so+it+was+fated

m unlucky star; unter einem Unstern stehen be ill-fated

* * *

m no pl (liter)

* * *

Unstern m unlucky star;

unter einem Unstern stehen be ill-fated

malheureux, -euse [maløʀø, øz]

1. adjective

   a. ( = infortuné) unfortunate

   b. ( = regrettable) unfortunate

• pour un mot malheureux because of an unfortunate remark

• c'est bien malheureux qu'il ne puisse pas venir it's most unfortunate that he can't come

• si c'est pas malheureux d'entendre ça ! (inf) it makes you sick to hear that! (inf)

   c. ( = triste, qui souffre) unhappy

• rendre qn malheureux to make sb unhappy

   d. ( = malchanceux: toujours après le nom) [candidat, tentative] unsuccessful

• être malheureux au jeu to be unlucky at gambling

• amour malheureux unhappy love affair

   e. ( = insignifiant: toujours avant le nom) wretched

• toute une histoire pour un malheureux billet de 10 euros such a fuss about a wretched 10-euro note

• toute une histoire pour une malheureuse erreur such a fuss about a minor mistake

• il y avait deux ou trois malheureux spectateurs there was a miserable handful of spectators

2. masculine noun, feminine noun

( = infortuné) poor wretch ; ( = indigent) needy person

• il a tout perdu ? le malheureux ! did he lose everything? the poor man!

• ne fais pas cela, malheureux ! don't do that, you fool!

* * *

1. adj

1) (personne) miserable

2) (événement) unfortunate

3) (= malchanceux) unlucky

4) (= insignifiant) wretched

2. nm/f

(= infortuné, misérable) poor soul, (= indigent, miséreux) unfortunate creature

* * *

malheureux, - euse

A adj

1 ( pas heureux) [personne, visage, vie] unhappy; ( plus fort) miserable; rendre qn malheureux to make sb unhappy; je suis malheureux de ne (pas) pouvoir I'm really unhappy that I can't; ne prends pas cet air malheureux! don't look so miserable; si c'est pas malheureux○ de voir/d'entendre isn't it awful to see/hear;

2 ( à plaindre) [victime] unfortunate;

3 ( marqué par la malchance) [candidat] unlucky (en in); [coïncidence] unfortunate; [passion] ill-fated; malheureux en affaires unlucky in business; être malheureux au jeu to be an unlucky gambler; ( aux cartes) to be unlucky at cards;

4 ( regrettable) [mot, geste, choix] unfortunate; une initiative malheureuse an unfortunate move; c'est bien malheureux mais c'est comme ça it's very unfortunate but that's how it is; c'est malheureux que tu ne puisses pas venir it's a pity ou shame that you can't come; ‘j'ai fini!’-‘ce n'est pas malheureux○!’ ‘I've finished!’-‘about time too!’;

5 ( négligeable) [somme] paltry, pathetic; pour trois malheureux euros for a paltry three euros; seulement dix malheureux visiteurs only a pathetic ten visitors.

B nm,f

1 ( personne peu chanceuse) le malheureux/la malheureuse a cru que… the poor man/the poor woman thought that…; il a souffert, le malheureux! he really went through it, poor man!; ne fais pas cela, malheureuse! don't do that, for heaven's sake;

2 ( personne indigente) poor person; les malheureux the needy.

être malheureux comme les pierres to be as miserable as sin; heureux au jeu, malheureux en amour Prov lucky at cards, unlucky in love Prov.

( féminin malheureuse) [malɶrø, øz] adjectif

1. [peiné] unhappy, miserable, wretched

2. [tragique - enfance] unhappy ; [ - destin] cruel

3. [malchanceux] unfortunate, unlucky

4. [infructueux - initiative, effort] thwarted ; [ - amour] unrequited

[malencontreux - tentative] unfortunate, ill-fated ; [ - conséquences] unfortunate, unhappy ; [ - incident] unfortunate

5. (avant le nom) [insignifiant]

6. [dans des tournures impersonnelles]

si c'est pas malheureux (de voir/d'entendre ça)! (familier) it's a (crying) shame (to see/to hear that)!

————————

, malheureuse [malɶrø, øz] nom masculin, nom féminin

1. [indigent] poor ou needy man ( feminine woman)

2. [personne pitoyable] unfortunate ou wretched man ( feminine woman)

1  fatal (to) ⇒ disastrous (to), ill-fated

♦voorbeelden:

1   een noodlottige afloop hebben • end fatally/in death

     een noodlottige reis • an ill-fated journey

     dat werd hem noodlottig • that was his undoing

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

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The third son of a merchant sea captain, he was at first educated in the village school. At the age of 17 he was working under a Mr Larmer, a civil engineer, constructing the Lancaster and Carlisle railway. He later moved to be a resident engineer on the Stockton \& Darlington Railway, and from 1849 was Engineer and Manager of the Edinburgh \& Northern Railway. In this last position he became aware of the great inconvenience caused to traffic by the broad estuaries of the Tay and the Forth on the eastern side of Scotland. The railway later became the Edinburgh, Perth \& Dundee, and was then absorbed into the North British in 1854 when Bouch produced his first plans for a bridge across the Tay at an estimated cost of £200,000. A bill was passed for the building of the bridge in 1870. Prior to this, Bouch had built many bridges up to the Redheugh Viaduct, at Newcastle upon Tyne, which had two spans of 240 ft (73 m) and two of 260 ft (79 m). He had also set up in business on his own. He is said to have designed nearly 300 miles (480 km) of railway in the north, as well as a "floating railway" of steam ferries to carry trains across the Forth and the Tay. The Tay bridge, however, was his favourite project; he had hawked it for some twenty years before getting the go-ahead, and the foundation stone of the bridge was laid on 22 July 1871. The total length of the bridge was nearly two miles (3.2 km), while the shore-to-shore distance over the river was just over one mile (1.6 km). It consisted of eighty-five spans, thirteen of which, i.e. "the high girders", were some 245 ft (75 m) long and 100 ft (30 m) above water level to allow for shipping access to Perth, and was a structure of lattice girders on brick and masonry piers topped with ironwork. The first crossing of the bridge was made on 26 September 1877, and the official opening was on 31 May 1878. On Sunday 28 December 1879, at about 7.20 pm, in a wind of probably 90 mph (145 km/h), the thirteen "high girders" were blown into the river below, drowning the seventy-five passengers and crew aboard the 5.20 train from Burntisland. A Court of Enquiry was held and revealed design faults in that the effect of wind pressure had not been adequately taken into account, faults in manufacture in the plugging of flaws in the castings, and inadequate inspection and maintenance; all of these faults were attributed to Bouch, who had been knighted for the building of the bridge. He died at his house in Moffat four months after the enquiry.

[br]

1 destiny, fate (sino).

su destino era convertirse en estrella de cine she was destined to become a movie star

2 destination (rumbo).

(ir) con destino a (to be) bound for o going to

un vuelo con destino a… a flight to…

el tren con destino a La Paz the train for La Paz, the La Paz train

pasajeros con destino a Chicago, embarquen por puerta 6 passengers flying to Chicago, please board at gate 6

3 position, post (empleo, plaza).

le han dado un destino en las Canarias he's been posted to the Canaries

4 use, function.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: destinar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (sino) destiny, fate

2 (uso) purpose, use

3 (lugar) destination

4 (empleo) post

\

con destino a bound for, going to

■ un avión con destino a Madrid a plane bound for Madrid

■ el vuelo 977 con destino a París flight 977 to Paris

salir con destino a to leave for

* * *

1) destination

2) destiny, fate

3) assignment

* * *

1) (=suerte) destiny, fate

2) [de avión, viajero] destination

3) (=puesto) [de empleado] job, post; [de militar] posting; [de funcionario] placement

4) (=uso) use, purpose

* * *

1) ( sino) fate

2)

a) (de avión, autobús) destination

b) ( puesto) posting, assignment

3) (uso, fin)

* * *

1) ( sino) fate

2)

a) (de avión, autobús) destination

b) ( puesto) posting, assignment

3) (uso, fin)

* * *

destino¹

¹ = destiny, fate, fortune.

destino²

² = destination, point of arrival.

* * *

A (hado) fate

quién sabe qué nos depara el destino who knows what fate has in store for us

su destino era acabar en la cárcel he was destined to end up in prison

una jugada del destino a trick of fate o destiny

1 (de un avión, autobús) destination

la salida del vuelo 421 con destino a Roma the departure of flight 421 to Rome

los pasajeros con destino a Santiago passengers traveling to Santiago

los trenes con destino a San Juan trains to San Juan

el expreso con destino a Burgos the express to o for Burgos, the Burgos express

2 (puesto) posting, assignment

ése fue su primer destino como diplomático that was his first diplomatic posting o assignment

solicitó un destino en el extranjero she asked to be posted abroad, she asked for a foreign posting o assignment

(uso, fin): no se sabe qué destino se les va a dar a esos fondos it is not known what those funds will be allocated to

no había decidido qué destino le iba a dar al dinero he had not decided to what use he was going to put the money

debería dársele un mejor destino a esto better use should be made of this, this should be put to better use

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

◊ destinó todos sus ahorros a pagar las deudas she used all her savings to pay her debts;

a) (de avión, autobús) destination;

◊ con destino a Roma ‹vuelo/tren› to Rome;

◊ salieron con destino a Lima they set off for Lima

b) ( puesto) posting, assignment

* * *

destino nm

1. [sino] destiny, fate;

su destino era convertirse en estrella de cine she was destined to become a movie o Br film star;

sigue tocando, tu destino está en la música keep playing, your future lies in music;

nunca se sabe lo que el destino te puede deparar you never know what fate might have in store for you;

el destino quiso que se conocieran it came about that they met each other

2. [finalidad] use, function;

la oposición pidió explicaciones sobre el destino del dinero recaudado the opposition asked for an explanation of what the money raised was going to be used for;

productos con destino al consumo humano products for human consumption

3. [rumbo]

un vuelo con destino a… a flight to…;

el tren con destino a La Paz the train for La Paz, the La Paz train;

pasajeros con destino a Chicago, embarquen por puerta 6 passengers flying to Chicago, please board at gate 6

4. [lugar de llegada] destination;

llegamos tarde a nuestro destino we arrived late at our destination;

uno de los destinos preferidos del turista europeo a favourite tourist destination for Europeans

5. [empleo, plaza] posting;

un destino en el frente de guerra a posting at the front;

le han dado un destino en las Canarias he's been posted to the Canaries;

estar en expectativa de destino to be awaiting a posting

* * *

1 fate, destiny

2 de viaje etc destination;

el tren con destino a the train for

3 en el ejército etc posting

* * *

destino nm

1) : destiny, fate

2) destinación: destination

3) : use

4) : assignment, post

* * *

destino n

1. (tren, avión, etc) destination

2. (sino) fate / destiny

3. (uso) use

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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As a youth, Dyer constructed an unsinkable life-boat but did not immediately pursue his mechanical bent, for at 16 he entered the counting-house of a French refugee named Nancrède and succeeded to part of the business. He first went to England in 1801 and finally settled in 1811 when he married Ellen Jones (d. 1842) of Gower Street, London. Dyer was already linked with American inventors and brought to England Perkins's plan for steel engraving in 1809, shearing and nail-making machines in 1811, and also received plans and specifications for Fulton's steamboats. He seems to have acted as a sort of British patent agent for American inventors, and in 1811 took out a patent for carding engines and a card clothing machine. In 1813 there was a patent for spinning long-fibred substances such as hemp, flax or grasses, and in 1825 there was a further patent for card making machinery. Joshua Field, on his tour through Britain in 1821, saw a wire drawing machine and a leather splitting machine at Dyer's works as well as the card-making machines. At first Dyer lived in Camden Town, London, but he had a card clothing business in Birmingham. He moved to Manchester c.1816, where he developed an extensive engineering works under the name "Joseph C.Dyer, patent card manufacturers, 8 Stanley Street, Dale Street". In 1832 he founded another works at Gamaches, Somme, France, but this enterprise was closed in 1848 with heavy losses through the mismanagement of an agent. In 1825 Dyer improved on Danforth's roving frame and started to manufacture it. While it was still a comparatively crude machine when com-pared with later versions, it had the merit of turning out a large quantity of work and was very popular, realizing a large sum of money. He patented the machine that year and must have continued his interest in these machines as further patents followed in 1830 and 1835. In 1821 Dyer had been involved in the foundation of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) and he was linked with the construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He was not so successful with the ill-fated Bank of Manchester, of which he was a director and in which he lost £98,000. Dyer played an active role in the community and presented many papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He helped to establish the Royal Institution in London and the Mechanics Institution in Manchester. In 1830 he was a member of the delegation to Paris to take contributions from the town of Manchester for the relief of those wounded in the July revolution and to congratulate Louis-Philippe on his accession. He called for the reform of Parliament and helped to form the Anti-Corn Law League. He hated slavery and wrote several articles on the subject, both prior to and during the American Civil War.

[br]

See also: Arnold, Aza

1. (subj: human or collect (1st var.)) to destroy sth. (or sth. is destroyed) totally, mercilessly

X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X did not leave (X left not) one stone standing (upon another)

or Y-a камня на камне не осталось - not one stone was left standing (upon another)

2. (subj: human or abstr (1st var.)) to disprove, rebut sth. (or sth. is disproved, rebutted) thoroughly, unequivocally

X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X left nothing of Y

от Y-a камня на камне не осталось -nothing was left of Y

• КАМНЯ НА КАМНЕ НЕ ОСТАВЛЯТЬ/НЕ ОСТАВИТЬ <НЕ ОСТАЕТСЯ/НЕ ОСТАЛОСЬ> от чего lit, rhet

[VP (1st var.), VPsubj/ gen (2nd var.); more often pfv past; the verb may take the initial position]

=====

1. [subj: human or collect (1st var.)]

⇒ to destroy sth. (or sth. is destroyed) totally, mercilessly:

- X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X did not leave (X left not) one stone standing (upon another);

- X razed Y to the ground;

|| от Y-а камня на камне не осталось≈ not one stone was left standing (upon another);

- no stone was left standing;

- there was not one stone left upon another;

- Y was razed to the ground.

     ♦ Целый день преследовали маленькие негодяи злосчастную вдову... покуда она не пришла в исступление и не начала прорицать. Смысл этих прорицаний объяснился лишь впоследствии, когда в Глупов прибыл Угрюм-Бурчеев и не оставил в городе камня на камне (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). The little rascals pursued the ill-fated widow for a whole day...until at last she went into a frenzy and began to prophesy. The meaning of her prophecies became clear only later, when Gloom-Grumblev arrived in Foolov and razed it to the ground (1a).

     ♦ Приходит еврей к раввину и спрашивает: "Ребе, ты мудрый человек, скажи: будет война или не будет?" - "Войны не будет, - отвечает ребе, - но будет такая борьба за мир, что камня на камне не останется" (Буковский 1).... A Jew goes to his rabbi and asks: "Rabbi, you are a very wise man. Tell me, is there going to be a war or not?" 'There will be no war," replies the rabbi, "but there will be such a struggle for peace that no stone will be left standing" (1a).

     ♦ После недолгих колебаний он решил так: сначала разрушить город, а потом уже приступить и к реке... Через полтора или два месяца не оставалось уже камня на камне (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). After brief vacillation he decided: destroy the town first, and then start on the river....After a month or two there was not one stone left upon another (1a).

2. [subj: human or abstr (1st var.)]

⇒ to disprove, rebut sth. (or sth. is disproved, rebutted) thoroughly, unequivocally:

- X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X left nothing of Y;

- X tore (cut) Y to pieces;

|| от Y-а камня на камне не осталось≈ nothing was left of Y;

- Y was torn (cut) to pieces.

     ♦ Всё попало под удар переменных измерений, под губительные лучи той теории относительности, что вдохновила нашего пастора на дерзкую вивисекцию и не оставила камня на камне от подопытного кролика... (Терц 3). Everything was exposed to these variable dimensions, to the fatal rays of a relativity theory which inspired the good Dean to a vivisection so daring that nothing was left of his guinea-pig...(3a).

—————

• КАМНЯ НА КАМНЕ НЕ ОСТАВЛЯТЬ/НЕ ОСТАВИТЬ <НЕ ОСТАЕТСЯ/НЕ ОСТАЛОСЬ> от чего lit, rhet

[VP (1st var.), VPsubj/ gen (2nd var.); more often pfv past; the verb may take the initial position]

=====

1. [subj: human or collect (1st var.)]

⇒ to destroy sth. (or sth. is destroyed) totally, mercilessly:

- X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X did not leave (X left not) one stone standing (upon another);

- X razed Y to the ground;

|| от Y-а камня на камне не осталось≈ not one stone was left standing (upon another);

- no stone was left standing;

- there was not one stone left upon another;

- Y was razed to the ground.

     ♦ Целый день преследовали маленькие негодяи злосчастную вдову... покуда она не пришла в исступление и не начала прорицать. Смысл этих прорицаний объяснился лишь впоследствии, когда в Глупов прибыл Угрюм-Бурчеев и не оставил в городе камня на камне (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). The little rascals pursued the ill-fated widow for a whole day...until at last she went into a frenzy and began to prophesy. The meaning of her prophecies became clear only later, when Gloom-Grumblev arrived in Foolov and razed it to the ground (1a).

     ♦ Приходит еврей к раввину и спрашивает: "Ребе, ты мудрый человек, скажи: будет война или не будет?" - "Войны не будет, - отвечает ребе, - но будет такая борьба за мир, что камня на камне не останется" (Буковский 1).... A Jew goes to his rabbi and asks: "Rabbi, you are a very wise man. Tell me, is there going to be a war or not?" 'There will be no war," replies the rabbi, "but there will be such a struggle for peace that no stone will be left standing" (1a).

     ♦ После недолгих колебаний он решил так: сначала разрушить город, а потом уже приступить и к реке... Через полтора или два месяца не оставалось уже камня на камне (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). After brief vacillation he decided: destroy the town first, and then start on the river....After a month or two there was not one stone left upon another (1a).

2. [subj: human or abstr (1st var.)]

⇒ to disprove, rebut sth. (or sth. is disproved, rebutted) thoroughly, unequivocally:

- X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X left nothing of Y;

- X tore (cut) Y to pieces;

|| от Y-а камня на камне не осталось≈ nothing was left of Y;

- Y was torn (cut) to pieces.

     ♦ Всё попало под удар переменных измерений, под губительные лучи той теории относительности, что вдохновила нашего пастора на дерзкую вивисекцию и не оставила камня на камне от подопытного кролика... (Терц 3). Everything was exposed to these variable dimensions, to the fatal rays of a relativity theory which inspired the good Dean to a vivisection so daring that nothing was left of his guinea-pig...(3a).

—————

• КАМНЯ НА КАМНЕ НЕ ОСТАВЛЯТЬ/НЕ ОСТАВИТЬ <НЕ ОСТАЕТСЯ/НЕ ОСТАЛОСЬ> от чего lit, rhet

[VP (1st var.), VPsubj/ gen (2nd var.); more often pfv past; the verb may take the initial position]

=====

1. [subj: human or collect (1st var.)]

⇒ to destroy sth. (or sth. is destroyed) totally, mercilessly:

- X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X did not leave (X left not) one stone standing (upon another);

- X razed Y to the ground;

|| от Y-а камня на камне не осталось≈ not one stone was left standing (upon another);

- no stone was left standing;

- there was not one stone left upon another;

- Y was razed to the ground.

     ♦ Целый день преследовали маленькие негодяи злосчастную вдову... покуда она не пришла в исступление и не начала прорицать. Смысл этих прорицаний объяснился лишь впоследствии, когда в Глупов прибыл Угрюм-Бурчеев и не оставил в городе камня на камне (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). The little rascals pursued the ill-fated widow for a whole day...until at last she went into a frenzy and began to prophesy. The meaning of her prophecies became clear only later, when Gloom-Grumblev arrived in Foolov and razed it to the ground (1a).

     ♦ Приходит еврей к раввину и спрашивает: "Ребе, ты мудрый человек, скажи: будет война или не будет?" - "Войны не будет, - отвечает ребе, - но будет такая борьба за мир, что камня на камне не останется" (Буковский 1).... A Jew goes to his rabbi and asks: "Rabbi, you are a very wise man. Tell me, is there going to be a war or not?" 'There will be no war," replies the rabbi, "but there will be such a struggle for peace that no stone will be left standing" (1a).

     ♦ После недолгих колебаний он решил так: сначала разрушить город, а потом уже приступить и к реке... Через полтора или два месяца не оставалось уже камня на камне (Салтыков-Щедрин 1). After brief vacillation he decided: destroy the town first, and then start on the river....After a month or two there was not one stone left upon another (1a).

2. [subj: human or abstr (1st var.)]

⇒ to disprove, rebut sth. (or sth. is disproved, rebutted) thoroughly, unequivocally:

- X камня на камне не оставил от Y-a - X left nothing of Y;

- X tore (cut) Y to pieces;

|| от Y-а камня на камне не осталось≈ nothing was left of Y;

- Y was torn (cut) to pieces.

     ♦ Всё попало под удар переменных измерений, под губительные лучи той теории относительности, что вдохновила нашего пастора на дерзкую вивисекцию и не оставила камня на камне от подопытного кролика... (Терц 3). Everything was exposed to these variable dimensions, to the fatal rays of a relativity theory which inspired the good Dean to a vivisection so daring that nothing was left of his guinea-pig...(3a).

—————

(1924-)

   Lawyer, staunch oppositionist to the Estado Novo, a founder of Portugal's Socialist Party (PS), key leader of post-1974 democratic Portugal, and twice-elected president of the republic (1986-91; 1991-96). Mário Soares was born on 7 December 1924, in Lisbon, the son of an educator and former cabinet officer of the ill-fated First Republic. An outstanding student, Soares received a degree in history and philosophy from the University of Lisbon (1951) and his law degree from the same institution (1957). A teacher and a lawyer, the young Soares soon became active in various organizations that opposed the Estado Novo, starting in his student days and continuing into his association with the PS. He worked with the organizations of several oppositionist candidates for the presidency of the republic in 1949 and 1958 and, as a lawyer, defended a number of political figures against government prosecution in court. Soares was the family attorney for the family of General Humberto Delgado, murdered on the Spanish frontier by the regime's political police in 1965. Soares was signatory and editor of the "Program for the Democratization of the Republic" in 1961, and, in 1968, he was deported by the regime to São Tomé, one of Portugal's African colonies.

   In 1969, following the brief liberalization under the new prime minister Marcello Caetano, Soares returned from exile in Africa and participated as a member of the opposition in general elections for the National Assembly. Although harassed by the PIDE, he was courageous in attacking the government and its colonial policies in Africa. After the rigged election results were known, and no oppositionist deputy won a seat despite the Caetano "opening," Soares left for exile in France. From 1969 to 1974, he resided in France, consulted with other political exiles, and taught at a university. In 1973, at a meeting in West Germany, Soares participated in the (re)founding of the (Portuguese) Socialist Party.

   The exciting, unexpected news of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 reached Soares in France, and soon he was aboard a train bound for Lisbon, where he was to play a major role in the difficult period of revolutionary politics (1974-75). During a most critical phase, the "hot summer" of 1975, when a civil war seemed in the offing, Soares's efforts to steer Portugal away from a communist dictatorship and sustained civil strife were courageous and effective. He found allies in the moderate military and large sectors of the population. After the abortive leftist coup of 25 November 1975, Soares played an equally vital role in assisting the stabilization of a pluralist democracy.

   Prime minister on several occasions during the era of postrevolu-tionary adjustment (1976-85), Soares continued his role as the respected leader of the PS. Following 11 hectic years of the Lusitanian political hurly-burly, Soares was eager for a change and some rest. Prepared to give up leadership of the factious PS and become a senior statesman in the new Portugal, Mário Soares ran for the presidency of the republic. After serving twice as elected president of the republic, he established the Mário Soares Foundation, Lisbon, and was elected to the European Parliament.

    See also Political parties.

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

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Elgar enjoyed a fascinating professional life, during which he achieved distinction in the military, merchant, academic and political aspects of his profession. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed as a shipwright to the Royal Dockyard at Portsmouth but when he was in his late teens he was selected as one of the Admiralty students to further his education at the Royal School of Naval Architecture at South Kensington, London. On completion of the course he was appointed to Birkenhead, where the ill-fated HMS Captain was being built, and then to Portsmouth Dockyard. In 1870 the Captain was lost at sea and Francis Elgar was called on to prepare much of the evidence for the Court Martial. This began his life-long interest in ship stability and in ways of presenting this information in an easily understood form to ship operators.

In 1883 he accepted the John Elder Chair of Naval Architecture at Glasgow University, an appointment which formalized the already well-established teaching of this branch of engineering at Glasgow. However, after only three years he returned to public service in the newly created post of Director of Royal Dockyards, a post that he held for a mere six years but which brought about great advances in the speed of warship construction, with associated reductions in cost. In 1892 he was made Naval Architect and Director of the Fairfield Shipbuilding Company in Glasgow, remaining there until he retired in 1907. The following year he accepted the post of Chairman of the Birkenhead shipyard of Cammell Laird \& Co.; this was a recent amalgamation of two companies, and he retained this position until his death. Throughout his life, Elgar acted on many consultative bodies and committees, including the 1884 Ship Load Line Enquiry. His work enabled him to keep abreast of all current thinking in ship design and construction.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Ports and shipping

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The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.

With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.

The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.

After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).

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   The ill-fated Alvor Agreement was signed in Alvor, Algarve province, in January 1975. The purpose of the agreement was to facilitate the peaceful, lawful decolonization of Portugal's former colony of Angola. The conference that worked out and signed this instrument was hosted by Portugal's provisional government, and backed by the Armed Forces Movement, which had overthrown the dictatorship on 25 April 1974, and which had called for rapid decolonization of Portugal's African colonies after a truce in the colonial war. Decolonization negotiations proceeded fairly smoothly in the other African territories, but in Angola, rather than one African nationalist movement or party, three were struggling for power. They were the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto; the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Agostinho Neto, who had trained as a physician in Portugal; and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas Savimbi. By the Alvor Agreement, which was signed by four parties — Portugal, FNLA, MPLA, and UNITA—the decolonization process would be realized in several stages, ending in November 1975, following free elections with the three nationalist parties participating, Portugal overseeing the elections, and the new army of Angola comprised of elements of the three African parties' armies, which had fought Portuguese forces off and on since 1961. Portugal's government in Lisbon and its government and forces in Angola attempted, but failed, to put the Alvor Agreement into full effect. A civil war broke out in the spring of 1975 in Angola among the three nationalist forces, eventually with the FNLA and UNITA entering an alliance against the MPLA. No all-Angola army was ever constituted, and a power struggle among the three armed movements ensued. The MPLA won control of the Luanda region. As the Portuguese forces and commissioner withdrew, Portugal did not hand over power to any one group. On 11 November 1975, with the Alvor Agreement a dead letter and no elections having been organized, the MPLA declared the independence of Angola and the civil war continued. Angola's independent beginnings were unique in African history: the colonial power suddenly withdrew without handing over power officially to a nationalist party, but "to the people of Angola," and Angola was born as a free state embroiled in a bloody civil war that lasted until 2002.

(1392-1449)

   One of the many talented sons of King João I and Philippa of Lancaster, regent and older brother of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator). Pedro's life and work were important in consolidating an independent Portuguese monarchy and in promoting the maritime discoveries and explorations down the coast of Africa. Well-educated for a member of royalty in his day, Infante Dom Pedro was present as a warrior at the auspicious conquest of Ceuta in Morocco in 1415, and was named Duke of Coimbra that same year. From 1425 to 1428, he traveled and studied in Europe, including in England, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Aragon and Castile. He returned from his travels with a copy of Marco Polo's famous book and introduced this to his country.

   Among royalty and nobility, Prince Pedro's views were cautious regarding further Portuguese expansion in Morocco, and during the troubled times of 1436-38, he opposed the planned but ill-fated attack on the Moroccan city of Tangier; he called for the surrender later of Ceuta, in order to ransom the life of Prince Fernando, a prisoner in Moroccan hands. Following the death of King Duarte in 1438 and the subsequent succession crisis, including a civil war among factions, Prince Pedro acted as regent until 1446, when Prince Afonso reached his majority and was acclaimed King Afonso V, called "The African" (r. 1446-81).

   After Prince Pedro's powers were given up finally in 1448, his formerly exiled enemies returned to Portugal and vowed vengeance against him. Warfare ensued and, with the defeat of his army at the battle of Alfarrobeira in 1449, Prince Pedro was killed. His many accomplishments and talents off the battlefields were forgotten over the generations. Beginning in the late 19th century, the memory of his distinction and greatness was increasingly obscured by the growing fame, legend, and myth of his younger brother, Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator). An effort to rehabilitate the memory and public knowledge of Prince Pedro began in the early 1960s among a handful of foreign scholars, and was carried on by Portuguese scholars in the 1990s, but it appeared to have little effect against the pervasive cult of Prince Henry the Navigator.

1. past part vedere scrivere

2. m writing

per scritto in writing

* * *

scritto agg.

1 written: un testo scritto, a written text; legge scritta, statute (o written) law; non ha lasciato niente di scritto, he has left nothing written // esame scritto, prova scritta, written examination // (comm.) ordine scritto, written order

2 ( che reca segni) with writing on: un foglio, un muro scritto, a sheet, a wall with writing on

3 (fig.) ( marcato) inscribed, written, impressed: aveva scritto in faccia il suo disgusto, his disgust was written all over his face; aveva il terrore scritto in faccia, his face was full of terror; lo porterò scritto nel cuore, it will be written on my heart

4 (fig.) ( destinato) destined; fated: era scritto che doveva diventare presidente, he was destined to end up as President

◆ s.m.

1 writing; written document: tirò fuori uno scritto dalla tasca, he took from his pocket a paper with something written on it; firmare uno scritto, to sign a document

2 ( opera letteraria) work, writing: gli scritti di Leopardi, Leopardi's writings (o works)

3 ( scrittura) writing: scritto illeggibile, illegible writing // in, per iscritto, in writing: mettere giù per iscritto, to write down; (comm.) abbiamo ricevuto un ordine per iscritto, we have received an order in writing.

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1. pp

scrivere

2. agg

(lingua, esame) written

3. sm

1) (lettera) letter, note

2) (opera) work

* * *

participio passato scrivere

aggettivo written

sostantivo maschile

1) (opera) (piece of) writing, work

2) (testo) (piece of) writing

3) scol. univ. (esame) written exam, written test

••

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scritto

/'skritto/

I participio passato

 →  scrivere

II aggettivo

 written; regola non -a unwritten rule; scritto a mano handwritten; scritto a macchina typed, typewritten; scritto a penna written in pen

III sostantivo m.

 1 (opera) (piece of) writing, work

 2 (testo) (piece of) writing

 3 scol. univ. (esame) written exam, written test

IDIOMS

era scritto it was destined o meant to happen; mettere qcs. per scritto to put sth. in writing.

1) fate злая судьба, неотвратимый рок

2) the past, history

3) the future

4)

(1872-1918)

   Leading political figure during the First Republic, minister to Berlin for the republic, and ill-fated president of the republic (1917-18) as well as founder of the New Republic system. Born in the Minho district to a family of modest means, Sidónio Pais was one of the most brilliant students in mathematics of his generation at Coimbra University, the pre-1926 crucible for so many of Portugal's future political leaders. Following his doctorate in mathematics at Coimbra, he became a faculty member at that institution and entered republican politics. He joined Brito Camacho's moderate republican party, the Unionists, and served as Portugal's minister to Berlin, 1912-16.

   A reserve army major, Pais was ambitious as well as idealist ic, and sought to reform the republic's turbulent, inefficient system. He headed the military coup and insurrection of 5-8 December 1917, which overthrew the Afonso Costa government and ousted the Portuguese Republican Party from power. Sidónio Pais engineered a novel regime called the New Republic during 1917-18 and was elected president of the republic in the spring of 1918. This new government sought to reconcile monarchists and republicans and to stabilize politics. Described by admirers as "half prince, half condottiere" Sidónio Pais's experiment was short-lived and soon collapsed in chaos. Pais was assassinated by a fanatic republican at Rossio railroad station on 14 December 1918.

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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A.V.Roe served an apprenticeship at a railway works, studied marine engineering at Kings College London, served at sea as an engineer, and then took a job in the motor-car industry. His hobby was flying: after studying bird-flight, he built several flying models and in 1907 one of these won a prize offered by the Daily Mail. With the prize money he built a full-size aeroplane loosely based on the Flyer of the Wright brothers, with whom he had corresponded. In September, Roe took his biplane to the motorracing circuit at Brooklands, in Surrey, but it made only a few hops and his activities were not welcomed. Roe then moved to Essex, where he assembled his new aeroplane under the arch of a railway bridge. This was a triplane design with the engine at the front (a "tractor"), and during 1909 it made several flights (this triplane is preserved by the Science Museum in London).

In 1910 Roe and his brother Humphrey founded A.V.Roe \& Co. in Manchester, they described it the "Aviator's Storehouse". During the next three years Roe designed and built aeroplanes in Manchester, then transported them to Brooklands to fly (the authorities now made him more welcome). One of the most significant of these was his Type D tractor biplane of 1911, which led to the Avro 504 two-seater trainer of 1913. This was one of the most successful trainers of all time, as around 10,000 were built. In November 1914 a flight of Avro 504s carried out the first-ever bombing raid when they attacked German airship sheds as Friedrichshafen. A.V.Roe produced the first aeroplanes with enclosed cabins during 1912: the Type F monoplane and Type G biplane. After the war, his Avian was used for several record-breaking flights. In 1928 he sold his interest in the company bearing his name and joined forces with Saunders Ltd of Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, to found Saunders-Roe Ltd. "Saro" produced a series of flying boats, from the four-seat Cutty Sark of 1929 to the large, and ill-fated, Princess of 1952.

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- chcieć chleba/spokoju to want some bread/some peace

- chcieć mieć dziecko to want a child

- chcieć dla kogoś zdrowia/szczęścia to wish sb health/happiness

- chcieć dobrze to mean well

- chcieć jak najlepiej to want what’s best (dla kogoś for sb)

- wiesz, że ojciec chce jak najlepiej you know father only wants what’s best

- chcieć, żeby było lepiej to want things to be better, to wish things were better

- chcieć coś robić to want to do sth

- chcę iść do kina/wyjechać/studiować prawo/być dobrym ojcem I want to a. I’d like to go to the cinema/to go away/to study law/to be a good father

- chcecie może herbaty? maybe you’d like some tea?

- nie chciała go za męża she didn’t want to marry him a. want him for a husband

- chcesz dostać w ucho? pot. do you want a clout round the ear? pot.

- mogą zostać na noc, jeśli chcą they can stay the night if they like a. want

- rób, co chcesz, wolno ci do what you want a. like, you’re a free person

- chciała, żeby córka poszła w jej ślady she wanted her daughter to follow in her footsteps

- chcę, żebyś potrzymała to przez sekundę I want a. I’d like you to hold this for a second

- nie chcę, żebyś wychodził tak często I don’t want you going out a. to go out so often

- chcę/chciałam/chciałabym cię o coś prosić I want/I wanted/I’d like to ask you a favour

- chcę/chciałem/chciałbym serdecznie powitać wszystkich widzów I want/I’d like to give a warm welcome to everyone in the audience

- na zakończenie chciałbym powiedzieć… to round off I’d like to say…

- chcieliby skończyć (to) do piątku they’d like to finish (it) by Friday

- nie wiem, czy jesteśmy tutaj chciani I don’t know if we’re wanted a. welcome here

- robotnicy chcą podwyżek płac the workers want better wages

- bezrobotni chcą pracy the unemployed want work

- chciał, żebym mu oddał pożyczone książki he wanted me to return the books I’d borrowed

- czego ode mnie chcesz, daj mi spokój! what do you want from me, leave me alone!

- chcieć coś robić to want to do sth, to be going to do sth

- chciał mnie uderzyć! he was going to hit me!

- chciał wyskoczyć, ale go przytrzymałem he wanted to a. was going to jump out, but I stopped him

- właśnie chcieć coś robić to be (just) about to do sth, to be just going to do sth

- właśnie chciałem wyjść, gdy zadzwonił telefon I was just about to go out a. just going out when the phone rang

- samochód nie chce (mi) zapalić the car doesn’t want to start a. won’t start

- wtyczka nie chce wejść the plug doesn’t want to go in a. won’t go in

- rana nie chce się goić the wound doesn’t want to heal up a. won’t heal up

- fotel nie chciał wejść do windy the armchair wouldn’t go in a. didn’t go into the lift

- chce mi się pić I’m thirsty, I feel thirsty

- chce mi się spać I feel sleepy, I want to (go to) sleep

- tak mi było smutno, że chciało mi się płakać I was so sad I wanted to cry a. felt like crying

- jest tak ładnie, że chciałoby się pójść na spacer it’s so nice, it makes you want to go for a walk

- chce ci się iść taki kawał? do you really want to go all that way?

- nie chce mu się uczyć he won’t study, he’s not interested in school

- ludziom nie chce się pracować people don’t want to work

- zupełnie mi się nie chce jeść I don’t feel at all hungry

- nie chciało mi się I didn’t feel like it a. want to

■ chcąc nie chcąc pot. like it or not

- chcąc nie chcąc musiałem iść do sklepu like it or not I had to go to the shop

- chcąc nie chcąc poszła na spacer, bo musiała wyprowadzić psa like it or not, she went for a walk because she had to take the dog out

- co/cóż chcesz? pot. what do you expect?

- czego tu chcesz? pot. what are you doing here?, what do you want (here)?

- „czego tu chcesz? zabieraj się stąd!” ‘what are you doing here? clear off!’ pot.

- jak (sobie) chcesz please yourself, (you) do what(ever) you want

- nie idziesz? jak sobie chcesz aren’t you coming? please a. suit yourself

- „rezygnuję z tej pracy” – „jak chcesz, ale jeszcze się zastanów” ‘I’m giving up this a. that job’ – ‘that’s up to you a. it’s your decision, but I’d think about it if I were you’

- …jak chce autor …as the author would have it

- jak chce legenda/zwyczaj according to legend/custom

- los a. traf a. pech chciał, że… as luck would have it…

- los chciał, że spotkali się tego dnia jeszcze raz as luck would have it, they met again that day; they were fated to meet once more that day

- chcieć to móc przysł. where there’s a will there’s a way przysł.