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121 forátta
f. pretext; finna e-t til foráttu, to plead as one’s excuse.* * *u, f., an older form forurtir, contr. foróttir, f. pl. occurs,—forutta-laust, Grág. i. 329, 377 (Kb. ii. 42 forótta-laust), 468; forátta-laust, Kb. i. 133, 136; but forátta, Nj. 15, Eb. 40: [Ulf. fra-waurhts = ἁμαρτιά; the etymology of the word seems to be ‘for’ in a privative sense, and ‘verk,’ cp. A. S. forwyrht = peccatum; in the Icel. it is used as a law term]:—a cause of forfeiture, an act whereby the other party has ‘forfeited’ his right, but it is not used in a criminal sense = Germ. verbrechen; ef honum þykkja forurtir til þess, Grág. l. c.: the phrase, forótta-laust or forurta-laust (foryfta-laust, N. G. L. i. 29, is a false reading), sine causa legali, Grág. l. c.: chiefly in divorce cases, the phrase, finna til foráttu, to plead as an excuse, Nj., Eb. l. c.II. in mod. usage = forað; foráttu-brim, foráttu-veðr, n. a heavy surf, strong gale, etc. -
122 for-ellri
or foreldri, n., later forellrar, mod. foreldrar, m. pl. (inserting d); masc. foreldrar occurs Nj. 224; forellar (eliding the r), Fms. x. (Ágrip), 410, 413, 418; [Germ. vorältern]:—forefathers, elders, ancestors, in old writers always in this sense; feðr ok forellri. Stj. 240, Fms. i. 34; úlikir sínu forellri, 195; um þat bregðr mér til forellris míns, vii. 64; enir fyrri forellrar várir, Ó. H. 69; frændr ok forellrar, id.; frænda ok forellra, Fms. i. 33; sumir hans forellrar, viii. 101; faðir ok forellar, x. 418:—eccl. predecessors, H. E. i. 512. forellris-menn, m. pl. forefathers, Fms. ix. 334, Fas. i. 351, Stj. 63, 139, Barl. passim.II. in mod. usage, parents, and only in masc. pl. foreldrar; this sense occurs as early as the N. T. (vide feðgin), but is unknown to older writers. -
123 FORS
I)n. vehemence, wrath.(pl. -ar), m. waterfall.* * *1.n. wrath, rage, ire; snúa fors í frið, grimd í grið, 655 xxxii. 24, Bs. ii. 97; með forsi, haughtily, Sturl. iii. 144, Pass. 13. 2; ferr erkibiskup í fors mikit, he fell into great wrath, Fms. xi. 441; fors ok atköst, Fas. iii. 91; fors ok ílska, Stat. 398.COMPDS: forsfullr, forsligr, forsmaðr.2.mod. foss, m., prob. akin to the preceding word and forr, [Swed.-Dan. foss, North. E. force; a test word of Scandin. language and origin; cp. the curious passage in Constant. Porph. De Admin. Imperii, ch. 9, where the Byzantine author gives some names of waterfalls in Russia in two languages, ρωσιστί and σκλαβινιστί (Russian and Slavonic), with a Greek translation; ρωσιστί, a waterfall, being called βορσί or φόρος (e. g. οὐλ-βορσί = Icel. Hólm-fors, βαρου-φόρος = Icel. Báru-fors), whereas σκλαβινιστί it is called πραχ, i. e. porog or prag: Constantine in another passage states that the Russians were Teutonic or ‘Franks:’ the Garðar (Russia Minor) of that time was in fact a Scandin. country; even the name Russia is by some (P. A. Munch) explained as Scandin., afterwards adopted for the whole empire; it was still regarded so by the Byzantine authors of the 10th century, as opposed to Slavonic]:—a ‘force,’ waterfall, Landn. 291, 292; fors mikill er Sarpr heitir, Ó. H. 49, Landn. 277, v. l.: in many local names, Skóga-f. in southern Icel.; Gýgjar-f. in the north (Goða-f. is a corrupt form, cp. Þorláks-kver, p. 288, and Grett. ch. 68, 69, whence the name); Gull-f., Gold-force, a freq. name in western Icel.2. a brook, stream; this sense is curious, and peculiar to the Stj. (by bishop Brand, a native of south-eastern Icel.); it is well suited to the district of Skaptafells-sýsla, where all brooks are torrents rushing from glaciers into the ocean; til forsins Bison, Stj. 387. Judges iv. 13; hann grípr einn stein upp ór forsinum, 227; Davíð tók fimm steina ór einum forsi, 464. 1 Sam. xvii. 40; við forsinn Besor, 490. 1 Sam. xxx. 9; yfir fors Cedron, 527. 2 Sam. xv. 23; af forsi drakk hann á götu, 656 C. 2: in the old poem Vsp. fors is evidently used in the same sense; á sér hón ansask aurgum forsi, 31; falla forsar, 58. This idiom perhaps gives a hint as to the native place of this poem; falla forsum, to fall in torrents, Fas. ii. (in a verse). fors-fall, n. a ‘forcefall,’ torrent, Stj. 32, Ó. H. 17, Fms. iv. 361. -
124 FÓLK
* * *n.1) folk, people;3) kinsfolk;4) host;5) battle (poet.).* * *n., prop. folk with a short vowel, cp. fylki; [A. S. folc; Engl. folk; Germ. volk: Dan. and Swed. folk]:—folk, people: skjótt fjölgaðisk fólkit, Grett. 88:— people indefinitely, til at hræða fólk, to frighten folk, Bs. i. 764: curiously Icel. say, kvenn-fólk (as in Engl.). woman-folk; but karl-fólk never, only karl-menn.2. in Icel. chiefly the people of a household, community, or the like; kirkju-fólk, the church-folk, i. e. people assembled in church; boðs-fólk, the guests at a banquet; sóknar-fólk, the parish folk; heimilis-fólk, house-folk, the people of a household; allt fólkið á bænum, all the folk; vinnu-fólk, servant-folk; grasa-fólk, people gathering fell-moss; meðal annars fólksins, Nj. 66, v. l.; Njáll gékk inn ok mælti víð fólkit, 200; mik ok fólk mitt skortir aldri mat, Band. 13; hott, hott og hæt hér sé Guð í bæ, sælt fólkið allt, Stef. Ól.; fæddi varla búféit fólkit, Ísl. ii. 68; var eigi fólk upp staðit, Hrafn. 20; this sense is to the present day very common in Icel.; while the Germ. sense of people, nation (Dan. folket) is strange to Icel.; even lands-fólk is rare, better lands-menn.3. kinsfolk; hans fólk ok foreldismenn, his ‘folk’ and forefathers, Stj. 139; allt yðart f., Karl. 328: so Icel. say, vera af góðu fólki kominn, to come of good folk, be well born.II. a host = fylking, and hence battle, but only in old poets, cp. Edda 108; fjórtán fólk, fourteen divisions, troops, Hkv. 1. 49; ok í fólk um skaut, Vsp. 28; ef ek sék flein í fólki vaða, Hm. 151; þótt í fólk komi, 159; í fólk, in battle, Ýt. 10; fara með fólkum, to wage war, Gm. 48; öndvert fólk, the van of the host, Fas. i. 46 (in a verse); and in many compds: adj. a valiant man ii called fólk-bráðr, -djarfr, -eflandi, -glaðr, -harðr, -prúðr, -rakkr, -reifr, -skár, -snarr, -sterkr, -þorinn, etc.: weapons, folk-hamla, -naðra, -skíð, -svell, -vápn, -vöndr: armour, fólk-tjald, -veggr: a warrior, fólk-baldr, -mýgir, -nárungar, -rögnir, -stjóri, -stuðill, -stýrir, -valdr, -vörðr: the battle, fólk-roð, -víg, Vsp. 28: in prose rarely, and only in poët. phrases, fólk-bardagi, a, m. a great battle, battle of hosts; and fólk-orrusta, f. id., Flov. 40, Orkn. 94; fólk-land, n. = fylki, Hkr. i. 209, paraphrase from the Vellekla; fólk-vápn, n. pl. (vide above), weapons, N. G. L. i. 101: metaph., Fms. iii. 167. -
125 framr
(compar. framarri, fremri; superl. framastr, fremstr), a.1) forward, prominent; neut., framt, to such an extent; treysta framt á, to put full trust in; compar. the foremost of two; til hins fremra austrrúms, to the fore pumping room; hit fremra, the place nearest the door, the road along the coast (fóru sumir f. tit Seljalandsmúla);2) fig., fremri e-m, superior to (öllum fremri) superl. foremost, best (fremstr at allri sœmd); furthest back (hvat þú fremst um veizt).* * *adj., compar. fremri or framari, Stj. 127; superl. fremstr or framastr, Fas. i. 320; [A. S. freme, fram = bonus; cp. Germ. fromm]:—forward; in the positive, used almost always in a bad sense, impertinently forward, intrusive (but ó-framr, shy); this distinction is old. e. g. mjök eru þeir menn framer, er eigi skammask at taka mína konu frá mér, says the old Thorodd, Skálda 163:—in a good sense, prominent, Bs. ii. 70, 155; framr ok góðr klerkr, i. 824; framr spámaðr, Stj. 33.β. neut. framt as adv. so far, to such an extent, Stj. 254; ganga framt at, to deal harshly, Dipl. ii. 19; treysta framt á, to put full trust in, Fms. iii. 184: svá framt sem …, in case that …, Dipl. ii. 13,—better svá framarlega, as soon as, Stj. 287; svá framt sem hann hefir lukt, as soon as he has paid, Dipl. iii. 9.II. compar. the foremost (of two); til hins fremra austrrúms, to the fore-pumping room, Fms. viii. 139; enum fremrum fótum, with the fore-feet (mod. fram-fótum), 1812. 16.β. neut., hit fremra, the place nearest the door, Eg. 43: of a road, the ‘fore-road,’ the road along the coast, (opp. to ‘the in-road,’ across the inland), Nj. 207, Orkn. 6.2. metaph. superior, with dat.; öllum fremri, Fas. i. 205; fremri í öllum hlutum, Fær. 47; göfgari maðr né fremri, Þórð. 9 new Ed.III. superl. fremstr, foremost, Fms. i. 176, ii. 317, Al. 90, Ó. H. 121: metaph. the best, foremost, Stj. 93; fremstr at allri sæmd, Fms. viii. 272; jafn himum fremstum í öllum mannraunum, Eg. 21; allra þeirra bræðra framastr, Fas. i. 320.2. temp. farthest back; sem ek fremst um man; better to be taken as adverb, cp. p. 169, col. 2, l. 5 from bottom. -
126 FREISTA
* * *(að), v.1) to tempt, make trial of, with gen.;2) to try;freista íþróttar, to try a feat;freista sín í móti e-m, to try one’s strength against another;with infin., freista at renna skeið, to try to run a race.* * *að, [Ulf. frajsan = πειράζειν, A. S. frasjan, Hel. and O. H. G. fresan, old Frank. frasan,—all of them without t; Dan. friste; Swed. fresta]:—to try, with gen.; freista má ek þess, Eg. 606; freista sín, to try one’s prowess, Edda 31; freista sunds, Ld. 166; hafa ymiss við freistað, Ó. H. 34; freista þessar íþróttar, Edda 31; freista þessa, id.:—with um or inf., freista um fleiri leiki, 32; at hann mun f. at renna skeið, 31:—absol., bað þá f. ef …, Eg. 174, 279; freista hvé þat hlýddi, to try how, Íb. 7; freista at vér fáim drepit þá, Fms. i. 9.β. to tempt, make trial of, with gen., which sense occurs in Vsp. 22; freistum þeirra, Fms. vii. 193; ef hans f. fírar, Hm. 25:—esp. in the religious sense, to tempt, Rb. 82, Symb. 31, Stj. 145 passim, N. T., Pass., Vídal. -
127 FREMJA
* * *(frem, framda, framiðr and framdr), v.1) to further, promote (f. kristni); f. sik, to distinguish oneself;2) to perform, practice; f. heiðni, to practice heathen worship; f. sund, to swim; to gain distinction.3) refl., fremjast, to gain distinction.* * *pret. framði, pres. frem, part. framiðr, framdr, mod. also framinn; [A. S. fremman; Dan. fremme]:—to further, promote; fremja Kristni, to further Christianity, Fms. x. 416; fremja sik, to distinguish oneself, Nj. 254; fremja sik á e-u, Sks. 25 B; þóttú þykisk hafa framit þik utan-lendis, Glúm. 342; sá er framiðr er framarr er settr, Edda 127.2. to perform, exercise, Fms. i. 260, vii. 164, 625. 60, 656 A. 2. 18, Hom. 52, 655 xi. 4, Og. 146, Nj. 10; fremja seið, heiðni, N. G. L. i. 19, Hkr. i. 19; fremja munaðlífi, 625. 41; fremja sund, to swim, Rm. 32.β. in mod. usage often in a bad sense, to commit, e. g. fremja glæp, löst, etc.II. reflex. to advance oneself; hann hafði mikit framisk í utan-ferð sinni, Fms. iii. 122, v. 345.2. in a pass. sense (rarely), Hom. 72.III. part. fremjandi, a performer, Edda 68. -
128 FRÉTT
(pl. -ir), f.1) news, intelligence;2) enquiry about the future (ganga til fréttar við e-n).* * *f. [akin to fregn, but contracted], news, intelligence, Fms. xi. 101, Nj. 175, Bs. i. 735, Grett. 122, Fs. 15, 27; very freq. in mod. usage, esp. in pl. fréttir, news; hvat er í fréttum, what news? in compds, frétta-blað, a newspaper; fregn and tíðindi (q. v.) are only used in a peculiar sense.2. enquiry, Grág. i. 35, obsolete.β. in a religious sense, enquiring of gods or men about the future, Nj. 273: the phrase, ganga til fréttar við e-n; Sigurðr gékk til fréttar við móður sína, hón var margkunnig, Orkn. 28; þangat géngu menn til frétta, Fs. 19; gékk hann þá til sónarblóts til fréttar, Hkr. i. 24; biskup gékk til fréttar við Guð, 686 B. 13.
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