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21 edition
1. тираж2. выпускspecial edition — специальное издание; экстренный выпуск
3. оттискedition by volumes — издание, выходящее томами
4. полное издание5. полное собрание сочиненийcopyrighted edition — издание, защищённое авторским правом
customized edition — периодическое издание, выпускаемое в нескольких вариантах с учётом интересов читателей
department edition — ведомственное издание; издание министерства; издание департамента
exegetical edition — комментированное издание, издание с комментариями
extra edition — дополнительный тираж ; экстренный выпуск
fine paper edition — издание, отпечатанное на бумаге хорошего качества
folio edition — издание фолио; издание форматом в пол-листа
large-type edition — издание, отпечатанное крупным шрифтом
6. издание для библиотекtrade edition — издание для широкой публики, дешёвое издание
teacher edition — издание для учителей; методическое пособие
authorized edition — издание, выпущенное с разрешения автора
trichromatic edition — издание, отпечатанное в три краски
7. библиотечная серия8. издание удобного формата с чётко отпечатанным текстомcopyright edition — издание, защищённое авторским правом
9. издание в более прочной переплётной крышкеlimited edition — издание с лимитированным тиражом; нумерованное издание
10. издание, отпечатанное в одну краскуback edition — более раннее издание, прежнее издание
11. одноцветный оттискpirated edition — незаконно отпечатанное издание; самовольно перепечатанное издание
prebound edition — издание, специально переплетённое для библиотек
12. перепечатанное издание13. стереотипное издание14. издание со старого набораsplit edition — периодическое издание, выпускаемое в нескольких вариантах с учётом интересов читателей
15. издание, отпечатанное в три краски16. трёхкрасочный оттискunauthorized edition — издание, выпущенное без разрешения автора
17. издание с примечаниями различных комментаторов18. издание, содержащее разночтения или разные варианты текста -
22 중판
n. medium size, reprint, media -
23 Phillips, Horatio Frederick
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 2 February 1845 London, Englandd. 15 July 1926 Hampshire, England[br]English aerodynamicist whose cambered two-surface wing sections provided the foundations for aerofoil design.[br]At the age of 19, Phillips developed an interest in flight and constructed models with lightweight engines. He spent a large amount of time and money over many years, carrying out practical research into the science of aerodynamics. In the early 1880s he built a wind tunnel with a working section of 15 in. by 10 in. (38 cm by 25 cm). Air was sucked through the working section by an adaptation of the steam injector used in boilers and invented by Henry Giffard, the airship pioneer. Phillips tested aerofoils based on the cross-section of bird's wings, with a greater curvature on the upper surface than the lower. He measured the lift and drag and showed that the major component of lift came from suction on the upper surface, rather than pressure on the lower. He took out patents for his aerofoil sections in 1884 and 1891. In addition to his wind-tunnel test, Phillips tested his wing sections on a whirling arm, as used earlier by Cayley, Wenham and Lilienthal. After a series of tests using an arm of 15 ft (4.57 m) radius, Phillips built a massive whirling arm driven by a steam engine. His test pieces were mounted on the end of the arm, which had a radius of 50 ft (15.24 m), giving them a linear speed of 70 mph (113 km/h). By 1893 Phillips was ready to put his theories to a more practical test, so he built a large model aircraft driven by a steam engine and tethered to run round a circular track. It had a wing span of 19 ft (5.79 m), but it had fifty wings, one above the other. These wings were only 10 in. (25 cm) wide and mounted in a frame, so it looked rather like a Venetian blind. At 40 mph (64 km/h) it lifted off the track. In 1904 Phillips built a full-size multi-wing aeroplane with twenty wings which just lifted off the ground but did not fly. He built another multi-wing machine in 1907, this time with four Venetian blind' frames in tandem, giving it two hundred wings! Phillips made a short flight of almost 500 ft (152 m) which could be claimed to be the first powered aeroplane flight in England by an Englishman. He retired from flying at the age of 62.[br]Bibliography1900, "Mechanical flight and matters relating thereto", Engineering (reprint).1891–3, "On the sustentation of weight by mechanical flight", Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 23rd Report.Further ReadingJ.Laurence Pritchard, 1957, "The dawn of aerodynamics", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (March) (good descriptions of Phillips's early work and his wind tunnel).J.E.Hodgson, 1924, The History of Aeronautics in Great Britain, London.F.W.Brearey, 1891–3, "Remarks on experiments made by Horatio Phillips", Aeronautical Society of Great Britain 23rd Report.JDSBiographical history of technology > Phillips, Horatio Frederick
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24 Wenham, Francis Herbert
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1824 London, Englandd. 11 August 1908 Folkestone, England[br]English engineer, inventor and pioneer aerodynamicist who built the first wind tunnel.[br]Wenham trained as a marine engineer and later specialized in screw propellers and high-pressure engines. He had many interests. He took his steamboat to the Nile and assisted the photographer F.Frith to photograph Egyptian tombs by devising a series of mirrors to deflect sunlight into the dark recesses. He experimented with gas engines and produced a hot-air engine. Wenham was a leading, if controversial, figure in the Microscopical Society and a member of the Royal Photographic Society; he developed an enlarger.Wenham was interested in both mechanical and lighter-than-air flight. One of his friends was James Glaisher, a well-known balloonist who made many ascents to gather scientific information. When the (Royal) Aeronautical Society of Great Britain was founded in 1866, the Rules were drawn up by Wenham, Glaisher and the Honorary Secretary, F.W.Brearey. At the first meeting of the Society, on 27 June 1866, "On aerial locomotion and the laws by which heavy bodies impelled through the air are sustained" was read by Wenham. In his paper Wenham described his experiments with a whirling arm (used earlier by Cayley) to measure lift and drag on flat surfaces inclined at various angles of incidence. His studies of birds' wings and, in particular, their wing loading, showed that they derived most of their lift from the front portion, hence a long, thin wing was better than a short, wide one. He published illustrations of his glider designs covering his experiments of c. 1858–9. One of these had five slender wings one above the other, an idea later developed by Horatio Phillips. Wenham had some success with a model, but no real success with his full-size gliders.In 1871, Wenham and John Browning constructed the first wind tunnel designed for aeronautical research. It utilized a fan driven by a steam engine to propel the air and had a working section of 18 in. (116 cm). Wenham continued to play an important role in aeronautical matters for many years, including a lengthy exchange of ideas with Octave Chanute from 1892 onwards.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Member of the (Royal) Aeronautical Society.BibliographyWenham published many reports and papers. These are listed, together with a reprint of his paper "Aerial locomotion", in the Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (August 1958).Further ReadingTwo papers by J.Laurence Pritchard, 1957, "The dawn of aerodynamics" Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (March); 1958, "Francis Herbert Wenham", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (August) (both papers describe Wenham and his work).J.E.Hodgson, 1924, History of Aeronautics in Great Britain, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > Wenham, Francis Herbert
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