sapientem

ē-rŭdĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, 4, v. a., qs. to free from roughness, i. e. to polish, educate, instruct, teach (freq. and class.; cf.: doceo, edoceo, praecipio, instituo).

Prop.:

studiosos discendi erudiunt atque docent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 156:

aliquem,

id. Div. 2, 2 (with docere); id. de Or. 3, 9, 35 (with instituere); id. ib. 2, 1, 12; Quint. prooem. § 1;

6 et saep.: filios ad majorum instituta (with instituere),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 69; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 26:

aliquem artibus,

id. Fam. 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Rep. 2, 19, 34:

eum ad exquisitissimam consuetudinem Graecorum erudiit,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

aliquem in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 59 fin.; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3.—With two acc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

aliquem leges praeceptaque belli,

Stat. Th. 10, 507; cf. Val. Fl. 2, 50; v. also under P. a.: aliquem, with an object-clause, Plin. 33, 11, 53, § 149; cf.

without aliquem,

Ov. F. 3, 820; Sil. 11, 352.—With a rel.-clause as object:

qua possint arte capi,

Ov. F. 3, 294:

tirones neque in ludo, neque per lanistas,

i. e. to cause to be instructed, Suet. Caes. 26:

gladiatores sub eodem magistro eruditi,

Quint. 2, 17, 33:

Athenas erudiendi gratia missus,

Just. 17, 3, 11;

once: aliquem de aliqua re, Cic.: obviae mihi velim sint tuae litterae, quae me erudiant de omni re publica,

instruct me, keep me informed of, Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

Transf., of objects not personal:

artes,

Ov. M. 8, 215:

ut flerent, oculos erudiere suos,

id. R. Am. 690; id. Am. 1, 14, 30:

Polycletus consummasse hanc scientiam judicatur et toreuticen sic erudisse, ut Phidias aperuisse,

to have cultivated, brought to perfection, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 56.— Hence, ērŭdītus, a, um, P. a., learned, accomplished, well-informed, skilled, experienced (cf.: litteratus, doctus, peritus, gnarus, scitus).

Prop.:

est non satis politus iis artibus, quas qui tenent eruditi appellantur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7 fin.:

Graeculus otiosus et loquax, et fortasse doctus atque eruditus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102:

semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines placuerunt,

id. Rep. 1, 17 fin.; id. Tusc. 1, 3:

nec sicut vulgus sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem,

id. Lael. 2, 6; cf.

opp. rusticus,

Quint. 11, 1, 45; 8, 6, 75 et saep.:

non transmarinis nec importatis artibus eruditi, sed genuinis domesticisque virtutibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15 fin.:

homines non litteris ad rei militaris scientiam, sed rebus gestis ac victoriis eruditos,

id. Font. 15, 33; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Brut. 67, 236; id. Arch. 7; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23 al.:

eruditi Socraticis disputationibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 139:

a pueris eruditi artibus militiae,

Liv. 42, 52 et saep.; cf. in the comp.:

litteris eruditior quam Curio,

Cic. Brut. 82; and in the sup.:

Scaevola, homo omnium et disciplina juris civilis eruditissimus,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 180.— With acc.:

Graecas res eruditi,

Gell. 2, 21, 3; cf. id. 19, 12, 9.—With inf.:

eruditus utilia honestis miscere,

Tac. Agr. 8.—

Transf., of inanimate and abstract subjects:

quod ceteri minus eruditis hominum seculis fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

tempora (with docti homines),

id. ib.:

aures,

id. ib. 2, 42; id. Or. 34, 119; Quint. 10, 1, 32:

animus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 14: oratio (opp. popularis), id. Par. prooem. § 4; cf. Quint. 8, 3, 17; 8, 6, 24 al.:

Graecorum copia,

fulness of Greek learning, Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7: palata, i. e. practised, fine (with docta), Col. 8, 16, 4; cf.

gustus,

Tac. A. 16, 18.—In neutr. with a subject-clause:

ex historia ducere urbanitatem, eruditum est,

Quint. 6, 3, 98; cf.:

eruditissimum longe, si, etc.,

id. 9, 2, 97.— Adv.: ērŭdītē, learnedly, eruditely. — Comp., Cic. de Sen. 1 fin.; Quint. 1, 5, 36.— Sup., Cic. Or. 52; Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 8.

ē-rŭdĭo, īvi or ii, ītum, 4, v. a., qs. to free from roughness, i. e. to polish, educate, instruct, teach (freq. and class.; cf.: doceo, edoceo, praecipio, instituo).

Prop.:

studiosos discendi erudiunt atque docent,

Cic. Off. 1, 44, 156:

aliquem,

id. Div. 2, 2 (with docere); id. de Or. 3, 9, 35 (with instituere); id. ib. 2, 1, 12; Quint. prooem. § 1;

6 et saep.: filios ad majorum instituta (with instituere),

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 69; cf. id. Tusc. 1, 26:

aliquem artibus,

id. Fam. 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Rep. 2, 19, 34:

eum ad exquisitissimam consuetudinem Graecorum erudiit,

id. ib. 2, 21, 37:

aliquem in jure civili,

id. de Or. 1, 59 fin.; cf. id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3.—With two acc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

aliquem leges praeceptaque belli,

Stat. Th. 10, 507; cf. Val. Fl. 2, 50; v. also under P. a.: aliquem, with an object-clause, Plin. 33, 11, 53, § 149; cf.

without aliquem,

Ov. F. 3, 820; Sil. 11, 352.—With a rel.-clause as object:

qua possint arte capi,

Ov. F. 3, 294:

tirones neque in ludo, neque per lanistas,

i. e. to cause to be instructed, Suet. Caes. 26:

gladiatores sub eodem magistro eruditi,

Quint. 2, 17, 33:

Athenas erudiendi gratia missus,

Just. 17, 3, 11;

once: aliquem de aliqua re, Cic.: obviae mihi velim sint tuae litterae, quae me erudiant de omni re publica,

instruct me, keep me informed of, Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—

Transf., of objects not personal:

artes,

Ov. M. 8, 215:

ut flerent, oculos erudiere suos,

id. R. Am. 690; id. Am. 1, 14, 30:

Polycletus consummasse hanc scientiam judicatur et toreuticen sic erudisse, ut Phidias aperuisse,

to have cultivated, brought to perfection, Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 56.— Hence, ērŭdītus, a, um, P. a., learned, accomplished, well-informed, skilled, experienced (cf.: litteratus, doctus, peritus, gnarus, scitus).

Prop.:

est non satis politus iis artibus, quas qui tenent eruditi appellantur,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7 fin.:

Graeculus otiosus et loquax, et fortasse doctus atque eruditus,

id. de Or. 1, 22, 102:

semper mihi et doctrina et eruditi homines placuerunt,

id. Rep. 1, 17 fin.; id. Tusc. 1, 3:

nec sicut vulgus sed ut eruditi solent appellare sapientem,

id. Lael. 2, 6; cf.

opp. rusticus,

Quint. 11, 1, 45; 8, 6, 75 et saep.:

non transmarinis nec importatis artibus eruditi, sed genuinis domesticisque virtutibus,

Cic. Rep. 2, 15 fin.:

homines non litteris ad rei militaris scientiam, sed rebus gestis ac victoriis eruditos,

id. Font. 15, 33; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7 fin.; cf. id. Brut. 67, 236; id. Arch. 7; id. N. D. 3, 9, 23 al.:

eruditi Socraticis disputationibus,

id. de Or. 3, 34, 139:

a pueris eruditi artibus militiae,

Liv. 42, 52 et saep.; cf. in the comp.:

litteris eruditior quam Curio,

Cic. Brut. 82; and in the sup.:

Scaevola, homo omnium et disciplina juris civilis eruditissimus,

id. de Or. 1, 39, 180.— With acc.:

Graecas res eruditi,

Gell. 2, 21, 3; cf. id. 19, 12, 9.—With inf.:

eruditus utilia honestis miscere,

Tac. Agr. 8.—

Transf., of inanimate and abstract subjects:

quod ceteri minus eruditis hominum seculis fuerunt,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

tempora (with docti homines),

id. ib.:

aures,

id. ib. 2, 42; id. Or. 34, 119; Quint. 10, 1, 32:

animus,

Cic. Fam. 5, 14: oratio (opp. popularis), id. Par. prooem. § 4; cf. Quint. 8, 3, 17; 8, 6, 24 al.:

Graecorum copia,

fulness of Greek learning, Cic. Leg. 1, 2, 7: palata, i. e. practised, fine (with docta), Col. 8, 16, 4; cf.

gustus,

Tac. A. 16, 18.—In neutr. with a subject-clause:

ex historia ducere urbanitatem, eruditum est,

Quint. 6, 3, 98; cf.:

eruditissimum longe, si, etc.,

id. 9, 2, 97.— Adv.: ērŭdītē, learnedly, eruditely. — Comp., Cic. de Sen. 1 fin.; Quint. 1, 5, 36.— Sup., Cic. Or. 52; Plin. Ep. 1, 9, 8.

extrā (old form EXTRAD repeatedly in the S. C. de Bacchan.; v. below, and cf. the letter D.), adv. and praep. [contr. from exterā, sc. parte, from exter].

Adv. ( comp. exterius, see below), on the outside, without (syn.: extrinsecus, foris; opp. intra, intus, in).

Lit.:

vitiles (alvos apium) fimo bubulo oblinunt intus et extra,

Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 16; cf.:

cum extra et intus hostem haberent,

Caes. B. C. 3, 69, 4; Cels. 6, 18, 7; 9:

maceries levigatur extra intraque,

Col. 8, 15, 2;

for which without a copula: extra intra,

Plin. 6, 32, 38, § 205; cf.:

nil intra est oleam, nil extra est in nuce duri,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 31:

et in corpore et extra esse quaedam bona,

Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68; cf.:

aut in animis aut in corporibus aut extra esse possunt,

id. Part. Or. 11, 37:

ea, quae extra sunt,

id. Rep. 6, 26; cf. id. N. D. 2, 59, 147; and: illa, quae sunt extra, outward goods (ta exô), id. Fin. 5, 23 fin.:

sint extra licet usus belli,

remain aloof, Quint. 1, 10, 48 Spald.—With verbs of motion:

ut nulla pars hujusce generis excederet extra,

Cic. Univ. 5:

ubi jam nihil tale extra fertur,

Cels. 7, 27:

cum extra fulgorem spargunt,

Plin. 37, 8, 37, § 117:

ad causam extra arcessitum,

Quint. 5, 12, 4; cf.:

extra petita,

id. 5, 11, 44.— Comp. in nearly the sense of the positive:

Exteriusque sitae (urbes) bimari spectantur ab Isthmo,

situated without, Ov. M. 6, 420:

vasa intrinsecus et exterius crasse picari (jubebat),

on the outside, externally, Col. 12, 44, 5.—

Transf., to indicate that which, being beyond or outside of a thing, forms an exception or addition to it, except, besides.

So freq. in the expression extra quam, in conditional sentences usually extra quam si, like praeterquam, except that, unless that, except in case (orig. in the civil law lang.; elsewh. rare): VTEI. EA. BACANALIA. SEI. QVA. SVNT. EXTRAD. QVAM. SEI. QVID. IBEI. SACRI. EST, etc., S. C. de Bacch. fin.; cf.

respecting this senatusconsultum in Livy: ut omnia Bacchanalia diruerent: extra quam si qua ibi vetusta ara aut signum consecratum esset,

Liv. 39, 18, 7:

si addat exceptionem hanc: extra quam si quis, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 1, 33, 56; cf. id. Att. 6, 1, 15; Liv. 38, 38, 9; Dig. 43, 12, 1, § 16:

extra quam qui, etc.,

Liv. 26, 34, 6:

postulat is, quicum agitur, a praetore exceptionem: extra quam in reum capitis praejudicium fiat,

Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 59.—

Beyond the technical lang.:

negant, sapientem suscepturum ullam rei publicae partem, extra quam si eum tempus et necessitas coëgerit?

unless. Cic. Rep. 1, 6: extra quam si nolint fame perire, id. Inv. 2, 57, 172.—

Additional, for the more usual praeterea, besides, extra, additional:

quaedam, inquit, pluris sunt quam venierunt, et ob hoc aliquid mihi extra pro illis, quamvis empta sint, debes,

Sen. Ben. 6, 15, 2.

Praep. with acc. (rarely following its case:

urbem extra,

Tac. A. 13, 47; in late Lat. sometimes also with abl., as extra fano, extra sanctuario, Hyg. de Lim.; cf. Salmas. ad Capitol. Ver. 9, p. 431), outside of, without, beyond.

Lit.: aut intra muros aut extra, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 725 P. (Ann. v. 391 ed. Vahl.);

imitated by Horace: Iliacos intra muros peccatur et extra,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 16: quid sic te extra aedes exanimata eliminas? Enn. ap. Non. 39, 4 (Trag. v. 290 ed. Vahl.):

NEVE EXTRAD VRBEM SACRA QVISQVAM FECISE VELET, S. C. de Bacchan.: extra portam Collinam,

Cic. Leg. 2, 23, 58:

extra Peloponnesum,

id. Rep. 2, 4:

extra provinciam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10 fin.:

extra ostium limenque carceris,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 5, 13; so,

extra limen Apuliae,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 10 et saep.—With abstract substantives:

esse extra noxiam,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 57:

extra noxiam,

id. Hec. 2, 3, 3:

extra noxam, extra famam noxae,

Liv. 34, 61, 9; cf.:

ut extra ruinam sint eam, quae impendet,

beyond, apart from, Cic. Att. 11, 24, 2:

extra causam esse,

id. Caecin. 32, 94; so,

extra hanc contentionem certamenque nostrum,

id. Div. in Caecil. 12, 37:

extra ordinem,

id. Prov. Cons. 8, 19; id. Clu. 31, 85; id. Fam. 6, 5, 6:

extra quotidianam consuetudinem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 85, 3:

extra numerum,

Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 1; Cic. Par. 3, 2, 26; Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 59:

extra modum,

Cic. de Or. 3, 11, 41:

extra jocum,

joking apart, seriously, id. Fam. 7, 16, 2 et saep.: ne quo ad cenam exiret extra consilium meum, without my advice, Titin. ap. Non. 95, 2; cf.:

ipsi medium ingenium, magis extra vitia quam cum virtutibus,

Tac. H. 1, 49:

extra honorem,

Suet. Claud. 14; Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 150. —With verbs of motion:

imperatores in medium exeunt extra turbam ordinum,

beyond, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 68:

extra portam deducere,

id. Capt. 3, 5, 78; cf.:

extra portam perire,

id. Mil. 2, 4, 7:

fines terminique, extra quos egredi non possim,

Cic. Quint. 10, 35; cf.:

extra cancellos egredi,

id. ib. §

36: extra modum sumptu et magnificentia prodire,

id. Off. 1, 39, 140:

ut extra tabulam non emineat,

Cels. 6, 7, 9 et saep.—

Transf. (acc. to I. B.), in indicating an exception or addition (= praeter).

Excepting, except: optumam progeniem Priamo peperisti extra me (= me exceptā), Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66 (Trag. v. 83 ed. Vahl.):

extra unum te,

Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 203; cf.:

extra unum Palaestrionem,

id. Mil. 2, 2, 6:

extra unam aniculam,

Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 48:

extra ducem paucosque praeterea reliqui primum in ipso bello rapaces, deinde, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:

vacationem militiae esse extra tumultum Gallicum,

id. Phil. 5, 19, 53:

ad haec, quae interrogatus es, responde: extra ea cave vocem mittas,

Liv. 8, 32, 8.—

Besides, in addition to:

quod Cato si voluit, extra familiam debuit dicere vilicum et vilicam,

Varr. R. R. 1, 18, 3.

fingo, finxi, fictum, 3, v. a. [Sanscr. dih-, dēhmi, smear; Gr. thig, thinganô, touch; whence figulus, figura, etc.; prop., to handle].

Lit.

To touch, handle, stroke, touch gently (rare):

mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere lingua,

Verg. A. 8, 634:

saepe manus aegras manibus fingebat amicis,

Ov. F. 5, 409.—

Esp., to form, shape, fashion, frame, make (class.), whence also figulus:

esse aliquam vim, quae finxerit, vel, ut tuo verbo utar, quae fabricata sit hominem,

Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 87; cf.:

ab aliquo deo ficti esse videantur,

id. de Or. 1, 25, 115:

fingere et construere nidos,

build, id. ib. 2, 6, 23:

favos,

id. Off. 1, 44, 157:

ut illa bestia fetum ederet informem, lambendo postgea fingeret, etc.,

Gell. 17, 10, 3.—

In partic.

Of the plastic art, to form or fashion by art (in wax, clay, stone, etc.), to mould or model, as a statuary:

quorum alterum fingere opinor e cera solitum esse, alterum esse pictorem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 13, § 30; cf.:

in ceris aut fictilibus figuris,

id. N. D. 1, 26, 71:

similitudines ex argilla,

Plin. 35, 12, 43, § 151; cf.

, sarcastically: hic homullus, ex argilla et luto fictus Epicurus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59:

pocula de humo,

Ov. Tr. 2, 489:

Alexander ab Apelle potissimum pingi et a Lysippo fingi volebat... qui neque pictam neque fictam imaginem suam passus est esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 7; cf.:

fingendi ars,

of making statues, statuary, id. de Or. 3, 7, 26:

corpora fingendo pingendove efficere,

Quint. 5, 12, 21.—

With the access. notion of arranging, adorning, etc., to set to rights, arrange; to adorn, dress, trim ( poet. syn.:

componere, excolere, ornare): Bene cum lauta est (mulier), tersa, ornata, ficta est: infecta est tamen,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 4:

cum se non finxerit ulli,

Ov. R. Am. 341:

isti ficti, compositi, crispi cincinni,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 2, 32; cf.:

canas fingere comas,

Tib. 1, 2, 92:

comas presso pollice,

Prop. 3, 10 (4, 9), 14; Ov. A. A. 1, 306; Mart. 6, 57; cf.:

comas auro,

Stat. Th. 5, 228:

crinem,

Verg. A. 4, 148; cf. also Phaedr. 2, 2, 9:

vitem putando,

Verg. G. 2, 407 Forbig.—

With the access. notion of untruth, to alter, change, for the purpose of dissembling:

hi neque vultum fingere, neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39, 4; cf.:

vultus quoque hominum fingit scelus,

i. e. makes men change countenance, Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 14.

Trop.

In gen., to form, fashion, make: Ly. multa eveniunt homini quae [p. 751] volt, quae nevolt. Ph. Mentire, gnate, nam sapiens quidem pol ipsus fingit fortunam sibi, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 84; cf.

the vv. foll.: natura fingit homines et creat imitatores et narratores facetos,

Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 219:

animos fingere, formare,

id. Brut. 38, 142: cf.:

moderari et fingere mentem ac voluntates,

id. Leg. 3, 18, 40:

ea quae nobis non possumus fingere, vultus, facies, sonus,

id. de Or. 1, 28, 127: formam totius rei publicae velim mittas, ex qua me fingere possim, regulate myself, i. e. proceed, act, id. Att. 6, 3, 4; cf.:

ad eorum (qui audiunt) arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt et accommodant,

id. Or. 8, 24:

ea (verba) nos sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 177; cf.

also: arbitrio fingere,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

fortuna humana fingit artatque ut lubet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 54; cf.:

vitam subito flecti fingique posse,

shaped, directed, Cic. Sull. 28, 79; cf. id. ib. 25, 69:

jure erat semper idem voltus, cum mentis, a qua is fingitur, nulla fieret mutatio,

id. Tusc. 3, 15, 31; cf.:

circumspexit amictus et finxit vultum,

composed, Ov. M. 4, 318:

lingua vocem immoderate profusam fingit et terminat,

forms, Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149; cf.:

Peripateticorum institutis commodius fingeretur oratio,

id. Brut. 31, 119: ego apis Matinae more modoque operosa parvus carmina fingo (like the Gr. plattô), make, compose, Hor. C. 4, 2, 32:

carmina,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 227; id. A. P. 331; 240:

versus,

id. ib. 382:

poëmata,

Suet. Tit. 3:

opprobria in quemvis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 30.—

In partic.

With a double predicate, to form, make into something or in a certain manner:

finxit te ipsa natura ad honestatem, gravitatem... ad omnes denique virtutes magnum hominem et excelsum,

Cic. Mur. 29, 60:

nec, si miserum fortuna Sinonem Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget,

Verg. A. 2, 79:

(illum) spissae nemorum comae Fingent Aeolio carmine nobilem,

Hor. C. 4, 3, 12:

di bene fecerunt, inopis me quodque pusilli Finxerunt animi,

id. S. 1, 4, 18: timui, mea me finxisse minora putarer Dissimulator opis propriae, to have lessened, i. e. purposely disparaged it, id. Ep. 1, 9, 8.—

To form by instruction, to instruct, teach, train:

idem mire finxit filium,

i. e. caused him to play his part, Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 25; cf.:

voce paterna Fingeris ad rectum,

Hor. A. P. 367:

fingitur artibus,

id. C. 3, 6, 22:

fingit equum tenera docilem cervice magister Ire viam, qua monstret eques,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 64.—

To form mentally or in speech, to represent in thought, to imagine, conceive, think, suppose; to sketch out:

fingite animis... fingite cogitatione imaginem hujus condicionis meae, etc.,

Cic. Mil. 29, 79; cf.:

omnia quae cogitatione nobismet ipsi possumus fingere,

id. N. D. 3, 18, 47:

fingere animo,

id. de Sen. 12, 41: cf.

also: animo et cogitatione,

id. Tusc. 5, 24, 68:

ex sua natura ceteros,

to conceive of, id. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

quid magis exercitum dici aut fingi potest?

id. Mil. 2, 5:

maleficium,

id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116:

tu, stulta, deos, tu fingis inania vera,

Prop. 3, 20 (4, 19), 5:

qui utilitatum causa fingunt amicitias,

suppose, Cic. Lael. 14, 51:

principatum sibi ipse opinionis errore finxerat,

had imagined to himself, id. Off. 1, 8, 26:

in summo oratore fingendo,

in representing, sketching out, id. Or. 2, 7:

finge tamen te improbulum,

Juv. 5, 72.—

With double acc.:

quod si qui me astutiorem fingit,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6:

Tiresiam sapientem fingunt poetae... at vero Polyphemum Homerus immanem finxit,

id. Tusc. 5, 39, 115.—

With an object-clause, and in pass., with a subject-clause:

finge, aliquem nunc fierisapientem, nondum esse,

suppose, Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 117:

finge solum natum nothum,

Quint. 3, 6, 100.—Ellipt.: interfecti aliqui sunt;

finge a nobis,

assume, grant, Liv. 39, 37, 11:

fingamus Alexandrum dari nobis,

Quint. 1, 1, 24:

non omnia corpora fingunt in medium niti,

Lucr. 1, 1083; cf. id. 2, 175:

qui naufragus fingitur se suspendisse,

Quint. 8, 5, 22:

qui suos artus morsu lacerasset, fingitur in scholis supra se cubasse,

id. 8, 2, 20.—

Pregn., with the access. notion of creating by thinking, to contrive, devise, invent, feign something (esp. untrue):

argento comparando fingere fallaciam,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 2; 4:

fallacias,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 22:

fallaciam,

id. And. 1, 3, 15; cf.: nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit? id. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

fingit causas, ne det, sedulo,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 58:

falsas causas ad discordiam,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

si mihi aliquam (rem publicam), ut apud Platonem Socrates, ipse finxero,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1 fin.; cf. id. ib. 2, 11:

ex eventis fingere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 4:

(crimina) in istum fingere,

id. Verr. 1, 5, 15:

ea quae sunt in usu vitaque communi, non ea, quae finguntur aut optantur,

id. Lael. 5, 18:

in faciem moresque meos nova crimina fingis,

Ov. H. 12, 177:

fingere qui non visa potest, commissa tacere Qui nequit,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 84:

quaelibet in quemvis opprobria fingere,

id. Ep. 1, 15, 30:

finguntur et testamenta,

Quint. 7, 4, 39:

nemo dolorem fingit in hoc casu,

Juv. 13, 132: qui sub obtentu monituum deorum scientes eos fingunt, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 15, 2, 6. —With double acc.:

bonois se ac liberales,

Sen. Ben. 4, 17, 3.—With inf.:

ignorare fingit,

Claud. in Eutrop. 2, 306.—Hence, fic-tus, a, um, P. a., feigned, fictitious, false:

in amicitia nihil fictum est, nihil simulatum,

Cic. Lael. 8, 26; cf. id. ib. 18, 65:

ficto officio et simulata sedultiate conjunctus,

id. Caecin. 5, 14:

in re ficta (opp. in vera),

id. Lael. 7, 24:

falsum est id totum neque solum fictum, sed etiam imperite absurdeque fictum,

id. Rep. 2, 15:

commenticii et ficti dii,

id. N. D. 2, 28, 70:

fabula,

id. Off. 3, 9, 39:

in rebus fictis et adumbratis,

id. Lael. 26, 97:

amor,

Lucr. 4, 1192:

gemitus,

Ov. M. 6, 565:

cunctatio,

Tac. A. 1, 46:

ficto pectore fatur,

Verg. A. 2, 107.— Poet. and in post-Aug. prose also, of persons:

pro bene sano Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus,

dissembling, false, Hor. S. 1, 3, 62:

alii fictum (eum), ingratum, immemorem loquuntur,

Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 3;

but: ficta pellice plorat,

imaginary, Juv. 6, 272.— Poet., subst.: fictum, i, n., deception, fiction:

ficti pravique tenax,

Verg. A. 4, 188:

jam consumpserat omnem Materiam ficti,

Ov. M. 9, 767.—Adverb.:

fictumque in colla minatus, Crura subit,

Stat. Th. 6, 876.— Adv.: ficte, feignedly, fictitiously:

ficte et simulate quaestus causa insusurrare,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 13:

ficte reconciliata gratia,

id. Fam. 3, 12, 4.

fingo, finxi, fictum, 3, v. a. [Sanscr. dih-, dēhmi, smear; Gr. thig, thinganô, touch; whence figulus, figura, etc.; prop., to handle].

Lit.

To touch, handle, stroke, touch gently (rare):

mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere lingua,

Verg. A. 8, 634:

saepe manus aegras manibus fingebat amicis,

Ov. F. 5, 409.—

Esp., to form, shape, fashion, frame, make (class.), whence also figulus:

esse aliquam vim, quae finxerit, vel, ut tuo verbo utar, quae fabricata sit hominem,

Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 87; cf.:

ab aliquo deo ficti esse videantur,

id. de Or. 1, 25, 115:

fingere et construere nidos,

build, id. ib. 2, 6, 23:

favos,

id. Off. 1, 44, 157:

ut illa bestia fetum ederet informem, lambendo postgea fingeret, etc.,

Gell. 17, 10, 3.—

In partic.

Of the plastic art, to form or fashion by art (in wax, clay, stone, etc.), to mould or model, as a statuary:

quorum alterum fingere opinor e cera solitum esse, alterum esse pictorem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 13, § 30; cf.:

in ceris aut fictilibus figuris,

id. N. D. 1, 26, 71:

similitudines ex argilla,

Plin. 35, 12, 43, § 151; cf.

, sarcastically: hic homullus, ex argilla et luto fictus Epicurus,

Cic. Pis. 25, 59:

pocula de humo,

Ov. Tr. 2, 489:

Alexander ab Apelle potissimum pingi et a Lysippo fingi volebat... qui neque pictam neque fictam imaginem suam passus est esse, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 7; cf.:

fingendi ars,

of making statues, statuary, id. de Or. 3, 7, 26:

corpora fingendo pingendove efficere,

Quint. 5, 12, 21.—

With the access. notion of arranging, adorning, etc., to set to rights, arrange; to adorn, dress, trim ( poet. syn.:

componere, excolere, ornare): Bene cum lauta est (mulier), tersa, ornata, ficta est: infecta est tamen,

Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 4:

cum se non finxerit ulli,

Ov. R. Am. 341:

isti ficti, compositi, crispi cincinni,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 2, 32; cf.:

canas fingere comas,

Tib. 1, 2, 92:

comas presso pollice,

Prop. 3, 10 (4, 9), 14; Ov. A. A. 1, 306; Mart. 6, 57; cf.:

comas auro,

Stat. Th. 5, 228:

crinem,

Verg. A. 4, 148; cf. also Phaedr. 2, 2, 9:

vitem putando,

Verg. G. 2, 407 Forbig.—

With the access. notion of untruth, to alter, change, for the purpose of dissembling:

hi neque vultum fingere, neque interdum lacrimas tenere poterant,

Caes. B. G. 1, 39, 4; cf.:

vultus quoque hominum fingit scelus,

i. e. makes men change countenance, Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 14.

Trop.

In gen., to form, fashion, make: Ly. multa eveniunt homini quae [p. 751] volt, quae nevolt. Ph. Mentire, gnate, nam sapiens quidem pol ipsus fingit fortunam sibi, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 84; cf.

the vv. foll.: natura fingit homines et creat imitatores et narratores facetos,

Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 219:

animos fingere, formare,

id. Brut. 38, 142: cf.:

moderari et fingere mentem ac voluntates,

id. Leg. 3, 18, 40:

ea quae nobis non possumus fingere, vultus, facies, sonus,

id. de Or. 1, 28, 127: formam totius rei publicae velim mittas, ex qua me fingere possim, regulate myself, i. e. proceed, act, id. Att. 6, 3, 4; cf.:

ad eorum (qui audiunt) arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt et accommodant,

id. Or. 8, 24:

ea (verba) nos sicut mollissimam ceram ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 177; cf.

also: arbitrio fingere,

id. Brut. 79, 274:

fortuna humana fingit artatque ut lubet,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 54; cf.:

vitam subito flecti fingique posse,

shaped, directed, Cic. Sull. 28, 79; cf. id. ib. 25, 69:

jure erat semper idem voltus, cum mentis, a qua is fingitur, nulla fieret mutatio,

id. Tusc. 3, 15, 31; cf.:

circumspexit amictus et finxit vultum,

composed, Ov. M. 4, 318:

lingua vocem immoderate profusam fingit et terminat,

forms, Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149; cf.:

Peripateticorum institutis commodius fingeretur oratio,

id. Brut. 31, 119: ego apis Matinae more modoque operosa parvus carmina fingo (like the Gr. plattô), make, compose, Hor. C. 4, 2, 32:

carmina,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 227; id. A. P. 331; 240:

versus,

id. ib. 382:

poëmata,

Suet. Tit. 3:

opprobria in quemvis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 30.—

In partic.

With a double predicate, to form, make into something or in a certain manner:

finxit te ipsa natura ad honestatem, gravitatem... ad omnes denique virtutes magnum hominem et excelsum,

Cic. Mur. 29, 60:

nec, si miserum fortuna Sinonem Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget,

Verg. A. 2, 79:

(illum) spissae nemorum comae Fingent Aeolio carmine nobilem,

Hor. C. 4, 3, 12:

di bene fecerunt, inopis me quodque pusilli Finxerunt animi,

id. S. 1, 4, 18: timui, mea me finxisse minora putarer Dissimulator opis propriae, to have lessened, i. e. purposely disparaged it, id. Ep. 1, 9, 8.—

To form by instruction, to instruct, teach, train:

idem mire finxit filium,

i. e. caused him to play his part, Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 25; cf.:

voce paterna Fingeris ad rectum,

Hor. A. P. 367:

fingitur artibus,

id. C. 3, 6, 22:

fingit equum tenera docilem cervice magister Ire viam, qua monstret eques,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 64.—

To form mentally or in speech, to represent in thought, to imagine, conceive, think, suppose; to sketch out:

fingite animis... fingite cogitatione imaginem hujus condicionis meae, etc.,

Cic. Mil. 29, 79; cf.:

omnia quae cogitatione nobismet ipsi possumus fingere,

id. N. D. 3, 18, 47:

fingere animo,

id. de Sen. 12, 41: cf.

also: animo et cogitatione,

id. Tusc. 5, 24, 68:

ex sua natura ceteros,

to conceive of, id. Rosc. Am. 9, 26:

quid magis exercitum dici aut fingi potest?

id. Mil. 2, 5:

maleficium,

id. Rosc. Am. 40, 116:

tu, stulta, deos, tu fingis inania vera,

Prop. 3, 20 (4, 19), 5:

qui utilitatum causa fingunt amicitias,

suppose, Cic. Lael. 14, 51:

principatum sibi ipse opinionis errore finxerat,

had imagined to himself, id. Off. 1, 8, 26:

in summo oratore fingendo,

in representing, sketching out, id. Or. 2, 7:

finge tamen te improbulum,

Juv. 5, 72.—

With double acc.:

quod si qui me astutiorem fingit,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 6:

Tiresiam sapientem fingunt poetae... at vero Polyphemum Homerus immanem finxit,

id. Tusc. 5, 39, 115.—

With an object-clause, and in pass., with a subject-clause:

finge, aliquem nunc fierisapientem, nondum esse,

suppose, Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 117:

finge solum natum nothum,

Quint. 3, 6, 100.—Ellipt.: interfecti aliqui sunt;

finge a nobis,

assume, grant, Liv. 39, 37, 11:

fingamus Alexandrum dari nobis,

Quint. 1, 1, 24:

non omnia corpora fingunt in medium niti,

Lucr. 1, 1083; cf. id. 2, 175:

qui naufragus fingitur se suspendisse,

Quint. 8, 5, 22:

qui suos artus morsu lacerasset, fingitur in scholis supra se cubasse,

id. 8, 2, 20.—

Pregn., with the access. notion of creating by thinking, to contrive, devise, invent, feign something (esp. untrue):

argento comparando fingere fallaciam,

Plaut. As. 2, 1, 2; 4:

fallacias,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 22:

fallaciam,

id. And. 1, 3, 15; cf.: nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit? id. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

fingit causas, ne det, sedulo,

id. Eun. 1, 2, 58:

falsas causas ad discordiam,

id. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

si mihi aliquam (rem publicam), ut apud Platonem Socrates, ipse finxero,

Cic. Rep. 2, 1 fin.; cf. id. ib. 2, 11:

ex eventis fingere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 4:

(crimina) in istum fingere,

id. Verr. 1, 5, 15:

ea quae sunt in usu vitaque communi, non ea, quae finguntur aut optantur,

id. Lael. 5, 18:

in faciem moresque meos nova crimina fingis,

Ov. H. 12, 177:

fingere qui non visa potest, commissa tacere Qui nequit,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 84:

quaelibet in quemvis opprobria fingere,

id. Ep. 1, 15, 30:

finguntur et testamenta,

Quint. 7, 4, 39:

nemo dolorem fingit in hoc casu,

Juv. 13, 132: qui sub obtentu monituum deorum scientes eos fingunt, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 15, 2, 6. —With double acc.:

bonois se ac liberales,

Sen. Ben. 4, 17, 3.—With inf.:

ignorare fingit,

Claud. in Eutrop. 2, 306.—Hence, fic-tus, a, um, P. a., feigned, fictitious, false:

in amicitia nihil fictum est, nihil simulatum,

Cic. Lael. 8, 26; cf. id. ib. 18, 65:

ficto officio et simulata sedultiate conjunctus,

id. Caecin. 5, 14:

in re ficta (opp. in vera),

id. Lael. 7, 24:

falsum est id totum neque solum fictum, sed etiam imperite absurdeque fictum,

id. Rep. 2, 15:

commenticii et ficti dii,

id. N. D. 2, 28, 70:

fabula,

id. Off. 3, 9, 39:

in rebus fictis et adumbratis,

id. Lael. 26, 97:

amor,

Lucr. 4, 1192:

gemitus,

Ov. M. 6, 565:

cunctatio,

Tac. A. 1, 46:

ficto pectore fatur,

Verg. A. 2, 107.— Poet. and in post-Aug. prose also, of persons:

pro bene sano Ac non incauto fictum astutumque vocamus,

dissembling, false, Hor. S. 1, 3, 62:

alii fictum (eum), ingratum, immemorem loquuntur,

Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 3;

but: ficta pellice plorat,

imaginary, Juv. 6, 272.— Poet., subst.: fictum, i, n., deception, fiction:

ficti pravique tenax,

Verg. A. 4, 188:

jam consumpserat omnem Materiam ficti,

Ov. M. 9, 767.—Adverb.:

fictumque in colla minatus, Crura subit,

Stat. Th. 6, 876.— Adv.: ficte, feignedly, fictitiously:

ficte et simulate quaestus causa insusurrare,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 4, § 13:

ficte reconciliata gratia,

id. Fam. 3, 12, 4.

formo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [forma], to shape, fashion, form (class.; esp. freq. in the trop. sense).

Lit.: omnis fere materia nondum formata rudis appellatur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 265:

materia, quam fingit et format effectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 2, 6:

utcumque temperatus sit aër, ita pueros orientes animari atque formari,

id. Div. 2, 42, 89:

lapsos formare capillos,

to adjust, Prop. 1, 3, 23:

classem in Ida,

Verg. A. 9, 80:

vultus,

Plin. 35, 8, 34, § 56:

e Pario formatum marmore signum,

Ov. M. 3, 419.— Absol.:

(individua corpora, i. e. atomi) formare, figurare, colorare, animare (se ipsa) non possent,

Cic. N. D. 1, 39, 110.—

Trop., to shape, form, regulate, dispose, direct; to prepare, compose, etc. (in Cic. only with abstr. objects):

verba nos, sicut mollissimam ceram, ad nostrum arbitrium formamus et fingimus,

Cic. de Or. 3, 45, 177:

orationem,

id. ib. 2, 9, 36:

verba recte formare,

Quint. 1, 12, 9; 10, 7, 7:

ea quae inter se discrepant,

Cic. de Or. 3, 9, 34:

eloquentiam,

Quint. 2, 10, 2:

actionem,

id. 11, 3, 180:

disciplinam filii,

id. 4 praef. § 1; cf.:

studia ejus, id. prooem. § 5: consuetudinem partim exercitationis assiduitate partim ratione formare,

Cic. Ac. 1, 5, 20:

mores,

Quint. 12, 2, 27:

vitam et mores juventutis,

Plin. Pan. 47, 1:

custodireque in aetate prima pudorem,

Quint. 1, 2, 4:

nulla res magis penetrat in animos, eosque fingit, format, flectit, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 38, 142:

quae formabat canendo Heroum mentes,

Sil. 11, 452; cf. Quint. 1, 12, 10:

animum judicum,

id. 4, 1, 60:

mentes,

id. 2, 16, 10:

mores juventutis quam principaliter formas!

Plin. Pan. 47, 1; 88, 3:

epistolas orationesque et edicta alieno formabat ingenio,

Suet. Dom. 20; cf.:

si quid res exigeret, Latine formabat,

id. Aug. 89:

inventus est ejus de hac re sermo formatus,

id. Ner. 47:

personam formare nevam,

to invent, Hor. A. P. 126: versus meos cantat formatque citharā, qs. trims, embellishes them, Plin. Ep. 4, 19, 4:

cogitet oratorem institui, rem arduam, etiam cum ei formando nihil defuerit,

Quint. 1, 1, 10; cf.: (juvenis) ita a me formari et institui cupit, ut, etc., Plin. Ep. 1, 14, 3:

perfectum ora torem,

Quint. 2, 15, 33:

sapientem,

id. 1, 10, 5:

virum,

id. 12, 1, 44:

puerum dictis,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 121:

feros cultus hominum recentum dictis,

id. C. 1, 10, 3:

tenerae nimis mentes asperioribus formandae studiis,

id. ib. 3, 24, 54:

poëtam (with alere),

id. A. P. 307:

format enim natura prius nos intus ad omnem Fortunarum habitum,

id. ib. 108:

ad credendum ante formatus,

Quint. 5, 7, 8; 7, 3, 14:

opus movendi judicum animos atque in eum quem volumus habitum formandi,

id. 6, 2, 1; 11, 1, 2:

at quae non tacita formavi gaudia mente,

Ov. Am. 3, 7, 63:

se in mores alicujus,

Liv. 1, 21, 2: in admirationem formata, i. e. feigning, simulans, Suet. Claud. 37.

fūror, ātus, 1, v. dep. a. ( act. inf. furasse, Fulg. Myth. 2, 6; sup. furatum, Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 23; id. Trin. 4, 2, 22: furatus, in pass. signif., App. M. 10, p. 220) [fur], to steal, purloin, pilfer (syn.: latrocinor, clepo, rapio).

Lit. (class.):

solet haec, quae rapuit et furatus est dicere se emisse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 22, § 60:

furatur aliquid aut eripit,

id. Off. 2, 11, 40; id. N. D. 2, 63, 157:

pecuniam ex templo,

Quint. 3, 6, 41; Suet. Caes. 54.— Absol.:

ad furandum venire,

Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 61; so of pillaging, military raids:

ille robore exercitus inpar, furandi melior,

Tac. A. 3, 74 init.;

of literary theft: ut iste in furando manibus suis uteretur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 33:

si ego tuum (librum) ante legissem, furatum me abs te esse diceres,

id. Att. 2, 1, 1; cf. Poët. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 29.—

Transf., in gen., to take away by stealth, remove secretly, to withdraw:

pone caput, fessosque oculos furare labori,

Verg. A. 5, 845:

membra,

Sil. 10, 74:

sese,

id. 14, 561:

vultus veste,

i. e. to hide, Sen. Agam. 914:

non enim furatus esse civitatem, non genus suum ementitus dicitur,

Cic. Balb. 2, 5:

speciem furabor Iacchi,

will represent, personate, Prop. 4 (5), 2, 31:

audiendi facultatem,

to obtain by stealth, Amm. 14, 11, 15.

fŭror, ōris, m. [furo], a raging, raving (in sickness or violent passion), rage, madness, fury.

Prop.: hanc insaniam (manian), quae juncta stultitiae patet latius, a furore disjungimus... Quem nos furorem, melancholian illi (Graeci) vocant... Qui ita sit affectus, eum dominum esse rerum suarum vetant duodecim tabulae. Itaque non est scriptum:

Si INSANVS, sed: SI FVRIOSVS ESCIT. Stultitiam enim censuerunt insaniam, constantiā, id est sanitate vacantem... furorem autem esse rati sunt mentis ad omnia caecitatem: quod cum majus esse videatur quam insania, tamen ejusmodi est, ut furor in sapientem cadere possit, non possit insania,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11; id. Ac. 2, 27, 88:

ira furor brevis est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 62; cf.:

fere ira et concitatio furori sunt similia,

Quint. 7, 4, 31:

hic si mentis esset suae, nisi poenas patriae furore atque insania penderet,

Cic. Pis. 21, 50; cf.:

furore atque amentiā impulsus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 4; cf. id. ib. 7, 42:

Catilinae,

Sall. C. 24, 2:

versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 11:

caeci furore,

Liv. 28, 22, 14; cf. Cat. 64, 197:

rabidus,

id. 63, 38:

caecus,

Hor. Epod. 7, 13:

nec se comitem illius furoris, sed ducem praebuit,

Cic. Lael. 11, 37; cf. id. Rep. 1, 28 fin.: si decima legio ad eundem furorem redierit, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 11, 2;

so of political excitement,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 5; Liv. 2, 29, 11; 25, 4, 5; 28, 25, 12; Hor. C. 4, 15, 17; of the fierce passion of love, Prop. 1, 13, 20; Verg. A. 4, 101; Ov. H. 9, 145.—In plur.:

mille puellarum, puerorum mille furores,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 325; of the inspired frenzy of prophets and poets (as translation of the Gr. mania):

ea (praesagitio) si exarsit acrius, furor appellatur, cum a corpore animus abstractus divino instinctu concitatur,

Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66:

negat sine furore Democritus quemquam poëtam magnum esse posse,

id. ib. 1, 37, 88:

ille furor (Cassandrae) patriae fuit utilis,

Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 65.—In plur.:

fatidicos concepit mente furores,

Ov. M. 2, 640:

ad hunc impendiorum furorem,

Suet. Ner. 31.—Prov.:

furor fit laesa saepius patientia,

Pub. Syr. 178 Rib.— Poet. also in a good sense:

vidi animos, mortesque virŭm, decorisque furorem,

vehement desire, Sil. 2, 324.—In plur.:

nec tamen incautos laudum exhorresce furores,

Sil. 3, 146.— Poet., of things:

caeli furor aequinoctialis,

the raging storms, Cat. 46, 2.—

Furor est, it is madness or folly; with inf. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

quis furor est, census corpore ferre suo?

Ov. A. A. 3, 172:

furor est, mensuram ejus (mundi) animo quosdam agitasse atque prodere ausos... furor est, profecto furor, egredi ex eo, etc.,

Plin. 2, 1, 1, § 3:

magno furor (leonis) est in sanguine mergi,

raging desire, Stat. Th. 8, 596:

simplexne furor (est) sestertia centum perdere et, etc.,

is it not worse than folly, Juv. 1, 92.—

Transf., the cause of wrath ( poet.):

non ita saeva ira mea ut tibi sim merito semper furor,

Prop. 1, 18, 15.—

Fŭror, personified, Verg. A. 1, 294; cf. v. 348; as a deity, the companion of Mars, Sil. 4, 327; Stat. Th. 3, 424; 7, 52; cf. Petr. S. 124.

fūror, ātus, 1, v. dep. a. ( act. inf. furasse, Fulg. Myth. 2, 6; sup. furatum, Plaut. Rud. 1, 2, 23; id. Trin. 4, 2, 22: furatus, in pass. signif., App. M. 10, p. 220) [fur], to steal, purloin, pilfer (syn.: latrocinor, clepo, rapio).

Lit. (class.):

solet haec, quae rapuit et furatus est dicere se emisse,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 22, § 60:

furatur aliquid aut eripit,

id. Off. 2, 11, 40; id. N. D. 2, 63, 157:

pecuniam ex templo,

Quint. 3, 6, 41; Suet. Caes. 54.— Absol.:

ad furandum venire,

Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 61; so of pillaging, military raids:

ille robore exercitus inpar, furandi melior,

Tac. A. 3, 74 init.;

of literary theft: ut iste in furando manibus suis uteretur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 15, § 33:

si ego tuum (librum) ante legissem, furatum me abs te esse diceres,

id. Att. 2, 1, 1; cf. Poët. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 29.—

Transf., in gen., to take away by stealth, remove secretly, to withdraw:

pone caput, fessosque oculos furare labori,

Verg. A. 5, 845:

membra,

Sil. 10, 74:

sese,

id. 14, 561:

vultus veste,

i. e. to hide, Sen. Agam. 914:

non enim furatus esse civitatem, non genus suum ementitus dicitur,

Cic. Balb. 2, 5:

speciem furabor Iacchi,

will represent, personate, Prop. 4 (5), 2, 31:

audiendi facultatem,

to obtain by stealth, Amm. 14, 11, 15.

fŭror, ōris, m. [furo], a raging, raving (in sickness or violent passion), rage, madness, fury.

Prop.: hanc insaniam (manian), quae juncta stultitiae patet latius, a furore disjungimus... Quem nos furorem, melancholian illi (Graeci) vocant... Qui ita sit affectus, eum dominum esse rerum suarum vetant duodecim tabulae. Itaque non est scriptum:

Si INSANVS, sed: SI FVRIOSVS ESCIT. Stultitiam enim censuerunt insaniam, constantiā, id est sanitate vacantem... furorem autem esse rati sunt mentis ad omnia caecitatem: quod cum majus esse videatur quam insania, tamen ejusmodi est, ut furor in sapientem cadere possit, non possit insania,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11; id. Ac. 2, 27, 88:

ira furor brevis est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 62; cf.:

fere ira et concitatio furori sunt similia,

Quint. 7, 4, 31:

hic si mentis esset suae, nisi poenas patriae furore atque insania penderet,

Cic. Pis. 21, 50; cf.:

furore atque amentiā impulsus,

Caes. B. G. 1, 40, 4; cf. id. ib. 7, 42:

Catilinae,

Sall. C. 24, 2:

versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6, 11:

caeci furore,

Liv. 28, 22, 14; cf. Cat. 64, 197:

rabidus,

id. 63, 38:

caecus,

Hor. Epod. 7, 13:

nec se comitem illius furoris, sed ducem praebuit,

Cic. Lael. 11, 37; cf. id. Rep. 1, 28 fin.: si decima legio ad eundem furorem redierit, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 11, 2;

so of political excitement,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 5; Liv. 2, 29, 11; 25, 4, 5; 28, 25, 12; Hor. C. 4, 15, 17; of the fierce passion of love, Prop. 1, 13, 20; Verg. A. 4, 101; Ov. H. 9, 145.—In plur.:

mille puellarum, puerorum mille furores,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 325; of the inspired frenzy of prophets and poets (as translation of the Gr. mania):

ea (praesagitio) si exarsit acrius, furor appellatur, cum a corpore animus abstractus divino instinctu concitatur,

Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66:

negat sine furore Democritus quemquam poëtam magnum esse posse,

id. ib. 1, 37, 88:

ille furor (Cassandrae) patriae fuit utilis,

Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 65.—In plur.:

fatidicos concepit mente furores,

Ov. M. 2, 640:

ad hunc impendiorum furorem,

Suet. Ner. 31.—Prov.:

furor fit laesa saepius patientia,

Pub. Syr. 178 Rib.— Poet. also in a good sense:

vidi animos, mortesque virŭm, decorisque furorem,

vehement desire, Sil. 2, 324.—In plur.:

nec tamen incautos laudum exhorresce furores,

Sil. 3, 146.— Poet., of things:

caeli furor aequinoctialis,

the raging storms, Cat. 46, 2.—

Furor est, it is madness or folly; with inf. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

quis furor est, census corpore ferre suo?

Ov. A. A. 3, 172:

furor est, mensuram ejus (mundi) animo quosdam agitasse atque prodere ausos... furor est, profecto furor, egredi ex eo, etc.,

Plin. 2, 1, 1, § 3:

magno furor (leonis) est in sanguine mergi,

raging desire, Stat. Th. 8, 596:

simplexne furor (est) sestertia centum perdere et, etc.,

is it not worse than folly, Juv. 1, 92.—

Transf., the cause of wrath ( poet.):

non ita saeva ira mea ut tibi sim merito semper furor,

Prop. 1, 18, 15.—

Fŭror, personified, Verg. A. 1, 294; cf. v. 348; as a deity, the companion of Mars, Sil. 4, 327; Stat. Th. 3, 424; 7, 52; cf. Petr. S. 124.

gĕro, gessi, gestum ( Part. gen. plur. sync. gerentum, Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 13; imper. ger, like dic, duc, fac, fer, Cat. 27, 2), 3, v. a. [root gas-, to come, go; Zend, jah, jahaiti, come; gero (for geso), in caus. sense, to cause to come; cf. Gr. bastazô, from bastos = gestus], to bear about with one, to bear, carry, to wear, have (in the lit. signif. mostly poet., not in Cic., Cæs., Sall., or Quint.; but instead of it ferre, portare, vehere, sustinere, etc.; but in the trop. signif. freq. and class.).

Lit.

In gen.:

(vestem ferinam) qui gessit primus,

Lucr. 5, 1420; so,

vestem,

Ov. M. 11, 276 (with induere vestes), Nep. Dat. 3; cf.:

coronam Olympiacam capite,

Suet. Ner. 25:

ornamenta,

id. Caes. 84:

angues immixtos crinibus,

Ov. M. 4, 792:

clipeum (laeva),

id. ib. 4, 782; cf.:

galeam venatoriam in capite, clavam dextra manu, copulam sinistra,

Nep. Dat. 3:

ramum, jaculum,

Ov. M. 12, 442:

spicea serta,

id. ib. 2, 28:

vincla,

id. ib. 4, 681:

venabula corpore fixa,

id. ib. 9, 206; cf.:

tela (in pectore fixus),

id. ib. 6, 228:

Vulcanum (i. e. ignem) in cornu conclusum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 185:

spolia ducis hostium caesi suspensa fabricato ad id apte ferculo gerens,

Liv. 1, 10, 5; cf.:

Horatius trigemina spolia prae se gerens,

id. 1, 26, 2:

onera,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.: uterum or partum gerere, to be pregnant, be with young; so, gerere partum, Plin. 8, 47, 72, § 187:

uterum,

id. 8, 40, 62, § 151:

centum fronte oculos centum cervice gerebat Argus,

Ov. Am. 3, 4, 19:

lumen unum media fronte,

id. M. 13, 773:

cornua fronte,

id. ib. 15, 596:

virginis os habitumque gerens et virginis arma,

Verg. A. 1, 315:

virginis ora,

Ov. M. 5, 553; cf.:

quae modo bracchia gessit, Crura gerit,

id. ib. 5, 455 sq.:

Coae cornua matres Gesserunt tum,

i. e. were turned into cows, id. ib. 7, 364:

principio (morbi) caput incensum fervore gerebant,

Lucr. 6, 1145:

qui umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu,

Verg. A. 6, 772:

tempora tecta pelle lupi,

Ov. M. 12, 380:

(Hector) squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crines Vulneraque illa gerens, quae, etc.,

Verg. A. 2, 278:

capella gerat distentius uber,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 110.—

Of inanimate things:

semina rerum permixta gerit tellus discretaque tradit,

Lucr. 6, 790; cf.:

(terram) multosque lacus multasque lacunas In gremio gerere et rupes deruptaque saxa,

id. ib. 6, 539; Enn. ap. Non. 66, 26 (Sat. 23, p. 157 Vahl.); and:

quos Oceano propior gerit India lucos,

Verg. G. 2, 122:

speciem ac formam similem gerit ejus imago,

Lucr. 4, 52.—

In partic. (very rare).

With respect to the term. ad quem, to bear, carry, bring to a place:

(feminae puerique) saxa in muros munientibus gerunt,

Liv. 28, 19, 13:

neque eam voraginem conjectu terrae, cum pro se quisque gereret, expleri potuisse,

id. 7, 6, 2; cf. id. 37, 5, 1. — Absol.:

si non habebis unde irriges, gerito inditoque leniter,

Cato, R. R. 151, 4; Liv. 7, 6, 2 Drak.—Prov.:

non pluris refert, quam si imbrem in cribrum geras,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100.—

With the accessory idea of production, to bear, bring forth, produce:

quae (terra) quod gerit fruges, Ceres (appellata est),

Varr. L. L. 5, § 64 Müll.; cf. Tib. 2, 4, 56:

violam nullo terra serente gerit,

Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 6:

arbores (Oete),

id. M. 9, 230:

malos (platani),

Verg. G. 2, 70: frondes (silva), Ov. M. 11, 615:

terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque Fluminaque et Nymphas et cetera numina ruris,

Ov. M. 2, 16.

Trop.

In gen., to bear, have, entertain, cherish: vos etenim juvenes animum geritis muliebrem, illa virago viri, Poët. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf.:

fortem animum gerere,

Sall. J. 107, 1:

parem animum,

id. ib. 54, 1 Kritz.:

animum invictum advorsum divitias,

id. ib. 43, 5:

animum super fortunam,

id. ib. 64, 2:

mixtum gaudio ac metu animum,

Liv. 32, 11, 5; cf. also Verg. A. 9, 311; and v. infra B. 3.: aeque inimicitiam atque amicitiam in frontem promptam gero, Enn. ap. Gell. 19, 8, 6 (Trag. v. 8 Vahl.):

personam,

to support a character, play a part, Cic. Off. 1, 32, 115; cf.:

est igitur proprium munus magistratus, intelligere, se gerere personam civitatis debereque ejus dignitatem et decus sustinere,

id. ib. 1, 34, 132; Aug. Doctr. Christ. 4, 29 init.;

id. Civ. Dei, 1, 21 al.: mores, quos ante gerebant, Nunc quoque habent,

Ov. M. 7, 655:

et nos aliquod nomenque decusque Gessimus,

Verg. A. 2, 89:

seu tu querelas sive geris jocos Seu rixam et insanos amores Seu facilem, pia testa (i. e. amphora), somnum,

Hor. C. 3, 21, 2:

in dextris vestris jam libertatem, opem... geritis,

Curt. 4, 14 fin.:

plumbeas iras,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 18:

iras,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 30: M. Catonem illum Sapientem cum multis graves inimicitias gessisse accepimus propter Hispanorum injurias, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66:

veteres inimicitias cum Caesare,

Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 4:

muliebres inimicitias cum aliqua,

Cic. Cael. 14, 32:

inimicitias hominum more,

id. Deiot. 11, 30: simultatem cum aliquo pro re publica, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13, A, 3; cf. Suet. Vesp. 6; and Verg. A. 12, 48:

de amicitia gerenda praeclarissime scripti libri,

Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5:

amicitiam,

Nep. Dat. 10 fin.:

praecipuum in Romanos gerebant odium,

Liv. 28, 22, 2:

cum fortuna mutabilem gerentes fidem,

id. 8, 24, 6:

utrique imperii cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant,

Just. 17, 1 fin. —Absol.:

ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, placide respondit,

Sall. J. 72, 1.—

In partic.

Gerere se aliquo modo, to bear, deport, behave, or conduct one's self, to act in any manner:

in maximis rebus quonam modo gererem me adversus Caesarem, usus tuo consilio sum,

Cic. Fam. 11, 27, 5; cf. id. Off. 1, 28, 98:

ut, quanto superiores sumus, tanto nos geramus summissius,

id. ib. 1, 26, 90; so,

se liberius (servi),

id. Rep. 1, 43:

se inconsultius,

Liv. 41, 10, 5:

se valde honeste,

Cic. Att. 6, 1, 13:

se perdite,

id. ib. 9, 2, A, 2:

se turpissime (illa pars animi),

id. Tusc. 2, 21, 48:

se turpiter in legatione,

Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 4:

sic in provincia nos gerimus, quod ad abstinentiam attinet, ut, etc.,

Cic. Att. 5, 17, 2:

sic me in hoc magistratu geram, ut, etc.,

id. Agr. 1, 8, 26; cf.:

nunc ita nos gerimus, ut, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 22, 3:

uti sese victus gereret, exploratum misit,

Sall. J. 54, 2:

se medium gerere,

to remain neutral, Liv. 2, 27, 3.—

In a like sense also post-class.: gerere aliquem, to behave or conduct one's self as any one (like agere aliquem):

nec heredem regni sed regem gerebat,

Just. 32, 3, 1; Plin. Pan. 44, 2:

tu civem patremque geras,

Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 293:

aedilem,

App. M. 1, p. 113:

captivum,

Sen. Troad. 714.—

Gerere se et aliquem, to treat one's self and another in any manner:

interim Romae gaudium ingens ortum cognitis Metelli rebus, ut seque et exercitum more majorum gereret,

Sall. J. 55, 1:

meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram,

id. ib. 85, 47.—

Pro aliquo se gerere, to assume to be:

querentes, quosdam non sui generis pro colonis se gerere,

Liv. 32, 2, 6:

eum, qui sit census, ita se jam tum gessisse pro cive,

Cic. Arch. 5, 11 dub.—

Gerere prae se aliquid (for the usual prae se ferre), to show, exhibit, manifest:

affectionis ratio perspicuam solet prae se gerere conjecturam, ut amor, iracundia, molestia, etc.,

Cic. Inv. 2, 9, 30; cf.:

prae se quandam gerere utilitatem,

id. ib. 2, 52, 157: animum altum et erectum prae se gerebat, Auct. B. Afr. 10 fin.; Aug. de Lib. Arbit. 3, 21, 61 al.;

so gerere alone: ita tum mos erat, in adversis voltum secundae fortunae gerere, moderari animo in secundis,

to assume, Liv. 42, 63, 11.—

With the accessory idea of activity or exertion, to sustain the charge of any undertaking or business, to administer, manage, regulate, rule, govern, conduct, carry on, wage, transact, accomplish, perform (cf.: facio, ago).—In pass. also in gen., to happen, take place, be done (hence, res gesta, a deed, and res gestae, events, occurrences, acts, exploits; v. the foll.): tertium gradum agendi esse dicunt, ubi quid faciant;

in eo propter similitudinem agendi et faciundi et gerundi quidam error his, qui putant esse unum. Potest enim aliquid facere et non agere, ut poëta facit fabulam et non agit: contra actor agit et non facit.... Contra imperator quod dicitur res gerere, in eo neque facit neque agit, sed gerit, id est sustinet, translatum ab his qui onera gerunt, quod hi sustinent,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 77 Müll.:

omnia nostra, quoad eris Romae, ita gerito, regito, gubernato, ut nihil a me exspectes,

Cic. Att. 16, 2, 2:

gerere et administrare rem publicam,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 68; cf. id. Rep. 2, 1 and 12:

rem publicam,

id. ib. 1, 7; 1, 8; id. Fam. 2, 7, 3 et saep.:

magistratum,

id. Sest. 37, 79; cf.

potestatem,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 55, § 138:

consulatum,

id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; id. Sest. 16, 37:

duumviratum,

id. ib. 8, 19:

tutelam alicujus,

Dig. 23, 2, 68; 27, 1, 22 al.: multi suam rem bene gessere et publicam patria procul, Enn. ap. Cic. Fam. 7, 6, 1 (Trag. v. 295 Vahl.); so,

rem, of private affairs,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 34; Cic. de Sen. 7, 22 al.:

aliquid per aes et libram gerere,

to transact by coin and balance, Gai. Inst. 3, 173; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 6, 14.—Of war: etsi res bene gesta est, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 42, 168 (Ann. v. 512 Vahl.): vi geritur res, id. ap. Gell. 20, 10 (Ann. v. 272 ib.); cf.:

gladiis geri res coepta est,

Liv. 28, 2, 6:

ubi res ferro geratur,

id. 10, 39, 12: qui rem cum Achivis gesserunt statim, Enn. ap. Non. 393, 14 (Trag. v. 39 Vahl.); cf. Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 84:

Alexander... passurus gestis aequanda pericula rebus,

exploits, Juv. 14, 314:

miranda quidem, sed nuper gesta referemus,

id. 15, 28.—Of public affairs, affairs of government:

magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris summo imperio praeditis, dictatoribus atque consulibus, belli domique gerebantur,

Cic. Rep. 2, 32 fin.; 2, 24:

a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit,

id. de Sen. 6, 15; cf. § 17: quid quod homines infima fortuna, nulla spe rerum gerendarum ( public business), opifices denique, delectantur historia? maximeque eos videre possumus res gestas ( public events or occurrences) audire et legere velle, qui a spe gerendi absunt, confecti senectute, id. Fin. 5, 19, 52:

sin per se populus interfecit aut ejecit tyrannum, est moderatior, quoad sentit et sapit et sua re gesta laetatur,

their deed, id. Rep. 1, 42:

ut pleraque senatus auctoritate gererentur,

id. ib. 2, 32; cf. id. ib. 1, 27:

haec dum Romae geruntur,

id. Quint. 6, 28:

ut iis, qui audiunt, tum geri illa fierique videantur,

id. de Or. 2, 59, 241:

susceptum negotium,

id. Fam. 13, 5, 1; cf.:

si ipse negotium meum gererem, nihil gererem, nisi consilio tuo,

id. Att. 13, 3, 1:

negotium bene, male, etc.,

id. Rosc. Com. 11, 32; id. Cat. 2, 10, 21; Caes. B. G. 3, 18, 5 et saep.; cf.:

quid negotii geritur?

Cic. Quint. 13, 42: annos multos bellum gerentes summum summā industriā, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 104 Vahl.); cf.:

bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii summa inter se contentione gesserunt,

Cic. Rep. 1, 16; so,

bella,

id. ib. 5, 2: pacem an bellum gerens, v. Andrews and Stoddard's Gram. § 323, 1 (2); Sall. J. 46 fin.:

bella multa felicissime,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9:

bellum cum aliquo,

id. Sest. 2, 4; id. Div. 1, 46, 103; Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 4 et saep.:

bello gesto,

Liv. 5, 43, 1: mea mater de ea re gessit morem morigerae mihi, performed my will, i. e. complied with my wishes, gratified, humored me, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 87; cf.:

geram tibi morem et ea quae vis, ut potero, explicabo,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 17: morem alicui (in aliqua re), Enn. ap. Non. 342, 24 (Trag. v. 241 Vahl.):

sine me in hac re gerere mihi morem,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 74; Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 44; id. Men. 5, 2, 37; id. Mil. 2, 1, 58; Cic. Rep. 3, 5; id. N. D. 2, 1, 3; Ov. Am. 2, 2, 13 et saep.; also without dat., Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 36; Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 77.— Pass.:

ut utrique a me mos gestus esse videatur,

Cic. Att. 2, 16, 3; Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 69; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 108; id. Ad. 2, 2, 6; Nep. Them. 7, 3 al.—With a play upon this meaning and that in II. A.: magna, inquit, [p. 813] bella gessi:

magnis imperiis et provinciis praefui. Gere igitur animum laude dignum,

Cic. Par. 5, 2, 37.— Absol.:

cum superiores alii fuissent in disputationibus perpoliti, quorum res gestae nullae invenirentur, alii in gerendo probabiles, in disserendo rudes,

Cic. Rep. 1, 8; cf.

the passage,

id. Fin. 5, 19, 52 supra:

Armeniam deinde ingressus prima parte introitus prospere gessit,

Vell. 2, 102, 2 (where others unnecessarily insert rem), Liv. 25, 22, 1; cf.

also: sive caesi ab Romanis forent Bastarnae... sive prospere gessissent,

id. 40, 58 fin.:

cum Persis et Philippus qui cogitavit, et Alexander, qui gessit, hanc bellandi causam inferebat, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 3, 9.—

Of time, to pass, spend (mostly post-Aug.; not in Cic.): ut (Tullia) cum aliquo adolescente primario conjuncta aetatem gereret, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3; cf.:

pubertatis ac primae adolescentiae tempus,

Suet. Dom. 1:

vitam,

Petr. 63; Val. Fl. 6, 695:

annum gerens aetatis sexagesimum et nonum,

Suet. Vesp. 24.—Hence, gĕrens, entis, P. a. (acc. to II. B. 3.), managing, conducting, etc.; with gen.:

rei male gerentes,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 43:

sui negotii bene gerens,

Cic. Quint. 19, 62.

gĕro, ōnis, m. [1. gero], a carrier; connected per hyphen with foras:

ite, ite hac, simul eri damnigeruli, foras gerones, Bonorum hamaxagogae,

that carry off, ravishers, Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 1.

idcirco or iccirco, adv. [id-circa], on that account, for that reason, therefore (freq. and class.; cf.: itaque, igitur, ergo; ideo, propterea; quare, quam ob rem, etc.).

Absol. (rare):

idcirco moneo vos ego hoc,

Plaut. Rud. prol. 28:

ille Cliniae servos tardiusculus est: Idcirco huic nostro tradita'st provincia,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 5:

quod id quod factum sit, aliud alii videatur esse, et idcirco alius alio nomine id appellet,

Cic. Inv. 1, 8, 11; Caes. B. C. 1, 42, 3:

data Romanis venia est indigna poëtis. Idcircone vager scribamque licenter?

Hor. A. P. 265:

et idcirco disceptatione sublata pellitur e medio sapientia,

Lact. 5, 1, 5. —

Rel. (so most freq.).

Corresp. to causal sentences, with quod, quia, quoniam, or si:

idcirco arcessor, nuptias quod mihi apparari sensit,

Ter. And. 4, 2, 7:

negant, sapientem idcirco virum bonum esse, quod eum sua sponte bonitas delectet, sed quod, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 3, 16; cf. id. Fam. 9, 1, 2; Quint. 5, 10, 119:

idcirco quidam, comoedia necne poëma Esset, quaesivere, quod acer spiritus ac vis Nec verbis nec rebus inest, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 45:

quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt,

Cic. Lael. 9, 32:

idcirco, judices, quia veram causam habebam, brevi peroravi,

id. Inv. 1, 48, 90:

neque enim, quia movetur qui ingreditur, idcirco qui movetur ingreditur,

Quint. 5, 9, 6; 2, 2, 2:

idcirco enumerabimus, non quia, etc.,

Col. 7, 5, 7; Plaut. Rud. 3, 3, 38: meminerimus idcirco te in istam provinciam missum, quoniam, etc., Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 32 (41); Col. 7, 5, 7:

haec idcirco, quoniam, etc.,

Dig. 47, 2, 92; ib. 49, 1, 10, § 4:

non, si Opimium defendisti, idcirco te isti bonum civem putabunt,

Cic. de Or. 2, 40, 170:

non enim, si Cicero recte sentinam reipublicae dixit... idcirco probem illud quoque, etc.,

Quint. 8, 6, 15:

nec si pugnent inter se... idcirco ars non erit,

id. 2, 17, 33; cf.:

nec, si te validus jactaverit auster in alto. Idcirco navem trans Aegaeum mare vendas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 16.—Rarely with si omitted: non possis oculo quantum contendere [p. 877] Lynceus:

Non tamen idcirco contemnas lippus inungi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 29.—

With a clause denoting the purpose, with ut, ne, or pron. rel.:

idcirco nemo superiorum attigit, ut ipse tolleret, Cic Verr. 2, 4, 4, § 7: quae ut fieret, idcirco pugnatum esse arbitror,

id. Rosc. Am. 47, 137:

cum prooemium idcirco comparatum sit, ut judex fiat conciliator,

Quint. 4, 2, 24:

quod si idcirco fieret, ut, etc.,

id. 8 praef. § 27;

12, 2, 12: sese idcirco ab suis discedere noluisse, quo facilius civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 3, 6:

vos suspicarier, Me idcirco haec tanta facinora promittere, Qui vos oblectem, etc.,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 150:

idcirco capite et superciliis semper est rasis, ne ullum pilum viri boni habere dicatur,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20:

idcircone nobilitas rem publicam reciperavit, ut, etc.,

id. Rosc. Am. 49, 141; cf. id. Rab. Perd. 8, 23:

idcirco ut possim linguam contemnere servi, utile consilium dedisti,

Juv. 9, 119.

ignōbĭlĭtas, ātis, f. [ignobilis].

Want of fame, obscurity (rare but class.):

num igitur ignobilitas aut humilitas aut etiam popularis offensio sapientem beatum esse prohibebit?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 36, 103:

virorum,

Ov. M. 6, 319:

artificis,

Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 69.—

Low birth, mean origin.

Lit. (rare but class.):

multis viris fortibus ne ignobilitas generis obiceretur,

Cic. Mur. 8, 17:

hoc propter ignobilitatem paternam minus suspecto, Platorem occidit,

Liv. 44, 30, 3.—

Transf., of things, inferior quality, badness:

vini,

Col. 3, 21, 10.

in-curro, curri and cŭcurri (incurri, Cic. Or. 67, 224; Liv. 1, 37, 3; 9, 21, 3; Curt. 4, 5, 19; Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 1 saep.:

incucurri,

Liv. 27, 18, 19; Sen. Ep. 96, 1 al.), cursum, ĕre, v. n. and a. [in-curro], to run into or towards, run upon, fall in with, to rush at, assail, attack (class.).

Lit.

With in:

incurristi amens in columnas,

Cic. Or. 67, 224:

in domum,

id. Off. 3, 17, 68; cf.

fig.: mihi videtur praetorius candidatus in consularem quasi desultorius in quadrigarum curriculum incurrere,

to run into, id. Mur. 27, 57:

in aliquem,

id. Planc. 7, 17:

in hostem,

Flor. 1, 9, 7.—

With dat.:

armentis incurrere fortibus,

Ov. M. 7, 546:

proeliantibus Romanis,

to rush upon, Tac. A. 2, 16:

levi armaturae hostium,

Liv. 22, 17, 6:

peditum signa cornibus incurrerunt,

id. 28, 15, 3:

Mauris,

Sall. J. 101, 8.—

With a simple acc.:

atque eos a tergo incurrerunt, Sall. Fragm. ap. Rufin. de Schem. Lex.: tota vi novissimos,

to attack, Tac. A. 1, 51.—

Milit., to make an inroad or irruption, to invade:

in Macedoniam,

Liv. 36, 25, 7:

in agrum suum,

id. 29, 5, 6:

in provincias,

Flor. 3, 4, 1.—

Transf., to border on:

agri, qui in publicum Campanum incurrebant,

Cic. Agr. 2, 30, 82.—

Trop.

In gen.:

in oculos incurrentes,

meeting the sight, Cic. Att. 12, 21, 5:

id quod oculis incurrit,

Sen. Ben. 1, 5:

non solum in oculos, sed etiam in voculas malevolorum,

Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 2: ordinem sequens in memoriam notam et aequalem necessario incurro, I am led to, etc., id. Brut. 69, 244: in maximam fraudem, to fall into, id. [p. 931] Off. 3, 13, 55:

quaestus in odia hominum,

id. ib. 1, 42, 150:

in magnam aliquam difficultatem,

id. Fam. 4, 2, 4:

labor in varias reprehensiones,

id. Fin. 1, 1:

in morbos, in damna, in dedecora,

id. ib. 14, 47:

in alterum genus injustitiae,

id. Off. 1, 9, 29:

in memoriam notam et aequalem,

id. Brut. 69, 244:

in memoriam communium miseriarum,

id. ib. 71, 251. —

With acc. (post-class.), to incur:

crimen loquacitatis,

Lact. 2, 7 fin.; cf. pass.:

incursus angor,

Sid. Ep. 8, 9. —

Esp.

To run against, strike against, offend:

si jactor in turba, accuso... eum qui in me incurrit atque incidit,

Cic. Planc. 7, 17:

ut in eum non invasisse, sed incurrisse videamur,

id. Sest. 6, 14.— Absol.:

quis est tam lynceus, qui in tantis tenebris nihil offendat, nusquam incurrat?

Cic. Fam. 9, 2, 2. — With acc.:

venantium agmen,

Sulp. Sev. Dial. 2, 9, 6.—

To commit a fault (only postclass.):

nihil vitii mulier incurrit,

Dig. 24, 1, 13:

aliquid,

Lampr. Alex. Sev. 12.—

To rush upon, assault carnally:

si nihil est, servis incurritur,

Juv. 6, 331:

sororem,

App. M. 10, p. 250, 6.—

Of events, to befall, happen, occur to:

casus, qui in sapientem potest incurrere,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 29:

in ipsos etesias,

id. Fam. 15, 11, 2: tua lêpsis in quem diem incurrit, nescio, id. Att. 7, 7, 3:

natalis plebeiis incurrens Circensibus,

Suet. Tib. 26:

disputatio, in quam non aliquis locus incurrat,

Cic. Top. 21, 79.

inquīsītor, ōris, m. [id.], a searcher.

Lit., one who searches for a suspected person, an inquisitor, tracker, detective, spy:

scrutatur vestigia (canis) atque persequitur, comitantem ad feram inquisitorem loro trahens,

the hunter, Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 147:

se ab inquisitoribus pecunia redimere,

Suet. Caes. 1:

inquisitores algae,

they who search the very sea-weed, Juv. 4, 49.—

Transf., an examiner, investigator.

In gen.:

rerum inquisitorem decet esse sapientem, Cic. Fragm. Ac. ap. Aug. cont. Ac. 2, 11: rerum naturae,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 13, 2.—

In partic., one who searches for proofs to support an accusation, Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 6:

Norbanus legatus et inquisitor reum postulavit,

Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 29; Sen. Ben. 5, 25, 2; Tac. A. 15, 66.

insānĭa, ae, f. [insanus], unsoundness of mind.

As a disease, madness, insanity, Cels. 3, 18, 2 sqq.—

As a personal quality, madness, frenzy, folly, senselessness:

nomen insaniae significat mentis aegrotationem et morbum,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 4, 8:

sanitatem animorum positam in tranquillitate quadam constantiaque censebant: his rebus mentem vacuam appellarunt insaniam,

id. ib. 3, 4, 9:

furorem esse rati sunt, mentis ad omnia caecitatem: quod cum majus esse videatur, quam insania, tamen ejusmodi est, ut furor in sapientem cadere possit, non possit insania,

id. ib. 3, 4, 11:

concupiscere aliquid ad insaniam,

to madness, id. Verr. 2, 2, 35, § 87:

favere alicui ad insaniam,

Suet. Cal. 55:

adigere ad insaniam,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 31:

scelerata belli,

Verg. A. 7, 461:

quae tanta insania, cives?

id. ib. 2, 42:

nudus agas, minus est insania turpis,

Juv. 2, 71 al. —

Plur.:

hunc intem periae insaniaeque agitant senem,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 15:

incideram in hominum pugnandi cupidorum insanias,

Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1. —

Trop.

Madness, i. e. excess, extravagance in any thing:

villarum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 5:

libidinum,

id. Sull. 25, 70:

ut appareret, quam ab sano initio res in hanc insaniam venerit, Liv 7, 2, 13: mensarum,

Plin. 13, 15, 29, § 91.—

Of speech:

orationis,

Cic. Brut. 82, 284.—

Poetic enthusiasm, rapture, inspiration:

auditis? an me ludit amabilis Insania?

Hor. C. 3, 4, 6.

Laelĭus, a, name of a Roman gens.— So esp.,

C. Lælius, a friend of Scipio Africanus: in quo Laeliu' clamores, sophos ille, solebat Edere, Lucil. ap. Cic. de Fin. 2, 8, 24; cf.:

nec dubitare illum (C. Laelium) in omni sermone appellare sapientem,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1; id. Brut. 21, 82; cf. Hor. S. 2, 1, 65; 72. Cicero's treatise on Friendship is named after him.—

D. Lælius, a writer of moderate abilities, Lucil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 6, 25.—

Another D. Lælius, perh. a son of the preceding, an adherent of Pompey, Caes. B. C. 3, 40.—In fem.: Laelĭa, ae, daughter of C. Lælius, and mother-in-law of L. Crassus, celebrated for her intellectual culiure, Cic. Brut. 58, 211.—Another Lælia, a Vestal, Tac. A. 15, 22.—Hence, Laelĭā-nus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Lælius, Lælian: naves, i. e. of Pompey's commander, D. Lælius, Caes. B. C. 3, 100, 2.

Laelĭus, a, name of a Roman gens.— So esp.,

C. Lælius, a friend of Scipio Africanus: in quo Laeliu' clamores, sophos ille, solebat Edere, Lucil. ap. Cic. de Fin. 2, 8, 24; cf.:

nec dubitare illum (C. Laelium) in omni sermone appellare sapientem,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1; id. Brut. 21, 82; cf. Hor. S. 2, 1, 65; 72. Cicero's treatise on Friendship is named after him.—

D. Lælius, a writer of moderate abilities, Lucil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 6, 25.—

Another D. Lælius, perh. a son of the preceding, an adherent of Pompey, Caes. B. C. 3, 40.—In fem.: Laelĭa, ae, daughter of C. Lælius, and mother-in-law of L. Crassus, celebrated for her intellectual culiure, Cic. Brut. 58, 211.—Another Lælia, a Vestal, Tac. A. 15, 22.—Hence, Laelĭā-nus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Lælius, Lælian: naves, i. e. of Pompey's commander, D. Lælius, Caes. B. C. 3, 100, 2.

Laelĭus, a, name of a Roman gens.— So esp.,

C. Lælius, a friend of Scipio Africanus: in quo Laeliu' clamores, sophos ille, solebat Edere, Lucil. ap. Cic. de Fin. 2, 8, 24; cf.:

nec dubitare illum (C. Laelium) in omni sermone appellare sapientem,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1; id. Brut. 21, 82; cf. Hor. S. 2, 1, 65; 72. Cicero's treatise on Friendship is named after him.—

D. Lælius, a writer of moderate abilities, Lucil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 6, 25.—

Another D. Lælius, perh. a son of the preceding, an adherent of Pompey, Caes. B. C. 3, 40.—In fem.: Laelĭa, ae, daughter of C. Lælius, and mother-in-law of L. Crassus, celebrated for her intellectual culiure, Cic. Brut. 58, 211.—Another Lælia, a Vestal, Tac. A. 15, 22.—Hence, Laelĭā-nus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to a Lælius, Lælian: naves, i. e. of Pompey's commander, D. Lælius, Caes. B. C. 3, 100, 2.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

līber, ĕra, ĕrum (old form, loebesum et loebertatem antiqui dicebant liberum et libertatem. Ita Graeci loibên et leibein, Paul. ex Fest. p. 121 Müll.; cf. 2. Liber), adj. [Gr. root liph-, liptô, to desire; cf. Sanscr. lub-dhas, desirous; Lat. libet, libido], that acts according to his own will and pleasure, is his own master; free, unrestricted, unrestrained, unimpeded, unshackled; independent, frank, open, bold (opp. servus, servilis).

In gen.; constr. absol., with ab, the abl., and poet. also with gen.

Absol.:

dictum est ab eruditissimis viris, nisi sapientem liberum esse neminem. Quid est enim libertas? Potestas vivendi ut velis,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 33:

an ille mihi liber, cui mulier imperat, cui leges imponit, praescribit, jubet, vetat? etc.,

id. ib. 5, 2, 36:

ad scribendi licentiam liber,

id. N. D. 1, 44, 123:

agri immunes ac liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 69, § 166:

integro animo ac libero causam defendere,

unprejudiced, unbiased, id. Sull. 31, 86:

liberi ad causas solutique veniebant,

not under obligations, not bribed, id. Verr. 2, 2, 78 § 192; cf.:

libera lingua,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 9:

cor liberum,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 43:

vocem liberam mittere adversus aliquem,

Liv. 35, 32, 6:

libera verba animi proferre,

Juv. 4, 90: judicium [p. 1057] audientium relinquere integrum ac liberum, Cic. Div. 2, 72, 150:

aliquid respuere ingenuo liberoque fastidio,

id. Brut. 67, 236:

libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio,

id. Fin. 1, 10, 33:

tibi uni vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac libera,

id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

pars quaestionum vaga et libera et late patens,

id. de Or. 2, 16, 67:

liberum arbitrium eis populo Romano permittente,

Liv. 31, 11 fin.; cf. id. 37, 1, 5:

mandata,

full powers, unlimited authority, id. 37, 56; 38, 8:

fenus,

unlimited, id. 35, 7: custodia, free custody (i. e. confinement to a house or to a town), id. 24, 45; Vell. 1, 11, 1;

v. custodia, II.: legatio, v. legatio: suffragia,

the right of voting freely, Juv. 8, 211:

locus,

free from intruders, undisturbed, secure, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 49; 3, 2, 25; id. Cas. 3, 2, 4: aedes, a free house, free dwelling (assigned to the use of ambassadors of friendly nations during their stay in Rome), Liv. 30, 17 fin.; 35, 23; 42, 6:

lectulus,

i. e. not shared with a wife, Cic. Att. 14, 13, 5: toga ( poet. for virilis toga), a man's (prop. of one who is his own master), Ov. F. 3, 771:

vestis,

id. ib. 3, 777:

libera omnia sibi servare,

to reserve to one's self full liberty, Plin. Ep. 1, 5.— Comp.:

hoc liberiores et solutiores sumus, quod, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 3, 8:

est finitimus oratori poëta, numeris astrictior paulo, verborum licentia liberior,

id. de Or. 1, 16, 70:

liberiores litterae,

id. Att. 1, 13, 1:

amicitia remissior esse debet et liberior et dulcior,

freer, more unrestrained, more cheerful, id. Lael. 18 fin.:

paulo liberior sententia,

Quint. 4, 2, 121:

liberior in utramque partem disputatio,

id. 7, 2, 14:

fusiores liberioresque numeri,

id. 9, 4, 130:

officia liberiora plenioraque,

id. 6, 1, 9:

(flumina) campo recepta Liberioris aquae,

freer, less impeded, Ov. M. 1, 41; cf.:

(Tiberinus) campo liberiore natat,

freer, opener, id. F. 4, 292:

liberiore frui caelo,

freer, opener, id. M. 15, 301.— Sup.:

liberrimum hominum genus, comici veteres tradunt, etc.,

the frankest, most free-spoken, Quint. 12, 2, 22; cf.:

liberrime Lolli,

most frank, most ingenuous, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 1:

indignatio,

id. Epod. 4, 10.—

Free or exempt from, void of; with ab:

Mamertini vacui, expertes, soluti ac liberi fuerunt ab omni sumptu, molestia, munere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 10, § 23; cf.:

(consul) solutus a cupiditatibus, liber a delictis,

id. Agr. 1, 9, 27:

ab observando homine perverso liber,

id. Att. 1, 13, 2:

liber a tali irrisione Socrates, liber Aristo Chius,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 123:

ab omni animi perturbatione liber,

id. Off. 1, 20, 67; id. N. D. 2, 21, 55:

loca abdita et ab arbitris libera,

id. Att. 15, 16, B:

libera a ferro crura,

Ov. P. 1, 6, 32:

animus liber a partibus rei publicae,

Sall. C. 4.—

With abl.:

animus omni liber curā et angore,

free from, without, Cic. Fin. 1, 15:

animus religione,

Liv. 2, 36:

animus cogitationibus aliis,

Quint. 11, 2, 35:

mens omnibus vitiis,

id. 12, 1, 4; cf.:

liberis odio et gratia mentibus,

id. 5, 11, 37:

omni liber metu,

Liv. 7, 34:

liber invidia,

Quint. 12, 11, 7:

equus carcere,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 20.—

With gen. ( poet.):

liber laborum,

Hor. A. P. 212:

fati gens Lydia,

Verg. A. 10, 154:

curarum,

Luc. 4, 384. — Comp.:

liberior campi,

having a wider space, Stat. S. 4, 2, 24.—

Liberum est, with subject-clause:

quam (opinionem) sequi magis probantibus liberum est,

it is free, permitted, allowable, Quint. 6, 3, 112; Plin. Ep. 1, 8:

dies eligere certos liberum erat,

Plin. 30, 2, 6, § 16.—So in abl. absol.:

libero, quid firmaret mutaretve,

Tac. A. 3, 60.

In partic.

Free, in a social point of view, not a slave (opp. servus;

also to ingenuus): neque vendendam censes quae libera est,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 40; cf. id. ib. v. 28:

dis habeo gratiam quom aliquot affuerunt liberae, because slaves were not permitted to testify,

id. And. 4, 4, 32; opp. ingenuus, free-born:

quid ea? ingenuan' an festucā facta e servā liberast?

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 14:

in jure civili, qui est matre liberā, liber est,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 45; id. Caecin. 36, 96:

si neque censu, neque vindictā, nec testamento liber factus est (servus), non est liber,

id. Top. 2, 10:

quae (assentatio) non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem digna est,

of a freeman, id. Lael. 24, 89; Quint. 11, 1, 43:

liberorum hominum alii ingenui sunt, alii libertini,

Gai. Inst. 1, 10; cf. sqq.: ex ancilla et libero jure gentium servus nascitur, id. ib. 1, 82; cf. § 85; Paul. Sent. 2, 24, 1 sqq.—

Free, in a political point of view;

said both of a people not under monarchical rule and of one not in subjection to another people,

Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 48; cf.:

ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute afficit,

id. ib. 1, 44, 68:

liber populus,

id. ib. 3, 34, 46:

(Demaratus) vir liber ac fortis,

democratic, republican, fond of liberty, id. ib. 2, 19, 34:

civitates liberae atque immunes,

free from service, Liv. 37, 55:

provinciae civitatesque liberae,

Suet. Vesp. 8:

libera ac foederata oppida,

id. Calig. 3:

Roma patrem patriae Ciceronem libera dixit,

Juv. 8, 244.—

In a bad sense, esp. with reference to sensual pleasure, unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained, licentious:

quam liber harum rerum multarum siet (Juppiter),

Plaut. Am. prol. 105:

adulescens imprudens et liber,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 40; cf.:

sit adulescentia liberior,

somewhat freer, Cic. Cael. 18, 42:

amores soluti et liberi,

id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:

consuetudo peccandi,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 76, § 177.—Hence, adv.: lībĕrē, freely, unrestrictedly, without let or hinderance; frankly, openly, boldly:

qui nihil dicit, nihil facit, nihil cogitat denique, nisi libenter ac libere,

Cic. Par. 5, 1, 34:

animus somno relaxatus solute movetur et libere,

id. Div. 2, 48, 100:

respirare,

id. Quint. 11, 39:

constanter et libere (me gessi),

id. Att. 4, 16, 9:

consilium dare,

id. Lael. 13, 44:

aliquid magis accusatorie quam libere dixisse,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 72, § 176:

omnia libere fingimus et impune,

Quint. 6, 1, 43:

ut ingredi libere (oratio), non ut licenter videatur errare,

Cic. Or. 23, 77.— Comp.:

liberius vivendi fuit potestas,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 23:

loqui,

Cic. Planc. 13, 33:

fortius liberiusque defendere,

Quint. 12, 1, 21:

liberius si Dixero quid,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 103:

maledicere,

id. ib. 2, 8, 37:

longius et liberius exseritur digitus,

Quint. 11, 3, 92; cf. id. 11, 3, 97:

ipsaque tellus Omnia liberius, nullo poscente, ferebat,

freely, of itself, spontaneously, Verg. G. 1, 127.

līber, ĕri ( gen. plur. liberūm, Att. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 9; Turp. ap. Non. 495, 26; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; 2, 1, 30, § 77; Tac. A. 2, 38; 3, 25 saep.; cf. Cic. Or. 46, 155;

but also: liberorum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30, § 76; 2, 5, 42, § 109), m. [1. liber], a child.

Sing. (post-class. and rare):

si quis maximam portionem libero relinquat,

Cod. Just. 3, 28, 33; 5, 9, 8 fin.; Quint. Decl. 2, 8.—

Plur., children (freq.; but in class. Lat. only of children with reference to their parents: pueri = children in general, as younger than adulescentes; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 657 sq.).

Lit.: liberorum genus, Enn. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155 (Trag. v. 347 Vahl.): liberorum sibi quaesendum gratia, id. ap. Fest. p. 258 Müll. (Trag. v. 161 Vahl.):

cum conjugibus et liberis,

Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:

eum ex C. Fadii filiā liberos habuisse,

id. ib. 16, 11, 1:

liberos procreare,

id. Tusc. 5, 37, 109:

suscipere liberos,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 69, § 161:

per liberos te precor,

Hor. Epod. 5, 5:

dulces,

id. ib. 2, 40:

parvuli,

Quint. 2, 15, 8;

opp. parentes,

id. 11, 1, 82; 3, 7, 18; 26; 6, 1, 18; 6, 5 al.: mater quae liberos, quasi oculos (amisit), orba est, Sulp. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 182 Müll.: jus trium liberorum, under the emperors, a privilege enjoyed by those who had three legitimate children (it consisted in the permission to fill a public office before one's twenty-fifth year, and in freedom from personal burdens); this privilege was sometimes also bestowed on those who had fewer than three children, or even none at all; also of one child:

non est sine liberis, cui vel unus filius unave filia est,

Dig. 50, 16, 148; Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 6; Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 15; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 99; id. And. 5, 3, 20; Cic. Phil. 1, 1, 2; id. de Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40; ib. 30, § 76 Zumpt; cf. also Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5:

neque ejus legendam filiam (virginem Vestalem)... qui liberos tres haberet,

Gell. 1, 12, 8:

uxores duxerant, ex quibus plerique liberos habebant,

Caes. B. C. 3, 110, 2.—Of grandchildren and great-grandchildren:

liberorum appellatione nepotes et pronepotes ceterique qui ex his descendunt, continentur,

Dig. 50, 16, 220; cf.:

liberi usque ad trinepotem, ultra hos posteriores vocantur,

ib. 38, 10, 10, § 7:

habitus sis in liberum loco,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 15, § 40.—

Esp.

Of sons (opp. daughters):

procreavit liberos septem totidemque filias,

Hyg. Fab. 9.—

Of children in gen. = pueri:

praecepta Chrysippi de liberorum educatione,

Quint. 1, 11, 17; cf.: Catus aut de liberis educandis, the title of a book by Varro, v. Gell. 4, 19, 2; Macr. S. 3, 6, 5.—

Transf., of animals, young:

liberis orbas oves,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 38.—Comically:

quaerunt litterae hae sibi liberos: alia aliam scandit,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 23.

Līber, ĕri (Sabine collat. form, loebasius, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 7; cf. 1. liber, and libertas init.), m. [Gr. leibô, to pour; loibê, a drink - offering; Lat. libare], an old Italian deity, who presided over planting and fructification; afterwards identified with the Greek Bacchus:

hunc dico Liberum Semelā natum, non eum, quem nostri majores auguste sancteque Liberum cum Cerere et Libera consecraverunt. Sed quod ex nobis natos liberos appellamus, idcirco Cerere nati nominati sunt Liber et Libera: quod in Libera servant, in Libero non item,

Cic. N. D. 2, 24, 62; cf. Serv. Verg. G. 1, 5; Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:

tertio (invocabo) Cererem et Liberum, quod horum fructus maxime necessarii ad victum: ab his enim cibus et potio venit e fundo,

Varr. R. R. 1, 1, 5:

Liber et alma Ceres,

Verg. G. 1, 7:

ex aede Liberi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 57, § 128;

in a pun with 1. liber,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 46; cf. id. Curc. 1, 2, 21; id. Stich. 5, 4, 17; so in a pun with liber, free:

quiaque adeo me complevi flore Liberi, Magis libera uti lingua collibitum est mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 1, 2, 8; cf.:

salve, anime mi, lepos Liberi, ut veteris ego sum cupida, etc.,

id. Curc. 1, 2, 3.— Connected with pater:

sic factum, ut Libero patri repertori vitis hirci immolarentur,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 19:

Romulus et Liber pater,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 5:

per vestigia Liberi patris,

Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 39:

patre favente Libero fetis palmitibus,

Col. 3, 21, 3:

Libero patri in monte res divina celebratur,

Macr. S. 1, 18, 4.—

Meton., wine:

illud, quod erat a deo donatum, nomine ipsius dei nuncupabant: ut cum fruges Cererem appellamus, vinum autem Liberum: ex quo illud Terentii (Eun. 4, 5, 6): sine Cerere et Libero friget Venus,

Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 60:

Liberum et Cererem pro vino et pane,

Quint. 8, 6, 24; cf. also Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 4 supra:

sed pressum Calibus ducere Liberum Si gestis, etc.,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 14:

condita cum verax aperit praecordia Liber,

id. S. 1, 4, 89.

lĭber, bri, m. [Gr. lepein, to peel; lepos, lepis; cf. lobos], the inner bark or rind of a tree.

Lit.

In gen.:

obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 120:

colligatae libris (arundines),

Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 4:

udoque docent (germen) inolescere libro,

Verg. G. 2, 77:

natam libro et silvestri subere clausam,

id. A. 11, 554; id. E. 10, 67:

quam denso fascia libro,

Juv. 6, 263.—

Esp., because the ancients used the bark or rind of trees to write upon; usually the thin rind of the Egyptian papyrus, on which the books of the Greeks and Romans were usually written (v. Dict. of Antiq. p. 587 sq.):

antea non fuisse chartarum usum. In palmarum foliis primo scriptitatum, dein quarundam arborum libris,

Plin. 13, 11, 21, § 69.—Hence,

Transf.

Paper, parchment, or rolls of any substance used to write upon (cf.:

charta, membrana): quasi quom in libro scribuntur calamo litterae,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 131.—

Most freq. a book, work, treatise:

Demetrii liber de concordia,

Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:

quas (sententias) hoc libro exposui,

id. Lael. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 5:

dixi in eo libro, quem de rebus rusticis scripsi,

id. de Sen. 15, 54:

libros pervolutare,

id. Att. 5, 12, 2:

evolvere,

id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:

volvere,

id. Brut. 87, 298:

legere,

id. Fam. 6, 6, 8:

edere,

id. Fat. 1, 1:

libri confectio,

id. de Sen. 1, 1:

tempus ad libros vacuum,

id. Rep. 1, 9, 14:

cujus (Platonis) in libris,

id. ib. 1, 10, 16:

in Graecorum libris,

id. ib. 2, 11, 21:

librum, si malus est, nequeo laudare,

Juv. 3, 41:

actorum libri,

the official gazette, id. 9, 84; cf. 2, 136; and v. Dict. Antiq. s. v. Acta.—

In partic.

A division of a work a look:

tres libri perfecti sunt de Natura Deorum,

Cic. Div. 2, 1, 3:

hi tres libri (de Officiis),

id. Off. 3, 33, 121:

sermo in novem libros distributus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 1:

dictum est in libro superiore,

id. Off. 2, 13, 43 [p. 1058] sicut superiore libro continetur, Quint. 11, 1, 1:

versus de libro Ennii annali sexto,

id. 6, 3, 86:

liber primus, secundus, tertius, etc.,

id. 8, 1, 2; 10, 2, 20; 11, 1, 4 al. —Sometimes, in this latter case, liber is omitted:

in T. Livii primo,

Quint. 9, 2, 37:

in tertio de Oratore,

id. 9, 1, 26:

legi tuum nuper quartum de Finibus,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 32.—

In relig. or pub. law lang., a religious book, scriptures; a statute - book, code:

decemviris adire libros jussis,

i. e. the Sibylline books, Liv. 34, 55; 21, 62; 25, 12:

se cum legeret libros, recordatum esse, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 4, 11:

ut in libris est Etruscorum,

id. Div. 2, 23, 50; id. Att. 9, 9, 3:

caerimoniarum,

rituals, Tac. A. 3, 38.—

A list, catalogue, register, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 71, § 167.—

A letter, epistle, Nep. Lys. 4, 2; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 5.—

A rescript, decree (post-Aug.):

liber principis severus et tamen moderatus,

Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8.

lŏcū̆plēto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [locuples], to make rich, enrich (syn. dito).

Lit.: auro suas domus, Att. ap. Gell. 14, 1, 34:

homines fortunis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 26:

maxima auri argentique praeda locupletatus,

id. Rep. 2, 24, 44; id. Verr. 2, 5, 31, § 80:

Africam equis, armis, viris, pecunia,

Nep. Hamilc. 4, 1:

cives,

Cic. Rep. 2, 9, 15:

celeriter locupletari,

to grow rich, Col. 6 praef. § 4.—

Trop., to enrich, etc.:

sapientem locupletat ipsa natura,

Cic. Fin. 2, 28, 90:

ipsam eloquentiam graviorum artium instrumento,

id. Brut. 97, 331:

templum picturis,

i. e. to decorate, adorn, id. Inv. 2, 1.