ( de faire of doing), way ( de faire of doing)2) (d'action, expression, de production) means; (d'investigation, de paiement) method3) ( possibilité) way(il n'y a) pas moyen de lui faire comprendre qu'il a tort — it's impossible to make him realize he's wrong
3.
au moyen de locution prépositive by means of, by using
4.
par le moyen de locution prépositive by means of, through
5.
moyens nom masculin pluriel1) ( financiers) meansje n'ai pas les moyens de faire, mes moyens ne me permettent pas de faire — I can't afford to do
avoir de petits/grands moyens — not to be/to be very well off
2) ( matériels) resourcesje n'ai ni le temps ni les moyens de taper ce texte — I have neither the time nor the equipment to type this text
3) ( intellectuels) ability•Phrasal Verbs:* * *mwajɛ̃, jɛn moyen, -ne1. adj1) (taux, niveau, coût) average2) (lecteur, usager) average3) (= ni bon ni mauvais) (personne, prestation) averageJe suis plutôt moyenne en langues. — I'm just average at languages.
C'est vraiment moyen. — It's very average., It's only so-so.
4) (= ni petit ni grand) (tailles, prix) mediumElle est de taille moyenne. — She's of medium height.
5) (socialement parlant) middle2. nm(= façon) way, means sgpar quel moyen? — how?, which way?
y a-t-il moyen de...? — is it possible to...?, can one...?
3. moyens nmpl1) (= méthodes) meanspar tous les moyens — by every possible means, every possible way
2) (financiers) meansavoir les moyens; Ils ont de gros moyens. — They have a lot of money.
avoir les moyens de faire; Je n'en ai pas les moyens. — I can't afford it.
Ils n'ont pas les moyens de s'acheter une voiture. — They can't afford to buy a car.
3) (humains, matériels) resources4) (= intellectuels ou physiques) ability* * *A adj1 (intermédiaire en dimension, poids) [stature, taille, épaisseur, surface] medium; [ville, entreprise, légume] medium-sized; [fil] of medium thickness; ma chambre est de grandeur moyenne my room is medium-sized; de moyenne portée medium-range; de moyen calibre of medium calibreGB ( après n); le cours moyen d'un fleuve Géog the middle reaches of a river;2 ( passable) average (en in); tes résultats sont assez moyens your results are fairly average; un élève très moyen a very average pupil; ‘comment était le repas/l'hôtel?’-‘moyen’ ‘how was the meal/the hotel?’-‘so-so’;3 ( dans une hiérarchie) [cadre, revenu] middle; [échelon] intermediate; les salaires moyens ( personnes) people on middle incomes;4 ( ordinaire) [citoyen, spectateur, utilisateur, lecteur] average; le Français moyen the average Frenchman;5 (après évaluation, calcul) [nombre, taux, revenu, température] average, mean;6 ( de compromis) [solution, position] middle-of-the-road; ils pratiquent des prix moyens their prices are reasonable;7 Ling voyelle moyenne mid-vowel.B nm1 ( façon de procéder) means (sg) (de faire of doing), way (de faire of doing); c'est le moyen le plus sûr/le moins coûteux it's the most reliable/the least expensive means ou way; c'est un moyen comme un autre it's as good a way as any; par tous les moyens by every possible means; par n'importe quel moyen by hook or by crook○; empêcher qn de faire qch par tous les moyens to stop sb from doing sth by fair means or foul; consolider son autorité par tous les moyens to use every possible means to consolidate one's authority; tous les moyens sont bons any means will do; tous les moyens leur sont bons they'll stop at nothing; pour lui tous les moyens sont bons pour gagner de l'argent there's nothing he wouldn't do to make money; tous les moyens lui sont bons pour ne pas travailler he'll/she'll do anything not to work; employer les grands moyens to resort to drastic measures;2 (d'action, expression, de production) means; (d'investigation, de paiement) method; moyen de communication means of communication;3 ( possibilité) way; il y a moyen de faire there's a way of doing; il y a moyen de s'en sortir there's a way out; n'y avait-il pas moyen de faire autrement? was there no other way to go about it?; (il n'y a) pas moyen d'être tranquille ici there's no peace around here; (il n'y a) pas moyen de lui faire comprendre qu'il a tort it's impossible to make him realize he's wrong; lui faire admettre qu'il a tort? pas moyen! make him admit he's wrong? no chance!;4 Ling complément de moyen adverbial phrase of means.C au moyen de loc prép (d'une action, d'un référendum) by means of; ( d'un objet) by means of, by using.D par le moyen de loc prép by means of, through.E moyens nmpl1 ( ressources financières) means; manquer de moyens to lack the resources (pour faire to do); faute de moyens through lack of money; vivre au-dessus de ses moyens to live beyond one's means; je n'ai pas les moyens de faire I can't afford to do; mes moyens ne me permettent pas de partir en vacances I can't afford to take a vacation; avoir de petits/grands moyens not to be/to be very well off; avoir les moyens○ to be well off;2 ( soutien matériel) resources; la ville a mis d'énormes moyens à notre disposition the town put vast resources at our disposal; je n'ai ni le temps ni les moyens de taper ce texte I have neither the time nor the equipment to type this text; se donner les moyens de son efficacité to take the necessary steps to achieve efficiency; donner à qn les moyens de faire to give sb the means to do; j'ai dû y aller par mes propres moyens I had to go (there) under my own steam○, I had to make my own way there; se débrouiller par ses propres moyens to manage on one's own;3 ( compétences) ability; cet élève a les moyens de réussir this pupil has the ability to succeed ou do well; il a de petits moyens he has limited ability; être au-dessus des moyens de qn to be beyond sb's abilities ou capabilities; être en possession de tous ses moyens ( intellectuellement) to be at the height of one's powers; ( physiquement) to be at the peak of one's strength; ne plus avoir tous ses moyens to be no longer in full possession of one's faculties; perdre ses moyens to go to pieces.F moyenne nf1 ( norme) average; être plus riche que la moyenne to be better off than the average; il est plus grand que la moyenne des hommes he is taller than the average man; être inférieur/supérieur à la moyenne to be below/above (the) average; être au-dessous/au-dessus de la moyenne to be below/above average; être dans la moyenne to be average; des résultats extrêmement faibles par rapport à la moyenne européenne extremely poor results against ou compared to the European average;2 Scol ( moitié de la note maximale) half marks GB, 50%; j'ai eu tout juste la moyenne ( à un examen) I barely passed; ( à un devoir) I just got half marks GB, I just got 50%;3 ( après calcul) average; la moyenne d'âge the average age; calculer une moyenne to work out an average; en moyenne on average;4 ( vitesse) average speed; faire une moyenne de 30 km/h to do an average speed of ou to average 30 kph.moyen français Ling Middle French; moyen de locomotion = moyen de transport; moyen métrage Cin medium-length film; moyen de trésorerie financial means; moyen de transport means of transport GB ou transportation US; moyenne arithmétique Math arithmetic mean; moyenne géométrique Math geometric mean; moyenne harmonique Math harmonic mean; Moyen Âge Middle Ages (pl); le bas/haut Moyen Âge the late/early Middle Ages; Moyen Empire Middle Kingdom.la fin justifie les moyens the end justifies the means; qui veut la fin veut les moyens Prov he who wills the end wills the means Prov.I1. [intermédiaire - selon des mesures] medium (avant nom), average ; [ - selon une évaluation] mediumb. [solution] compromise, middle course2. [prix, taille, consommation, distance] average[aptitudes, niveau, service] average3. [ordinaire]le spectateur/lecteur moyen the average spectator/reader4. LINGUISTIQUE [voyelle] middleII[mwajɛ̃] nom masculin1. [méthode] wayil n'y a pas d'autre moyen there's no other way ou solutionje l'aurais empêché, si j'en avais eu les moyens I would have stopped him, if I'd been able toet en plus, tu trouves le moyen d'être en retard! not only that but you've managed to be late as well!moyen de défense/d'existence means of defence/existencemoyen de locomotion ou de transport means of transportemployer ou utiliser les grands moyens to take drastic steps2. [pour intensifier]il n'y a pas moyen d'ouvrir la porte! there's no way of opening the door!, the door won't open!3. GRAMMAIRE————————moyens nom masculin pluriel[financiers] meansje n'ai pas les moyens de m'acheter un ordinateur I haven't got the means to ou I can't afford to buy a computerje peux te payer une bière, c'est encore dans mes moyen s I can buy you a beer, I can just about manage thatc'est au-dessus de mes moyens it's beyond my means, I can't afford it[intellectuels, physiques]————————au moyen de locution prépositionnelle————————par tous les moyens locution adverbiale[même immoraux] by fair means or foul -
23 точный
precise, exact, accurate, explicit, correct, strict, close, proximate, faithful, sharp• Более точное вычисление показывает, что... - A more exact calculation shows that...• Более точное описание включает (в себя)... - A more precise description includes...• Более точным обобщением является концепция... - A more accurate generalization is the concept of...• В общем случае рассуждение делают точным, используя... - For the general case the argument is made precise by use of...• В этом случае наше решение более не является точным, потому что... - Our solution is no longer exact in this case, because...• Дадим теперь более точное определение. - A more precise definition is as follows.• Данный метод намного точнее, чем... - The present method is much more precise than...• Достаточно точным способом измерения величины Р является... - A fairly accurate way of measuring P is to...• Метод перестает быть достаточно точным, если... - The method ceases to be reasonably accurate if...• Наиболее точной формулировкой этих свойств является следующая. - The most concise statement of these properties is as follows.• Нам необходимы более точные определения, потому что... - More exact definitions are necessary because...• Однако предыдущее обсуждение является не вполне точным. - The preceding discussion is, however, somewhat imprecise.,• Полностью идея становится точной... - The whole idea is made precise by...• Приведем точную форму утверждения. - The precise statement is as follows.• Сравнение с точным результатом (2) показывает, что... - A comparison with the exact result (2) shows that...• Точное вычисление выражения (10) было бы трудным. - A precise evaluation of (10) would be difficult.• Точное решение возможно только если... - An exact solution is only possible if...• Чтобы получить более точное и детальное описание, необходимо... - То obtain a more accurate and detailed description, it is necessary to...• Это не будет точным решением, так как... - This will not be an exact solution since... -
24 règlement
règlement [ʀεgləmɑ̃]masculine nouna. ( = réglementation) rulesb. [d'affaire, conflit, facture, dette] settlement* * *ʀɛgləmɑ̃nom masculin1) ( règles) regulations (pl), rules (pl)2) ( paiement) payment3) ( résolution) settlementrèglement à l'amiable — amicable settlement; Droit out-of-court settlement
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *ʀɛɡləmɑ̃ nm1) (= solution) solution2) (= paiement) settlementrèglement en espèces/par chèque — payment in cash/by cheque
3) (= règles) regulations pl rules plLe règlement est affiché à l'entrée. — The rules are up on the wall by the entrance.
règlement intérieur ÉDUCATION — school rules pl
4) ADMINISTRATION by-laws pl* * *règlement nm1 ( règles) regulations (pl), rules (pl); règlement administratif/militaire administrative/military regulations; c'est contraire au règlement it's against the regulations ou rules; le règlement c'est le règlement rules are rules;2 ( paiement) payment; mode de règlement method of payment; effectuer un règlement to make a payment; règlement en liquide cash settlement ou payment; faire un règlement par chèque to pay ou settle by cheque GB ou check US; en règlement de in settlement ou payment of; veuillez joindre votre règlement please enclose your remittance;3 ( résolution) settlement; l'affaire est en voie de règlement the matter is being settled; règlement à l'amiable amicable settlement; Jur out-of-court settlement.règlement de comptes settling of scores (entre between); règlement direct direct debit; règlement interne rules and regulations; règlement judiciaire compulsory liquidation; être en règlement judiciaire to be in the hands of the receiver; règlement de police by(e)-law, police regulation; règlement de procédure rules (pl) of procedure; règlement de sécurité safety regulations (pl).[rɛgləmɑ̃] nom masculind'après le règlement, il est interdit de... it's against the regulations to...règlement administratif ≃ statutory policyrèglement de police municipale ou municipal ≃ by-lawrèglement de compte ou comptes settling of scores -
25 Bibliography
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(1929). The foundations of science: Science and hypothesis, the value of science, science and method. New York: Science Press.■ Poincareґ, H. (1952). Science and method. F. Maitland (Trans.) New York: Dover.■ Polya, G. (1945). How to solve it. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.■ Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal knowledge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.■ Popper, K. (1968). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. New York: Harper & Row/Basic Books.■ Popper, K., & J. Eccles (1977). The self and its brain. New York: Springer-Verlag.■ Popper, K. R. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. London: Hutchinson.■ Putnam, H. (1975). Mind, language and reality: Philosophical papers (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Putnam, H. (1987). The faces of realism. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.■ Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1981). The imagery debate: Analog media versus tacit knowledge. In N. Block (Ed.), Imagery (pp. 151-206). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984). Computation and cognition: Towards a foundation for cog nitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.■ Quillian, M. R. (1968). Semantic memory. In M. Minsky (Ed.), Semantic information processing (pp. 216-260). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Quine, W.V.O. (1960). Word and object. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.■ Rabbitt, P.M.A., & S. Dornic (Eds.). Attention and performance (Vol. 5). London: Academic Press.■ Rawlins, G.J.E. (1997). Slaves of the Machine: The quickening of computer technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.■ Reid, T. (1970). An inquiry into the human mind on the principles of common sense. In R. Brown (Ed.), Between Hume and Mill: An anthology of British philosophy- 1749- 1843 (pp. 151-178). New York: Random House/Modern Library.■ Reitman, W. (1970). What does it take to remember? In D. A. Norman (Ed.), Models of human memory (pp. 470-510). London: Academic Press.■ Ricoeur, P. (1974). Structure and hermeneutics. In D. I. Ihde (Ed.), The conflict of interpretations: Essays in hermeneutics (pp. 27-61). Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.■ Robinson, D. N. (1986). An intellectual history of psychology. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.■ Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.■ Rosch, E. (1977). Human categorization. In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in cross cultural psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1-49) London: Academic Press.■ Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27-48). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Rosch, E., & B. B. Lloyd (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Rose, S. (1970). The chemistry of life. Baltimore: Penguin Books.■ Rose, S. (1976). The conscious brain (updated ed.). New York: Random House.■ Rose, S. (1993). The making of memory: From molecules to mind. New York: Anchor Books. (Originally published in 1992)■ Roszak, T. (1994). The cult of information: A neo- Luddite treatise on high- tech, artificial intelligence, and the true art of thinking (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.■ Royce, J. R., & W. W. Rozeboom (Eds.) (1972). The psychology of knowing. New York: Gordon & Breach.■ Rumelhart, D. E. (1977). Introduction to human information processing. New York: Wiley.■ Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. In R. J. Spiro, B. Bruce & W. F. Brewer (Eds.), Theoretical issues in reading comprehension. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.■ Rumelhart, D. E., & J. L. McClelland (1986). On learning the past tenses of English verbs. In J. L. McClelland & D. E. Rumelhart (Eds.), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol. 2). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Rumelhart, D. E., P. Smolensky, J. L. McClelland & G. 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Principles of teaching. New York: A. G. Seiler.■ Thorndike, E. L. (1970). Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. Darien, CT: Hafner Publishing Co. (Originally published in 1911.)■ Titchener, E. B. (1910). A textbook of psychology. New York: Macmillan.■ Titchener, E. B. (1914). A primer of psychology. New York: Macmillan.■ Toulmin, S. (1957). The philosophy of science. London: Hutchinson.■ Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organisation of memory. London: Academic Press.■ Turing, A. (1946). In B. E. Carpenter & R. W. Doran (Eds.), ACE reports of 1946 and other papers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Turkle, S. (1984). Computers and the second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster.■ Tyler, S. A. (1978). The said and the unsaid: Mind, meaning, and culture. New York: Academic Press.■ van Heijenoort (Ed.) (1967). From Frege to Goedel. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.■ Varela, F. J. (1984). The creative circle: Sketches on the natural history of circularity. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), The invented reality (pp. 309-324). New York: W. W. Norton.■ Voltaire (1961). On the Penseґs of M. Pascal. In Philosophical letters (pp. 119-146). E. Dilworth (Trans.). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.■ Wagman, M. (1991a). Artificial intelligence and human cognition: A theoretical inter comparison of two realms of intellect. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1991b). Cognitive science and concepts of mind: Toward a general theory of human and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1993). Cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence: Theory and re search in cognitive science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1995). The sciences of cognition: Theory and research in psychology and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1996). Human intellect and cognitive science: Toward a general unified theory of intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1997a). Cognitive science and the symbolic operations of human and artificial intelligence: Theory and research into the intellective processes. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1997b). The general unified theory of intelligence: Central conceptions and specific application to domains of cognitive science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998a). Cognitive science and the mind- body problem: From philosophy to psychology to artificial intelligence to imaging of the brain. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998b). Language and thought in humans and computers: Theory and research in psychology, artificial intelligence, and neural science. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1998c). The ultimate objectives of artificial intelligence: Theoretical and research foundations, philosophical and psychological implications. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (1999). The human mind according to artificial intelligence: Theory, re search, and implications. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wagman, M. (2000). Scientific discovery processes in humans and computers: Theory and research in psychology and artificial intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.■ Wall, R. (1972). Introduction to mathematical linguistics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.■ Wallas, G. (1926). The Art of Thought. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.■ Wason, P. (1977). Self contradictions. In P. Johnson-Laird & P. Wason (Eds.), Thinking: Readings in cognitive science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.■ Wason, P. C., & P. N. Johnson-Laird. (1972). Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.■ Watson, J. (1930). Behaviorism. New York: W. W. Norton.■ Watzlawick, P. (1984). Epilogue. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), The invented reality. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.■ Weinberg, S. (1977). The first three minutes: A modern view of the origin of the uni verse. New York: Basic Books.■ Weisberg, R. W. (1986). Creativity: Genius and other myths. New York: W. H. Freeman.■ Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer power and human reason: From judgment to cal culation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.■ Wertheimer, M. (1945). Productive thinking. New York: Harper & Bros.■ Whitehead, A. N. (1925). Science and the modern world. New York: Macmillan.■ Whorf, B. L. (1956). In J. B. Carroll (Ed.), Language, thought and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Whyte, L. L. (1962). The unconscious before Freud. New York: Anchor Books.■ Wiener, N. (1954). The human use of human beings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.■ Wiener, N. (1964). God & Golem, Inc.: A comment on certain points where cybernetics impinges on religion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding natural language. New York: Academic Press.■ Winston, P. H. (1987). Artificial intelligence: A perspective. In E. L. Grimson & R. S. Patil (Eds.), AI in the 1980s and beyond (pp. 1-12). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.■ Winston, P. H. (Ed.) (1975). The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGrawHill.■ Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.■ Wittgenstein, L. (1958). The blue and brown books. New York: Harper Colophon.■ Woods, W. A. (1975). What's in a link: Foundations for semantic networks. In D. G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), Representations and understanding: Studies in cognitive science (pp. 35-84). New York: Academic Press.■ Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental psychology. New York: Holt; London: Methuen (1939).■ Wundt, W. (1904). Principles of physiological psychology (Vol. 1). E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.■ Wundt, W. (1907). Lectures on human and animal psychology. J. E. Creighton & E. B. Titchener (Trans.). New York: Macmillan.■ Young, J. Z. (1978). Programs of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.■ Ziman, J. (1978). Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
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26 использовать
(= воспользоваться, применять, см. также использоваться) make use of, exploit, utilize, use, employ• Альтернативный подход использует такие понятия, как... - The alternative approach uses notions such as...• Безусловно это можно использовать лишь в случае, если... - Of course this applies only if...• Более успешный подход заключался в том, чтобы использовать... - A more successful approach has been to use...• Будет полезно использовать условия, при которых... - It will be useful to explore the circumstances under which...• В данном случае можно использовать другой подход. - In this case a different approach can be used.• В обозначениях, которые мы теперь используем, это означает, что... - In our present notation this means that...• В следующем примере мы используем этот метод, чтобы определить... - In the following examples we use this method to determine...• Давайте использовать это решение, чтобы получить... - Let us use this solution to obtain...• Далее мы не будем это использовать. - We shall make no further use of this.• Данное доказательство использует метод математической индукции по п. - The proof is by induction on n.• Данные результаты могут быть использованы для проверки численного решения. - These results provide a useful check on numerical solutions.• Для нашего доказательства удобно использовать... - For our proof it is convenient to use...• Для удобства мы будем часто использовать более простое обозначение... - For convenience, we will often use the simpler notation...• Если мы используем результат (7), то видим, что... - If we make use of the result (7) we see that...• Желая использовать соотношение (14), мы заметим, что... - Wishing to exploit (14), we note that...• Заметьте, что мы использовали (здесь) только... - Note that we have only used...• Иногда бывает удобно использовать соотношения вида... - It is sometimes convenient to use relations of the form...• Можно использовать любое выражение в зависимости от... - Either expression can be used, depending on whether...• Мы будем использовать это решение, чтобы построить... - We shall use this solution to construct...• Мы будем очень часто использовать... - Extensive use will be made of...• Мы хотим использовать данную тестовую систему, чтобы определить... - We wish to use this test system to determine...• Мы использовали это в качестве отправного пункта нашего исследования. - We have taken this as a starting point for our investigation.• Мы используем обычные договоренности о... - We make use of common conventions on...• Мы используем эти факты несколько позднее. - We shall exploit these facts at a later stage. '• Мы используем этот результат (в, для)... - We shall apply this result to...• Мы используем этот факт позже (= в дальнейшем). - We shall make use of this fact later.• Мы можем использовать преимущество, предоставляемое этим фактом, чтобы... - We can take advantage of this fact to...• Мы можем использовать эти же свойства, чтобы определить... - We can use these same properties to define...• Мы можем использовать этот результат, чтобы определить (= ввести)... - We can use this result to define...• Мы можем также использовать здесь концепцию... - We may also apply the concept of...• Мы продолжим использовать... - We shall continue to use...• Мы также используем (благоприятную) возможность (поблагодарить, отметить и т. п.) (= Пользуясь возможностью, мы благодарим)... - We also take the opportunity to...• Мы уже многократно использовали (формулу, метод и т. п.)... - We have made extensive use of...• Мы часто используем обозначения а, аr для... - We frequently use a, аr to denote...• Некоторые авторы предпочли использовать... - Some authors have preferred to use...• Одна элегантная версия данного метода использует... - An elegant version of this method employs...• Однако здесь мы предпочитаем использовать... - Неге we prefer, however, to employ...• Однако некоторые авторы успешно использовали... - However, some authors have successfully used...• Однако разумно использовать тот факт, что... - But the sensible thing is to use the fact that...• Описанный выше метод может быть использован для построения... - The procedure described above can be used to construct...• Перед тем как начать использовать эту концепцию, честно предупредим читателя, что... - Before we make use of this concept, it is only fair to warn the reader that...• Перед тем как использовать его (метода) преимущество, мы должны... - Before taking advantage of this, we must...• Подобное рассуждение можно использовать, когда... - A similar argument can be used when...• При этих условиях мы по-прежнему можем использовать... - Under these circumstances we may still use...• Развивая данную теорию, мы будем существенно использовать... - In developing the theory we shall make considerable use of...• Разработчики использовали различные подходы для получения... - Designers have used various approaches in arriving at...• С этой целью мы будем использовать... - For this purpose, we shall use...• Теорема может быть использована для нахождения... - This theorem can be used to find all solutions of...• Теперь мы (полностью) готовы использовать методы, разработанные во втором параграфе. - We are now ready to use the methods of Section 2.• Читатель увидит, как можно использовать высшую математику в... - The reader will see how ordinary calculus can be applied to...• Чтобы..., мы используем качественные рассуждения. - We shall use a qualitative argument to...• Чтобы использовать компьютер в данном процессе... - То computerize the process,...• Чтобы проделать это, мы используем тот факт, что... - То do this, we make use of the fact that...• Эйнштейн использовал точно те же самые идеи в... - Einstein applied precisely the same ideas to...• Эта идея уже была использована Смитом [1], который предлагает... - This idea has been exploited by Smith [1], who suggests that...• Эта точка зрения была интенсивно использована Смитом [1]. - This viewpoint has been used extensively by Smith [1].• Эти результаты можно использовать, чтобы установить... - These results can be used to establish...• Это позволяет нам использовать (метод и т. п.)... - This allows us to make use of...• Это рассуждение подобно тому, что было использовано для установления... - The argument is similar to that used to establish...• Это свойство может быть использовано для вывода... - This property can be used to derive...• Это уравнение может быть использовано для вычисления амплитуды... - This equation can be used to calculate the magnitude of...• Этот результат можно использовать без опасений, только если... - It is safe to use this result only if...• Эту теорию можно использовать только тогда, когда... - This theory is applicable only when... -
27 buscar solución
(v.) = seek + solutionEx. To reinvigorate libraries for the future, librarians must focus on mission not method; they must seek solutions that are new and creative; and they must have faith in themselves.* * *(v.) = seek + solutionEx: To reinvigorate libraries for the future, librarians must focus on mission not method; they must seek solutions that are new and creative; and they must have faith in themselves.
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28 larga distancia
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29 probar
v.1 to prove.eso prueba que tenía razón that proves I was rightEinstein probó su teoría Einstein proved his theory.2 to try.lo hemos probado todo we've tried everythingElla prueba la adivinanza She tries the riddle.Ellos probaron ayer They tried yesterday.3 to try on (clothes).probar una camisa to try on a shirt4 to taste, to try.Ella probó la comida She tasted the food.5 to test, to check.El presidente probó a María The president tested Mary.6 to try to, to have a bash at.Ella probó patinar sin caer She tried to skate without falling.7 to drink, to touch.Yo no pruebo el alcohol I don't drink alcohol.8 to show to, to demonstrate to.María probó saber mucho Mary showed to know a lot.* * *1 (demostrar) to prove2 (comprobar) to test, check3 (vino, comida) to taste, try■ ¿has probado alguna vez las judías con almejas? have you ever tried beans with clams?4 (prenda, zapato) to try on1 to try* * *verb1) to try2) prove3) taste4) test5) demonstrate* * *1. VT1) (=demostrar) [+ eficacia, inocencia, teoría] to prove¿cómo puedes probar que no estabas allí? — how can you prove that you weren't there?
2) (=poner a prueba) [+ sustancia, vacuna, persona] to test; [+ método] to try; [+ aparato, arma] to test, try out; [+ actor, músico] to auditionhemos dejado dinero en el suelo para probarlo — we've left some money lying on the floor to test him
prueben su puntería, señoras y señores — try your aim, ladies and gentlemen
fortuna 1), suerte 1)te dan diez días para probar el vídeo — they give you a ten-day trial period for the video, they give you ten days to try out the video
3) (=catar) to try, tasteprueba un poco de este pescado — try o taste a bit of this fish
yo el vino no lo pruebo — I never touch o drink wine
4) [+ ropa] [hecha a medida] to fit; [de confección] to try on¿puede venir mañana a que le pruebe el traje? — can you come tomorrow to have your suit fitted?
te voy a probar este abrigo a ver como te queda — I'm going to try this coat on you to see what it looks like
2. VI1) (=intentar) to try, have a godéjame que pruebe yo — let me try, let me have a go
¿has probado con este bolígrafo? — have you tried this pen?
he probado a hacerlo yo sola, pero no he podido — I tried doing it on my own but I couldn't
2) (=sentar) [actividad, ropa] to suit; [comida] to agree with3)see VTprobar de algo —
See:probar 1., 3)3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( demostrar) <teoría/inocencia> to prove2)a) <vino/sopa> to taste; ( por primera vez) to tryno probé bocado en todo el día — I didn't eat a thing o have a bite to eat all day
b) < método> to tryc) < ropa> to try ond) ( poner a prueba) <empleado/honradez> to test2.¿has probado con quitamanchas? — have you tried using stain remover?
3.probar A + INF — to try -ing
probarse v pron <ropa/zapatos> to try on* * *= evidence, have + a turn at, prove, test, sample, play with, test drive, run-in, try out, have + a shot at, try + Posesivo + hand, taste, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on.Ex. Although in this case there is no SLIS presence in the teaching, it is noteworthy that the same concern as that evidenced in the City University programme is present.Ex. Seven of the compositors, moreover, did short stints at press, and one of the pressmen had a turn at composition.Ex. One must be able to prove that a new staff member was selected with due process and with clearly delineated criteria.Ex. Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.Ex. Such reassurance becomes particularly important if the inquirer has not sampled the file, either in a printed format or in browsing online.Ex. In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.Ex. The article is entitled 'Out for a spin: a school librarian test drives 14 CD-ROM encyclopedias'.Ex. Such an arrangement would enable a viewer to run-in whatever program he needs.Ex. All they need is a willingness to experiment a bit and to try out a pedagogical method others testify to being of some value.Ex. Our goal is to encourage more citizens to tap into the wealth of free, educational resources available online so more people have a shot at improving their lives and their future.Ex. He abandoned West Africa for a better life in America, trying his hand as an ice cream man.Ex. Professional skills are enhanced by the opportunity which IFLA provides to taste the cultures of other countries in a very accessible (dare I say privileged?) way.Ex. There's nothing flimsy about these leather boots, put them to the test this season - they'll pass with flying colours.Ex. The psychiatrist has been trying him on several different anti-depressants and group therapies, but none seems to be helping.----* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.* probando Algo = trial and error.* probar a hacer Algo por uno mismo = try + Posesivo + own hand at.* probar Algo = dip + Posesivo + toes into these waters, give + it a whirl, give + it a shot, give + it a try.* probar diferentes cosas = mess with.* probar lo que Uno dice = make + good + Posesivo + claim, make + good + Posesivo + claim.* probar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.* probar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.* probarse = try on.* probar suerte = have + a go, give + it a shot, give + Nombre + a try, have + a stab at, take + a stab at, make + a stab at, take + Posesivo + chances, try + Posesivo + luck, give + it a whirl, give + it a try, take + the dip, take + a long shot.* probar una idea = test + idea.* probar una solución = try out + solution.* probar un punto = prove + point.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( demostrar) <teoría/inocencia> to prove2)a) <vino/sopa> to taste; ( por primera vez) to tryno probé bocado en todo el día — I didn't eat a thing o have a bite to eat all day
b) < método> to tryc) < ropa> to try ond) ( poner a prueba) <empleado/honradez> to test2.¿has probado con quitamanchas? — have you tried using stain remover?
3.probar A + INF — to try -ing
probarse v pron <ropa/zapatos> to try on* * *= evidence, have + a turn at, prove, test, sample, play with, test drive, run-in, try out, have + a shot at, try + Posesivo + hand, taste, put + Nombre + to the test, try + Nombre + on.Ex: Although in this case there is no SLIS presence in the teaching, it is noteworthy that the same concern as that evidenced in the City University programme is present.
Ex: Seven of the compositors, moreover, did short stints at press, and one of the pressmen had a turn at composition.Ex: One must be able to prove that a new staff member was selected with due process and with clearly delineated criteria.Ex: Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.Ex: Such reassurance becomes particularly important if the inquirer has not sampled the file, either in a printed format or in browsing online.Ex: In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.Ex: The article is entitled 'Out for a spin: a school librarian test drives 14 CD-ROM encyclopedias'.Ex: Such an arrangement would enable a viewer to run-in whatever program he needs.Ex: All they need is a willingness to experiment a bit and to try out a pedagogical method others testify to being of some value.Ex: Our goal is to encourage more citizens to tap into the wealth of free, educational resources available online so more people have a shot at improving their lives and their future.Ex: He abandoned West Africa for a better life in America, trying his hand as an ice cream man.Ex: Professional skills are enhanced by the opportunity which IFLA provides to taste the cultures of other countries in a very accessible (dare I say privileged?) way.Ex: There's nothing flimsy about these leather boots, put them to the test this season - they'll pass with flying colours.Ex: The psychiatrist has been trying him on several different anti-depressants and group therapies, but none seems to be helping.* por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.* probando Algo = trial and error.* probar a hacer Algo por uno mismo = try + Posesivo + own hand at.* probar Algo = dip + Posesivo + toes into these waters, give + it a whirl, give + it a shot, give + it a try.* probar diferentes cosas = mess with.* probar lo que Uno dice = make + good + Posesivo + claim, make + good + Posesivo + claim.* probar que se está en lo cierto = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.* probar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point, make + Posesivo + case.* probarse = try on.* probar suerte = have + a go, give + it a shot, give + Nombre + a try, have + a stab at, take + a stab at, make + a stab at, take + Posesivo + chances, try + Posesivo + luck, give + it a whirl, give + it a try, take + the dip, take + a long shot.* probar una idea = test + idea.* probar una solución = try out + solution.* probar un punto = prove + point.* * *vtA (demostrar) ‹teoría/acusación/inocencia› to proveesto prueba que ella tenía razón this proves that she was rightB1 ‹vino/sopa› to taste; (por primera vez) to trynunca he probado el caviar I've never tried caviarno puedo probar el vino, el médico me lo ha prohibido I can't drink wine, doctor's ordersdesde entonces no he vuelto a probar la ginebra I haven't touched gin again since thenno ha probado bocado en todo el día she hasn't eaten a thing o had a bite to eat all day2 ‹método› to tryprueba la aspiradora antes de comprarla try the vacuum cleaner (out) before buying itestoy dispuesto a probar cualquier cosa con tal de curarme I'm prepared to try anything if it helps me to get betterllevaron el coche a que le probaran los frenos they took the car to have the brakes tested3 ‹ropa› to try on probarle algo A algn to try sth ON sbno le puedo comprar zapatos sin probárselos I can't buy shoes for him without him trying them on o without trying them on himla modista sólo me probó el vestido una vez the dressmaker only gave me one fitting for the dress4 (poner a prueba) ‹empleado/honradez› to testdejaron el dinero allí para probarlo they left the money there to test him■ probarvi1 (intentar) to trydéjame probar a mí let me try, let me have a goprobar no cuesta nada there's no harm in trying¿has probado con quitamanchas? have you tried using stain remover?probar A + INF to try -INGprueba a hacerlo de la otra manera try doing it the other wayla vida de ciudad no le prueba city life doesn't suit him■ probarse‹ropa/zapatos› to try on¿quiere probárselo? would you like to try it on?quisiera probarme uno más grande I'd like to try a larger size* * *
probar ( conjugate probar) verbo transitivo
1 ( demostrar) ‹teoría/inocencia› to prove
2
( por primera vez) to try
‹coche/mecanismo› to try out
probarle algo A algn to try sth on sb
‹arma/vehículo› to test (out)
verbo intransitivo ( intentar) to try;
probar A hacer algo to try doing sth
probarse verbo pronominal ‹ropa/zapatos› to try on
probar
I verbo transitivo
1 (una teoría, un hecho) to prove
2 (una máquina, un aparato, etc) to test
3 (comida, bebida) to try
(sabor, etc) to taste: no prueba el alcohol, he never touches alcohol
II vi (intentar) to try ➣ Ver nota en try
' probar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bocado
- gustar
- suerte
- acreditar
- atestiguar
- fortuna
- tentar
English:
go
- little
- prove
- sample
- substantiate
- taste
- test
- test drive
- try
- try out
- authenticate
- hand
- onus
- unproven
* * *♦ vt1. [demostrar, indicar] to prove;eso prueba que tenía razón that shows I was right2. [comprobar] to test, to check;prueba tú mismo la potencia de mi coche see for yourself how powerful my car is3. [experimentar] to try;lo hemos probado todo we've tried everything;probaron a varios actores antes de encontrar el que buscaban they tried o auditioned various actors before finding the one they were looking for4. [ropa] to try on;probar una camisa to try on a shirt5. [degustar] to taste, to try;¿has probado alguna vez el caviar? have you ever tasted o tried caviar?;no prueba el vino desde hace meses he hasn't touched wine for months;no he probado bocado en todo el día I haven't had a bite to eat all day♦ viprueba a nadar de espaldas try swimming backstroke;deja que pruebe yo let me try;por probar no se pierde nada there's no harm in trying* * *I v/t1 teoría test, try out3 ( justificar) proveII v/i try;probar a hacer try doing* * *probar {19} vt1) : to demonstrate, to prove2) : to test, to try out3) : to try on (clothing)4) : to taste, to sampleprobar vi: to try* * *probar vb2. (demostrar) to prove3. (catar) to taste4. (intentar) to try -
30 Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 12 December 1842 Biendorf, near Köthen, Germanyd. 9 June 1902 Dresden, Germany[br]German mine surveyor, inventor of the freezing process for sinking shafts.[br]Pötsch was the son of a forest officer and could not easily attend school, with the consequences that it took him a long time to obtain the scholarly education needed to enable him to begin work on a higher level with the mining administration in the duchy of Anhalt in 1868. Seven years later, he was licensed as a Prussian mining surveyor and in this capacity he worked with the mining inspectorate of Aschersleben. During that time he frequently came across shafts for brown-coal mines which had been sunk down to watery strata but then had to be abandoned. His solution to the problem was to freeze the quicksand with a solution of chloride; this was better than the previous attempts in England to instal cooling coils at the bottom of the shaft. Pötsch's conception implied the construction of ice walls with the means of boreholes and refrigerators. By his method a set of boreholes was driven through the watery strata, the smaller pipes contained within the main bore pipes, providing a channel through which calcium chloride was pumped, returning through the longer pipe until the ground was frozen solid. He obtained a patent in 1883 and many leading international journals reported on the method the same year.In 1884 he established the Internationale Gesselschaft für Schacht-, Brucken-und Tunnelbau in Magdeburg and he also became Director of the Poetsch-Sooy-Smith Freezing Company in New Jersey, which constructed the first freezing shaft in America in 1888.However, Pötsch was successful only for a short period of time and, being a clumsy entrepreneur, he had to dissolve his company in 1894. Unfortunately, his decision to carry out the complete shaft-sinking business did not allow him to concentrate on solving upcoming technical problems of his new process. It was Louis Gebhardt (1861–1924), his former engineer, who took care of development, especially in co-operation with French mining engineers, and thus provided the basis for the freezing process becoming widely used for shaft-sinking in complicated strata ever since.[br]Bibliography1886, Das Gefrierverfahren. Methode für schnelles, sicheres und lotrechtes Abteufen von Schächten im Schwimmsande und uberhaupt im wasserreichen Gebirge; für Herstellung tiefgehender Bruckenpfeiler und für TunnelBauten in rolligem und schwimmendem Gebirge, Freiberg.1889, Geschichtliches über die Entstehung und Herausbildung des Gefrierverfahrens, Magdeburg.1895, Das Gefrierverfahren und das kombinierte Schachtabbohr-und Gefrierverfahren (Patent Pötsch), Freiberg.Further ReadingD.Hoffmann, 1962, AchtJahrzehnte Gefrierverfahren nach Putsch, Essen: Glückauf (the most substantial biography; also covers technological aspects).G.Gach, 1986, In Schacht und Strecke, Essen: Glückauf, pp. 31–53 (provides information on the development of specialized mining companies in Germany originating in the freezing process).WKBiographical history of technology > Pötsch, Friedrich Hermann
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31 способ солености раствора
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > способ солености раствора
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32 метод нагнетания водного раствора неионогенного поверхностно-активного вещества
метод нагнетания водного раствора неионогенного поверхностно-активного вещества
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[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > метод нагнетания водного раствора неионогенного поверхностно-активного вещества
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33 существовать
exist, be, be available, to be in existence• Безусловно, существует много других форм... - There are, of course, many other forms of...• В образце не существует обнаружимого уровня углерода. - No detectable level of carbon was present in the sample.• В окрестности каждой... существует по меньшей мере одна такая точка. - There is at least one such point in the neighborhood of every...• В основном, существуют два типа... - There are basically two types of...• В основном, существуют две формы... - Basically, there are two forms of...• Далее, существует не более одного... - Further, there cannot be more than one...• Для... не существует экспериментального обоснования. - There is no experimental foundation for...• Для этой дилеммы не существует настоящего решения. - There is no real solution to this dilemma.• Между... и... существует (= имеется) очевидная аналогия. - There is an obvious analogy between... and...• Могло бы случиться, что подобные элементы не существуют, так что... - It may happen that no such elements exist, so that...• Могут существовать исключительные значения х, при которых... - There may be exceptional values of x at which...• Не существует общей формулы для... - There is no general formula for...• Не существует четкого различия... - No clear-cut distinction exists...• Необходимо заметить, что существуют два способа, которыми... - It should be noted that there are two ways in which...• Однако существует стандартный метод обращения с... - However, there is a standard method of dealing with...• Однако существуют важные специальные случаи, когда... - There are, however, important special cases when...• Однако, как указывает Смит [1], безусловно существуют примеры... - But, as Smith [1] points out, there are certainly examples of...• Отметим, что существует только одно значение... - We notice that there is only one value of...• Отсюда следует, что существует возможность для использования... - It follows that the possibility exists for the use of...• Подобная связь существует между... - A similar connection exists between...• Подобная ситуация существует в случае, когда... - A similar situation exists in the case of...• При а <0 уравнения (1) не существует решения. - Equation (1) has no solution for a < 0.• При каких условиях он существует? - Under what circumstances does it exist?• Решение может существовать только при выполнении следующих условий. - A solution can exist only under the following conditions.• Решения не существует при р > 0. - A solution does not exist when p > 0.• Сегодня не существует совершенно никакого согласия относительно... - There is absolutely no agreement today on...• Существует громадная область (чего-л). - There is an enormous range of...• Существует много других способов нахождения... - There are many other ways of finding...• Существует много примеров... - There are many examples of...• Существует много причин считать, что... - There is every reason to believe that...• Существует много способов решения данной задачи. - There are many ways to solve this problem.• Существует несколько основных причин для... - There are several basic reasons for...• Существует общая тенденция для... - There is a general tendency for...• Существует общее (= распространенное) заблуждение, что... - There is a common misconception that...• Существует простая геометрическая интерпретация этого определения. - There is a simple geometrical interpretation of this definition.• Существует такая положительная постоянная m, не зависящая от h, что... - There exists a constant m > 0, independent of h, such that...• Существует такое х > 0, что... - There is x > 0 such that...• Существует тенденция для... - The tendency has been for...• Существует теория о том, что... - It is theorized that...• Существуют два основных неудобства... - There are two main disadvantages of...• Существуют два случая, когда это должно быть принято во внимание. - There are two situations where this has to be taken into account:• Существуют и другие причины, почему полезно... - There are still other reasons why it is useful to...• Существуют несколько способов как провести введение в теорию... - There are several ways of introducing the theory of...• Существуют различные способы определения... - There are various ways of defining...• Существуют разные пути решения этой задачи. - There are various ways of tackling this problem.• Существуют три основных способа, которыми это может быть сделано. - There are three principal ways in which this can be done.• Существуют четыре причины для того, чтобы уделить внимание... - There are four reasons for devoting attention to...• Существуют экспериментальные подтверждения для утверждения, что... - There are experimental reasons for concluding that... -
34 приложимый
applicable• В меньшей степени подобные рассуждения приложимы к... - То a lesser extent, similar considerations hold for...• К сожалению, этот метод оказался неприложим(= неприменим). - Unfortunately, the method was not applicable; The method, unfortunately, was not applicable.• Обнаружилось, что данный метод (здесь) не приложим (= не применим). - It turned out that the method was not applicable.• Очевидно, они не приложимы к случаю, где/ когда... - Clearly they do not apply to cases where...• Эти результаты приложимы к весьма широкому классу задач... - The results are applicable to a very large class of numerical optimal control problems.• Это правило не является универсальным, однако оно приложимо к/в... - This rule is not universal, but it applies to...• Это решение приложимо только если... - This solution applies strictly only when...• Этот метод доказательства довольно общий и приложим к... - The method of proof is quite general and applies to... -
35 mauvais
mauvais, e [mɔvε, εz]1. adjectivea. bad• ce n'est pas mauvais ! it's not bad!b. ( = faux) [méthode, moyens, direction, date, choix] wrongc. ( = méchant) [sourire, regard] nasty ; [personne, joie] malicious2. compounds• c'est de la mauvaise graine he's (or she's or they're) a bad lot (Brit) or seed (US) ► mauvaise herbe weed• enlever or arracher les mauvaises herbes du jardin to weed the garden ► mauvais pas* * *
1.
mauvaise mɔvɛ, ɛz adjectif1) ( d'un goût désagréable)2) ( de qualité inférieure) [repas, restaurant] poor; [tabac, alcool, café] cheap; [spectacle] terrible; [nourriture, hébergement, livre] bad; [dictionnaire, lycée, enregistrement] poor3) ( mal fait) [cuisine, travail, gestion, éducation] poor; [prononciation, départ] bad4) ( inadéquat) [conseil, définition, exemple, conditions de travail] bad; [projet] flawed; [renseignement] wrong; [éclairage, vue, mémoire, santé] poor5) ( inapproprié) wrong6) ( incompétent) [auteur, cuisinier, menteur, équipe] bad (en at); [élève, nageur, chasseur] poor; [avocat, médecin] incompetentêtre mauvais en français — [élève] to be bad at French
7) ( déplaisant) [nuit, rêve, nouvelle, journée, situation] bad; [surprise] nasty; [vacances] terrible8) ( méchant) [animal] vicious; [personne, sourire, remarque] nastymauvais coup — ( méchanceté) dirty trick; ( blessure) nasty knock; ( revers) terrible blow
9) ( grave) [fièvre, rhume] nasty10) ( peu lucratif) [rendement, terre] poor; [salaire] low; [récolte, saison] bad11) ( peu flatteur) [résultat, opinion] poor; [chiffres, critique] bad12) ( répréhensible) [père, comportement] bad; [chrétien] poor; [instinct] base; [génie, intention, pensée] evil
2.
sentir mauvais — lit to smell; fig (colloq) to look bad
sentir très mauvais — lit to stink; fig to stink (colloq)
ouvre la fenêtre, ça sent mauvais — open the window, there's a nasty smell
3.
nom masculin ( mauvais côté)Phrasal Verbs:••la trouver or l'avoir mauvaise — (colloq) to be furious
* * *mɔvɛ, ɛz mauvais, -e1. adj1) (jugement qualitatif) (élève, prestation, santé) poorJ'ai trouvé que le film était mauvais. — I didn't think the film was any good., I thought the film was poor.
Il est en mauvaise santé. — He is in poor health.
avoir mauvaise mine; Tu as mauvaise mine. — You don't look well.
Je suis mauvais en allemand. — I'm no good at German., I'm bad at German.
2) (jugement moral) (influence, décision, fréquentations) bad3) (= défectueux) (réception) bad, poorLa ligne est mauvaise. — This is a bad line.
4) (= difficile) (expérience, moments) badIl a dû passer un mauvais moment chez le directeur. — He must have had a hard time with the manager.
5) (= dangereux) (maladie, chute) bad, nastyLa mer est mauvaise. — The sea's rough.
6) (= désagréable) (odeur, goût) bad7) (= erroné ou mal choisi) wrongVous avez fait le mauvais numéro. — You've dialled the wrong number.
Tu arrives au mauvais moment. — You've come at the wrong time., You've come at a bad time.
8) (= méchant, malveillant) nasty, malicious2. nm1) (= mauvais côté)le mauvais de... — the bad side of...
2) (personnage)les mauvais (= méchants) — the bad guys, (= pas doués) the bad ones
3. advfaire mauvais [temps] Il fait mauvais. — The weather's bad.
Ça sent mauvais. — It smells bad.
Ce poisson sent mauvais. — This fish smells bad.
* * *A adj1 ( d'un goût désagréable) être mauvais [nourriture, boisson] to be horrible; ne pas être mauvais [nourriture, boisson] to be quite good;2 ( de qualité inférieure) [repas, restaurant] poor; [tabac, alcool, café] cheap; [voiture, œuvre, spectacle] terrible; [nourriture, hébergement, livre] bad; [dictionnaire, bibliothèque, lycée, enregistrement] poor; ne pas être mauvais to be all right;4 ( inadéquat) [conseil, décision, définition, exemple, idée, solution, conditions de travail] bad; [projet] flawed; [renseignement] wrong; [éclairage, vue, mémoire, santé, hygiène, alimentation] poor; il ne serait pas mauvais de faire it wouldn't be a bad idea to do; mauvais pour la santé bad for one's health;5 ( inapproprié) wrong; la mauvaise méthode/solution/personne/date/clé the wrong method/solution/person/date/key;6 ( incompétent) [auteur, équipe] bad (en at); [élève, nageur, chasseur, amant] mediocre; [cuisinier, travailleur, menteur] bad; [avocat, médecin] incompetent; être mauvais en français [élève] to be bad at French; parler un mauvais français to speak French badly;7 ( déplaisant) [nuit, rêve, nouvelle, journée, impression] bad; [situation] difficult; [surprise] nasty; [vacances] terrible; ⇒ fortune, sang;8 ( méchant) [animal] vicious; [personne, sourire, remarque, ton] nasty; d'une mauvaise nature evil-natured; mauvais coup ( mauvaise action) mischief ¢; ( méchanceté) dirty trick; ( blessure) nasty knock; ( revers) terrible blow; préparer un mauvais coup to be up to mischief; faire subir un mauvais coup au gouvernement to deal a terrible blow to the government; de mauvaise humeur in a bad mood ( après n); ⇒ colère;9 ( grave) [fièvre, rhume] nasty;12 ( répréhensible) [père, fils, citoyen, comportement] bad; [chrétien] poor; [instinct] base; [tendance] unfortunate; [génie, intention, pensée] evil; ⇒ coton, pli;13 Météo [vent, pluie] nasty; [traversée, mer] rough; la météo est mauvaise the weather forecast is bad;B ○nm,f2 ( méchant) brute.C adv sentir mauvais lit to smell; fig○ to look bad; sentir très mauvais lit, fig to stink; ouvre la fenêtre, ça sent mauvais open the window, there's a nasty smell; la police est là, ça sent mauvais the police are here, things are looking bad; il fait mauvais Météo the weather is bad.D nm ( mauvais côté) le bon et le mauvais the good and the bad; il y a du bon et du mauvais chez chacun there's good and bad in everyone; il n'y a pas que du mauvais dans le projet the project isn't all bad.mauvais esprit ( personne) scoffing person; ( attitude) scoffing attitude; faire du mauvais esprit to scoff; mauvais garçon tough guy; mauvais lieux fleshpots; mauvais plaisant person with a warped sense of humourGB; mauvais traitements ill-treatment ¢; faire subir des mauvais traitements à qn to ill-treat sb; mauvaise herbe weed; mauvaise querelle unprovoked argument; faire une mauvaise querelle à qn to pick on sb; mauvaises rencontres bad company ¢; faire de mauvaises rencontres to get into bad company.la trouver or l'avoir mauvaise○ to be furious.( féminin mauvaise) [movɛ, movɛz] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet [movɛz]) adjectifA.[EN QUALITÉ]son deuxième roman est plus/moins mauvais que le premier her second novel is worse than her first/is not as bad as her firsten mauvais état in bad ou poor conditionla route est mauvaise the road is bad ou in a bad statej'ai une mauvaise vue ou de mauvais yeux I've got bad eyesightaprès l'entracte, la pièce devient franchement mauvaise after the interval, the play gets really bada. [dans une entreprise] poor resultsb. [à un examen] bad ou poor ou low gradesla ligne est mauvaise [téléphone] the line is badje suis mauvaise en économie I'm bad ou poor at economicsB.[DÉSAGRÉABLE]je n'irai plus dans ce restaurant, c'était trop mauvais I won't go to that restaurant again, it was too awfulil n'est pas si mauvais que ça, ton café your coffee isn't that badmauvais goût [de la nourriture, d'un médicament] bad ou nasty ou unpleasant tastejette ça, c'est mauvais [pourri] throw that away, it's gone badenlève ce qui est mauvais [dans un fruit] take off the bad bits[éprouvant] bad2. [défavorable] badmauvaise nouvelle, elle ne vient plus bad news, she's not coming anymoreC.[NON CONFORME]1. [erroné, inapproprié] wrongj'ai téléphoné à un mauvais moment I called at a bad ou an inconvenient timetu as choisi le mauvais jour pour me parler d'argent you've picked the wrong day to talk to me about moneyD.[NÉFASTE]un mauvais rhume a bad ou nasty coldc'est mauvais pour les poumons/plantes it's bad for your lungs/for the plantsne bois pas l'eau, elle est mauvaise don't drink the water, it's unsafe ou not safeje trouve mauvais que les enfants regardent trop la télévision I think it's bad ou harmful for children to watch too much televisionun rire/sourire mauvais a nasty laugh/smilea. [de poing] nasty blow ou punchb. [de pied] nasty kicken fait, ce n'est pas un mauvais homme/une mauvaise femme he/she means no harm(, really)3. [immoral] badavoir de mauvais instincts to have bad ou base instincts4. [funeste] badmauvais présage bad ou ill omen————————, mauvaise [movɛ, movɛz] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou 'h' muet [movɛz]) nom masculin, nom féminin[personne méchante] bad personoh, le mauvais/la mauvaise! [à un enfant] you naughty boy/girl!————————adverbe1. MÉTÉOROLOGIEil fait mauvais être/avoir... it's not a good idea to be/to have...à cette époque-là, il faisait mauvais être juif it was hard to be Jewish in those days————————nom masculin[ce qui est critiquable] -
36 présenter
présenter [pʀezɑ̃te]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verbb. [+ billet, passeport] to showc. ( = proposer au public) [+ marchandises, pièce, émission, jeux] to presentd. ( = exposer) [+ problème] to explain ; [+ idées] to presente. ( = exprimer) [+ excuses, condoléances, félicitations] to offerf. ( = comporter) [+ avantage, intérêt] to have ; [+ différences] to reveal ; [+ risque, difficulté] to entailg. ( = soumettre) [+ note, facture, devis, bilan, projet de loi] to present ; [+ thèse] to submit• à l'examen, il a présenté un texte de Camus [élève] he chose a text by Camus for the exam2. intransitive verb[personne] présenter bien to come over well3. reflexive verba. ( = se rendre) to appear• « ne pas écrire, se présenter » (dans une annonce) "applicants should apply in person"c. ( = se faire connaître) to introduce o.s. (à to)e. ( = apparaître) l'affaire se présente bien/mal things are looking good/aren't looking good• comment se présente le problème ? what exactly is the problem?* * *pʀezɑ̃te
1.
1) ( faire connaître) to introduce (à to); ( de manière officielle) to present ( à quelqu'un to somebody)je vous présente mon fils — this is my son, may I introduce my son?
2) ( montrer) to show [ticket, carte, menu]‘présentez armes!’ — ‘present arms!’
3) ( proposer au public) to present [spectacle, vedette, rétrospective, collection]; Radio, Télévision to present [journal, émission]; Commerce to display [marchandises]4) ( soumettre) to present [facture, addition]; to submit [devis, rapport]; to table [motion]; to introduce [proposition, projet de loi]présenter quelqu'un à — to put somebody forward for [poste, élection]
5) ( exposer) to present [situation, budget]; to expound, to present [théorie]; to set out [point de vue]6) ( exprimer) to offer [condoléances] (à to)7) ( comporter) to involve, to present [risque, difficulté]; to show [différences, trace]; to show, to present [symptôme]; to offer [avantage]; to have [aspect, particularité, défaut]présenter un grand intérêt/peu d'intérêt — to be of great interest/of little interest
8) ( orienter)présenter le flanc à l'ennemi — Armée to offer its flank to the enemy
2.
verbe intransitif
3.
se présenter verbe pronominalse présenter à l'audience — Droit to appear in court
en arrivant, il faut se présenter à la réception — when you arrive you must go ou report to reception
2) ( se faire connaître) to introduce oneself (à to)se présenter comme le or en libérateur du pays — to make oneself out to be the country's saviour
3) ( se porter candidat)se présenter à — to take [examen, concours]; to stand for [élections]
se présenter sur la même liste que — to stand GB ou run alongside somebody
4) ( survenir) [occasion, difficulté, problème] to arise, to present itself; [solution] to emergelire/manger tout ce qui se présente — to read/to eat anything that comes along
5) ( exister) [médicament, produit]se présenter en, se présenter sous forme de — to come in the form of
6) ( s'annoncer)7) Médecine* * *pʀezɑ̃te1. vt1) [personne] to introduceIl m'a présenté à sa sœur. — He introduced me to his sister.
Marc, je te présente Anaïs. — Marc, this is Anaïs.
2) [spectacle, émission] to presentIl présentait le spectacle. — He presented the show.
3) (= montrer) [billet, pièce d'identité] to show, to produce4) (= faire inscrire) [candidat] to put forward5) (= exprimer) [félicitations, condoléances] to offer6) (= soumettre) [bilan, facture, loi] to submit7) (= comporter) [avantage, inconvénients] to have, [risque] to presentCela présente des inconvénients. — It has some disadvantages.
2. vi* * *présenter verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( faire connaître) to introduce (à to); ( de manière officielle) to present (à qn to sb); présenter un conférencier à l'auditoire to introduce a speaker to the audience; permettez-moi de vous présenter mon collègue fml may I introduce my colleague?; je vous présente mon fils this is my son, may I introduce my son?; on vous a présentés? have you been introduced?; il l'a présentée comme sa secrétaire he introduced her as his secretary; il n'est pas nécessaire de vous présenter Pierre Pierre needs no introduction from me; être présenté au roi/à la cour to be presented to the king/at court;2 ( montrer) to show [ticket, carte, menu]; présenter une troupe à to parade troops before; ‘présentez armes!’ ‘present arms!’;3 ( proposer au public) to present [spectacle, vedette, rétrospective, collection]; Radio, TV to present [journal, émission]; Comm to display [marchandises];4 ( soumettre) to present [chèque, facture, addition]; to submit [devis, rapport, thèse]; to table [motion]; to introduce [proposition, projet de loi]; présenter qn à to put sb forward for [poste, élection]; to enter sb for [examen, concours]; présenter une liste pour les élections to put forward a list (of candidates) for the elections; présenter une proposition à un comité to put a proposal to a committee; présenter sa candidature à un poste to apply ou put in an application for a job; présenter un enfant au baptême to have a child christened;5 ( exposer) to present [situation, faits, budget, conclusions]; to expound, to present [théorie]; to present, to set out [idée]; to set out [objections, point de vue]; rapport mal/bien présenté badly-/well-presented report; présenter qn comme (étant) un monstre to portray sb as a monster; être présenté comme miraculeux to be described as miraculous; être présenté comme un modèle to be held up as a model; être présenté comme une simple mesure provisoire to be described as just a temporary measure; présenter la victoire comme acquise to speak of victory as already won; comment allez-vous leur présenter l'affaire? how are you going to put the matter to them?; présenter une affaire devant les tribunaux to take a case to court; présenter la note or l'addition to present the bill GB ou check US;7 ( comporter) to involve, to present [risque, difficulté]; to show [différences, signe, trace]; to show, to present [symptôme]; to offer [avantage]; to have [aspect, particularité, défaut]; un coffret qui présente des incrustations de nacre a box set with mother of pearl; présenter un grand intérêt/peu d'intérêt to be of great interest/of little interest;8 ( orienter) présenter son visage au soleil to turn one's face to the sun; présenter le flanc à l'ennemi to turn the flank to the enemy; présenter les voiles au vent to set the sails into the wind.C se présenter vpr1 ( paraître) to appear; ( aller) to go; ( venir) to come; tu ne peux pas te présenter dans cette tenue you can't appear dressed like that; se présenter à l'audience Jur to appear in court; en arrivant, il faut se présenter à la réception when you arrive you must go ou report to reception; personne ne s'est présenté nobody came ou appeared ou turned up○; présentez-vous à 10 heures come at 10; quand il s'est présenté chez le directeur when he presented himself sout at the manager's office; on ne se présente pas chez les gens à minuit you don't call on people at midnight; comment oses-tu te présenter chez moi? how dare you show your face at my house?; ‘ne pas écrire, se présenter’ ‘please apply in person’;2 ( se faire connaître) to introduce oneself (à to); je me présente, Jacques Roux may I introduce myself? Jacques Roux; il s'est présenté (à moi) comme (un) employé de la banque he introduced himself (to me) as a bank employee; se présenter comme le or en libérateur du pays to make oneself out to be the country's saviour;3 ( se porter candidat) se présenter à to take [examen, concours]; to stand for [élections]; se présenter aux élections présidentielles to stand in the presidential elections, to run for president US; en 1988 il ne s'est pas présenté in 1988 he didn't stand; se présenter sur la même liste que to stand GB ou run US alongside sb; se présenter pour un emploi to put in ou apply for a post;4 ( survenir) [occasion, difficulté, problème] to arise, to present itself; [solution] to emerge; peu d'occasions se sont présentées there were few opportunities; lire/manger tout ce qui se présente to read/eat anything that comes along; les difficultés qui se présentent à nous the difficulties with which we are faced ou confronted; les possibilités qui se présentent à nous the possibilities available to us; cette idée s'était présentée à mon esprit the idea had crossed my mind; un spectacle étonnant se présenta à mes yeux an amazing sight met my eyes;5 ( exister) [médicament, produit] se présenter en, se présenter sous forme de to come in the form of; se présenter sous forme de cachets/en sirop/en granulés to come ou be available in tablet form/as a syrup GB ou sirup US/in the form of granules;6 ( s'annoncer) l'affaire se présente bien/mal things are looking good/bad; comment se présente la situation sur le front? what is the situation at the front?;7 Méd comment se présente l'enfant? how is the baby presenting?; le bébé se présente par le siège the baby is in the breech position.[prezɑ̃te] verbe transitif1. [faire connaître] to introduceje te présente ma sœur Blanche this is ou let me introduce my sister Blancheon ne vous présente plus [personne célèbre] you need no introduction from meprésenter quelqu'un à la Cour/au Roi to present somebody at Court/to the King4. [montrer publiquement] to presentles Ballets de la Lune (vous) présentent... the Moon Ballet Company presents...bouteille/vitrine joliment présentée attractively packaged bottle/dressed window7. [soumettre - démission] to present, to submit, to hand in (separable) ; [ - pétition] to put in (separable), to submit ; [ - projet de loi] to present, to introduce[dans un festival] to present[dans un concours] to enterpourquoi présentez-vous votre film hors festival? why aren't you showing your film as part of the festival?il a présenté un de ses élèves au Conservatoire he has entered one of his pupils for the Conservatoire entrance exama. [à un concours] to enter a candidatevous avez présenté votre cas de manière fort convaincante you have set out ou stated your case most convincingly9. [dans des formules de politesse] to offerje vous présente mes condoléances please accept ou I'd like to offer my condolences10. [comporter - anomalie, particularité] to present (soutenu), to have ; [ - symptômes, traces, signes] to show ; [ - difficulté, risque] to involveles deux systèmes présentent peu de différences the two systems present (soutenu) ou display very few differences11. [offrir]présenter des petits fours to offer ou to pass round petit fours12. MILITAIRE [armes] to present————————[prezɑ̃te] verbe intransitifil présente bien, ton ami your friend looks good————————se présenter verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)[décliner son identité] to introduce oneself————————se présenter verbe pronominal (emploi passif)————————se présenter verbe pronominal intransitif1. [se manifester] to appearelle s'est présentée à son entretien avec une heure de retard she arrived one hour late for the interviewse présenter chez quelqu'un to call on somebody, to go to somebody's houseaprès cette soirée, il n'a pas osé se présenter chez elle after the party, he didn't dare show his face at her placeil ne s'est présenté aucun acheteur/volontaire no buyer/volunteer has come forward2. [avoir telle tournure]l'affaire se présente sous un jour nouveau the matter can be seen ou appears in a new light3. [être candidat]se présenter à un concours de beauté to go in for ou to enter a beauty contest4. [survenir] to arisej'attends que quelque chose d'intéressant se présente I'm waiting for something interesting to turn up ou to come my wayle bébé se présente par le siège the baby is in a breech position, it's a breech babyle bébé se présente par la tête the baby's presentation is normal, the baby's in a head position -
37 графико-аналитический метод
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > графико-аналитический метод
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38 используя
using, if we use, with the aid of• Лучшие приближения к х можно получить, используя... - Better approximations to х can by obtained by using...• Давайте рассмотрим этот вопрос, используя специальные примеры. - Let us approach this question by means of specific examples.• Используя (1), мы далее видим, что... - We thus see, with the aid of (1), that...• Используя более точную аппроксимацию, обнаружили, что... - When a more accurate approximation is used, it is found that...• Используя данный метод, хорошо помнить, что... - In using this method it is well to remember that...• Используя данный подход... - Following this line of attack...• Используя любой подобный метод, необходимо (помнить и т. п.)... - With any method such as this it is necessary to...• Используя настоящую технику, мы можем... - With the present technique, it is possible to...• Используя определения F и G, легко показать, что... - It is a simple matter, using the definitions of F and G, to show that...• Используя подобные формулы, можно... - Using such formulae, it is possible to...• Используя принцип виртуальных работ, мы... - By applying the principle of virtual work we...• Используя результат (10), мы видим, что... - Making use of the result (10) we see that...• Используя соотношение (3) между х и у, можно записать... - Making use of the relation between x and у given by (3), one may write...• Используя соотношение (3.2), мы получаем... - Making use of relation (3.2), we get...• Используя тот же метод, мы можем записать... - In the same vein we can write...• Используя эти соотношения, мы легко можем показать по индукции, что... - From these relations we can easily show by induction that...• Используя этот новый метод, мы можем... - By this new method it will be possible to...• Используя этот результат, мы можем... - With this result we can... ,• Используя этот результат, мы можем заключить... - With the help of this result we can deduce...• Используя эту простую задачу, мы можем проиллюстрировать... - With this simple problem we will be able to illustrate...• Используя эту технику, можно (показать и т. п.)... - Using this technique, it is possible to...• Как легко показать используя..., этим можно полностью пренебречь. - It is utterly negligible, as we can easily show by...• Мы удалим данную трудность, используя... - We remove this difficulty by using...• Очевидно, данный результат мог бы быть получен, не используя... - Obviously this result could have been obtained without the use of...• Подходящая (= удовлетворительная) теория может быть развита, используя... - A satisfactory theory can be developed using...• Позднее мы более серьезно займемся изучением (данной проблемы), используя... - A better treatment will be given later with the aid of...• Поучительно решить этот пример, используя... - It is instructive to solve this example by means of...• Это можно было бы легко показать, используя условие, что... - This may be shown readily by employing the condition that...• Это преобразование можно также произвести графически, используя... - This transformation may also be performed graphically using...• Это решение можно получить наиболее просто, используя... - The solution is most readily obtained by the use of...• Этого можно достигнуть, используя... - This can be achieved by the use of...• Этой ошибки можно было бы избежать, используя... - This error could be avoided by using... -
39 предлагать
(= предложить) offer, propose, suggest, recommend• Были предложены несколько методов. - Several techniques have been suggested.• Было предложено, чтобы/что... - It has been suggested that...; It has been proposed that...• В данной главе мы предлагаем обсудить... - In this chapter we propose to discuss...• В качестве поддержки для начинающего мы предлагаем следующее. - As encouragement for the beginner, we offer the following.• В подобных случаях было предложено... - In such cases it was suggested that...• Возможно, мы могли бы предложить в качестве гипотезы (что-л)... - We might perhaps conjecture that...• Давайте предложим следующее в качестве пробного решения. - Let us propose the following as a trial solution.• Данная диаграмма предлагает объяснение... - This diagram offers a perspective on...• Для этого Зоммерфельд предложил (= дал) следующий совет. - То this end, Sommerfeld offered the following words of advice.• Другой метод был предложен Джонсом [1]. - A different method has been given by Jones [1].• Изучение логики предлагает (= дает) возможность отточить способности к рассуждениям. - The study of logic offers an opportunity to sharpen one's reasoning skills.• Каждодневный опыт предлагает (= дает)... - Everyday experience suggests that...• Коши предложил простой метод для проверки сходимости подобных рядов. - Cauchy devised a simple method for determining the convergence of such series.• Мы могли бы предложить следующий подход. - We might suggest the following approach.• Мы не предлагаем доказывать существование (решения и т. п.)... - We do not propose to prove the existence of...• Мы хотели бы предложить следующую альтернативу. - We would like to propose the following alternative.• Один очень интересный подход был предложен Смитом [1]. - A very interesting approach has been proposed by Smith [1].• Он предлагает новую теорию данного явления. - Не put forward a new theory for this phenomenon.• Разумно предложить... - It is reasonable to suggest that...; It stands to reason that...• Решение этой дилеммы было предложено Смитом [1] в 1980 г. - A way out of this dilemma was proposed in 1980 by Smith [1].• Симметрия (выражения) предлагает (= дает) нам, что... - Symmetry tells us that...• Смит [1] предложил метод вычисления... - Smith [1] has proposed a method of calculating...• Тем не менее, имеется достаточное основание предложить... - Nevertheless, there is enough evidence to suggest that...• Эта аналогия часто используется, чтобы предложить... - The analogy is often used to suggest that...• Эта идея уже была использована Смитом [1], который предлагает (что-л)... - This idea has been exploited by Smith [1], who suggests that...• Эти данные предлагают, что... - These data suggest that...• Это было предложено как объяснение для... -This has been suggested as an explanation for...• Это заставило нескольких авторов предложить использование... - This has led several authors to propose the use of...• Это объяснение было предложено Смитом [1], который... - This explanation was proposed by Smith [1], who...• Этот результат предлагает естественное обобщение... - This result suggests a natural generalization of... -
40 пример
example, instance, model• Безусловно, это пример (чего-л). - This is, of course, an example of...• Более интригующим примером является... - A more intriguing example is...• Более сложный пример доставляется (из рассмотрения и т. п.)... - A more complex example is afforded by...• Будет полезен другой пример. - Another example will be helpful.• Было бы легко привести значительно больше примеров... - It would be easy to give many more examples of...• В [2] приводятся несколько примеров. - Several examples are given in [2].• В данном параграфе мы обсуждаем некоторые простые свойства и примеры (чего-л). - In this section we discuss some simple properties and examples of...• В каждом из этих примеров рассматривается... - Each of these examples is concerned with...• В качестве другого примера мы можем проверить... - As a further example we may examine...• В качестве последнего примера в этой главе рассмотрим... - As a final example in this chapter we consider...• В качестве последнего примера мы возьмем... - As a last example, we take...• В качестве практически важного примера рассмотрим... - As an example of practical importance we consider...• В качестве примера описанного выше метода мы показываем, что... - As an example of the method described above we show that...• В качестве примера рассмотрим теперь... - By way of example, let us now consider...• В качестве слегка более сложного примера мы докажем, что... - As a slightly harder example we prove that...• В качестве специального примера предположим... - As a specific illustration, suppose that...• В качестве тривиального примера рассмотрим... - As a trivial example of this, consider...• В качестве частного примера рассмотрим следующий. - As a particular example take the following.• В нескольких следующих примерах мы будем предполагать для удобства, что... - In the next few examples we will assume for convenience that...• В следующем параграфе мы обсудим примеры... - In the next section we discuss examples of...• В следующем примере мы используем этот метод, чтобы определить... - In the following examples we use this method to determine...• В этих примерах получается, что... - In these examples it happens that...• В этом примере мы имеем дело с... - In this example we work with...• Важно отметить, что этот пример указывает на(что-л)... - It is important to note from this example that...• Возможно, основной урок, который мы извлекаем из этих трех примеров, состоит в том, что... - Probably the main lesson to be gained from these three examples is that...• Вышесказанное является хорошим примером... - The foregoing is a good example of...• Главной характерной чертой предыдущего примера является... - A central feature of the previous example is...• Давайте рассмотрим этот вопрос, используя специальные примеры. - Let us approach this question by means of specific examples.• Данные примеры должны прояснить... - These examples should make it clear that...• Данный пример имеет некоторый интерес в связи с... - This example is of some interest in connection with...• Данный пример является типичным во многих (случаях и т. п.)... - This example is typical of many...• Данный процесс может быть проиллюстрирован несколькими примерами. - The process may be illustrated by a few examples.• Действительный смысл этого примера состоит в том, что... - The real point of this illustration is that...• Другие примеры... упоминаются во втором параграфе. - Other examples of... are mentioned in Section 2.• Другой важный пример этого принципа встречается, когда... - Another important example of this principle occurs when...• Другой пример мог бы быть взят из... - Another example might be taken from...• Еще более удивительным является обнаруженный/предложенный Смитом пример [11], который показывает, что... - Even more startling is an example due to Smith [11], which shows that...• Заключение, вытекающее из следующих двух примеров, состоит в том, что... - The conclusion to be drawn from these two examples is that...• Здесь мы описываем некоторые ранние примеры... - Here we describe some early examples of...• Здесь мы приводим другой пример (чего-л). - We give here another example of...(чем-л/где-л)... - Familiar examples are provided by...• Из этого частного примера мы можем заключить, что... - We may infer from this particular example that...• Имеется много других примеров, иллюстрирующих основную идею (чего-л). - There are many other examples which illustrate the basic idea of...• История изобилует примерами (чего-л)... - The history of... provides many examples of cases where...; The history of... abounds in cases where...• К примеру, давайте рассмотрим взаимодействие... - Let us, for example, consider the interaction of...• К примеру, можно было бы предположить, что... - It might, for example, be conjectured that...• К примеру, оценивается, что... - It is estimated, for example, that...• К примеру, предположим, что... - For instance, suppose that...• К примеру, это особенно верно в случае... - This is particularly so, for example, in the case of...• Как показывает следующий пример, это не обязательно выполнено. - This is not necessarily the case, as the following example illustrates.• Легко понятный, но все еще не слишком тривиальный пример - это... - An easily understood, yet not too trivial, example is that of...• Менее тривиальным примером является... - A less trivial example is...• Мы заключаем (наше изложение и т. п.) примером, иллюстрирующим... - We conclude by giving an example to illustrate...• Мы заключаем этот пример замечанием, что... - We conclude this example with the observation that...• Мы могли бы, к примеру, решить, что... - We might, for example, decide that...• Мы можем показать это на простом примере. - We can demonstrate this with a simple example.• Мы начинаем с рассмотрения трех конкретных примеров. - We begin by looking at three concrete examples.• Мы увидим, что это пример (чего-л). - We shall see that this is an example of...• Наиболее значимые примеры должны быть найдены (в)... - The most conspicuous examples are to be found in...• Наиболее значимой чертой этого примера является то, что... - The most significant feature of this example is that...• Наиболее известными примерами являются... - The most familiar examples are...• Наш простой пример показывает, что... - Our simple example demonstrates that...• Более сложный пример предоставляется... - A more difficult example is provided by...• Несколько решенных примеров представлены в следующем параграфе. - Several worked out examples are presented in the next section.• Ниже приводится пример, который иллюстрирует... - An example is used below to illustrate...• Нижеследующее является хорошим примером (чего-л). - The following is a good example of...• Нижеследующий пример показывает, что... - The following example shows that...• Объяснить это наилучшим образом можно с помощью примеров. - This is best made clear by means of examples.• Один из наиболее впечатляющих примеров это... - One of the most striking examples is...• Одна интересная вариация последнего примера вытекает из... - An interesting variation on the last example is provided by...• Однако имеет смысл проиллюстрировать данную технику следующим примером. - It is, however, worthwhile to illustrate the technique by the following example.• Однако, как указывает Смит [1], безусловно существуют примеры... - But, as Smith [1] points out, there are certainly examples of...• Перед тем, как продолжить давать примеры, мы приведем важное замечание, что... - Before proceeding to give examples, we make the important observation that...• Поучительно решить этот пример, используя... - It is instructive to solve this example by means of...• Предыдущие примеры иллюстрируют общий факт, что... - The preceding examples illustrate the general fact that...• Предыдущий пример демонстрирует, что много проще... - The above problems show that it is much easier to...• Прежде чем представить больше примеров, давайте... - Before presenting more examples, let us...• Приведем пример, как это происходит. - Let us see how that works in an example.• Приведем теперь пример, в котором... - We now give an example in which...• Приведенный выше пример 2 показывает, что... - Example 2 above shows that...• Пример 3 иллюстрирует основной принцип, что... - Example 3 illustrates the general principle that...• Пример должен разъяснить это. - An example should make this clear.• Пример его использования уже приведен в главе 2. - An example of its use has already been given in Chapter 2.• Пример послужит для демонстрации выполнения этого вычисления. - An example will serve to show how the calculation is carried out.• Пример такой структуры можно встретить (в)... - An example of such a structure occurs in...• Примеры будут найдены в стандартных описаниях... - Examples will be found in standard accounts of...• Проиллюстрируем это с помощью численного примера. - A numerical example will illustrate this.• Простейший пример (для) этого дается... - The simplest example of this is given by...• Простейший пример предоставляется (чем-л). - The simplest example is afforded by...; The simplest example is furnished by...• Простейший пример такой ситуации дается специальным случаем... - The simplest example of such a situation is the special case of...• Простейшим примером подобной операции является... - The simplest example of such an operation is...• Рассмотрим численный пример. - Let us take a numerical example.• Руководствуясь более ранним примером, полученным нами, мы... - Guided by our earlier example, we...• С помощью этого примера становится очевидно, что... - On the basis of this example, it is evident that...• Сейчас мы построим некоторые примеры, чтобы проиллюстрировать... - We now work out some examples to illustrate...• Следующая серия примеров (= иллюстраций) показывает... - The following series of illustrations shows...• Следующий пример дает иллюстрацию этой техники. - The following example illustrates the technique.• Следующий пример демонстрирует этот тип решения. - The next example demonstrates this type of solution.• Следующий пример может помочь объяснению этого момента (= пункта). - The following example may help to clarify this point.• Следующий пример может сделать это утверждение яснее. - The following example may make this point clearer.• Следующий пример показывает недостаток этой схемы. - A shortcoming of this scheme is shown by the following example.• Следующий пример предоставляет введение (в)... - The following example provides an introduction to...• Смит [1] приводит убедительный пример существования... - Smith [l] makes a persuasive case for the existence of...• Сначала рассмотрим (один) пример. - First we consider an example.• Совершенно другого типа пример предоставляется (чем-л). - An example of an entirely different kind is provided by...• Существует много примеров... - There are many examples of...• Таким образом, мы пришли к первому примеру (чего-л). - Thus we arrive at our first instance of...• Теперь мы возвращаемся к примеру, рассмотренному во втором параграфе. - We now return to the example treated in Section 2.• Теперь мы обратимся к некоторым примерам... - We now turn to some examples of...• Теперь приведем несколько конкретных примеров. - A few concrete examples are in order.• Только что приведенный пример является специальным случаем... - The example just given is a special case of...• Следующие три примера иллюстрируют эту возможность. - The next three examples illustrate this possibility• У нас есть здесь другой пример... - We have here another example of...• Часто упоминаемым простым примером является случай... - A simple example, often quoted, is the case of...• Численный пример проиллюстрирует относительную важность... - A numerical example will illustrate the relative importance of...• Читатель должен тщательно изучить этот пример. - The reader should study this example carefully.• Чтобы..., мы ограничимся лишь простым примером. - We restrict ourselves to a simple example in order to...• Чтобы привести еще более простой пример, мы можем рассмотреть... - То take an even simpler example, we can consider...• Чтобы проиллюстрировать это наиболее простым примером, предположим, что... - То take the simplest possible illustration, suppose that...• Эта техника иллюстрируется следующим примером. - The technique is illustrated in the next example.• Эта точка зрения будет объяснена примерами при изучении метода... - This point will be clarified by examples when we study the method of...• Эти два примера иллюстрируют некоторые из проблем... - These two examples illustrate some of the problems of...• Эти и другие примеры показывают, что... - These and many other examples show that...• Эти примеры предназначены в качестве (некоторого) руководства для... - These examples are intended as a guide for...• Эти примеры типичные, но не исчерпывающие. - These examples are typical but not exhaustive.• Эти соотношения можно было бы приложить, к примеру, к... - These expressions may be applied, for example, to... ,• Это было достаточно хорошо проиллюстрировано предыдущими примерами. - This has been sufficiently illustrated in the preceding examples.• Это другой пример (чего-л). - This is another example of...• Это еще один пример... - This is a further example of...• Это можно лучше всего понять, используя специальный пример. - This is best understood through a specific example.• Это пример того, что называется... - This is an example of what is called...• Это хороший пример (чего-л). - This is a good example of...• Этот метод лучше всего иллюстрируется примером. - The procedure is best illustrated by an example.• Этот очень простой пример типичен для... - This very simple example is typical of...• Этот пример демонстрирует один способ... - This example demonstrates one way of...• Этот пример иллюстрирует общий факт, что... - This example illustrates the general fact that...• Этот пример интересен в связи с... - This example is of interest in connection with...• Этот пример показывает, что может быть необходимым... - This example shows that it may be necessary to...• Этот пример представляет лишь академический интерес. - This example is of academic interest only.• Этот случай дает прекрасный пример (чего-л). - This case provides an excellent example of...
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